gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 26, NO. 12 JOURNAL DECEMBER, 1949

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Whiskey AMERICAN AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION FOREIGN SERVICE HONORARY PRESIDENT DEAN ACHESON SECRETARY OF STATE HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE THE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF JOURNAL STATE THE COUNSELOR

GEORGE F. KENNAN PRESIDENT W. WALTON BUTTERWORTH VICE PRESIDENT ELBERT G. MATHEWS SECRETARY-TREASURER JOHN M. McSWEENEY ASSISTANT SECRETARY-TREASURER BARBARA P. CHALMERS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

HERVE J. L HEUREUX CHAIRMAN ELBRIDGE DURBROW VICE CHAIRMAN ELBERT G. MATHEWS JOHN M. MCSWEENEY WILLIAM P. HUGHES PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY ALTERNATE RAYMOND A. HARE HAROLD N. WADDELL THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD EDMUND A. GULLION CHAIRMAN FRANK S. HOPKINS JOHN M. ALLISON VOL. 26, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1949 PAUL J. REVELEY MARTIN F. HERZ JOAN DAVID MANAGING EDITOR COVER PICTURE: Detail of the Epiphany Window, Bethlehem Chapel, Washington EDUCATION COMMITTEE Cathedral. Color plates loaned through courtesy of the Washing¬ NILES W. BOND CHAIRMAN ton Cathedral. BENJAMIN M. HULLEY JOSEPH S. SPARKS MRS. ELBRIDGE DURBROW IRAN ENGINEERS ITS FUTURE 11 MRS. JOHN K. EMMERSON By Samuel J. Gorlitz and Northrup H. Kirk ALTERNATES MRS. WILLIAM L. KRIEG FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM ... 15 EVAN M. WILSON By Emily H. Bateman, R. N. ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE THE TRUST TERRITORIES OF THE PACIFIC 16 JACK D. NEAL CHAIRMAN FULTON FREEMAN By James L. O’Sullivan, FSO G. FREDERICK REINHARDT STUART W. ROCKWELL THE PRESS: TWO VIEWS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE 18 DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, II

ALTERNATES CHRISTMAS GREETINGS MISS G. EDITH BLAND THOMAS S. ESTES From the President .... 22 From the Secretary of State 23 This publication is not official and material appearing- herein represents From the Director General : 24 only personal opinions, and is not in¬ tended in any way to indicate the THE BOOKSHELF 32 official views of the Department of By Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. Anna E. Long John C. Haskins W. E. O’Connor Eleanor West The Editors will consider all manu¬ scripts submitted to the American LEATHERNECKS AND TOP HATS 34 Foreign Service Journal. If accepted, By Joel D. Thacker the author will be paid a minimum of one cent a word on publication. Pho¬ LETTER FROM WASHINGTON—THE PRICE SITUATION 36 tographs accompanying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dol¬ lar each. Five dollars is paid for FOREIGN SERVICE WIVES LUNCHEON 56 cover pictures. DEPARTMENTS Coypright, 1949, by the American Letters to the Editor 3 Foreign Service Association. The re¬ printing of any article or portion of Twenty Five Years Ago 19 an article from this publication is Marriages 19 strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. Editors’ Column 20 Issued monthly by the American Angus Ward Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Semper Fidelis Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., un¬ Our New Book Service der the Act of March 3, 1879. Births 20 Retirements & Resignations 20 SUBSCRIPTIONS Service Glimpses .... . 25 The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United News From the Department 26 States and abroad at the rate of $3.00 News From the Field 28 a year, 30 cents a copy. In Memoriam 56

Letters to the Editors ORIENT-BOUND DC-6 Belfast, Maine December 12, 1949 Five-mile-a-minute speed- hours to Manila. To I lie Editors, i|||||||||!|||i|i|i| t j Only PHILIPPINE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: *. "1 AIR LINES offers this 1 In reply to your request for your readers’ views respecting ——superior air travel Mr. Philip Bagby's article on Service morale I venture to ob¬ to the Far East. serve that Mr. Bagby placed his hand on a festering sore. Although Mr. Bagby had his own personal reasons for resigning 1 ii | Connections to Hong from the Service “nevertheless,” he explains, “I would not have Full-size berths-larger than a single bed. Kong,Tokyo, Batavia, thrown away my career so lightly if I had not felt that the Darwin and Sydney. Service is no longer the straight and narrow path on which I Fortnightly service to entered ... it is certainly true that personal security and the Rome, Madrid and chances of reaching the top are less than they were before the London via Calcutta, war.” Karachi, Dhahran Where lies the trouble and where the remedy? On many • Air-conditioned, pressurized cabins- and Cairo. Stop-over sides I hear complaints and voices of discouragement from quiet, comfortable, spacious. privileges atall points. members of the Service. Why should this surprise anyone who has followed the strange aberrations of administrative officers For complete information consult your travel agent. who. with premeditation, have been doing their utmost to break down the security implicit in the Act of 1924 by means of the unhappily drafted Act of 1946? The great virtue of the Act of 1924 was that it gave assurance to Service members that during good behavior they were in no danger of arbitrary dis¬ missal until they reached the age of sixty-five years. It was believed and so stated at the time that such an age limit was HILIPPIIIEMIIIES essential to the acquisition of the experience regarded, then, as HONOLULU • SAN FRANCISCO • LOS ANGELES • SEATTLE CHICAGO • NEW YORK • WASHINGTON, D. C. an invaluable asset instead of a detriment. Happy results en¬ sued and a remarkable esprit de corps developed, largely due to the wise and unselfish direction of the late Wilbur J. Carr, whose successor has not yet been found. What has happened in recent years? The Act of 1946 was ushered in after a naive and now re¬ gretted disclosure published editorially in the JOURNAL that the era of the Young man had arrived, that to make place for the Young Man at the top it should be the pleasure of their elders Sweet, tree-ripened oranges and grapefruit from Florida. approaching the statutory age of retirement to quit voluntarily. Shipped anywhere in CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. For Valentine’s Day, Easter, Mother’s Day, Birthdays, Anniversaries and But, as the intended victims showed no disposition to quit it be¬ Special Occasions. came necessary to find some drastic means of accomplishing Box (1 3/5 bushel) $9.00* the desired result. There was then invented a “new promotion Bushel $6.00 system” 11 quote from House Report No. 2508) and “it will be Half-bushel $4.00 Choice: Mixed—All Oranges—All Grapefruit the aim of the new system to provide for the rapid advancement To place an order, kindly print; Your name and address, of men of ability by the separation of officers less qualified for Name, address, city, state of recipient of gift. advancement.” “In general,” continued these bright Young If gift card is to be enclosed. Men. “the retirement age is lowered from 65 to 60.” Thus by Send Money Order or Check to these artificial retirements, five years that had cost the United MIRIAM HORNSBY States some millions to acquire, were to he cut off from men 812 Harwood Avenue Orlando, Florida, U. S. A. normally at the maximum of their usefulness. The process was ♦Add 10% to prices listed for shipments euphemistically described as one of “selection out.” The out¬ WEST OF MISSISSIPPI raged feelings of those “selected out” did not really matter so long as places higher up could be made for bright Young Men and still other places for that monstrosity known as the Foreign Service Reserve Officers Corps whose members were pushed into the Service over the heads of everybody, even the WELLBORN MOTORS, INC. bright Young Men. Congress was asked to sanction these arrangements and did CHRYSLER-PLYMOUTH so by granting the Secretary authority to prescribe the maximum period during which Foreign Service Officers of Classes Nos. (Direct Factory Dealer) 2, 3, 4, and 5 “shall be permitted to remain in such classes without promotion.” To rid himself of any or all of them it was merely necessary to let them remain in their classes and when the hour sounded they were out of the Service, branded "We Serve the Service Serving the Nation" of course as incapables. Is it any wonder that men of spirit revolt at such arrangements, like Mr. Bagby, who gets out of it preferring “to pursue the study of cultural anthropology.” Call SLigo 1333 1100 East-West Highway Our Young Men explain that actually only a few men in each Washington Directory Silver Spring, Md. (Continued on. page 5)

DECEMBER, 1949 3 Good-by to Laundry Problems with

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4 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (Continued from page 3) class will he “selected out,” enough however to discourage and irritate all of them. Mr. Baghy forgets whether ten or twelve percent were to he given the “selected out” treatment, in any case a sufficient number to make this the worst blow suffered BARR SERVICE by the Foreign Service since the days of Andrew Jackson. In the meantime, while our Circumlocution Office in Wash¬ Thirty-Four Years of Continuous Service to ington has deprived our Foreign Service of the basic security Exporters and Importers vital to its existence as a career, it has increased what was once a compact and fairly efficient arm of the Government operated by something like two thousand individuals, by mus¬ • tering an army abroad composed, some say of twelve thousand and others twenty, for whose employment in our various mis¬ sions no convincing justification has yet been advanced. No¬ International body in or out of Congress has been able to obtain a broken- down list of this multitude showing numbers, names and precise SHIPPING AGENTS functions at each post, and without such a list objective discus¬ sion is difficult. It is known that confusion is the rule gen¬ erally, and the real work falls upon comparatively few persons. FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS If Mr. Bagby, in his next article, can let in a little light on this subject he will have rendered yet another service of value. ROBERT P. SKINNER FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE • Correspondent Skinner wields a potent pen. Would one of our readers care to answer him? BROKERS

A FOREIGN SERVICE WIFE SPEAKS OUT INSURANCE To the Editors,

AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL: • Those “Dear John” letters! We now know that they were sent out wholesale, for “476 people in the Service” got them, but two or three months ago when they were received, each BARR SHIPPING COMPANY recipient thought he was the one and only laggard in his Class, being misled by that “Personal and Confidential.” is able to help its clients achieve that most What a lack of imagination and human understanding on important factor in international trade— the part of those who drafted these SHOCKERS. The sample mutual understanding and confidence be¬ letter headed “Did You Get One of These?” (on page 54 tween seller and buyer. September issue) ends with the sentence “I wish you succss For thirty-four years BARR SHIPPING in improving your standing”—a far more polite tone than the COMPANY has dealt with exporters and one I saw which ended thus “improve your performance”— as if one were a trick dog in a circus! importers in a score of foreign countries, Gad Sirs, we know our limitations, but we also know our and experience is a good teacher. worth, so only one word fits those 476 letters and the manner In the export business, perhaps more than in which they were sent out—SHAMEFUL! in any other, it is fundamentally true that: GOODWILL is an asset MORE ABOUT MORALE Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates Washington, D. C. November 21, 1949 To the Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet The following lines, written in response to the JOURNAL’S containing American Foreign Trade Definitions invitation for comments on Mr. Bagby’s recent article regard¬ and other export data. ing morale in the Foreign Service are somewhat tentative in character, since I gather that Mr. Bagby will contribute a further article on the matter, and the JOURNAL has promised an analysis of his contentions. Whatever one may think of Mr. Bagby’s views in general, BARR SHIPPING it is certainly true that many expressions of opinion from members of the Foreign Service would appear to justify a COMPANY recent statement to the effect that Foreign Service Officers are suffering from a kind of “mass inferiority complex.” In his HARRY K. BARR, President first article, Mr. Bagby begins by telling us that he has re¬ signed, having abandoned his career because he felt that the Service no longer provides the straight and narrow path upon which he embarked at the beginning of the war years. No 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. doubt most of us would be happy to follow a straight path in a static world. Unfortunately, it seems that such a blissful CABLE: —All Codes — BARRSHIPCO pilgrimage is not to be the lot of many of our generation in the Service, or perhaps out of it for that matter. (Continued on page 7)

DECEMBER, 1949 5 Have you seen this old-fashioned label, orig¬ inally written by George Garvin Brown in 1870? Very likely you have, for it can be found wherever fine whisky is appreciated. Some day, we’d like you to read it, because it still expresses the ideal by which the same Brown family produces Old Forester todav.

