Managing Intangible Assets It Is Time to Act

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Managing Intangible Assets It Is Time to Act www.pwc.es Managing intangible assets It is time to act We add the value you need 2 Technology Page 5 1 3 Information Content management Page 6 Page 4 6 Taxation of 4 intangible Trademarks, patents, assets designs and other Page 10 industrial property Page 7 5 Protection and defence of intangible assets Page 8 Introduction Intangible assets are becoming an However, by properly valuing these competition does not have, we can essential component for more and more assets, a company can boost its balance readily identify which company activities companies, especially considering sheet, secure more efficient financing, are able to generate intangible assets. today’s complex environment and the and reduce both costs and fiscal impacts. need to move toward innovation-based Based on this initial mapping, the best models, new technologies and Intangible assets are the ideal vehicle for way to identify and value those activities knowledge. safeguarding a long-term competitive that generate knowledge within the advantage, and can, when correctly and company, a series of measures can be But, in this day and age, what exactly do proactively managed, form part of a taken – starting with registering and we mean when we talk about intangible company’s strategy and generate new protecting these intangible assets – that assets? revenue streams. can enhance their value both in practice and on the balance sheet. These The answer is no longer cut and dry, as By simply identifying which company measures also optimise the process of intangible assets can cover a lot more activities generate internal knowledge, creating and using intangible assets than we may think at first: patents, market notoriety or a well-known brand from a tax perspective, helping to trademarks and utility models, but also name, or provide some type of value the improve business models and costs. intellectual property and content, as well as information and processes, and industrial and trade secrets that can also be considered know-how providing special value to a company. We take it further Only PwC Tax & Legal Services can truly makes the most of Up until now, many companies have your intangible assets. Our one-of-a-kind expertise, backed overlooked the opportunity of by our multidisciplinary approach, can be readily adapted maximising their intangible assets, focusing only on registration and legal to your company’s precise needs. protection for these assets. Managing intangible assets 3 Information management 1 Information – and the ability to manage new capabilities for generating, We take it further it – is one of the highest-value intangible processing and making the most of Beyond providing assets of any company, in any sector. information and knowledge. knowledge and ensuring Up until now, companies have primarily Drawing from their solid sector compliance with focused on data protection knowledge, our professionals are able to regulations, our compliance…but this is no longer recognise your company’s needs and technology specialists use enough. At PwC, we believe that any optimise all the possibilities offered by the new digital legal services offer should go beyond information processing, for the business environment to harvest regulatory compliance and look at the as a whole. and manage important information that can improve your commercial offer: customer preferences, opinions, trends, assessments, recommendations, etc. 4 Managing intangible assets 2 Technology We take it further PwC’s specialised professionals know Many companies have how to respond to technology-related invested heavily in this needs arising in any company, from a type of intangible asset, three-fold perspective: seeing technology commercial and internal use must go assuming asset ownership as a business support, as an IT hand in hand with suitable legal that does not always development and as a means for protection. PwC’s specialised service can communication. help you standardise your web presence respond to legal reality. At and manage domain names, e-commerce PwC, in addition to When technology is used as support, is it and your direct relationships with accrediting and protecting fundamental to ensure that it meets the employees and stakeholders through ownership of created needs of clients, such as service level social networks. assets, we look for ways to agreements in line with business optimise and use the continuity, information security, contracting and subcontracting, and rights in areas such as responses to unexpected events. development of internal applications, software When looking at technology as an IT development services, development, it is important to maximise licenses acquisition, mass the heavy investments normally implementations and accompanying development of these intangible assets and to respond to the parameter-setting, complex issues (in terms of authorship turnkey projects and and ownership of rights) they normally regulatory, corrective and entail. proactive maintenance. With respect to technology as a company’s communications channel, Managing intangible assets 5 Content 3 Everybody knows that content (music, these sectors, a correct release and use of We take it further photos, audiovisual productions, content can mark the difference between recordings, etc.) are essential elements success and failure. Our experts will help you for publishers, production companies, develop new businesses marketing agencies and communications For companies in other sectors, PwC such as editorial formats, companies. However, what might not be offers a multidisciplinary approach to operate existing content in so obvious is that companies from other managing content created by