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Poll Res. 39 (3) : 545-552 (2020) Copyright © EM International ISSN 0257–8050 EXPOSURE OF PEDESTRIANS IN SURABAYA CITY TO COARSE AND FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE EFFECT OF VEGETATION CANTIKA ALMAS FILDZAH, ARIE DIPAREZA SYAFEI*, ABDU FADLI ASSOMADI, RACHMAT BOEDISANTOSO, AGUS SLAMET AND JONI HERMANA 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia (Received 29 December, 2019; accepted 17 February, 2020) ABSTRACT Surabaya is the second largest metropolitan city in Indonesia after Jakarta and has 4.5 million vehicles. The number of vehicles increase every year, causing increases in concentrations of TSP (Total Suspended Particulates), PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 (Particulate Matter with aerodynamic sizes of less than 10µm, 2.5µm, and 1µm, respectively). Being exposed to these particulates continuously is very dangerous for pedestrians ’health. In this study, concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured for 15 hours on six major roads in Surabaya. We also investigated the effect of vegetation on pedestrian particulate exposure. The measurement results showed that the concentrations of the particulates increased in the morning and evening. The highest concentrations recorded were taken on Gemblongan Street on a weekday. They were 103.2 µg/m3 3 3 3 for PM1, 219.8 µg/m for PM2.5, 503.73 µg/m for PM10, and 503.73 µg/m for TSP. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that particulate concentrations were significantly affected by the number of vehicles during the weekend and week days as well as the temperature. However, particulate concentration patterns were obviously higher during peak hours, especially in the morning. Vegetation was observed to reduce particulate exposure to pedestrian users. However, since the testing was limited to one plant species, future research could investigate plant morphology, e.g., leaf structure, that is more effective in reducing coarse and fine particulate concentrations. KEY WORDS : Particulate Matter, Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), Plants, Vehicles INTRODUCTION congestion during rush hour is the main factor causing air pollution in Surabaya. The pollution is Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after even worse at traffic lights and bus stops (Tsang, Jakarta. Based on the 2010 population survey, 2008). According to research done in Hong Kong, on Surabaya has a population of 2.77 million, and it is busy roads near junctions, vehicles often accelerate increasing every year at a rate of 0.63% (BPS, 2017). and slow down during traffic signal cycles, which The increasing population in Surabaya City is results in increased particle emissions. Pedestrians directly proportional to the increasing means used are faced with high levels of particulate pollutants to support daily activities, such as vehicles. Based when they walk near and cross zebra zones (Hong- on 2014 data from the Department of di, 2012). Surabaya City has the third worst air Transportation, there are 4.5 million vehicles in pollution in Asia according to a survey conducted Surabaya City, and every month that total is by environmental agencies in Asia (Luki, 2019). increased by more than 17,000 vehicles. The government of Surabaya has facilitated Furthermore, the government has not been pedestrian traffic via massive sidewalk contruction offsetting these increases with additional projects. Walking can reduce congestion when infrastructure, leading to congestion. Traffic distances to destinations are short. In addition, 546 FILDZAH ET AL mixed-use and pedestrian-oriented urban dacryorrhea, headache, fatigue, vertigo, and general environments are increasingly viewed as healthier cataptosis (Grigoropoulus, 2008). alternatives to sub urban typologies since they PM can be reduced by limiting the number of encourage active rather than automotive transport. vehicles or limiting industrial construction and One potential downside, however, is enhanced processing (Hirabayashi, 2016), but vegetation van pedestrian exposure to air pollution from the nearby can also be used to reduce PM (Nowak, 2014). This roadway environment (Bereitschaft, 2015), study investigates pedestrian exposure to ambient especially in terms of fine particulates, such as pollutant concentrations in pedestrian areas in PM1(particulates less than 1 µm in diameter), PM2.5 Surabaya and the role of vegetation in dealing with (particulates less than 2.5 µm in diameter), the particulates. The pollutants investigated in the coarse particulates PM10 (particulate up to 10 µm in study were particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter) and TSP (Total Suspended Particulates). diameters of less than 1, 2.5, and 10 µm (PM1, PM2.5, Research has shown that PM2.5 and PM10 have and PM10) and TSP across six sites in Surabaya. negative impacts on respiratory and cardiovascular health following both short-term and