Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 51 https://doi.org/10.14428/rete.v3i0/Ricovrati Licence CC BY-SA 4.0

Scholars and Literati at the Academy of the Ricovrati (1599–1800)

Fabio Blasutto David de la Croix Mara Vitale

IRES/LIDAM, UCLouvain

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who were members or associates of the Academy of the Ricovrati from its inception in 1599 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800). 1 The Academy The Accademia dei Ricovrati, re-named Accademia Galileiana di scienze, lettere ed arti was founded in Padua in 1599 on the initiative of a Venetian bishop, Federico Cornaro. He started the Academy in his home, with the intention of promoting the humanities and science. The term Ricovrati ("brought to safety") referred to the Homeric cave of the Naiads (song 13 of the Odyssey) which, had two entrances shaded by an olive tree, one for human beings and the other for the gods. The motto of the Ricovrati is taken from a verse of Boethius “bipatens animis asylum” ("two-gate refuge for souls"). Galileo Galilei was a founding member of the Academy. 2 Sources "I soci dell’Accademia patavina dalla sua fondazione (1599)" (1983) by Paolo Maggiolo is the most complete source of names and brief biographies of all of the members of the Academy of the Ricov- rati from its foundation until about 1980. We drew additional information from Database of Italian Academies and the Academy’s website (Academy of the Ricovrati 2021). For the section on cen- sorship, we also used De Bujanda and Richter (2002), which is a catalogue of all the publications icluded in the Roman Index of forbidden books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) from 1600 until 1966. These books and their indexing date are listed alphabetically by author name. Our nal source is De Bujanda et al.(1996), which covers the publications that were forbidden in the 16th century. 3 Some statistics Table 1 shows some descriptive statistics. There are 1878 scholars and literati, making the Academy of the Ricovrati just slightly smaller than the Royal Society of London. We know the year of birth for 51.7% of them, meaning that we can compute age at nomination and at death for a large sample of the members. The mean age at nomination is 37.7 years. Longevity (mean age at death and life expectancy at age 30) shows a similar pattern to the universities of Padua and Bologna, where longevity improved in the last two periods, in accordance with the literature on the historical life expectancy of elites (Stelter, De la Croix, and Myrskylä 2021). The birth place is known for 87.9% of the people. The median distance between birth place and Padua is 37km, showing that a majority of the members were born in the region of Padua. Finally, 19.9% of the scholars have a Wikipedia page (in some language), which is a relatively high number, and 37.6% of them have left a footprint in the catalogues of the libraries of the world, Worldcat. 52 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63

Period nb. % birth year mean age mean age life exp. Start End obs known at appoint. at death at 30 1527 1617 268 45.5 36 61.8 57.1 1618 1685 493 47.3 35.4 66.6 63.8 1686 1733 371 47.2 38.9 70.6 69.9 1734 1800 746 59.1 38.7 69.4 68.4 1000 1800 1878 51.7 37.7 67.9 66.2 % birth place median distance % with % with known birth-institution Wikipedia Worldcat 1527 1617 78.4 37 17.9 38.1 1618 1685 86 37 19.9 32.9 1686 1733 86.8 37 15.1 32.1 1734 1800 93 65 23.1 43.3 1000 1800 87.9 37 19.9 37.6

Table 1: Summary statistics by period

4 Fields The purpose of the Academy was the promotion of the humanities and sciences. Members were invited to present their poems during the meetings, and the results of their research in the case of science and medicine. Many of the members were honorary: nobles, leaders, politicians and prelates who provided protection for the academy and its members. Figure 1 shows the relative density of elds, broadly dened. Composition by field AcadRicovrati−1599 / Accademia dei Ricovrati / Padova / Tue Mar 02 23:11:48 2021

Humanities

Law

Theology

Unkown

Medicine

Sciences

Applied sc. Honorary

Figure 1: Broad elds at the Academy of the Ricovrati

5 Place of birth Initially, the Academy of the Ricovrati did not dierentiate its members by status. From 1779, how- ever, we see a distinction between ordinary and external members, and correspondents. Unless specied by our sources, we consider those who attended meetings in Padua to be ordinary mem- bers, and those who never attended in person to be external members. The places of birth of ordinary Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 53 members, depicted in FigureOrigin 2, show of birth that of the members Academy drew a majority of its members from north- ern Italy and the Venetian Republic, which extended to the north-western coast of the Adriatic Sea. AcadRicovrati−1599 / Accademia dei Ricovrati / Padova / Fri Mar 26 22:33:56 2021