employees new ways and through sectors, such as automation, mass market and publication of this content on social products, telecommunications, finance networks and channels such as YouTube, new windows, and modify and distribution, are increasingly protecting and carrying out advertising supports and operating developing their own content in order to campaigns and third-party content, capacity, sales alliances, better communicate with their clients creating interactive channels where the impact of technology and customers. customers can give opinions, add on works distribution content, etc., using and expanding social models or shared content For those industries traditionally linked networks, and safeguarding Internet with content and entertainment, PwC’s reputation. models and third-party specialised legal services can assist in key contributions. aspects such as use and ownership of rights, supports and release windows. In 6 Managing intangible assets Trademarks, patents, 4 designs and other industrial We take it further property PwC can help you effectively manage your PwC’s specialised and comprehensive In addition, we offer assistance in industrial property, putting advisory service covers all major identifying and researching your these assets to use to boost industrial property-related issues, company’s brands and created content your company’s competitive thereby meeting the demands of a market and designs to verify whether they are in which intangible assets, company legally available for use in the market. edge and its strategic brands and distinctive signs, and the Our professionals will handle the entire advantages. This means requisite protection for business application and registration process for being better at selling your creativity is becoming increasingly any type of industrial property, both in inventions, launching your important. Spain and internationally. products on the market, granting licenses for In order to optimise portfolio PwC has solid expertise in the management, PwC carries out a Community Trademark and Design technical knowledge and diagnostic analysis of the structure and system ensuring standardised protection making your brands, ownership of your company’s current before the OHIM throughout the entire designs and patents even industrial property portfolio, making the European Union. more valuable vis-à-vis most suitable recommendations for third parties. reorganising these assets. In addition, PwC offers advisory services in negotiations, contracts and internal risks prevention. Managing intangible assets 7 Protection and defence of 5 intangible assets We take it further The new ways of creating and using Privacy Our approach provides content, distinctive signs and inventions • Drafting of corporate protocols and clients with prevention, in the digital age have helped to dilute regulations governing processing of protection and defence ownership status and encourage confidential information, protection of mechanisms for their information sharing, which gives rise to know-how and other intangible assets, intangible assets, above new infractions and inappropriate use of and their use and distribution by the intangible assets generated and/or employees and beyond those used by companies. provided in traditional • Protection and defence of a company’s systems, as well as a In order to protect these intangible image, reputation and privacy in social structure for responding assets, PwC has designed a networks, blogs, forums, and other to infractions of their comprehensive service focusing on the digital communications platforms, and industrial property rights, following: protection against identity theft via electronic means, revelation of trade copyrights, and other secrets and unauthorised access to digital-related intangible confidential information assets. 8
Recommended publications
  • Technical Line: a Closer Look at the Accounting for Asset Acquisitions
    No. 2019-05 Updated 10 September 2020 Technical Line A closer look at the accounting for asset acquisitions In this issue: Overview ............................ 1 What you need to know Scope ................................. 2 • The new definition of a business in ASC 805 has resulted in additional transactions being accounted for as asset acquisitions rather than business combinations. A transaction Initial accounting ................ 4 may be considered an asset acquisition under ASC 805 and an acquisition of a business Determine that the for purposes of SEC reporting. transaction is an asset acquisition ..................... 4 • Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the Measure the cost of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. asset acquisition ............. 5 Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition. Allocate the cost of the • Entities may need to reassess the design of their internal controls over asset acquisitions asset acquisition ........... 18 to make sure they sufficiently address the risks of material misstatements. Evaluate the difference between cost and • This publication includes updated interpretive guidance on several practice issues, fair value...................... 21 including noncash consideration, contingent consideration and exchanges of share- Present and disclose based payment awards in asset acquisitions. the asset acquisition ..... 26 Subsequent accounting .... 26 Overview Other considerations ........ 28 Determining whether an entity has acquired a business or an asset or a group of assets is SEC reporting critical because the accounting for a business combination differs significantly from that of an considerations ............... 30 asset acquisition. Internal control over That is, business combinations are accounted for using a fair value model under which assets asset acquisitions .........
