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Migration Inwest Africa and Development

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Migration Inwest Africa and Development MIGRATION IN WEST AFRICA AND DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH Frances Stier Regional Anthropologist Regional Economic Development Services Office/ West Africa Agency for International Development Abidjan, Ivory Coast February 1982 Developed through REDSO/WA Contract 79-171 with Purdue University International Programs in Agriculture West Lafayette, Indiana Social Research Institute Publication No. 3 Department of Sociology and Anthropology Any piece of writing more than 50 pages long makes inroads on the patience and supportiveness of others. This study owes a good deal to Bill Bair and to Gordon Evans, for being curious and for asking questions, and to the many segments of DS/POP and PPC that sought out and sent documents, and to Hadley Smith and Theresa Ware for their comments. The largest debt, however, is to Lynn Mohamed for editing and typing the several drafts and the final version. e / CONTENTS Page Executive Summary........................................... 1 On the Characteristics of Migrants ....................... 7 Employment ............................................... 9 Issues ................................................ 11 The Relationship between Education and Rural-Urban Migration ................ ,..... I1 Impact of Migration on the Sending Area................................................. 13 Urban Development Policy and Its Impact on Migration ............. ......... ......... 17 Rural Development and Its Impact on Migration .......................................... 20 National Economic Policy Reform ....................... 27 Research Priorities ...................................... 29 Program Implications ..................................... 31 Introduction ................................................ 33 West African Urbanization from a World Perspective ................................... 35 On Measuring Migration .......................... 39 Demographic Background ................................. 43 Models for Migration ........................................ 51 Quantitative Models ...................................... 57 Quantitative Studies of Migration ........................ 66 On the Employment Context of Migration ................... 86 Migration Currents: Thier Size and Composition ............. 95 International Migration .................................. 95 Upper Volta ........................... ,9.1...........103 Guinea and Mali ................. 107 (j /I' Togo.. 108 Ghana................................................ 109 Ivory Coast .......................................... 111 Senegal ............................................ 120 Demographic Impact of International Migration ......................... .............. ....... 123 Internal Migration .................................... 127 Rural-Urban Migration ................................ 129 The Characteristics of Migrants ........................ 134 Employment ............................ .............. 142 Ivory Coast ................................. ...... 142 Ghana .......................... , ........ ....... 153 Issues.................................. .................. 156 The Relationship.between Education and Rural-Urban Migration . I.......... .... 156 On the Impact of Migration on the Sending Areas . ............... .............. .......162 .. Urban Development Policy and its Impact on Migration ......... ..... ................. 168 Rural Development and its Impact on Migration .............. ......... .......... 170 National Economic Policy Reform ......................... 182 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations.................... 185 Bibliography ............................................... 193 I,(// TABLES Page Tabl2 1: Levels of Urbanization in West Africa .................................... 36 Table 2: Country Typology ............................ 37 Table 3: Classification of West African Countries by Table l Typology.................. 38 Table 4: Areal Units used to Define Internal Migration ............................. 42 Table 5: Recent Population Censuses in West Africa ................................. 44 Table 6: Estimates of Vital Pates, Selected West African Countries.................................... 45 Table 7: Urban, Rural, and Semi-Rural Rates for Infant and Child Mortality - Senegal .................. ,...... 50 Table 8: Survey Data on Ruban-Rural Ties in Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria................ 54 Table 9: Some Illustrative Rough Estimates of "Threshhold" Mig;-ation Elas­ ticity Coefficients with Respect to Urban Job Creation, Selected Developing Countries, 1970 ..................... 61 Table 10: Selected Migration Models from West Africa ................. 