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6 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (Continued from page 5)

It occurred to me in reading Mr. Bagby’s lines that to a large extent the sense of defeatism to which I refer may derive from a lack of current and authoritative information on the part of officers abroad about present developments affecting the Service, as well as from the failure of the Department to impart a sense of direction, in most instances, to individual careers. Mr. Bagby’s intimation that many officers would have achieved greater earnings in other occupations is a contention that is not infrequently voiced, and therefore deserving of examination. As studies of the levels of incomes in various professions are available, I should think the JOURNAL would be well advised to publish some of the findings in order that those who perceive in this matter a source of dissatisfaction could have the benefit of the resulting comparisons. They might find that they had not come off so badly after all. Data regarding Service-connected expenses and the degree to which such expenses may be offset by allowances are doubtless at hand in the Department and it would seem equally worthwhile to summarize these for dissemination to the field. I willingly concede that Mr. Bagby is on firm ground when he emphasizes the paramount importance of security, since the Foreign Ser¬ vice officer, obliged to live abroad over a period of years, is indeed a member of no community other than that formed by his own Service. The “selection out” feature of the Act of 1946 appears to have contributed to the deterioration of Ser¬ vice morale to an extent which might otherwise represent a neurotic manifestation. That ornament of modern efficiency methods was, I am sure, not deliberately introduced in order to work a grotesque injustice on the group of officers who will have suffered disproportionately through the nature or location of their assignments, through ill health, or through the tem¬ perament of officers under whom they have served. Yet it is widely felt that “selection out” will fall indiscriminately on the just and the unjust. It might be considered logical that a means could be devised for separating the incurably delin¬ quent or ineffectual without forcing good officers out of the Service simply because the hierarchy of grades is “pyramidal” in form. The whole concept would appear to place undue emphasis upon the inherently blameless science of solid geome¬ try! Without belaboring the point, one can imagine that appropriate places for a few good officers of mature years and wide experience could readily be found in the Foreign Service Staff Corps. Could not those in authority assure the Service that an equitable solution of this problem is being sought? If possible, some statement regarding the matter should go far toward reducing the spectre of “selection out” to less formidable proportions. A related matter about which the Service would welcome further information concerns performance measurement. I be¬ lieve it is quite generally felt unfortunate that the promotion- up selection-out system had to be imposed upon a rather hap¬ hazard collection of efficiency rating material. Some of this reflected too sharply the personal vagaries of Principal Officers who, though quite unaware of techniques of supervision or of objective evaluation, were yet fortified by an understanding that the officers rated were never to be apprised of the con¬ tents of these reports. Could not the Service perhaps be re¬ assured by a detailed and authoritative statement respecting the efforts being made to devise, install and operate a performance measurement system adequate to the heavy burden of re¬ sponsibility which has been cast upon it? In the final paragraph of his article, Mr. Bagby alludes to the matter of career planning, thus touching upon a subject which SINCLAIR REFINING COMPANY forms one of the legitimate causes of discontent in the Service. 630 FIFTH AVENUE-NEW TOSH 20. N.If. Any tourist agency plans itineraries for its patrons in order (Continued on page 9) L J

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8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (Continued from page 7) that their wayfaring may follow an orderly pattern and unfold in its proper sequence. But the average Foreign Service Officer embarks willy nilly on a voyage into the unknown, and his assignment to Timbuctoo or to Paris—or to one kind of work or another—is too frequently left to chance. His “career” may well develop as the haphazard result of a series of ad hoc decisions made by personnel officers desperately trying to fill a requirement of the moment. Obviously, each career should, up to a certain stage at least, approximate so far as circumstances permit a plan prepared by a competent coun¬ selor in consultation with the officer concerned. An enlightened Speed, Efficiency, approach to career planning for the rank and file of the Ser¬ vice, as well as for the “brilliant” minority, could be expected to yield most valuable results from the viewpoint of efficiency Dependability as well as morale. I am not unaware that suggestions such as the foregoing are easily propounded but extremely difficult to fulfill by those Speed, efficiency, dependability—these confronted with the intractable realities inherent in practical are the characteristics which mark operations. This latter circumstance does not, however, dispel Grace Line shipping service between the another order of reality: namely, that an approach must never¬ Americas. Because Grace Line’s long theless be made to the solution of the basic problems which experience has built a sure understand¬ beset the Service and impair its morale during these disturbing times. Much has been demanded of the Service since the ing of the requirements of this trade . . . beginning of the war years, and it is likely that much more because Grace Line appreciates the will be required of it in the future. Its members should be in importance of commerce between the a position to put forth their best efforts free from legitimate nations of our hemisphere . . . shippers causes for discontent. and travelers alike have learned to place I have tried to indicate my own belief that some of the present causes for discontent could be dispelled merely by the full confidence in Grace Line ships and publication of factual material bearing upon them. We could Grace Line service. set others at rest by tackling a few of our perennial adminis¬ trative problems, if that is not being done already; or by telling Regular Direct American Flag the Service what steps are being taken toward their solution. Passenger and Freight Services Basic problems for which no solution is presently in sight between the Americas need first to be clearly illuminated so that they may be more generally understood. Afterward, a close study of them should Between New York, Atlantic Ports and N.W.I., be followed by recommendations for coping with those found Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Canal Zone, to be of fundamental importance. It is evident that this pro¬ Ecuador, Peru (Bolivia), Chile. cedure is not a matter for “task forces” working under pres¬ sure to meet administrative deadlines. The type of problems • in question calls for deliberate analysis, and thoughtful recom¬ Between U. S. Pacific Ports and Guatemala, mendations framed with a view to achieving only what is plainly within the limits of available time, money, and other El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, means. Panama and West Coast of South America. The foregoing remarks suggest the formation of a group composed of a few persons of wide experience in foreign For detailed information address operations and with sufficient time to devote to a continuing study of Service problems. Such a group would make specific recommendations from time to time for essential adjustments to or solution of problems found to be of primary importance. GRACE LINE These recommendations could be given general circulation to 10 Hanover Square, New York the Foreign Service with an invitation for the views of its members. Further considerations thus elicited could lead to Agents and offices in all principal cities an improvement upon the original recommendations. Any officer who felt deeply about the matter involved would in this way have an opportunity to put forward his own views, arising out of practical experience, on the point in question. The recommendations finally evolved could be submitted to the Department for its guidance and in its discretion, for action. I think many useful ideas could be evoked by some such approach as that outlined above, which would also permit the officer at his isolated post to play some small part in Service planning and to that extent feel that he too is after all an active member of his community, rather than merely a passive and largely uninformed spectator. WILLIAM E. COLE, JR. Foreign Service Officer

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10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Department of Defense photo President Truman watches while Iran’s young ruler broadcasts over the Voice America at the time of his arrival here last month. Iran Engineers Its Future By Samuel J. Qorlitz and Northrup H. Kirk

“Iran . . . has the unique distinction of having expelled ganda.”* a Soviet-sponsored puppet government which had gained a Responsible Iranian officials are aware that the country’s foothold in Northwestern Iran. For the past five years Iran strongest defense against unwelcome foreign and internal has firmly stood its ground before a virulent campaign of pressure is giving a “fair deal” to the people of Iran. Mak¬ intimidation, manifested by troop movements along Iran’s ing it possible for them to have more of the good things in frontiers and incursions into Iranian territory; repeated de¬ life can effectively combat subversive elements. An orderly mands for an oil concession as a front for political and eco¬ program of economic development will strengthen popular nomic penetration; and the full force of Soviet propa- loyalties to the central government and reinforce internal security. For that reason, Iran has the support of the United States Government in its attempt to strengthen its own eco¬ nomy^ The Seven-Year Plan Iran’s Seven-Year Plan of Economic Development is democratic in concept and humanitarian in object. It may prove tRe ability of an underdeveloped economy quickly to raise the standard of living of its people in response to the demands of the times. To a large extent Iran is calling upon the experience and knowledge of the western world for advice and assistance in meeting this challenge. A new element is the realization by the Iranian Govern¬ ment that rapid modernrization and industrialization can be and usually has been a cruel and relentless process. Through Department of State photo the science of human relations they hope to bring about economic development without the destruction of traditional Authors Samuel J. Gorlitz (right) and Northrup H. Kirk, obvious’y impressed with the copy of the JOURNAL they are values anjl the creation of social vacuums. examining, are both International Economists on the Invest¬ The impojrtancegofifoil today has put the Iranian Govern¬ ment and Economic Development Policy Staff. Mr. Gorlitz has ment in the fortunateposition of a man with an “independ- been specializing in Near Eastern economic problems in recent "J? J' % years. A recent arrival at the State Department, Mr. Kirk, a *From an address by the Honorable George C. McGhee before the graduate of the School of International Affairs at Columbia National Convention of-^onng Democratic Clubs of America, Chat¬ University, is now working closely with Mr. Gorlitz. tanooga, Tennessee, November .'19, 1949. ii ’ *■ DECEMBER, 1949 II ent income.” By allocating major portions of the revenue demonstration farms. Plans for extending irrigation are from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company to economic develop¬ already being implemented. ment and social service, progress can be made without re¬ Another quarter of the Plan is budgeted for transporta¬ ducing an already marginal standard of living. Nor need tion and communications. This covers railroads, highways, there be an unduly burdensome foreign debt to finance such port facilities, airports, and modernized telephone, telegraph public service programs as health and education. and radio facilities. The plan bulks large in programs which are essentially Expanding industrial operations into new lines will prob¬ low cost and which can, within a relatively short time, bring ably wait upon the rehabilitation of existing plants, the ex¬ tangible benefits to the Iranian people. Examples of such pansion of the domestic market and the creation of a climate programs are training in improved agricultural practices, more favorable to private industry. However, about $90,- expansion of public health and education facilities, low cost 000,000 is allocated to the development of textile, pottery, housing, technical training, employment exchanges, and pro¬ sugar, iron, chemical and mining industries. In addition, vision of sanitary drinking water. a program of electrification with diesel generators may The Shah and the Iranian Government deserve recogni¬ easily cost $30,000,000. tion for the high degree of responsibility they show in using The public health program includes immediate campaigns this “windfall” from their country’s underground resources against such widespread diseases as malaria, tuberculosis to raise the living and educational standards of the people and trachoma, as well as training and organization for con¬ of Iran. tinued and expanding hygiene and medical programs. A more efficient distribution system should result from The Wherewithal increased storage and transportation facilities, the expan¬ sion of credit facilities and the modernization of the bazaar. The progress of the development program is not to be The new program for schools, teachers and administra¬ limited by the returns from oil concessions however, as the tion provides for the mobilizing of existing trained person¬ resources of the country may be mobilized through internal nel, training additional staff, and a basic pattern for con¬ loans from the central bank to the extent of 750 million tinued educational advancement. rials per year ($23,000,000), and the International Bank Every project and proposal highlighted the need for statis¬ for Reconstruction and Development may be asked for the tics. The reorganization of the statistical agencies of the loan of as much as $250 million over the seven years. The Government was the first study undertaken in developing the more directly productive projects can probably be financed Seven-Year Plan. The immediate need is modernization by the Bank as well as in private banking and financial and coordination of existing statistical activities. circles. Planning began in 1946 when the Iranian Government Basic legislation for this program authorizes the expendi¬ contracted the engineering firm of Morrison-Knudsen for ture of 21 billion rials ($645,000,000) over a period of sev¬ a study of the national economy and the formulation of a en years in six general economic and social categories: long term plan of economic development. Since 1947 this Agriculture; Roads, Railways, Harbors and Air Fields; study has been continued by foreign specialists under the Industries and Mines; Oil; Posts. Telegraph and Telephone; direction of Overseas Consultants, Inc., an association of Social and Municipal Reforms. leading American engineering firms. Since 1946 Iranian and foreign specialists have been mak¬ Political crises, both international and domestic, have ing studies of numerous projects to be accomplished under delayed implementation of the reports. Meanwhile the land the Plan. One of the major contributions of these studies has been the ordered presentation of conditions as they exist in Iran today. As a result a much clearer picture exists now than ever before of where Iran stands and how far she can and must go to meet the challenge of the twentieth century.