    [Show full text]
  • Life Sciences Industry Accounting Guide Acquisitions and Divestitures
    Life Sciences Industry Accounting Guide Acquisitions and Divestitures March 2020 The FASB Accounting Standards Codification® material is copyrighted by the Financial Accounting Foundation, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116, and is reproduced with permission. This publication contains general information only and Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee (“DTTL”), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as “Deloitte Global”) does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the “Deloitte” name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Copyright © 2020 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Valuations for Financial Reporting and Transfer Pricing Purposes, We Have Selected a Few Areas Where We Frequently See Variations, Including
    Bridging the Divide: March 6, 2019 Valuations for Financial Reporting and Tax/Transfer Pricing Nate Levin, Managing Director, Valuation Advisory Susan Fickling-Munge, Managing Director, Transfer Pricing Simon Webber, Managing Director, Transfer Pricing DUFF & PHELPS Duff & Phelps is the global advisor that protects, restores and maximizes value for clients in the areas of valuation, corporate finance, investigations, disputes, cyber security, compliance and regulatory matters, and other governance-related issues. We work with clients across diverse sectors, mitigating risk to assets, operations and people. M O R E T H A N 6 , 5 0 0 C L I E N T S 1 5 , 0 0 0 I N C L U D I N G ENGAGEMENTS O V E R PERFORMED IN 50% O F T H E 2017 S & P 5 0 0 T H E E U R O P E A N D A S I A 3,500+ AMERICAS MIDDLE EAST PACIFIC T O T A L 2 , 0 0 0 + 1000+ 500+ PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS GLOBALLY BRIDGING THE DIVIDE WEBCAST 2 ONE COMPANY ACROSS 28 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE E U R O P E A N D THE AMERICAS MIDDLE EAST ASIA PACIFIC Addison Grenada Princeton Abu Dhabi Dublin Munich Bangalore Melbourne Atlanta Houston Reston Agrate Brianza Frankfurt Padua Beijing Mumbai Austin Los Angeles St. Louis Amsterdam Lisbon Paris Brisbane New Delhi Bogota Mexico City San Francisco Athens London Pesaro Guangzhou Shanghai Boston Miami São Paulo Barcelona Longford Porto Hanoi Shenzhen Buenos Aires Milwaukee Seattle Berlin Luxembourg Rome Ho Chi Minh City Singapore Cayman Islands Minneapolis Secaucus Bilbao Madrid Tel Aviv* Hong Kong Sydney Chicago Morristown
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Intangible Assets Under PGAAP
    A PUBLIC POLICY PRACTICE NOTE Treatment of VOBA, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets under PGAAP EXPOSURE DRAFT February 2014 American Academy of Actuaries Life Financial Reporting Committee A PUBLIC POLICY PRACTICE NOTE Treatment of VOBA, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets under PGAAP April 1, 2014 Developed by the Life Financial Reporting Committee of the American Academy of Actuaries The American Academy of Actuaries is an 18,000-member professional association whose mission is to serve the public and the U.S. actuarial profession. The Academy assists public policymakers on all levels by providing leadership, objective expertise, and actuarial advice on risk and financial security issues. The Academy also sets qualification, practice, and professionalism standards for actuaries in the United States. TREATMENT OF VOBA, GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS UNDER PGAAP This practice note is not a promulgation of the Actuarial Standards Board, is not an actuarial standard of practice, is not binding upon any actuary and is not a definitive statement as to what constitutes generally accepted practice in the area under discussion. Events occurring subsequent to this publication of the practice note may make the practices described in this practice note irrelevant or obsolete. The authors of this practice note are not accountants or tax experts. The reader should consult professionals with expertise in these areas. This practice note was prepared by the Life Financial Reporting Committee of the American Academy of Actuaries. Please address
    [Show full text]
  • IFRS Overview 2019
