DERMAL IRIDOPHORES IN SNAKES; CORRELATIONS WITH HABITAT ADAPTATION AND PHYLOGENY Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kleese, William Carl Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 04:07:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289250 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Ml 48106 8207900 Kleese, William Carl DERMAL IRIDOPHORES IN SNAKES; CORRELATIONS WITH HABITAT ADAPTATION AND PHYLOGENY The University of Arizona PH.D. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages \S~ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print ^ 3. Photographs with dark background ^ 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other ' University Microfilms International DERMAL IRIDOPHORES IN SNAKES; CORRELATIONS WITH HABITAT ADAPTATION AND PHYLOGENY by- William Carl Kleese A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (GRADUATE) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 81 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by William C- KIrf-sr entitled Dermal Tri dophnrpg in Snakpg; rnrrplatinm; with Habitat Adaptation and Phylogeny and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy • P. J , /K- /<9dP/ jDate 7 Date 'r - -7777771 Date /v /9F/ Date /VQfw-&& n Otj-, ml Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. //' /Ar- • dissertation Director Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permissiom, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduc­ tion of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: To my wife and our children for their patience, support and understanding. To Clyde R. Peeling and his Reptiland where my interest in herpetology was kindled and nurtured some years ago. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Robert B. Chiasson, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, for assistance as research director, for time, facilities, and incidental financial expenditures, and for never-failing academic counsel and personal encouragement; Dr. Mac E. Hadley, Department of General Biology, University of Arizona, for personal tutor­ ing in chromatophore biology and for use of his personal literature collection; Dr. James N. Shively, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, assisted by Helen Thompson, Marjorie Nard and Jan MacMillen, for use of facilities and for the preparation of hundreds of histological sections; Mr. Gopinath S. Rao, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, for instruction in electron microscopy; Dr. Wayne R. Ferris, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Arizona, for use of dark room facilities and for assistance with electron microscopy; Dr. John A. Rupley, Department of Biochemistry and Dr. Robert D. Feltham, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, for use of spectrophotometry equipment. Specimens were supplied for sampling and study by the following individuals and institutions; Mr. Mark Dodero, San Diego Natural History Museum; Dr. M. J. Fouquette, Arizona State University; Dr. Howard K. Gloyd (deceased), personal collection; Dr. Charles H. Lowe, Jr.,- University of Arizona; Mr. John Martin, personal collection; Sherman A. Minton, Jr., M.D., personal collection; Dr. Charles W. Myers, American iv V Museum of Natural History; Dr> Max A. Nickerson, Milwaukee Public Museum; Mr. Clyde R. Peeling, Clyde Peeling's Reptiland; Mr. Steven Prchal, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum; Dr. Douglas A. Rossman, Louisiana State University; Dr. James Scudday, Sul Ross State University; Dr. Cecil Schwalbe, University of Arizona; Dr. Thomas R. Van Devender, Arizona Natural Heritage Program. Dr. Robert B. Chiasson, Dr. Roger Conant and Dr. Sherman A. Minton, Jr. each contributed data from their own unpublished research. Financial support was obtained in part from Sigma Xi, The Research Society, in part from The University of Arizona Graduate Student Development Fund, and in part from personal funds. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES ix ABSTRACT X INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS 5 Sample Collection and Preparation 5 Microscopy and Reflectometry 5 Physical and Physiological Correlations ...... 7 Statistics 9 RESULTS 10 Iridophore Patterns 10 Reflectance and Albedo 26 Physical and Physiological Correlations 28 DISCUSSION 32 REFERENCES 37 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Reproduction of work graphs utilized in calculating the 250 nm to 750 ran wavelength range albedo for selected crotalid snakes 8 2. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs of a transverse section of a single scale taken at a midbody dorso-lateral location from Agkistrodon contortrix phaeo gaster 16 3. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs of a transverse section of a single scale taken at a midbody dorso-lateral location from Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster 17 4. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs of a transverse section of a single scale taken at a midbody dorso-lateral location from Agkistrodon caliginosus . 18 5. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs of a transverse section of a single scale taken at a midbody dorso-lateral location from Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus 19 6. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs of a transverse section of a single scale taken at a midbody dorso-lateral location from Crotalus atrox 20 7. Transmitted light and polarized light photomicrographs