Budgeting the Plan Since Iran is predominantly agricultural, improvement of agriculture must be emphasized. About one quarter of the Plan budget has been allocated to the agricultural pro¬ gram. It includes such projects as water utilization, the application of farm machinery, agricultural stations and

Photos taken in Iran by Major Carl Garver, TJSAF Teheran is a city of contrasts. Left, the railway station; above, a camel caravan proceeds slowly down a main street—note power lines at left in the picture.

tenure, legal, economic, social and governmental systems were examined closely in relation to the general economic and social readjustment inevitable with such a large-scale program, and in the light of possible parliamentary reform. Although the concept of the Seven-Year Plan had caught the imagination and received the support of the Iranian peo¬ ple, it was still necessary to determine what was politically possible.

12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A Start is Made The Government and the Plan Organization have already started to execute projects which are part of the Seven-Year Plan. The first appointments to the Plan Organization were made in May. In July the Plan Organization was author¬ ized by the Majless (the Iranian Parliament) to proceed with projects which could be carried out during the next year within the appropriations of government oil revenues for the years 1327 and 1328 (roughlv March 1948 to March 1950). About half of these had already been allocated to railroad and oil development projects. The Industrial and Mining Bank of Iran was trans¬ ferred to the Plan Organization. This bank, charged with the operation of state industries, had been in poor financial condition. The Plan Organization has also been ordered to represent the government in the Agricultural Bank and authorized to establish a Planning Bank with a Ispahan—aerial view showing mosque in Maidan-e-Sepah. capital of about one and a half million dollars whose main function will be to support the development of private in¬ dustry. The Plans Compared By September nearly one and a half billion rials ($46,- There are similarities as well as contrasts between the 000,000) had been allocated. Projects included: Railroad program of Reza Shah and that of his son, Mohammad Reza and sugar refinery improvements, crop pest control, malaria Pahlavi. While the earlier program can be characterized control and an expanded health campaign, support of the as inspired, being largely the reflection of one man’s energy Agricultural Bank, farm machinery imports, and substantial and ambition, the new Seven-Year Plan is a more soundly irrigation projects. conceived project in which many of the inadequacies of the

, , earlier program have been eliminated. Agriculture and Reform in the 30 s irrigation were largely neglected in the 1930’s. The farm¬ This is the second organized program of economic devel¬ ing population received little direct attention or benefit— opment for Iran in recent years. In the 1930’s Reza Shah, even suffered a lowered standard of living. Balance in the father of the present Shah, mobilized the resources and present program was not achieved accidentally. It represents energy of the Government and the country for industrializa¬ planning. It is hoped that as a result of this work by the tion and economic and social modernization. Many new Plan Commission of the Majless, the resultant Plan Organi¬ industrial plants were established and much progress made zation, the Morrison-Knudsen Company, and Overseas Con¬ despite the lack of technically trained Iranians. Foreign sultants Incorporated there will be a coordination and per¬ specialists have long been employed to guide the financial, manent strengthening of the regular ministries plus a system administrative and industrial activities of the Government. for establishing priorities and testing the soundness of indi¬ Before the nationalist era of Reza Shah foreigners had been vidual projects. in posts of authority, but during his regime technicians and A radically changed financial picture is the basis for an¬ engineers were utilized only as advisors in the effort to raise other important difference between the two programs. Oil the standards, capacity, and ability of Iranian officialdom. profits now accruing to the Government allow it to embark The goal of this earlier program was national self-suffi¬ upon the new program without resorting to many of the ciency. The world-wide depression and foreign exchange controls and harsh measures utilized by Reza Shah. In shortages forced more governmental control over and par¬ addition, the existence of an international lending institu¬ ticipation in the economic life of the country than might tion such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and have been expected and the tendency was to move the gov¬ Development makes possible the financing of sound ernment into the operation of the expanded industry and development projects with foreign capital without danger of trade. The results of the program appeared before World the foreign interference which was anathema to Reza Shah War II in the form of small industrial plants (as many as and which is still a concern to most Iranians. 230 according to some estimates) and the provision of These two new sources of capital do not reduce the neces¬ electric light and power plants for most of the sizeable towns. sity for careful allocation of governmental revenue and for¬ The new industries included textile and chemical plants, eign exchange however. Oil royalties have hitherto been canneries, flour mills, cement and brick plants, a copper utilized almost entirely to meet current government expenses. smelter and mill, and a half completed steel mill. Economies in the national budget must now be made if any The largest and most important single project of Reza considerable portion of the oil royalties is to be directed Shah’s program was the railroad system. In 1938 the line into capital investment. Also, reduction may well have to from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian was completed and be made in military expenditures if the program is not to work was continuing on two lateral lines, one across the have dangerously inflationary results. Imports of luxuries country in the north and the other in the south. A modern will undoubtedly have to be curtailed if foreign exchange is road construction program was pushed during these years to be available in adequate amounts for purchases of the to add to the country’s expanding transportation system. necessary capital equipment abroad. This system was both heavily used and improved by the An important part of the Seven-Year Plan’s authorizing Allies during the war in the effort to get supplies to Russia legislation emphasizes the need “to carry out the recon¬ and Iran. The railroad carried over four million tons of struction and development program, and in particular the war materials and an additional 400,000 tons went by truck agricultural program, through the instrumentality of private convoy. enterprise.” Formerly the Government went into business to

DECEMBER. 1949 13 finance development as when, in 1925, the Iranian Parlia¬ to achieve the present degree of agreement upon the ends ment enacted a law which gave the Government a monopoly and means of the program. It has been necessary to define on sugar and tea andt allocated all profits exclusively to ends and to develop means. The major problems still con¬ railway construction. Today oiTroyalties allow the Govern¬ fronting the Iranian Government today are largely concerned ment to finance development while abdicating certain areas with organizational and financial implementing of the pro¬ of activity in favor of private enterprise. gram. Financing is mainly a question of achieving agreement The Critical Years Ahead on methods of allocating governmental revenues and foreign exchange to achieve the results desired. The immediate The Plan legislation assigns specific sums for each of the problem would seem to be the creation of an organization seven years to 31 general categories of projects. It is to be capable of effective administration. A relationship must hoped that these allocations will inVthe future prove to be be worked out between the Plan Organization and the exist¬ transferable both by projects and years. The experience of ing Ministries which will ensure cooperative efforts to reach other nations in plans of this nature has been that the op¬ common goals. The basic legislation envisages the comple¬ erational phase brings with it new problems of priority, tion of approved projects by the Ministries and the eventual timing and emphasis. It is almost impossible to forecast disappearance of the Plan Organization. The possibility is these in advance with the degree of surety implied by the ever present that the Ministries will attempt to usurp the allocation of specific funds to particular pr6jects~'prior to powers and functions of the Plan Organization with resultant engineering and organizational planning. Premature allo- loss of direction and coordination for the program. An- st

Open air produce market in Tehran. cation on a geographical basis would seem to be even less other difficulty under the present law is the apparent divi¬ justified than functional allocation at this time, although the sion of responsibility within the Plan Organization between mandatory allocations to each ostan (province) may not be the Managing Director and the High Council. Unless re¬ unduly restrictive. sponsibility for decisions and results is defined more closely The legislation unfortunately restricts the administrative many important decisions may never be reached. freedom of the Plan Organization (composed of a High Effective organization, centralized responsibility and skill¬ Council, a Board of Control and a Managing Director) by ful execution will be of critical importance to the Iranian not allowing Plan funds to be expended for salaries except economy during this period of heavy governmental expen¬ for technical services. Thus all non-technical people must ditures if the dangers of inflation and the waste of precious be provided by the various Ministries. Apart from the reserves are to he avoided. It would be tragic if in the problem of getting personnel released to the Plan Organiza¬ attempt to raise the standard of living of Iran’s people the tion from the Ministries, there will inevitably be conflicts on purchasing power of its money was lowered very much. questions of responsibility and lines of authority. This can easily be the case if the huge governmental It is almost certain that each year of the Seven-Year Plan expenditures involved in this program are not offset by in¬ of Economic Development will be a year of crisis and that creased governmental economies or revenues, and if in¬ each operating decision will loom as a critical one. Many creased money in the hands of the people is not offset by in¬ fundamental decisions must be made in the near future. creased goods in the markets or higher taxation. Thus, as These decisions will determine whether the program can be foreign exchange is made available for imports of capital achieved in seven years or seventy years. It has taken over goods with the resultant local currency expenditures for three years of study, expert advice and parliamentary action (Continued on page 33)

14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL While riding through desolate Karo Pass in Tibet, on September 13th, writer-lecturer Lowell Thomas was thrown from his horse. Unable to remount because of injuries, he was carried by his son for several miles to Railing, the nearest town. Word was flashed to Indian army headquarters and Indian Army Surgeon B. C. Pal set out at once, riding horseback all night to cover the thirty-three miles of rough terrain which lay between Gyangtse and Ralung. After that global communications buzzed with messages between CBS, the State Department, the Em¬ bassy at New Delhi, the Department of Defense and Indian Army Headquarters. According to instructions wired by the Indian Army (see below), arrangements were completed on the 28th:

FIRSTLY—MR. LOWELL THOMAS FAMOUS AMERI¬ CAN AUTHOR WHEN EN ROUTE FROM LHASA TO GANGTOK VIA BYANGTSE SUFFERED A FRACTURE FEW DAYS AGO. US EMBASSY DAKOTA CONTAIN¬ ING FOUR (4) US CREW TWO (2) US RESCUE PARTY WILL BE ARRIVING AT DUMDUM AIRFIELD 30 HRS ON 30 SEPT. THIS AIRCRAFT PICKING UP FROM CALCUTTA ONE (1) INDIAN ARMED FORCES SURGEON AS ALREADY DETAILED BY DMS THIS HQ WILL DEPART FOR BAGHDOGRA AIRFIELD ARRIVING THERE AT APPROX MOO HRS 30 SEPT.

SECONDLY—YOU WILL ARRANGE AT BAGHDOGRA AIRFIELD. ONE, SUITABLE ESCORT. TWO. TRANS¬ PORTATION THREE MESSING ARRANGEMENTS ETC. FOR ONWARD MOVEMENT OF RESCUE PAR¬ TY TOTAL STRENGTH THREE (3) FROM BAGH¬ DOGRA TO GANGTOK AND IF NECESSARY ON¬ WARDS TO GYANGTSE TO RESCUE MR THOMAS.