    IFRS overview 2019 Contents Introduction 4 Accounting rules and principles 5 Accounting principles and applicability of IFRS 6 First-time adoption of IFRS – IFRS 1 7 Presentation of financial statements – IAS 1 8 Accounting policies, accounting estimates and errors – IAS 8 10 Fair value – IFRS 13 11 Financial instruments 12 Foreign currencies – IAS 21, IAS 29 16 Insurance contracts – IFRS 4, IFRS 17 18 Revenue and construction contracts –IFRS 15 and IAS 20 19 Segment reporting – IFRS 8 23 Employee benefits – IAS 19 24 Share-based payment – IFRS 2 26 Taxation – IAS 12, IFRIC 23 27 Earnings per share – IAS 33 28 Balance sheet and related notes 29 Intangible assets – IAS 38 30 Property, plant and equipment – IAS 16 31 Investment property – IAS 40 32 Impairment of assets – IAS 36 33 Lease accounting – IAS 17, IFRS 16 34 Inventories – IAS 2 35 Provisions and contingencies – IAS 37 36 Events after the reporting period and financial commitments – IAS 10 38 Share capital and reserves 39 Consolidated and separate financial statements 40 Consolidated financial statements – IFRS 10 41 Separate financial statements – IAS 27 42 Business combinations – IFRS 3 43 Disposal of subsidiaries, businesses and non-current assets – IFRS 5 44 Equity accounting – IAS 28 45 Joint arrangements – IFRS 11 46 Other subjects 47 Related-party disclosures – IAS 24 48 2 PwC | IFRS overview 2019 Cash flow statements – IAS 7 49 Interim financial reporting – IAS 34 50 Service concession arrangements – SIC 29 and IFRIC 12 51 Industry-specific topics 52 Agriculture – IAS 41 53 Extractive industries – IFRS 6 and IFRIC 20 54 Index by standard and interpretation 55 3 PwC | IFRS overview 2019 Introduction This ‘IFRS overview’ provides a summary of the recognition and measurement requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) up to October 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • A Roadmap to the Preparation of the Statement of Cash Flows
    A Roadmap to the Preparation of the Statement of Cash Flows May 2020 The FASB Accounting Standards Codification® material is copyrighted by the Financial Accounting Foundation, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116, and is reproduced with permission. This publication contains general information only and Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication. The services described herein are illustrative in nature and are intended to demonstrate our experience and capabilities in these areas; however, due to independence restrictions that may apply to audit clients (including affiliates) of Deloitte & Touche LLP, we may be unable to provide certain services based on individual facts and circumstances. As used in this document, “Deloitte” means Deloitte & Touche LLP, Deloitte Consulting LLP, Deloitte Tax LLP, and Deloitte Financial Advisory Services LLP, which are separate subsidiaries of Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of our legal structure. Copyright © 2020 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. Publications in Deloitte’s Roadmap Series Business Combinations Business Combinations — SEC Reporting Considerations Carve-Out Transactions Comparing IFRS Standards and U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Intangible Asset Valuation
    Intangible Asset Valuation Presented by Raymond D. Rath, ASA, CFA November 9, 2012 Wuhan, China Intangible Asset Valuation www.appraisers.org Table of Contents TOPIC PAGES • Introduction 2 - 3 • Overview – Growing Importance of Intangible Assets 4 - 21 • Identification of Intangible Assets 22 - 31 • Summary Information on Cost and Market Approaches 32 - 65 • Overview of the Income Approach 66 - 98 • Overview of Contributory Asset Charge Final Release 99 - 115 • Practical Expedient Example 116 - 126 Intangible Asset Valuation www.appraisers.org 1 Section 1: Overview – Growing Importance of Intangible Assets Intangible Asset Valuation www.appraisers.org Intangible Asset Valuation - Introduction • The following slides provide a high level overview of key concepts in the valuation of intangible assets. • The American Society of Appraisers (ASA) offers two intangible asset valuation courses that provide comprehensive instruction on these and many other topics in an interactive, collaborative environment. • BV 301, Valuation of Intangible Assets • BV 302, Special Topics in the Valuation of Intangible Assets • The International Institute of Business Valuers (IIBV) offers the following course which is substantially similar to the ASA course offering. • IIBV 301, Valuation of Intangible Assets Intangible Asset Valuation www.appraisers.org 3 Introduction - Intangible Asset vs. Business Valuation Analytical Variable Business Valuation Intangible Asset Valuation Income subject to analysis All operating income of Portion of operating income business