67 Table 11: SSelected Migration Models from East Africa ............................... 84 Table 12a. Monthly Adult Wage-Levels for Selected Skilled and Unskilled Occupations in Selected West African Countries, 1979 ........... 89 Table 12b; Manufacturing Wages, All Indus­ tries for Selected African Countries ..................................... 90 Table 12c: Index of Educational Attainment of Male Adult Migrants and Non- Migrants by Urban-Rural Nature of Birthplace and Place of Enumeration, 1960 and 1970........ 92 1V Page Table 13: Foreign-Born Persons by Country of Birth, Circa 1975 .................... 97 Table 14: Distribution of Foreign Nationals by Country of Enumeration Broken Down by Country of Origin for Selected West African Countries, 1975 .................... 101 Table 15: Distribution of Foreign Nationals by Country of Origin Broken Down by Country of Enumeration for Selected West African Countries, 1975 .................... .1 2 Table 16: Annual Migration Rates for the Period 1969-73, Population 5 and Over, Upper Volta ........................... 106 Table 17: Foreign Nationls and Foreign- Born Persons in Ghana by Country of Origin, 1960 and 1970 .............. 110 Table 18: Estimated Annual Net Population Movements In the Ivory Coast Resulting from International Migration and Natural Increase, 1960-65, 1965, 70 ................... .... 112 Table 19A: Percent of Foreign Nationals Living In Urban Places in Ivory Coast by Country of Origin, 1975 ..................... , ... ........ 115 Table 19B: Comparison o- Ivorians and Foreign Nationals Residing in Rural Areas at Census .................., .... 119 Table 19C: Foreign Born Africans in Senegal by Region of Residence, 1971 and 1976.,...,.. ... 124 Table 20: Demographic Consequences of External Migration in Selected West African Countries, 1975-85...,......4...... 125 Table 21: Net Migration Estimate, Circa 1965-75 ................................. 126 Table 22: Interregional Internal Life­ time Migration, Circa 1975..,,..,..........,... 128 Page Table 23: Urban Growth by Comp-nents, Varied Periods, 196'-76.......................... 130 Table 24: Composition of Urban and Rural Growth in Ivory Coast, 1965-75................................ 132 Table 25: Proportion of Total Net Rural Urban Migration Directed toward Capital City (Includes International Migration) ......................... 133 Table 26: Sex Ratios of Lifetime Immi­ grants by Age, Circa 1975 ........................ 135 Table 27: Sex Ratios of Immigrants to Ivory Coast ................... ,. 136 Table 28: Percentage Age Distribution of Migrants and Nonmigrants in Five West African Countries, Circa 1975 ...................... ,.. .... ,,... 138 Table 29: Togo: Percentage Distribution of the Resident Population Aged Twelve Years and Over by Sex, Education, and Migration Status, 1970 .................................,.... 140 Table 30: Togo: Percentage Distribution of the Resident Population Aged Twelve Y.ars and Over in Lome Commune by Sex, Educational Level, and Migration Status, l970 ............ 141 Table 31: Employed Persons Aged Fifteen and Over by Migration Status................... 143 Table 32: Employment in the Ivory Coast and in Abidjan by Sector and by Status, 1970 .................................. 145 Table 33: Estimated Employment in Abidjan, 1976......................... ..... 146 Table 34: Formal Sector Wage and Salary Earners in the Ivory Coast by Skill Level and Nationality, 1965 and 1970 ............ ,. ........ .. 148 Table 35: Formal Sector Wages and Salaries Per Person In the Ivory Coast by Nationality, 1965 and 1970,....,,,,,.....,.... 149 Page Table 36: Percent of Non-lvorians by Occupation, Sex, and Rural- Urban Residence,lIvory Coast, 1975 .................................... 151 Table 37: Ghana: Percentage Distribution of Migrants and Nonmigrants by Major Industrial Group, 1960 and 1970 .......... 154 Table 38: Comparison of Rural and Urban Wage Rates, Sierra Leone ....................... 158 Table 39: Activity of Middle School Graduates by Age and Examina­ tion Results, Ghana, Class of 1975 ............. 160 Table 40: Workers' Remittances in Selected West African Countries, 1970-74 ................ 166 Table 41: Migration Implications of Specific Development Activities in Rural Areas: Some Rough Generalizations Based on Migration Literature and Development Project Experience...,,............ 172 Table 42: Marginal P opensitles to Consume by Income Class for Commodities Grouped by Origin, Rural Sierra Leone, 1974-5................. ........ ....... 178 Table 43: Nominal Protection Coefficients of Selected Export Crops ....................... 184 FIGURES Page Figure I: Crude Birth and Death Rate Trends by Regions ............. .I... q..... 48 Figure 2: A Schema of the Decision to Migrate ...................................... 52 Figure 3:
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