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Periods 1537−1617 1618−1685 1686−1733 1734−1800

Figure 2: Place of birth of the scholars and literati at the Academy of the Ricovrati - Ordinary mem- bers

Figure 3 is a plot of the places of birth of all the scholars of the Academy of the Ricovrati who were external members. The plot shows that the Academy attracted literati from France and the Holy Roman Empire. Very few people are from Spain, British Isles, or Northern Europe. 54Origin of Repertoriumbirth of members Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 AcadRicovrati−1599 / Accademia dei Ricovrati / Padova / Fri Mar 26 22:33:56 2021

0km 300km 600km 65°N

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Periods 1618−1685 1686−1733 1734−1800

Figure 3: Place of birth of the scholars and literati at the Academy of the Ricovrati - External members

6 Human capital of scholars and literati For each person in the database we compute a heuristic human capital index, identied by combining information from Worldcat and Wikipedia using a principal component analysis. Details are given in the Appendix. Figure 4 shows the names of all the scholars with a positive human capital index. The names are placed on the timeline when they started their career, so some scholars appear before the foundation of the Academy in 1599. The vertical green lines (rug plot) show the distribution of all scholars, including the obscure ones, over time. 7 Top 5 professors We now provide a brief overview of the ve professors with the highest human capital index. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 55 1800 Morelli L Trevisan G Trevisan Racchetti V Spadoni P Malacarne G Da Rio N Tumiati G Tumiati Walker J Walker Caldani F Nocca D Alghisi G Toffoli B Toffoli Zenobio A Greatti G d'Ancora G d'Ancora Casella G Fanzago F Fanzago Borsa M Avanzini G Avanzini Bruni G Mandruzzato S Assemani S Aglietti F Pinazzo A Pinazzo Sografi S Sografi Fossati G Fossati Pindemonte I Rodella G Bettoni C Chilesotti V Volta A Volta Colle F Orus G Gaudenzi P Landriani M Zuliani F Gioeni G Bonicelli A Comparetti A Astore F Cagnoli A Gardin A Fortis A Barca A Paccanaro D Paccanaro Samoilowitz D Samoilowitz Godard L Evangeli A Evangeli Malacarne M baron de Zach A Guarnieri Ottoni A Coi G Zuliani P Maironi da Ponte G Maironi da Ponte Jodrell R Migliore G Pajola F Pajola Chiminello V Maggioni G Festari G Festari Costa G Bailly J Giacomello G Dolfin C Beccaria C Terzi B Terzi Gualandris A Mazza A Fontana G Fontana Sberti A Stratico S Stratico Flangini L Morozzo di Brianzé C Morozzo Franzoia M Franzoia Lastri M Lorenzi B Turra A Turra Mussato N de Lagrange J de Lagrange Borgia S Stratico G Stratico Lorgna A Girardi M Girardi Danina C Carburi M Carburi Rizzi Zannoni A Matani A Verri P Verri Scovolo G Scovolo Cristiani G Lampredi G De Luca G Savioli L Savioli Doglioni L Vandelli D Vandelli Bonioli C Allioni C Dondi dall'Orologio A von Schmidt F von Ricci L Zaramellin A Zaramellin Mariani