THIRDLY—ALSO ARRANGE PROTECTION FOR AIR¬ CRAFT AND ACCOMMODATION AND MESSING FOR CREW WHILE STAGING AT BAGHDOGRA. FOURTHLY -YOU WILL KEEP THIS HQ CONSTANT¬ LY INFORMED OF PROGRESS ALL ABOVE.

Foreign Service Rescue Team

By EMILY H. BATEMAN, R.N.

There were two good reasons why Vice Consul Royal D. Attache’s C-47. We were both veterans of another army Bisbee, Jr. (Roy, for short), and I accepted calmly our and we should have known better! instructions to proceed to Tibet and give Lowell Thomas We didn’t have to wait long to line up what looked like every assistance we could on his return journey to Calcutta an obstacle race—Olympian style. Roy’s official report after being injured in a fall from a horse. First, forty-two matter-of-factly states “Although normally it would be pos¬ hours alert is too short a time to assimilate the hidden pos¬ sible to proceed by motor transport from Siliguri to Gang¬ sibilities of such a trip; especially as we were verv busy tok via Tista Bridge and Rangpo, landslides had blocked the equipping ourselves to take care of a sick man, and provid¬ road at five points between Siliguri and Tista Bridge, and it ing for our own personal needs. Second, we were assured was necessary to engage pack animals for the supplies and repeatedly that the Indian Army would take care of every¬ hike around the obstacles, picking up further motor trans¬ thing—we had only to deliver ourselves into their hands. port on the other side of Tista Bridge. These unexpected So, acutely aware of the responsibility for Lowell Thomas’ obstacles, together with rain, continual bombardment of welfare and with sublime faith that the Indian Army would falling stones, and the difficulties of movement over such provide, we confidently descended on Siliguri per the Air (Continued on page 38)

DECEMBER, 1949 15 ^Jhe ^Jruit ~~}('rrilonj of the f \tciflc

Bf J. O'Suttwan, 3SO

The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is the most repatriated many thousands of Japanese, Korean and Oki¬ recent area for which the United States has undertaken nawan civilians who were part and parcel of the Japanese responsibility. It represents one of the more complicated effort to administer and develop the islands which its Im¬ problems that the American Government has assumed in perial Navy had acquired from Germany in the opening the postwar world. days of the First World War. (This military conquest was The Territory encompasses some 3,000,000 square miles, subsequently transformed into a Class “C” mandate under about the size of the continental United States. Of this, the League of Nations.) however, only 800-odd square miles are land, divided into Imported “aliens” were an important segment of the thousands of islands. No exact total has even been accepted economy. The Japanese provided the civil administration, because of the difficulty of agreeing on the definition of an the banking and the larger commercial firms. Okinawans island. Something like 2,000 would be a minimum figure and Koreans furnished the labor for farming and mining while the maximum might well run over 5,000 if every in¬ developments as well as deep sea fishing for the tuna fac¬ hospitable rock and every reef exposed at low water were tories. Despite their ability to use the sea and its products, included. Of the 97 island groups which form the major the native islanders are conditioned to a subsistence econ¬ constellations of the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the Mar¬ omy which involves only “off the reef” fishing rather than ianas, only 64 are inhabited. the heavier equipment and ships needed to take the elusive

All photos by the author Left: Pingelap—GI trousers have apparently been incorporated into the native costume. Center: Kwajalein—one of the famous outrigger canoes. Right: Kili—as in most South Pacific islands the entire community lined up to greet and shake hands with everyone in the visiting inspection party. Now administered by the Navy, probably the most valu¬ tuna in its deep water habitat a score or more miles from able asset in the Territory is its people. They are divided the nearest shore. into several ethnic, social, and language groups and num¬ Postwar Dislocations ber 51,000 according to the latest Navy quarterly census. This is an increase in the last three years of some 4,000 in The removal of aliens proved a temporary death-blow to the indigenous inhabitants as there are almost no foreigners the thriving communities of 10,000 to 20,000 souls which in the area. had been built up during the years of Japanese occupation The U. S. Navy did not stop with the removal of Japa¬ on Ponap, Yap, and Koror. The physical plant of these nese military personnel from the Trust Territory. It also cities was leveled during the hostilities with an efficiency which is appalling and the most effective labor force was removed with the withdrawal of the Japanese. This pop¬ James L. O’Sullivan was born in Conneclicut in 1916. A ulation loss, however, revealed that the inhabitants pos¬ graduate of Williams College, he was appointed to the Foreign sessed a political and economic organization of surprising Service in 1942 and has served at Monlreal, Cayenne, Martin¬ resiliency and vitality. It survived not only the depre¬ ique, Chungking and Hanoi. Assigned to the Department in dations of whalers and traders throughout most of the 1947, he is desk officer on Indo-China in the Division of South¬ east Asian Affairs and also does considerable work with UNA 19th century but also, in succession, Spanish occupa¬ in connection with the Trusteeship Territory in the South tion, German control, Japanese administration, and a war so Pacific. devastating that it upset even the habits of the marine life which is such an important part of the economy. Rule by

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the United States was the almost inevitable outcome of the fact that these islands provide the Navy with the most feasi¬ ble route across the Pacific to Japan. Throughout the Trust Territory is evidence of the battle— airstrips, such as on Angaur and Peliliu from which land- based planes smothered the nearby Jap bases throughout the Palaus; the absence of palm trees on Kwajalein, mute testimony of the intensity and efficacy of bombardment; rusting equipment slowly being engulfed by the jungle; multiple airstrips at Tinian where in mid-1945 Japan-bound planes landed and took off at intervals measured in seconds. The present Navy administration is more or less the rationalization of the structure left by the war. The High Commissioner of the Trust Territory is the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, at present Admiral A. W. Rad¬ ford. In his Pearl Harbor headquarters he has a small staff devoted to matters which concern the Territory. The Dep¬ uty High Commissioner, Rear Admiral Leon S. Fiske, is in a sense the real governor. He has primary responsibility for the administration of the islands and maintains his staff on Guam, although there are now plans for moving this headquarters to Saipan so that the government will be physi¬ Kwajalein—Surplus Navy hulls are the basis for a reviving inter-island fleet. cally within the Territory. There are small staffs at each of regional headquarters—the Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Marshalls, and Northern Marianas. The typical fore the war and its land area was sufficient to provide for civil administration unit, under these staffs, is composed of the indispensable taro patch which provides most of the seven or eight officers, headed by a Commander, with 20 to starch in the Marshallese diet. Additionally it possesses a 40 enlisted men. Two or three of these officers make field hill of 20 or so feet elevation. While not much by mainland standards, it might prove the difference between life and trips of several weeks or a month to the outlying islands to handle directly the problems which may be brought to their death to the inhabitants should the island ever lie in the attention. path of a hurricane. The accompanying tidal wave often completely inundates one of the low lying atolls, most of Bikini and the Bomb which, like Kwajalein, have no point more than seven feet Not the least of these, in the Marshalls, are the problems above sea level. w'hich have arisen in connection with the sites for experi¬ It should be emphasized that the Navy has provided the ments in nuclear fission which have been established at materials and supervision necessary to give the Bikini peo¬ Eniwetok and Bikini. The 169 people who lived on this lat¬ ple adequate housing and sufficient food to start life anew'. ter atoll had, of course, to be removed before the tests of Despite this there are problems. 1946 could take place. They were reestablished on another The Bikini king, Judah, under the feudal organization nearby and then uninhabited atoll, Rongelab, but for a which prevails in the Marshalls, has the right to 25 per cent of the island’s production. This includes a similar per¬ centage of the all-important copra export Crop, the proceeds of which enable the inhabitants to purchase the few im¬ ports which keep the economy functioning at its accustomed level. The Bikini people now protest the King’s rights and demand that they be nullified. The Navy is w7ell aware that suppression of Judah’s rights would be followed by similar demands in other islands and that the whole economic, social and political structure of the Marshalls would thereby be weakened. Inasmuch as the present organization has devel¬ oped through thousands of years of adaptation to environ¬ ment, the Navy is reluctant to interfere. Solving one com¬ plaint on Kili might have untoward consequences through¬ out the area. Inter-Island Communication Other Kili problems are somewhat easier to solve. There is no possibility of returning to Bikini although there like¬ wise seems to be no possibility of making the Bikini people Pingelap—Native belles stop for a moment on their way home. understand just why their former home is now uninhabi¬ table. But something can be done about the fringing reef. series of reasons had to be removed. During the course of Before summer a Navy underwater demolition team will 1948, the Bikini people, who now number 189, an increase open a small channel through w'hich outriggers and small common in the Marshalls since the Japanese surrender, were boats can land without the danger of smashing on a reef resettled on Kili. This formerly uninhabited island unfor¬ in the heavy surf. Inter-island communication is the prob¬ tunately possesses no lagoon and has an iron fringing reef. lem which overshadows and is intermingled with all others Because of its oval shape whose axis lies almost parallel to in the Trust Territory. The transport of persons, copra col¬ the prevailing trade winds it has no protected lee. Kili had lection from the many islands, the supply of dispensaries been used by a Japanese firm as a coconut plantation be- (Continued on page 44)

DECEMBER. 1949 17 The Press: Two Views of the Foreign Service

If the peace of World War Two w'as lost, it was lost by By Edgar Ansel Mowrer Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his “deputy President,” Harry Hopkins, in defiance of the advice of most of the American foreign service officers. Roosevelt and Hopkins I his is a defense of the lowly American diplomat. were warned that Stalin would not play ball and ignored Just now he is in dark disfavor. He is derided—among that warning. The country is still counting the consequences others, by the President of the United States—as a “striped —and no end in sight. pantser. His poise, his pride, his impeccable attire even “But isn’t it true that our diplomats have been cynical to his subdued neckwear, are criticized as decadent and in their approach to the people’s aspirations and unable to “undemocratic.” It is assumed that his work consists pri¬ make fruitful contact with Congress?” marily in balancing teacups and losing important negotia¬ Yes, in my judgment, it is true. But that is no reason tions. It is icily affirmed that “the United States never lost for condemning American diplomats. a war nor won a peace.” Why not? You guessed it. The American diplomats Their Function is Instrumental threw' aw'ay the hard-won results of honest-to-God Ameri¬ cans in homespuns and blue jeans. Members of our Foreign Service are not trained to deal A writer in a slick-paper weekly, properly bent on prais¬ with American public opinion or with the American Con¬ ing that eminently admirable citizen, Under Secretary of gress. They are trained to deal with foreign governments. State, John E. Peurifoy, goes out of his w'ay to draw a dis¬ I hat is where they acquired their cynicism and their knowl¬ tinction between his hero, the “genuine American,” and edge. the fops of the American foreign service who once had a They are not trained to fix the aims of our foreign policy good deal to say in the Department of State. but to see that these aims are attained, once they have been fixed by the President, the Congress and the people. And w'hen so employed the diplomats are competent and reliable Specialized Training Requested instruments. They could not solve our problems today but they might Well, this sort of talk makes as much sense as praising a ease them. It is not true that the American people would banker for never having handled money, a businessman for he aghast at the assurance of everlasting peace—as Norman never having studied economics, a civil engineer for never Thomas has just affirmed. It is true that we are creating the having worked in the field building bridges, or a civil serv¬ force to back a creative policy without having clearly thought ant for never having “met a pay-roll.” our policy through. On the other side, we continually ap¬ Back of it is the ill-informed, stupid and totally unjustified peal to sentiment in our adversary which either does not assumption that any American citizen how'ever inexperienced exist or cannot be reached. is competent to defend the overseas interests of the United Between force and sentiment lies mutual interest, which is States better than well-educated men who have spent half a the field of creative diplomacy. Here todav . . . lies a great life-time learning about the ways of the world. task. The fellow' to accomplish it is not the astute American All of which is just not so. World politics, diplomacy, politician or the successful American businessman but the defense of our foreign interests, whatever you may call the trained American diplomat. diplomat’s job, is one of the most highlv specialized trades Provided of course, that he is given a chance. in the world. Skill in it simply cannot be improvised—as Copyright 1949, by Genera] Features Corporation a w’hole host of amateur American Secretaries of State have learned to their cost. To pull down a magnificently trained diplomat like former Ambassador Joe Grew' or George Ken- nan in favor of an improvised envoy like Joe Kennedv, By Henry McLemore Ed Pauley, or—save the mark—Pearl Mesta—well, it wouldn t be tolerated in anv other serious profession. The sooner the American President and the American Today’s story concerns diplomats, and right off the bat, I people give their attention to this subject and come to a might as well tell you that the only thing I really know about sober conclusion based on fact, not on prejudice, the better diplomats is that they can’t miss if they each have a pretty the country is likely to he served in these critical months. and attractive wife and a prettier and more attractive daugh¬ ter. Plus a little extra spending money, of course. Throw the attractive wife, the photogenic daughter, and Diplomats’ Record Impressive an unlimited amount of good food and a swingy band in the same room, and a diplomat couldn’t fail even if he had Now' just a minute. Like everybody else who has known to depend on a $50-a-week clerk to send in his reports. a lot of them, I recognize that American diplomats some¬ Which brings me to the body of my story. times suffer from a sort of la-de-da professional deforma¬ Why diplomats? tion. So do some Rotarians and Baptist ministers—or news¬ papermen. But a lot of diplomats don’t. Same Old Stuff Where a peace following a successful war has been lost by the United States, it has, to my knowlelge, never been Whv an expenditure of millions of dollars a year on lost by the diplomats. striped pants, big houses, old-world courtesy, parchment