chronic MATERIALS AND METHODS exposure (Kelly, 2015). There is evidence linking Selection of Locations long-term exposure to PM2.5 with adverse birth outcomes, while emerging data suggest possible The measurement sites were selected based on low- effects of long-term PM exposure on diabetes, 2.5 density to high-density traffic. In other words, six neuro development, and cognitive function. TSP can measurement spots were selected based on Level of also cause various kinds of diseases in humans, Service and access to CCTV (Closed-Circuit such as coughing, shortness of breath, sneezing, Televisison). The locations are shown in the Table 1 fatigue and itchiness of the throat (Supardi, 2003). and Figure 1 below. On the other hand, PM1 has been associated with Sample Measurements sinus arrhythmias. PM1 is also absorbed easily into the blood and can cause damage to body organs. Its Particulate concentrations were measured at 5 min impacts include tachycardia, arrhythmias, dryness intervals using an Aerocet 531S Particle Mass of the rhinopharynx, dispnea, dry cough, Profiler and Counter manufactured by Metone. The Fig. 1. Sampling procedure with plants (a) and without plants (b) Table 1. The sampling locations Street LOS (Level Pedestrian Figure 1 Vegetation of Service) Conditions (width of the sidewalk) Jl. UripSumoharjo F 6m a No Jl. Mayjend. Sungkono E 4m b No JL. Gemblongan C 3m c No Jl. Diponegoro F 2m and 1m d Yes Jl. Dr. Moestopo E 2.5m e Yes Jl. Embong Malang A 3m f Yes EXPOSURE OF PEDESTRIANS IN SURABAYA CITY TO COARSE AND FINE PARTICULATE 547 device is able to detect fine particulates between 0.3 multiple linear regression model. First, a test was micrometer to 10 micrometers in diameter. It is also conducted to look for significant relationships possible for it to detect coarser particulates (TSP). between the variables using ANCOVA. The test The device was selected because of its portability showed that all variables were significantly and long battery life (up to 10h). Measurements different in terms of the response variables (with were carried out for 15 hours starting at 6:00 a.m. the exception of the number of diesel cars. Second, and lasting until 9:00 p.m. for six days, with a day we tested the normality of these variables. It was spent at each site. discovered that the data did not follow a linear CCTV from the Transportation Agency of relationship, thus we log-transformed the Surabaya was used to calculate the number of dependent variables. vehicles passing the sampling locations. A Kestrel 5500 was used to measure wind speed and wind RESULTS direction. Temperature and relative humidity were also measured. Each sampling was conducted Concentration Patterns during a weekday (Monday) and on the weekend The results of this study can be seen in Figures 2 to (Sunday). When sampling with plants, the croton 4. The patterns are similar in that the concentrations plants (Codiaeum variegatum) used were placed in a of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 are higher during row with a distance between stems of ± 30 cm. In weekdays than over the weekend. This result is due this type of sampling, the measurement device was to more vehicles passing by on weekdays, thus placed 1 m behind the plants and at an altitude of ± increasing the concentration of each particulate 1.5 m. (Mulawa, 1997). On Urip Soemoharjo Street The croton plants had heights of 1.5 m-2.0 m, (without plants), the highest concentrations on a putting them at the level of the human respiratory 3 3 weekday were 65.2 µg/m for PM1, 165.1 µg/m for system. When sampling without plants, the tool was 3 3 PM2.5, 234.35 µg/m for PM10, and 255.544 µg/m for placed 1 m away from the street on a tripod with a TSP. The concentrations increased in the morning height of ± 1.5 m. Prior to placing the device, we and evening and coincided with the beginning and conducted a meteorology analysis of each site. We end of school and work activities. During the determined the dominant wind direction and speed weekend on the same street, the highest and made sure that the wind would flow to the spot 3 concentrations recorded were 77 µg/m for PM1, where we were going to place the measurement 3 3 127.7 µg/m for PM2.5, 224.79 µg/m for PM10, and device. 3 253.86 µg/m for PM10. During the weekend, the Data Analysis particulate concentrations were lower, but not significantly lower, due to the fact that this road is a Multiple linear regression was employed to find main road and also that campaign activities, which discover which variables influence concentration. refers to regional head election that taking place The variables involved included meteorological during measurements, increasing the volume of influences, such as wind speed and wind direction, motorized vehicles. The average concentrations for as well as the number of vehicles (motor use, and the weekday were 20 µg /m3 for PM , 38 µg/m3 for gasoline-fueled cars diesel cars, bus, truck), day of 1 the week, and presence of plants.