B Vespa G Vespa Arduino P Marsili G Savonarola G Savonarola Cristiani C Dalla Bella G Speroni A Giupponi G Nicolai G Asquini F Sografi G Sografi Spallanzani L Caldani L Orsini d'Orbassano F Louis A Battista Da San Martino G Rocchi A Rinaldi G 1750 Manetti S Roccati C Scopoli G Betti Z Bina A Roni P Salandri P Arcoliniani M Berzi F Carli G Barbarigo G Bertucci V Gennari G Spongia N Carli G Serassi P Serassi Vianelli G Farsetti G Farsetti Toaldo G Toaldo Zucconi G Coltellini L Cognolato G Cesarotti M Vannetti G Vannetti Bianchini G Bettinelli S Donati V Mazzoleni A Mazzoleni Grisellini F Cerato D Cerato Macarani B Macarani Odoardi G Pimbiolo degli Enghelfredi A Bilesimo G Rosa Morando F Rosa Morando Saibanti−Vannetti B Saibanti−Vannetti Gozzi G Talleoni M Talleoni Arduino G Monti G Zanetti G Ombrosi G Sibiliato C Fabro A Fabro Borromeo A Tortelli G Tortelli Florio D Pigatti G Forcellini M Forcellini Barbieri L Brunacci G Barbieri C Zanotti E Riccati G Della Bona G Daneluzzi A Pringle J Pasta A Pasta Màstraca S Màstraca Manzoni F Manzoni Patriarchi G Patriarchi Soardi L Canati V Rebellini G Colombo G Valsecchi A Valsecchi Polcastro G Polcastro du Boccage A Borin L von Haller A von Zanelli I Sandi G Targioni Tozzetti G Tozzetti Targioni Temanza T Temanza Della Laste N Carmeli M Lavagnoli A Lavagnoli Bergalli L Tartarotti J Tartarotti Belgrado J Belgrado Suzzi G Pujati G Obizzi F Luchi B Canneti P Bressani G Pisenti G Dolci S Patuzzi V Patuzzi Busanello P Lami G Vandelli G Vandelli Stellinus J Stellinus Vallisnieri A Vallisnieri Floncel A Como I Darbius F Cotta G Rossi Q Morei M Panighetti G Panighetti Bartoli G Tartarotti G Tartarotti Montanari G Melani G Volpi G Volpi Salio G Riva L Riva Ferri P Ferri Calza A Brazolo Milizia P Brazolo Zanolini A Ursato G Bassignani G Frugoni C Dandini E Pivati G Pivati Volpi G Volpi Pindemonte M Bottari G Franzoni S Franzoni Pontedera G Pontedera Bassani G Volpi G Volpi Poleni G Poleni Artico G Muazzo F Muazzo Becelli G Bergantini G Brigenti A Giustiniani G Poretti F Poretti Cogrossi F Bottazzoni P Bottazzoni Morgagni G Rampin G Checozzi G Maffei F Maffei Facciolati G Facciolati Schiavo B Schiavo 1700 Baruffaldi G Baruffaldi Manfredi E Corazzi E Corazzi Zorzi M Titon du Tillet E Muratori L Piacentini G Bonomus J Bonomus Conti Schinella A Platina G Alaleona I Leali L Lazzarini D Wagenseil H Wagenseil Burgos A Pegolotti A Pegolotti Pisoni O de Tontis H de Tontis Schietti A Gigli G Lanzoni G Lanzoni de Castelnau Murat H de Castelnau Murat Bernard C Vallisnieri A Vallisnieri Piselli G Giacomettus J Cattaneo T Godi G Harder J Valentini M Valentini De Miro G Patin C Patin Madrisio N Della Torre F Della Torre Scarella G Cardeira S Cardeira Borghini M Saviolo O Saviolo Guglielmini D Bianchini F Zani V Calafatti G Calafatti Ebell H Patin G Patin Arnold C Setaiola F Averoldo G Averoldo Bombardini A Pochino C Pochino Fardella M Fardella Wheler G Marsili L Fabris G Fabris d'Aulnoy M d'Aulnoy Morselli A Vitali P Spoleti F Fattorini T