    [Show full text]
  • INTANGIBLES FINANCIAL VALUATION: a METHOD GROUNDED on a IC-BASED TAXONOMY Arturo Rodríguez Castellanos Gerardo Arregui Ayastuy José Domingo García Merino
    INTANGIBLES FINANCIAL VALUATION: A METHOD GROUNDED ON A IC-BASED TAXONOMY Arturo Rodríguez Castellanos Gerardo Arregui Ayastuy José Domingo García Merino ABSTRACT This paper is the result of an applied research project developed at the University of the Basque Country, in collaboration with companies that are particularly interested in quantifying the value of their intangibles. It proposes a method for the financial valuation of the intangibles based on a specific taxonomy. On the one hand, this distinguishes between intangible assets and core competences and, on the other hand, it classifies the latter according to the different intellectual capital categories driven by them. The paper aims to identify and quantify a company’s intangibles in monetary terms, taking the incomes that they are capable of generating into account. 1. INTRODUCTION1 This paper puts forward a method for intangibles financial valuation based on a specific taxonomy that distinguishes between a company’s intangible assets and core competencies as value drivers. Our approach assumes that the value of a company’s intangibles fundamentally lies in the core competencies. The proposed method is based on a strategic analysis that allows the firm’s core competencies and assets to be identified, as well as their main characteristics that help to generate value. Financial valuation models, fundamentally based on the cash flow generated by the company and on real options valuation, are proposed to measure the value added to the company by individual intangibles. The company’s financial information and the analysis and opinions provided by its directors are used to implement these models. This method is appropriate for valuing the intangibles of large companies and, also small companies where large databases are not available.
    [Show full text]
  • Intangible Assets in a Business Combination
    Intangible assets in a business combination Identifying and valuing intangibles under IFRS 3 November 2013 Important Disclaimer: This document has been developed as an information resource. It is intended as a guide only and the application of its contents to specific situations will depend on the particular circumstances involved. While every care has been taken in its presentation, personnel who use this document to assist in evaluating compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards should have sufficient training and experience to do so. No person should act specifically on the basis of the material contained herein without considering and taking professional advice. “Grant Thornton” refers to the brand under which the Grant Thornton member firms provide assurance, tax and advisory services to their clients and/or refers to one or more member firms, as the context requires. Grant Thornton International Ltd (GTIL) and the member firms are not a worldwide partnership. GTIL and each member firm is a separate legal entity. Services are delivered by the member firms. GTIL does not provide services to clients. GTIL and its member firms are not agents of, and do not obligate, one another and are not liable for one another’s acts or omissions. Neither GTIL, nor any of its personnel nor any of its member firms or their partners or employees, accept any responsibility for any errors this document might contain, whether caused by negligence or otherwise, or any loss, howsoever caused, incurred by any person as a result of utilising or otherwise placing any reliance upon it. Introduction The last several years have seen an increased focus Where an ‘intangible resource’ is not recognised by companies on mergers and acquisitions as a as an intangible asset, it is subsumed into goodwill.