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL paper credentials, lawn parties, secret messages to the Presi¬ TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO dent and the Secretary of State? Issue No. 3 of Volume I of the JOURNAL, December, 1924, Why all the same old stuff that has been going on for carried a lead article on the Presidential election reporting centuries, and which has proved not to be worth a tinker’s Calvin Coolidge’s victory, with 18,000,000 popular votes, dam? over John W. Davis and Robert La Follette. Contributors Why the careful scrutiny of a man’s social, financial, and of articles were Consuls Augustin Ferrin, H. Dorsey New- every other kind of background? son, Stuart E. Grummon and Rollin Winslow on such di¬ No use kidding ourselves. The men who get the big posts verse subjects as “Madrid,” “Horseback Rides About are usually men who can afford them, or men who, because Mexico City,” and “Batik in Java.” of their contributions to the powers in charge, have to be We find reports of John Hamlin going to his first post paid off. as Third Secretary at Tirana, George L. Brandt from Mes¬ On the surface, a smooth, suave diplomat is a necessity. sina to the Department, Raleigh Gibson from Buenos Aires Americans still have a great inferiority complex, and to to Teneriffe, George Haering to his first post as Vice Consul salve that complex they adhere to a diplomatic policy which at Kobe, Leland Morris from Saloniki to Consul at Cologne, sends, as representative Americans, men who tie their own Rudolf Schoenfeld temporarily to Cologne as Consul, George white ties, know' how to tie trout flies, and speak with an P. Shaw on a short transfer from Puerto Cortes to Teguci¬ accent that wouldn’t be recognized by most of the men and galpa, and S. Pinkney Tuck to take over the Consulate in W'omen they represent. Geneva. Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Carr enter¬ Let’s start all over. tained newly-appointed Foreign Service Officers at a tea, Let s send as our diplomats men and women who, when those present being Messrs. Ragland, Hulley, Hawkins, Per¬ they speak of black and white, don’t mean ties—but the kins, Gilman, Thiel, Lane, Beach, Stapleton, Schoenrieh, truth. Haering, Armstrong and Childs. Consul General William Dawson was inspecting Central and South America. Consul Promise is a Promise Paul C. Squire at Lille, France, reports an automobile race over cobblestones won at the sped of 55 miles per hour, and Let’s send men and women who, since childhood, have Daniel Davis Erhart arrived on the scene at Winnipeg, been taught that a promise is a promise, and that if the Canada, the son of Consul and Mrs. John G. Erhardt. promise isn’t kept there isn’t anything to do but belt the tar Among advertisers we find such old friends as General out of the guy who went back on his promise. Motors, Carl M. J. von Zielinski, the Shoreham Hotel, It’s amazing how the world accepts welshing by nations, Standard Oil Company of New York, the National Geo¬ when the men and women who make up the world think graphic Magazine and the Globe-Wernicke Company. Auto¬ that welshing is just about the worst thing there is. mobile ads in the issue contain cuts of angular new 1925 What would be wrong with an American ambassador to models of a Dodge sedan and a Hupmobile convertible Russia who was an American farmer and had nothing else roadster, and emphasize the passing of years. Felix Cole to say to the Kremlin hut that he knew how to grow many was the able editor at the time of this issue 25 years ago, things that the needy people in the w'orld required, and was assisted by Messrs. Marriner, Dick, Belin, Ed Wilson, Tom willing to sit down, with no state banquets, and talk over the Wilson, Linnell and Reed. problem of what the needy needed to eat. The December, 1924 issue contained a tribute to Edward He might not be dressed correctly by the diplomatic stand¬ Bell, reprinted from the New York Times. Bell, one of the ards, but he would be clothed in a much lovelier uniform— outstanding career officers in the pre-Rogers Act Diplomatic meaning that for every medal he wore he could supply a Service, was the father of Mrs. David Bruce, wife of our square meal, and for every sergeant who drove his car, he present Ambassador to France. could guarantee a full stomach. If we sink, we will have the satisfaction of sinking for a MARRIAGES good cause. If we drown—I’ll tell you what it feels like. But let’s get rid of diplomats. RUTHERFORD-FOOS. Miss Dorothy Eileen Foos and We have had them since time began—and take a look FSO M. Robert Rutherford were married on October 1, at the w'orld today.—Distributed by McNaught Syndicate, 1949, at Alexandria, Va. Mrs. Rutherford was a member Inc. of the Foreign Service Staff Corps. Mr. Rutherford has been assigned as Consul at Dhahran. McNEILL-MALONE. Miss Stuart Malone and FSS Allen Se, the Cjoocl Old Udaiji P. McNeill, Jr., were married at New Delhi on November 11. 1949. Both are members of the Embassy staff at New The British Foreign Secretary, talking to a high official Delhi. of the Foreign Office, to whom he is about to hand over the DOUGLAS-VAN CUREN. Miss Jean Young Van Curen sole existing copy of a new' and extremely secret Anglo- and FSS A. Hugh Douglas, Jr., were married on November Italian treaty: 12, 1949, at Hamburg, where Mr. Douglas is stationed as “. . . The Russian Embassy would pay an immense sum a Vice Consul. The new Mrs. Douglas was formerly em¬ to learn the contents of these papers. They should not leave ployed by the Foreign Service and was stationed at Munich my bureau were it not that it is absolutely necessary to have when she met Mr. Douglas. them copied. You have a desk in your office?” McKNIGHT-BENSON. Miss Lilian E. Benson and FSO Yes, sir.” Cleveland B. McKnight were married in Bombay on Novem¬ “Then take the treaty and lock it up there.” ber 19, 1949. Mrs. McKnight was on the Embassy Staff at From the Sherlock Holmes story, The Naval New Delhi. Mr. McKnight has been assigned to Buenos Treaty, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Aires from Calcutta.

DECEMBER, 1949 19 THE OUR NEW BOOK SERVICE Many of our readers, upon looking through the formid¬ able reading list which we are publishing with this issue, may feel faint and somehow slightly inadequate in the face of all this mass of available good reading; and some of us may resolve to catch up on our reading, to wade in, to fill the gaps, to buttress our foreign service background. Alas,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY the task seems hopeless, the gaps too large, the world of reading virtually limitless in its expanse . . . THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Now comes the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to the rescue. 1809 G STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. We shall undertake, in the following issues, to point out what to us appear the most important books on foreign The American Foreign Service Association affairs that have recently been published. Later, perhaps, The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary we shall present you with a similar list of older books. In association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. The Association was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit $e corps any event, we invite those of our readers who do not know among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around where to begin, to save the book list in this issue. We shall which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improve¬ ment of the Service. be referring to it, from time to time, in articles on good reading in the field of foreign affairs, which will appear in our Book Section. ANGUS WARD And, to make the task of buying books still easier and On behalf of all our Service, the JOURNAL offers Angus also less damaging to the pocketbook, we now offer a 20% Ward, Mrs. Ward, and all their staff a Merry Christmas and discount on all books in the field of foreign affairs, avail¬ our congratulations on their release from a contemptible able to members of the Foreign Service Association. Any harassment. book on the list appearing in this issue can be ordered at We do not diminish Ward in any way when we say he the discount. This arrangement not only makes Association only did what we expected of him in standing up to his tor¬ membership still more attractive, but in effect means that mentors. He is a good man or he wouldn’t have been Con¬ you will be able to buy five books for the price of four. sul General in Mukden. To his built-in stalwartness, he Only, what most book clubs offer only on a “package” basis, adds years of experience in far away places. we offer our members without the slightest obligation for minimum orders, without the need to choose books selected The point is that the reason we have a Foreign Service is to supply Mukden with Wards; Tihwa with Paxtons; by a “distinguished panel,” entirely without strings or tape of any kind or color. Jerusalem with Wassons; and every other tough spot with We hope that many of our readers will make use of this tough, but sensitive, men and women. opportunity to save money while building up their libraries. Perhaps we could get people for these outposts from a The new service involves no profit to the Association: It is Civil Service register or elsewhere who are as good as they a service, pure and simple, and the more of our readers ought to be but we know we can get them from the Foreign make use of it the better we shall like it. Service. Of course it helps if our people know that, after Godthaab they will also get a chance to earn their pay in, say Wash¬ BIRTHS ington or Paris. Perhaps hundreds or thousands of Ameri¬ DEMBO. A son, Micah, was born in Pretoria on October cans as good or better than any we have in the Service 16, 1949, to FSO and Mrs. Morris Dembo. Mr. Dembo is will be found ready and willing to serve in those posts. assigned to the Embassy as Third Secretary. One thing we like to recall, however, is the remark of the ARMSTRONG. A daughter, Amelia, was born in Wash¬ Trenton editor who did a hitch as Ambassador in Paris: ington on October 28, 1949, to Lieut, and Mrs. Francis L. “Trenton and Paris are not the same but somehow in Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong is the son of retired FSO Paris you notice it a lot more!” Lawrence S. Armstrong. WIEDENMAYER. A son, Joseph Emil Wiedenmeyer III, was born in Rome on November 23, 1949, to FSS and Mrs. Joseph E. Wiedenmeyer. Mr. Wiedenmeyer is assigned SEMPER FIDELIS to the Embassy as Economic Attache. In this issue there is an article about the United States Marines and the United States Foreign Service or, as the author puts it, “Leathernecks and Top Hats.” FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENTS We like to run stories about outfits which are good pre¬ Erie R. Dickover . Retirement cisely because they think they are, and vice versa. William E. Dunn Retirement Here is a group whose pride of service sets a standard Ilo C. Funk . Retirement even in the proud and larger service of which it is a part. H. Lawrence Groves Retirement In the Defense establishment, as in the Department of State, Charles H. Heisler Retirement the recurrent waves of reorganization are never still. We Thomas McEnelly Retirement do not know what the future holds for the Marines nor James E. McKenna Retirement would we presume to offer suggestions. James E. Parks Retirement But we expect that, even in these days of inexorable unifi¬ Harold B. Quarton Retirement cation, their esprit de corps and the sources from which it Lynn W. Meekins Retirement rises will be upheld as national assets, yes even at the price Leslie E. Reed . Retirement of form and balance in the charts of the advisers on ad¬ William S. Caldwell Resignation ministrative management. Edwin C. Wilson Retirement

20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL mourning —

A NEW SERVICE TO MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION 20% Discount on Books!