Fattorini Grandi I Grandi Guaccimanni G Sponious I Dacier A Wedel G Wedel Pivati A Pivati Wettstein J Wettstein Obrecht U Silvestri C Silvestri Aignan F Kalliakis N Gradenicus A Gradenicus Schelhammer G Moller D Guyonnet C Guyonnet Gronovius J Gronovius Chéron Lehay E Chéron Lehay de Caumont La Force C de Caumont La Force Brugueres M von Schroeck L von Viali F Cominelli L Serment L Pochini F Pochini Varano G Varano Commeno Papadopoli N Commeno Papadopoli Bon N Malacreda L Negronus J Negronus Reichelt J Cornaro Piscopia E von Franckenau G Franckenau von Summachi A Patin C Patin Frigimelica Roberti G de La Monnoye B de La Monnoye de Donolis A Hollaender T Patin Hommetz M Patin Mauro O Des Houlières A Benvenuti B Benvenuti Fléchier E Keckius I Keckius Milcetti D Maggi C Wagenseil J Wagenseil Montanari G De Lemene F Scheffer S Scheffer Cosmi S Rotondi F Magliabechi A Redi F de Villedieu M Cousin L Cappellari M Pallavicino C Pallavicino de la Vigne A Lambeck P Beregan N Santinelli F Arnoldus C Gamberti D Corniani B Years 1650 Corneille T Mattei L Borromeo A Dal Pozzo G Dal Pozzo Dati C de Sorbait P Petit P Petit Sonica C Dottori C Albanese G Zacco A Orsato S Altogradi G Altogradi Delfino G Gradi S Gradi Sgambati R Pellisson Fontanier P Fontanier Pellisson Rinaldini C Regnault de Segrais J Regnault de Segrais Matina L de Lazara G de Lazara Caimo G Soranzo G Soranzo Tallemant des Reaux F Tallemant Ferrari O Ferrari de Coligny La Suze H La Suze de Coligny Mancino L Loredan G Volckamer J Volckamer Argoli G Della Torre G Della Torre Beauvilliers F Difnico F Catervo D de Scudéry M de Grammont S de Grammont Silvaticus B Silvaticus Bartolini N Bendandus H Settala M Doni G de Ville A Galvano M Galvano Macedo F Obizzi P Tommasini J Tommasini Rhode J Zabarella G Barisoni A Crasso N Crasso Bartholin C Figure 4: Famous scholars by period Liceti F Mancini P Barisoni A Giusti G Lisca A Cottunius J Conti I India F 1600 Costantini T Borgarutius B Tiberio G Ricceri M Bianchi V Cavicchi G Cavicchi Ferrari C Ferrari Argoli A Raguseo G Strozzi G Pola F Pola Valier P Valier Passi G Passi Pignoria L Segeth T Palermo P Palermo De` Conti S Spinelli D Summo F Livello O Livello Gabrieli A Bogolino G Marescotti A Belloni G Marino G Sozomeno G Sozomeno Contarini V Lancellotti O Aldrighetti A Contarini F Moieschino R Zabarella F Frigimelica A Campiglia A Bentivoglio G Bentivoglio Cornacchini O Pozzo Farnese A Farnese Pozzo Galilei G Vedova F Vedova Chiocco A Casoni G Lollino L Morosini A Beni P Gualdo P Borghi A Cortesi C Ottelius M Sassonia E Minadoi G Ingegneri A Cremonini C Gallo G Menini O Querenghi A Sforza O Sforza Torelli P Torelli Scarano L Scarano AcadRicovrati−1599 − Publishing Scholars and Distribution of all Scholars (rug plot) of all Scholars and Distribution Scholars − Publishing AcadRicovrati−1599 Guarini B Albergati F Magno C Scaino G Giustiniani O Monticulus S Manfredi M Giusti V Valier A Valier Palazzolo A Palazzolo Mattheoccius A Pellegrini M Pellegrini 1550 Piccolomini F