    [Show full text]
  • Intangible Assets in Purchase Price Allocations Brian Holloway
    Transaction Financial Reporting Insights Intangible Assets in Purchase Price Allocations Brian Holloway There are numerous reasons why a company will conduct a valuation of its intangible assets. One such reason relates to valuing the intangible assets, and all other assets, that were transferred in the acquisition of the company. As is the case with any valuation, the valuation analyst should be familiar with the assignment purpose and with all compliance matters associated with the intangible asset valuation. This discussion provides an overview of (1) the purchase price allocation analysis procedures and (2) the procedures that analysts consider in the valuation of intangible assets as part of the acquisition accounting. NTRODUCTION an acquirer obtains control of a business and its I underlying assets. Mergers and acquisitions can trigger many financial and tax reporting requirements for companies. A Internal Revenue Code Section 1060 and Section common requirement for both reporting purposes 338 provide procedures for completing the PPA in a is accounting for an acquisition by providing a pur- taxable business purchase transaction for federal chase price allocation (PPA) analysis. income tax reporting purposes. For federal income tax reporting, companies are only required to com- A PPA is an allocation of the total purchase plete a transaction PPA for: price—or total purchase consideration—to the indi- vidual assets and the individual liabilities included 1. an asset purchase or in the acquisitive transaction. A PPA may be per- 2. a stock purchase for which a Section 338 formed for financial or tax reporting purposes and election is made (which accounts for a there are differences to understand and consider stock purchase as if it was an asset pur- with each.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Intellectual Property and Intangible Asset Valuation Models
    Research Management Review, Volume 14, Number 1 Spring 2004 An Overview of Intellectual Property and Intangible Asset Valuation Models Jeffrey H. Matsuura University of Dayton School of Law ABSTRACT This paper reviews the economic models most commonly applied to estimate the value of intellectual property and other forms of intangible assets. It highlights the key strengths and weaknesses of these models. One of the apparent weaknesses of the most commonly used valuation models is the failure to incorporate legal rights into their calculations. Creation, maintenance, and enforcement of legal rights of ownership and control for intangible assets form a critical component of the total economic value of those assets. The failure to account for the value of those rights undermines the accuracy and the utility of the overall asset valuation process. This paper advocates a concerted effort by professionals involved in intellectual property law and intangible asset development and management to integrate more effectively the legal aspects of intangible asset creation, protection, and transfer into asset valuation models. Absent such integration, all intangible asset valuation models will continue to be incomplete. For research administrators involved in contract negotiation, intellectual property, and technology transfer, an understanding of these models is useful for job performance and professional development. COMMON VALUATION MODELS For the purposes of this paper, intellectual property includes all material that can be protected and managed
    [Show full text]
  • Intangible Assets
    430 AS 26 430 Accounting Standard (AS) 26 Intangible Assets Contents OBJECTIVE SCOPE Paragraphs 1-5 DEFINITIONS 6-18 Intangible Assets 7-18 Identifiability 11-13 Control 14-17 Future Economic Benefits 18 RECOGNITION AND INITIAL MEASUREMENT OF AN INTANGIBLE ASSET 19-54 Separate Acquisition 24-26 Acquisition as Part of an Amalgamation 27-32 Acquisition by way of a Government Grant 33 Exchanges of Assets 34 Internally Generated Goodwill 35-37 Internally Generated Intangible Assets 38-54 Research Phase 41-43 Development Phase 44-51 Cost of an Internally Generated Intangible Asset 52-54 Continued../. Intangible Assets 431 RECOGNITION OF AN EXPENSE 55-58 Past Expenses not to be Recognised as an Asset 58 SUBSEQUENT EXPENDITURE 59-61 MEASUREMENT SUBSEQUENT TO INITIAL RECOGNITION 62 AMORTISATION 63-80 Amortisation Period 63-71 Amortisation Method 72-74 Residual Value 75-77 Review of Amortisation Period and Amortisation Method 78-80 RECOVERABILITY OF THE CARRYING AMOUNT – IMPAIRMENT LOSSES 81-86 RETIREMENTS AND DISPOSALS 87-89 DISCLOSURE 90-98 General 90-95 Research and Development Expenditure 96-97 Other Information 98 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 99-100 ILLUSTRATIONS 432 AS 26 Accounting Standard (AS) 26 Intangible Assets (This Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold italic type and plain type, which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold italic type indicate the main principles. This Accounting Standard should be read in the context of its objective and the General Instructions contained in part A of the Annexure to the Notification.) Objective The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another Accounting Standard.
    [Show full text]