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is now able to offer a 20% discount on selected books, to members of the Foreign Service Association. This is not a "Book Club”— you don’t have to buy a minimum number of books, nor do you have to wait to get your re¬ duction in the form of dividends. Just send your order and check to the American Foreign Service Association. Subtract 20% from the list price, add nothing for postage, and the book will be mailed to you.

* SEE: THE READING LIST with this issue! Any book on it available at 20% off. * ALSO: 20% off on ANY book on Foreign Affairs! * LATER: We will offer a monthly suggestion list of recent titles, including some selected fiction in the same service.

Active I hereby apply for Associate membership in the American Foreign Association and en- $4.00 close my check for $2.50 in payment of dues for the second half of the fiscal year (January to July 1950).*

NOTE: Chief of Mission on, FSOs FSRs on active duty and FSS corps are eligible for active member¬ ship. Former Active members and professional personnel of the Department of State and other officers and employees of the Department holding positions of comparable responsibility are eligible for Asso¬ ciate membership. i

Name Address or Post

^Includes a subscription to the JOURNAL.

DECEMBER, 1949 21 THE WHITE HOUSE ii 111 «!i i WASHINGTON & *j

Christmas, 1949

To All Members of the American Foreign Service:

Christmas for Americans is a renewal of ties with home and friends. To all of you men and women of the Foreign Service, and to your families, I send a warm and special greeting.

Your duties take you to every country and climate, sometimes to hardship, isolation, danger or stress. You have loyally and capably met the increasing demands which have been made upon you. I am confident that you will continue to rise to these growing responsibilities.

As your thoughts turn homeward at this holiday sea¬ son, I want you to know that your country supports you and is grateful and proud of you, its representatives. I trust that the New Year will bring happiness and well-being to you all.

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Washington Christmas, 1949

To the Foreign Service of the United States:

It is my real privilege and joy to greet you at this Christmas Season.

Christmas is a family time and as head of our far-flung official family my thoughts go out to each of you, at this season particularly. Some of these thoughts will travel a long way before reaching you while others go out to those of you who are working at home. Some of you are in very diferent climates and amid very different customs than those in which you have celebrated former Christmases. But wherever you are, at home or abroad, I know your memories of former Christmas times will bring you in spirit close to the family hearth with its warmth of traditional associations.

It has been my pleasure and my privilege to be working with all of you again during the past year. Your splendid spirit of cooperation and the willingness to make every effort to go forward in spite of the heavy burdens upon you are most encouraging and heartwarming. I commend you on a job well done during a most difficult time.

May this holiday season bring you joy and many blessings throughout the New Year.

With cordial good wishes for a very Merry Christmas to all. Christmas jHesftage from tfte director General of tfje Jforetgn i§>erbtce

Christmas is a time of poignant memories for all of us in the Foreign Service. There have been white Christmases and green Christmases, freezing Christmases and steaming Christmases. Most of us can recall especially some in particular. In my case, for example, 1937, when our families returned after temporary evacua- just in time to spend Christmas with us in Shanghai, in 1938 Santa Claus with his bag of toys drove up to the Manila Hotel in a cart drawn by a carabao; the memorable Christmas of 1941, far from our families, when the detained staff of the Embassy at Peiping sang Christmas carols for their less fortunate citizens imprisoned in an adjoining compound. Most of us have been compelled by the exigencies of the Service to spend many Christmases away from our families. This year it is my fervent hope that few such exigencies will obtain. In my present position, I find myself in somewhat of a dual capacity; as a member of the Foreign Service and as an officer of the Department of State. I take advantage of this dual capacity to extend to each and everyone of you wherever you may be greet¬ ings from your co-workers in Washington.

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Right: During a late August visit to Durban, Ambassador to the Union of South Africa and Mrs. North Winship went for a ride in a Zulu “taxi.”

Below: The attractive folk here are attached to the Embassy at Brussels and are members of its Glee Club. Shown receiving plaudits after a splendid performance are: 1st row (in the usual order), the Misses E. Dixon, M. Huybreghs, F. de Buyst, and E. Smith, Mrs. James Wood (wife of Treasury Representative), Mr. James Wood (soloist) and Misses J. Ysewyn and A. Beguin. In the second row are: Misses J. van Deest, A. Millar, J. Shaw, D. Francois, Messrs. R. McCormick, C. Lazar, and W. Dale, and Misses C. Shipman, V. Rogers and 1. Peterson. s E G R L Y I I M C P E S E S

As of special interest to critics of the Foreign Service we present extremely incriminating picture of the USIE staff in Montevideo drinking tea. USIE personnel having read so many allega¬ tions regarding the tea drinking pro¬ pensities of the diplomatic service decided to try this deadly beverage with the accompanying amazing result. Left to right, staring in consternation at the amber liquid in the cup are, Zafiriadis of the Commercial Section; First Secretary Brown; Second Secre¬ tary and Public Affairs Officer Carter; Second Secretary and Assistant Public Affairs Officer Broderick; FSS Lowery; Librarian Gropp; Assistant Librarian Comins (who by her expression evi- dentally has just tasted the stuff); Agricultural Attache Maness; Cultural Relations Assistant McKinsey, inter¬ ested spectator Menendez Lopez.

DECEMBER, 1949 25 NEWS from the DEPARTMENT By Joan David

Musical Chairs Our Guest Editor Reorganization has a lot more to it than changes in the Last month the JOURNAL’S Board, seeking, as ever, to keep organization charts. The present reorganization of the De¬ in touch with its reading public, decided to invite a Guest partment meant some six months of planning and moving Editor to attend its monthly editorial meeting. Entranced for WILLIAM WRIGHT’S Central Services. It will be wound with the success of the scheme, the Board will try it again up by the first of the year IF Public Buildings comes across from time to time. Helping us cull over the manuscripts in with some more space. Meanwhile some offices are over¬ November—some for this issue, some for next month’s— crowded and in one case—involving mail, pouches, forward¬ was blond attractive Miss Eileen Donovan, FSO-5. ing addresses, et al—work is being done in two shifts so A Captain in the WAC under SCAP in Japan when an¬ that the space gets double use. Rumor has it that the only nouncements of the recruiting drive under the War Man¬ way everyone has a place to hang his hat is that someone power Act were posted conspicuously in her office, Miss is always in transit. Donovan had been a civilian employee in the same office for About 3,000 persons were involved in the moving. This nearly a year and a half when she was asked to appear at is more than the original estimates provided for. Plenty of the Department for the orals. The round trip fare from unpredictables plagued the planners. There were any num¬ Tokyo to Washington was too much for an IF interview ber of offices with larger complements than their budgets and Miss Donovan had quite given up hope of ever becom¬ indicated because part of their staff was on loan from other ing an FSO when she was suddenly notified that the Army agencies. New programs never seemed to stay within sched¬ would fly her and some ten other War Manpower candidates uled limits. The Office of German-Austrian Affairs was to Washington for the orals and back again to Japan. Two supposed to function with a personnel ceiling of 114. Its days later, head spinning with long-unused French phrases staff has already reached 165. The Military Aid Program, and with an armload of current news magazines, she was much to the relief of CS, hasn’t finished recruiting a staff US-bound. In June 1948 she became the first woman to yet. They hope it won’t until that new space in a World be appointed a Foreign Service Officer under the War Man¬ War I temporary building is made available. Twenty-six power Act. After serving as Second Secretary at Tokyo, buildings now house the Department of State. Miss Donovan was assigned to the Department a little over a year ago. (P. S. She has promised a JOURNAL story for Planning was done in three stages. First, in consultation us soon.) with Under Secretary Webb and Deputy Under Secretary Peurifoy, major decisions were made as to which activities HICOG should center around the Secretary’s office. The new geo¬ graphic bureaus, the Assistant Secretaries and the Legal Ad¬ Early in December 27 persons from the FSO eligible list viser and at least part of their staffs, and such basic opera¬ reported to the Foreign Service Institute for 31/2 months tions as the cryptographic work, telegraph and communica¬ of training as officer replacements in Kreis program under tions and the central switchboard were all to be in New State. the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany. Men selected Other activities were located as nearly as possible on a func¬ are all under 30, preferably married and with children. Each will be assigned to a different county or Kreis and tional basis, although, as JAMES R. JOHNSTONE resignedly points out “Naturally, there was a lot of complaints.” Most will be expected to participate fully in German community remote at the moment is the Security Division’s Field Di¬ life. They will serve as liaison between the local governing vision—three miles from New State. officers and HICOG and will act as advisers to the local government. They will represent America to the people of Next, the top planners in Central Services took over and Germany on the local level. The trainees will become mem¬ decided on the basis of the type of activity approximately bers of the Staff Corps on appointment. Later, as their how much square footage could be allowed per person. names are reached on the eligible list, they can look forward Need for hearing rooms, libraries, and extensive files was to appointments as FSO 6’s—at slightly lower salaries. taken into account as was the sort of work done by the indi¬ viduals involved. An effort was made to give “thinkers” the peace and quiet they needed even at the cost of extra International Conferences—Again space. This month we seem to have reached a new low on ap¬ Final planning was worked out by CS’s five space anal¬ pointments to delegations at International Conferences—only ysts who went to the individual offices and figured out in two with State-Foreign Service members, plus a Mexican- detail where each desk and file cabinet would be placed. American Commission for good measure. Building structure affected space use. Rooms with bays, ASSISTANT SECRETARY DURWARD V. SANDIFER was an odd alcoves, or long narrow rooms often meant some wasted Alternate Member to tbe fifth session of the annual confer¬ space. Files couldn’t be lined up in neat rows in the upper ence of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United floors of old buildings. Concentrated weight just made it Nations which opened late last month. JOHN W. EVANS, too risky. Chief of the Dep-rtment’s Economic Resources and Security Planning the moves was about the only estimate that Staff was an Associate Member; on the Advisory panel were didn’t have to be revised. It took just as long as anticipated. Special Assistant to the Under Secretary WILBERT M. CHAP¬ Once this is completed, CS turns back to its long-time MAN, Chief of the Division of International Administration, project—the proposed new additions to New State. GEORGE M. INGRAM and FRANCIS A. LINVILLE of the Eco-