1500

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Human capital index capital Human 56 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63

Galileo Galilei (Pisa 1564 – Arcetri 1642) was an astronomer, physicist and engineer. He was pro- fessor of mathematics in Pisa (1589-1592) and Padua (1592-1610). He invented and perfected numerous instruments that revolutionized scientic research including the telescope, propor- tional compasses and celatone. In Padua he was a founding member of the Academy of the Ricovrati under the name of “Abbatuto” (the “depressed”, or “defeated”). He was tasked with designing the coats of arms of the members of the academy. In 1602, he was appointed "censor of the press", a very important position in which he decided which scientic or literary works could be printed.

Cesare Beccaria (Milano 1738 – Milano 1794) was a criminologist, philosopher and economist, who was considered one of the greatest intellectuals of the Enlightenment. His major work “Dei delitti e delle pene” (Crimes and Punishment), in which he took a strong stance against the death penalty and torture, is among the most inuential works in the history of criminal law. In 1766, his treatise was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because of the distinction between sin and crime. In 1768, he obtained the chair of public economics and commerce at the Palatine School in Milan. He was the grandfather of Alessandro Manzoni, one of the founding fathers of 19th century Italian literature, who made a decisive contribution to the development and unication of the modern Italian language.

Giambattista Marino (Napoli 1569 – Napoli 1625) was a Baroque poet, whose works were highly inuential for European literature. He had an eventful life, which included several stints in prison. In 1615, after Maria de’ Medici invited to in Paris, Marino enjoyed great social prestige and his career reached its literary apex. During this period he wrote his masterpiece, the Adonis (1623). In 1623, Marino became ill and returned to his native Naples, where he died two years later. Feeling death approaching, he tried – unsuccessfully - to burn all his writings. In 1602 he read two of his sonnets at the Academy.

Joseph-Louis de Lagrange (Torino 1736 – Paris 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer. In 1766, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, where he remained for almost two decades. In 1781, he became a member of the Ricovrati. Considered among the greatest and most inuential European mathematicians of the 18th century, he was a founding father of the calculus of variations, and contributed to the development of the theory of probability, as well as group theory and dierential equa- tions. While in Berlin, Lagrange produced his opus magnum - the Mécanique analytique (1788), which reinterpreted classical Newtonian mechanics as a branch of mathematical analysis, lay- ing the basis for the development of mathematical physics in the 19th century.

Alessandro Volta (Como 1745 – Como 1827) was a physicist and chemist. In 1779 he became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia. He is remembered as the inven- tor of the Voltaic pile (the rst electrical battery), which he described in 1800 in a letter to the President of the Royal Society of London. The unit of measure of electric potential is named the volt in his honor. Volta also studied the chemistry of gases, and is credited with the dis- covery of methane. His lectures in Pavia were so crowded that the emperor Joseph II ordered the construction of a new "Theatre of Physics", known today as the Aula Volta. In 1788 he participated in the public assembly of the Academy.

8 Related scholars In addition to the ordinary members residing in Italy, several individuals were linked to the Academy of the Ricovrati through a foreign or corresponding membership status. The ve scholars shown here belonged to this category. These scholars are included in the calculations for all gures but Figure 4. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 57

Leonhard Euler (Basel 1707 – Saint Petersburg 1783) was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer and logician. Euler was one of the most eminent mathematicians of all time. At age thirteen, he enrolled at the University of Basel. In 1723, he received a Master of Philosophy with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. Euler was interested in every eld of mathematics and physics, and his name is linked to a very large number of theories, formulas, equations and methods. He worked at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and at the Berlin Academy. He was a member of numerous academies, and 1781 he was recognised as an "estero" (foreign) member of the Ricovrati. Euler was interested in every eld of mathematics and physics and his name is linked to a very large number of theories, formulas, equations and methods.

Benjamin Franklin (Boston 1706 – Philadelphia 1790) was a scientist and politician, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He made important contributions to the study of electricity and was an enthusiast of meteorology and anatomy. He invented the lightning rod, bifocal lenses, the glass harmonica and a model of stove-replace known as the Franklin stove. In 1776 he contributed to the drafting of the American Declaration of Independence. In 1787 he participated in the meetings where the American Constitution was drafted. In 1781, he was an "Estero" member of the Academy.

Georges-Louis Leclerc Buon (Montbard 1707 – Paris 1788) was a naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedist. Initially he was interested in mathematics, in which eld he is known for Buon’s needle problem. In 1739 he became intendant of the Jardin Royal des Plantes Médicinales (King’s Botanic Garden) in Paris, and from that moment he became inter- ested exclusively in natural history. In his most important work, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la description du Cabinet du Roi (1749–1788), he discusses the similarities between humans and apes. In 1781, he was aliated with the Accademy of Ricovrati as an "Estero" member.

Jean le Rond d’Alambert (Paris 1717 – Paris 1783) was an encyclopedist, mathematician, physi- cist, philosopher and astronomer who was among the most important protagonists of the Enlightenment. His contribution in mathematics was particularly important. In 1749, follow- ing his research on dierential equations and partial derivatives, he was called to edit the Encyclopédie with Denis Diderot. He was also a music theorist: his text Éléments de musique of 1754 illustrates the theory of harmony and dictates the main rules of composition and ex- ecution of basso continuo, a complex system of writing-reading music, universally used and practiced in the West in the Baroque era. He was an "Estero" member of the Academy.

Nicolas de Condorcet (Ribemont 1743 – Bourg-la-Reine 1794) was a philosopher, mathematician, economist and politician. One of the most original features of Condorcet’s thinking is the at- tempt to apply mathematical calculation to the social and moral sciences in view of governing social and political processes. He published several mathematical works on integral calculus, and on the calculus of probability. In 1769, he was elected to the Académie Royale des Sci- ences. For criticizing the Jacobin Constitution of 1793 he was arrested and died in prison. He was aliated with the Academy in 1781 as an "Estero" member.

9 Diversity The Ricovrati Academy was one of the few academies that admitted women. Most of them were foreigners and participated as corresponding members. 58 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63

Ubertino XIII 1428 1487

Pietro-Conte IX Jacopo XVIII Alessandro I Giovanni Antonio II Francesco I ? ? ? ? ? ? 1519 1529 ? ?

Bernardino I Roberto I Francesco IX ? 1558 ? ? ? ?

Marsilio XVIII Marsilio XVII Ubertino XV Rinaldo II ? ? ? ? ? ? 1608 ?

Annibale II RobertoII Alessandro III Francesco XII ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Stefano II Scipione I Bonifacio XI Marsilio XIX Ubertino XIX Jacopo XXI Rinaldo III ? ? 1588 ? 1579 ? ? ? ? 1680 1640 1631 1640 ?

Ubertino XX Roberto Ubertino XXI Federico III Jacopo XXII Lionello I Francesco XV RinaldoIV ? 1617 ? ? ? 1701 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1773 1790 ?

Stefano III Roberto Pesaro Marsilio XXI Bartolomeo I Giacomo Marsilio XXIII ? 1656 ? ? ? 1740 ? ? ? 1708 ? ? 1785 ?

Marsilio XXIV Giovanni II Jacopo XXV ? ? ? ? ? ?

Annibale V Alessandro X Albertino XXV Francesco XIX ? 1693 1701 ? ? 1770 1773 ?

Giovanni Roberto III ? ?

Marsilio XXV ? ?

Figure 5: The Papafava family. Members of the Accademia of Ricovrati in yellow squares. Members of the University of Padua in green squares. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 59

10 Censorship Among the 500 scholars who have published some work after 1400CE, 25 have been censored by the Catholic Church in its Index Librorum Prohibitorum (De Bujanda and Richter 2002). A rate of censorship of 5% is low compared to Italy in general (Blasutto and De la Croix 2020). Beyond Galilei, famous examples are:

Andrea Morosini (Venice 1558 – 1618, censored in 1624) was a politician and historian. His His- toria Veneta, published after his death, was included in the Roman index because it included praise of Paolo Sarpi, who was excommunicated and defended the Republic of Venice against Pope Paul V. The Republic of Venice did not comply with the orders from Rome, and granted permission to print Historia Veneta.

Girolamo Gigli (Siena 1660 – Rome 1722, censored in 1714) was a writer and playwright. His lexicographic booklet Vocabolario Cateriniano, which questioned the Florentine language, was controversial within the Accademia della Crusca. The book was forbidden before its printing was complete (the letter R was in press). Due to the lack of physical copies of the book, the public burning of Vocabolario Cateriniano used dierent books with a similar dimension to the original. In 1695, he became a member of the Academy. He composed a cantata titled "Il sogno di Venere" (The dream of Venus), to celebrate the election of Doge Valier.

Francesco Griselini (Schio 1717 – Milan 1787, censored in 1762) was a naturalist, botanist and literary man. He was a freemason and he edited the newspaper Giornale d’Italia, which focused on agriculture and commerce. His Memorie, a biography of Paolo Sarpi, was included in the Index of forbidden books because it defended Sarpi from accusations of heresy.