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL nomic Resources and Security Staff. URSULA DUFFUS of the Final Selection Board which conducts the oral examination Division of United Nations Economic and Social Affairs of candidates and renders the final decision in each case. was Assistant Technical Secretary, GARLAND C. ROUTT of Mr. Green’s trip exemplifies the very close cooperation the Division of Public Liaison was a Public Liaison Officer among the British, Canadian and American governments for the conference, while from the Division of International which has developed in so many fields, even in such matters Conferences HENRY F. NICHOL served as Executive Secre¬ as the selection of Foreign Service officers. The three Gov¬ tary and MALCOLM PEAKE as Administrative Officer. ernments have exchanged, with great freedom, information on selection methods. Two years ago representatives of the At the third meeting of the International Wool Study Canadian Ministry of External Affairs and of the Canadian Group in London two weeks earlier FSO PAUL 0. NUYHUS Civil Service Commission sat as observers during the oral was Chairman of the U. S. Delegation, FRANCIS A. LINVILLE examinations of FSO candidates. The following year Mr. an Adviser, and JAMES G. EVANS, Adviser and Secretary. Green went to Canada to observe their orals. This mutual exchange has been most helpful to each of the Governments Ambassador to Mexico WALTER THURSTON is the ranking involved. member for the US on the United States-Mexico Commission on Cultural Cooperation which was established by an agree¬ MAP ment signed on November 23. The Commission will “coordi¬ nate, expand and develop the already existing cooperation, Selection of a team of civilian diplomats to supervise the both governmental and private.” It is the first bilateral operation of MAP in Europe created quite a flurry in the agreement of this kind. FSR PHILIP RAINE, Cultural At¬ newspapers a few weeks back. The team is working under tache at the Embassy in Mexico, and WILLIAM RICHARDSON European Coordinating Council under AMBASSADOR LEWIS of the National City Bank of New York are the other US W. DOUGLASS. Appointed executive director of the program in members of the Commission. London was LT. COL. C. H. BONESTEEL, III, formerly special assistant to former UNDER SECRETARY LOVETT. Program coordinator in France is former Counselor of the Department FSO CHARLES E. BOHLEN, and his assist¬ ant is FSO EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD, for¬ merly Counselor of Embassy at Santiago. FSO JAMES HODGSON, Counselor of Em¬ bassy at Oslo, heads the program in Nor¬ way. FSO HAROLD SHANTZ will be in charge in Denmark, FSO RAYMOND P. LUDDEN in Belgium, and FSO SIDNEY O’DONOGHUE in The Netherlands.

Personals When FSO J. HALL PAXTON and his wife arrived in Washington after their harrowing trek from Tihwa he was be¬ sieged with magazine offers (including the JOURNAL) for the story of his trip. The first publication to come out with the Paxton story probably will be the Satur¬ day Evening Post, according to informa¬ tion from the Department. Circulation was apparently the deciding factor. As the time drew near for the arrival in Copenhagen of MRS. EUGENIE ANDER¬ The JOURNAL is very grateful for the many Honor Awards presentation SON, our first woman Ambassador, Danish pictures sent in from the field. We’ll publish them all eventually—space and budget permitting. The first picture we bring you is unique in that it was a newspapers publicized a flurry of minor family affair. L. to R. Consul W. John Wilson, Jr., (22 years service), and his worries ranging from details of the regal wife, Juanita S. Wilson (18 years service), have just received their awards from welcome planned for her this month and Ambassador Walter Thurston (over 30 years of service). whether she should be called Madame Ambassadrice or Mrs. Ambassador to whether affairs of state would keep her Institute Observer to Britain busy enough to allow Danish butler CHRISTIAN LUNDBYE a free hand in running the Ambassadorial residence. The British “house party” method of testing and selecting applicants for positions in the Foreign Office has interested When FSO MAXWELL N. HAMILTON took over the post of FS officials here since its inception. Now, at the invitation U. S. Representative on the Far Eastern Commission (suc¬ of the British Government, the Executive Director of the ceeding General Frank R. McCoy), the New York Times Board of Examiners for the Foreign Service, JOSEPH COY editorialized “The choice of Maxwell Hamilton, veteran GREEN, is going to England to observe the British system foreign service officer ... is again an indication of the at first hand. He will spend three days at one of the “house weight that attaches to this commission and to our represen¬ party” tests and will attend for two days the meetings of the tation on it.” (Continued on page 50)

DECEMBER. 1949 27 THE JOURNAL PRESENTS: YOUR FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

Angola tLuanda)—Edwin P. Dyer, Jr. Haiti (Port-au-Prince)—John H. Burns Argentina (Buenos Aires)—Dixon Donnelly, Oscar H. Guerra Honduras (Tegucigalpa)—Byron E. Blankinship Australia (Melbourne)—Jules E. Bernard Hong Kong—Bruce M. Lancaster Australia (Sydney)—A. Eugene Frank Iceland (Reykjavik)—William S. Krason Austria (Vienna)—Peter Rutter India (Bombay)—William Witman II Azores (Ponta Delgada, Sdo Miguel)—Robert L. Terrell India (New Delhi)—John M. Steeves Belgium (Antwerp)—Helen R. Sexton Iran (Tehran)—John H. Stutesman Belgium (Brussels)—Robert McClintock Iraq (Baghdad)—William Keough Bermuda—Jane Wilson Pool Ireland (Belfast)—Paul M. Miller Brazil (Belem, Para)—John A. Moran III Ireland (Dublin)—John Patrick Walsh Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)—Robert A. Christopher Italy (Rome)—Outerbridge Horsey British Honduras (Belize)—John R. Bartlett, Jr. Korea (Seoul)—C. W. Predergast Bulgaria (Sofia)—Mary E. Nochtsheim Libya (Tripoli)—Orray Taft, Jr. Burma (Rangoon)—Henry B. Day, Herbert Spivack Mexico (Agua Prieta, Sonora)—Arthur R. Williams Canada (Hamilton)—Frances L. Spaulding Mexico (Ciudad Juarez)—Mary Alice McClelland Canada (Montreal)—Frederic H. Behr Mexico (Mexico, D. F.)—Carl W. Strom Canada (Vancouver, B. C.)—Charles C. Carson Mexico (Monterey, Nuevo Leon)—Mrs. Helen Steele Ceylon—Leon S. Poullada Mexico (Nogales, Sonora)—George H. Strunz Colombia (Barranquilla)—Edward T. Long Morocco (Tangier)—George E. Palmer Colombia (Bogota)—John M. Vebber New Caledonia (Noumea)—Claude G. Ross Costa Rica (San Jose)—William D. Calderhead New Zealand (Wellington)—Mrs. Minola Grant Cuba—Henry A. Hoyt, Louis C. Nolan Netherlands (The Hague)—Charles Philip Clock Cyprus (Nicosia)—Carl E. Bartch Netherlands (Amsterdam)—Thomas W. McElhiney Czechoslovakia (Praha)—Miss Emma G. Drake Palestine (Jerusalem)—Edward C. Lynch, Jr. Ecuador—Betty Hahn Bernbaum Panama (Panama)—Joseph Dempsey Egypt (Cairo)—Parker D. Wyman Paraguay (Asuncion)—Thomas Kingsley El Salvador (San Salvador)—Francis W. Herron Rumania (Bucharest)—Donald Dunham England (London)—Jesse D. Dean Scotland (Glasgow)—Robert B. Shaw England (Southampton)—William Hopkins Beck Singapore—W. Henry Lawrence, Jr. Finland (Helsinki)—G. Alonzo Stanford Spain (Barcelona)—James N. Cortada France (Paris)—William Koren, Jr. Spain (Seville)—Cyril L. Thiel France (Marseille)—William H. Christensen Sweden (Gbbeborg)—E. Talbot Smith French Indochina (Hanoi)—William B. Dunn Thailand (Bangkok)—George Widney French Indochina (Saigon)—Dallas M. Coors Trieste—Miss Marjorie Nield Germany (Bremen)—Robert P. Chalker Turkey (Ankara)—William 0. Baxter, James Macfarland Germany (Bremmerhaven)—Robert B. Houston, Jr. Turkey (Izmir)—Adeline K. Taylor Germany (Hamburg)—C. Melvin Sonne, Jr. Union of South Africa (Durban, Natal)—Robert G. McGregor Germany (Munich)—John F. Leich, Richard H. Donald Uruguay (Montevideo)—Maurice J. Broderick Germany (Stuttgart)—Miss Adeline C. Spencer Venezuela (Caracas)—Edward W. Holmes Greece (Athens)—Herbert Daniel Brewster Yugoslavia (Belgrade) William Friedman

THE MIDSHIP MITE IS YOUR POST REPRESENTED HERE?* To the Editors, If not, see if you can get someone appointed. We are AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: looking for volunteers. One thing, though, we would like With reference to your letter dated September 8, 1949, I wish to inform you that I have nominated myself to be the Journal to make clear. We have no intention of limiting ourselves field correspondent in Bremerhaven. The nomination of myself to field news from our appointed correspondents. They are to be correspondent is not the result of partiality; there are in the ones we’ll appeal to or complain to if occasion warrants, fact no other Americans assigned to this post. I already bear but they will be as pleased as the JOURNAL if you want to an impressive string of titles—Officer-in-Charge, Administrative help make their news coverage more complete. For those Officer, Post Security Officer, etc. but allow me to say that 1 who may be hesitant because their post staff is small, we will not be neglectful of my duties (?) as Bremerhaven cor present here the sort of letter that warms an editor’s heart. respondent of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. Very truly yours, * Forgive us if we’ve erred in omitting a name. We are still short of ROBERT B. HOUSTON, JR. help at the JOURNAL office. File No. 000 RBH:RBH:rbh

28 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Siorif (fj the V/Jon th Exile in Darien

By CULVER GLEYSTEEN, FSS

Phot os by Courier John Koval

At the end of ten days the Dairen group boarded the SS llyitch and sailed for Dairen. On June 19 we were able to convince the Patch family personally that it was true they were free to leave Dairen at last. For a new-comer, service in Dairen afforded interesting examples of situations not covered by the FS Regulations. For the scholarly type of officer it provided the opportunity Stalin Prospect—Main Street of Dairen, at midday. for reading, for serious language study and the chance to discover how it is to live without current magazines for Godthaab, Tihwa and Dairen, according to the May 1948 six-month intervals. issue of the JOURNAL,* are “super-isolated outposts.” The Social isolation, excessive surveillance and restrictions by isolation of Godthaab was due to a northerly, and that of the local authorities, the arrest of native staff members, Tihwa to a Central Asian, location. But the difficulties of infrequent mail and lack of news from friends in the out¬ Dairen were man-made. side world characterized post life in Dairen. Before the war Dairen was a booming port which serviced After the war only the United States and the Soviet Union the Manchurian hinterland. Many Foreign Service Officers maintained consular representation in Dairen. Official en¬ remember it as a free port within several days’ sailing dis¬ tertainments among the consular corps thus were limited tance of Shanghai, Tientsin, Yokohama and Kobe and where to the Fourth of July, October Revolution Day and New one could buy imported luxury articles in well-stocked stores. Year’s Day. Attempts made by the staff of the American The war cut Dairen off from international shipping but it Consulate to widen the circle of their social contacts among was not until the Soviet occupation army arrived in 1945 the Soviet officials were rebuffed in a manner familiar to that true isolation was imposed. Since then Dairen has been those who have been stationed in Moscow during recent as inaccessible as most ports in the Soviet Union. For¬ years. The Chinese similarly avoided social contacts with eigners are not wanted and those who were caught there American consular personnel. Of the remaining foreigners when the Russians took over felt fortunate if they were able in Dairen about half a dozen—chiefly Germans and Central to leave. Europeans—ventured to visit us. In effect, we were left Paul Paddock and I were asigned to Dairen toward the to our own resources. A lively rivalry in gin rummy de¬ end of 1947. At that time it was customary for FS personnel veloped between Paul Paddock and me and periodically one would be host to the other at lunch or dinner. It was bound for Dairen to wait in Shanghai for onward transpor¬ 7 tation via Vladivostok. It also was usual for the delay in decided that a cocktail or two before dinner was necessary Shanghai to expand indefinitely while awaiting Russian for our morale. In this way the pleasant memories of visas. Then, happily or unhappily, the Department gave up civilization were preserved. and shunted the Dairen replacements off to other posts. However, by the spring of 1948 it was imperative that re¬ inforcements reach Dairen. Isaac Patch had remained there alone with his wife and two young children and was long overdue for relief. Accordingly, extraordinary efforts were made by the Department, the Embassies at Nanking and Moscow, and the Consulate General at Shanghai to ar¬ range our entry into Dairen; Soviet visas for transit through Vladivostok finally were issued. The Dairen party, accompanied by office supplies, equip¬ ment, food and gasoline, sailed from Shanghai for Vladi¬ vostok on the Russian ship, SS Smolny on May 29. The Consulate at Vladivostok was still open in June 1948. Mr. Oscar Holder, the consul, and his staff accommodated our party generously in their crowded quarters. The influx of transient personnel coincided with the stop-over of two couriers at Vladivostok, one on his way from and the other on his way to Dairen. For this largest gathering of Ameri¬ Paul Paddock starts in on a six months’ accumulation of mail. cans at the Vladivostok Consulate in several years the Hol¬ ders gave one of their biggest parties during their tour of The problem of making a martini out of vodka and with¬ duty there. Eighteen persons were present. out vermouth has perplexed many a person stationed in the Far East. After our eight months’ supply of liquor was * Isolation by James K. Penfield and Merrell Benninghoff. exhausted, a survey was made of available stocks in Dairen.