11 Families of scholars Figure 5 shows an extract of the Papafava family tree (data from Ceoldo (1801) and De Marchi (1842)). We were able to nd 14 family members who were members of the Ricovrati Academy.

Acad. Ricovrati

U. Padua post 1550

1602 271 692

Figure 6: Intersections of the lists of scholars between the University of Padua and the Academy of the Ricovrati 60 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63

12 Intersections with nearby universities Figure 6 shows that many members of the Academy of the Ricovrati were also professors at the University of Padua. This is an example of close a relationship between a University and the an Academy at a local level. It also runs counter to the view that universities were stuck in old thinking while academies advanced new research. 13 A network of individuals Another way to look at the intersection between two institutions is to consider the network of schol- ars. The network of scholars will represent individuals as nodes. Edges (links between individuals) will be assumed when two scholars share the same institution during the same period. Once such a network is built, it can be represented, for example, by the standard Fruchterman-Reingold force- directed algorithm that groups persons more closely together when they are linked to each other. Figure 7 shows the network of scholars of the University of Bologna and the Academy of the Ri- covrati. Blue nodes represent the scholars at Bologna, green nodes are for the Ricovrati, and orange nodes are for those who were members of both. The size of the nodes is bigger for highly notable persons (a human capital index above 8). Edges (links) are pink. The foundation of the University of Bologna is not represented: we start with Francesco della Rovere (1414-1484), Pope Sixtus IV, on the right. Moving left as time passes, the Academy of the Ricovrati is created in 1599. Few scholars share a joint appointment. This makes the Ricovrati a distinct cloud from the University of Bologna, with some occasional but recurrent bridges.

Figure 7: Network of scholars: University of Bologna and Academy of the Ricovrati

If we repeat the same exercise, considering now the University of Padua and the Academy of the Ricovrati, we obtain Figure 8. Now the professors at the University are in light orange, academicians are still in green, and those with a joint appointment in blue. We start the history of the University of Padua on the right with Vesalius. As soon as the Ricovrati is created, there are many more persons in blue (joint positions). They form a structure around which persons with single positions orbit. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 61

Strikingly, at the end of the period, on the left of the map, we see that the famous persons are all from the Ricovrati, as if the Academy has replaced the University as the main center of knowledge. This is probably explained by the decline of the Serenissima (the Republic of Venice), and the sub- sequent departure of several scholars (De la Croix and Vitale 2021). In fact, during this period the University of Padua, while providing the academic freedom that had always characterized it, ceased to be attractive to many professors who were prominent at the time. One example would be Nicolas I Bernoulli, who left his chair in 1719 (Del Negro 2015).

Figure 8: Network of scholars: University of Padua and Academy of the Ricovrati

14 Anecdotes Caldani used the rooms at the Ricovrati academy to conduct his experiments on the sixth sense. He lled rooms to see how blind bats avoided obstacles. These experiments are the basis of the studies 62 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 3:51–63 on echolocation or biosonar (Ronconi 2000). Manfredo Settala had a museum that brought together more than three thousand naturalistic, ethnographic and scientic instruments from all over the world. Manfredo had devised a curious system for enumerating his treasures. He entrusted to young Milanese painters the task of reproduc- ing with drawings and paintings all the objects of the Museum: a visual catalogue of seven volumes which has unfortunately disappeared (Tavernari 1976). Appendix

The individual human capital index qi of an individual i is given by:

qi = −1.76 + 0.43 ln(nb. of characters of the longest Wikipedia page) +0.40 ln(nb. of Wikipedia pages in dierent languages) + 0.47 ln(nb. of works in Worldcat) +0.46 ln(nb. of publication languages in Worldcat) +0.47 ln(nb. of library holdings in Worldcat)

We assume that having no Wikipedia page is similar to having one page with a length of 60 char- acters and that having no Worldcat page is similar to having a page with one work in one language held by one library. The constant −1.76 normalizes qi at 0 when there is neither a Wikipedia page, nor a Worldcat page. The weights (0.43, 0.40, etc) are obtained from the rst principal component of the ve indicators (De la Croix et al. 2020). Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 883033 “Did elite human capital trigger the rise of the West? Insights from a new database of European scholars.”

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