DECEMBER, 1949 29 Occasionally we were able to buy odd bottles of liqueur or the motive of the Soviets was to diminish further the area spirits but from day to day we relied on “Moscow spirit. in which we could move freely. Their method was effective This fiery liquor was 95 per cent alcohol. The first step in because we learned that twenty minutes of fresh sea air the purification process we developed was to dissolve sev¬ was not worth four hours at the Soviet Kommandantura. eral permanganate crystals in the spirit. After twenty-four In the spring of 1949 the local press announced that let¬ hours a large grey mass of impurities would settle in the ters and packages were being accepted for “liberated areas bottom of the bottle. When this was filtered out we re¬ of China, for the U.S.S.R., and for the “new democracy” peated the process with carbon powder. After repeated regions of Eastern Europe, but there was no regular mail filterings we cut the alcohol with water and flavored it with to other parts of the world. Aside from telegrams, our only whatever happened to strike the imagination. At one time communication with the Department or other posts was by needles and berries of cryptomeria trees were used in a vain infrequent courier calls to Dairen—two during the fourteen attempt to capture the flavor of gin. It was found that months preceding the closure of the Consulate. cryptomeria was more pungent than juniper. The most The shortcomings of Dairen as a post had existed in successful flavor was dried orange peel. greater or lesser degree since the Consulate was reopened The Consulate residence was a spacious and comfortable after the war. As the relations between the United States double house built just before the last war by a prosperous and the Soviet Union worsened and as the harassments be¬ Manchu merchant family and leased by the American Gov¬ came more frequent, the operation of the Consulate at Dairen ernment after the Dairen Consulate was reopened in 1946. became more difficult. By September 1949 conditions had It was possible during the summers of both 1948 and 1949 reached the point where the Department was forced to issue to purchase an ample supply of fuel for the winter. instructions for closing the office. Difficulties were not all serious; as a rule they were petty. Most typical were traffic incidents. The Consulate automobile would be stopped for an alleged traffic violation. The policeman harangued the chauffeur or passengers of the car while a crowd of Chinese gathered. This gave the policeman his chance to repeat some of the derogatory slogans about “American Imperialists.” Sometimes the auto¬ mobile was permitted to proceed after a stern warning. Other times the chauffeur was forced to drive to the police station The 1 o n g - where he was questioned at length. awaited couri¬ er arrives at After a severe storm in the summer of 1949 our tele¬ the Dairen phones broke down. Subsequently two of the six phones Consulate. in the office and residences were fixed. Despite dailv efforts to have the others repaired, nothing was done. The Tele¬ phone Bureau attempted to fine the Consulate for not re¬ porting that several of its telephones were broken! It also imposed a fine on the charge that an office phone had been moved from one room to another without permsision from the Telephone Bureau. Since this operation had been per¬ formed by a man from the Telephone Bureau and had been duly paid for, the Consulate refused to pay the fine. As a result, this telephone was discontinued. A few days before Fresh meat, vegetables and fruit could be bought locally. we left Dairen our last line was cut off. We w'ere able to buy whatever the market offered because When one of the officers of the Consulate took a walk, of a favorable exchange rate. At the government licensed he usually was dogged by a young man dressed in a blue gold and silver exchange U. S. dollars were at a premium. cotton suit, visor cap and tennis shoes. If the Consulate At this rate a dozen eggs cost roughly 45 cents and a pound automobile went out it was followed by an ancient black of butter 40 cents U. S. currency. car with three or four of these secret police agents. When Most of the canned goods brought from Shanghai in the we finally left Dairen, this car and its crew accompanied us spring of 1948 were hoarded for an emergency. We were to shipside. constantly afraid that the position of the Consulate would Radio communications were another source of uncertainty. become like that of Mukden. But occasionally we dipped Incoming messages broadcast from Taipei were received on into those supplies to vary our diet. the office radios. An unidentified Russian station jammed There were no sports of any kind. Exercise was limited these broadcasts, constantly varying its schedule (including to walking or swimming. When the walk or swim led one no broadcasts on our Labor Day) to coincide with ours. out of the undefined area which the local authorities con¬ Outgoing telegrams were relayed to Washington by the sidered proper for us. detention by the Soviet military com¬ Soviet Consulate General. For nearly two months after mand or Chinese police for periods varying from ten min¬ the American Consulate in Vladivostok was closed, the So¬ utes to four and a half hours often followed. viet Consulate General at Dairen continued to accept our On one occasion I was arrested at the seashore and taken telegrams but did not have them transmitted. Eventually to the Soviet Military Headquarters. A young officer, ap¬ negotiations in Moscow broke this log jam. parently a member of the security police, accused me of In January a Chinese clerk, employed by the Consulate, signalling to sea with jeep headlights. This charge was was arrested. The Consulate was unable to learn on what not difficult to refute because it was not dark at the time charges he was detained or where he was being held. In of my arrest and. the jeep had been parked facing inland. September, one week after the Soviet Government had been When these points were established, the examining officer informed of the intended closure of the Consulate, another abruptly dropped the charges and apologized. Presumably, employee disappeared. We were aware that for many months

30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL all Chinese staff members of the Consulate and their fam¬ derbilt Whitney, who were attending a conference on ilies had been persecuted by the secret police. Intense and Tourism. That evening Mrs. Mesta entertained her staff effective anti-American propaganda also placed a heavy- informally at supper in the charming Country Club. strain on them. At 11 the next morning the officers gathered at the lega¬ In the early autumn of 1949 a final and unusual problem tion in formal clothes, with Mrs. Mesta, Mrs. Hager and arose. There had been no couriers for six months and the Miss Williams in floor length gowns. An Aide-de-camp remaining office funds were enough for only a few weeks’ from the court came to escort Mrs. Mesta, and the party operations. In the absence of conventional means to obtain left by twos in court cars. At the palace they were taken money, inventory items were sold to cover current expenses. upstairs, and the officers waited while Mrs. Mesta presented Orders were received from the Department to close the her Letters of Credence to the Grand Duchess Charlotte and Consulate in early September 1949. Although this was re¬ talked to her and her husband. Prince Felix, and Prince garded as a great misfortune by those Chinese and Eu¬ Jean, the heir-apparent. Later each of the officers was intro¬ ropeans in Dairen who looked on the presence of the Ameri duced and after a brief visit the party returned to the Lega¬ can Consulate as their only remaining protection, it brought tion. an end to the mass of administrative problems which had Mrs. Mesta gave a lunch at the Hotel Cravat for the staff perplexed the Department and various FS posts connected and a few visiting Americans. Later George West had a with the servicing of Dairen. reception at the Hotel Brasseur to introduce the Minister Familiar Russian delays were encountered in efforts to to many important members of the Government of the obtain transportation out of Dairen. Only by sending an Grand Duchy. especially chartered British coasting vessel did the Depart¬ ment finally free its super-isolated personnel. HAMILTON, BERMUDA September 28, 1949. LUXEMBOURG Our ship landed in Bermuda the day after the pound was Brussels, September 24. devalued. The American tourists were having a field day Madame Mesta asked several members of the Brussels and there was general confusion as to what was worth what. Embassy, accredited to Luxembourg, to attend the cere¬ All of that, however, was in Front Street, Hamilton, from monies at the palace of the Grand Duchess on the 21st of w'hich we were whisked in the miniature Consulate Ford at September. Flying over the day before were Mr. and Mrs. the reckless rate of 20 m.p.h. (Bermuda speed limit is rigidly John Nuveen I the new chief of the ECA mission), Col. and enforced—and there is the story going the rounds that the Mrs. Clare Armstrong, Maj. and Mrs. Bernard Finan, Mrs. first arrest made for speeding here, after cars were recently Alice Hager, Mr. and Mrs. James Wood, Mr. and Mrs. Eric permitted on the island, w7as that of the American Consul Kocher, Maj. and Mrs. John Parker and Capt. Steele. They who was going 23 m.p.h.! They got him for an $80.00 fine.) were met at the airport by George West, who had been Vice Consul Bob Coudray is a neat arranger—he had Charge d’Affaires ad interim. thought of everything to make us feel welcome. Upon docking there was a corsage of flowers for me from the garden of the beautiful consular resi¬ dence, “Donaghmore,” and—as I was saying —we were “whisked” out to Tucker’s Town, where the estate is located. Everything at the house was in perfect readiness—but it’s gen¬ erally conceded, I believe, that bachelors are always good at that sort of thing. All the stories you’ve heard about the beauty of Bermuda are true—it’s difficult to keep this “News from the Field” item from reading like a tourist folder. I’ll just say—please come and see it if you can. Bryan Cowherd and Frank Connally did. They came on the same run of the Q.T.E.V. “Queen of Bermuda” with us. (Quick turn¬ around every voyage—according to crew jar¬ gon—in case you’re wondering.) Bryan is in Just after Mme. Mesta presented her letters of Credence to the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, this handsome group posed in front of the Lega¬ the allotments section of FP and Frank in what tion. L. to R. Captain Gordon H. Steele, Assistant Air Attache; Miss Dorothy used to be part of FA. (It’s hard to know what Williams, Press Adviser to Mrs. Mesta; Mrs. Alice R. Hager, Public Relations sections are in wUat these days. I They seemed Officer; Major Bernard J. Finan, Jr., Air Attache; Minister John Nuveen, to be enjoying their week’s vacation in Ber¬ Head of ECA Mission; Mme. Mesta; Colonel Clare H. Armstrong, Military muda—always being seen with pretty girls in Attache; James E. Wood, Treasury Attache; Eric Kocher, Labor Attache; George West, Secretary of Legation; Major John C. Parker, Assistant tow. r Military Attache. And who should turn up last w'eek for a few days on his honeymoon (honeymoon couples Mrs. Mesta lived up to her reputation as a most cordial are a dime a dozen around here) hut Vice Consul Albert hostess, entertaining the staff several times during their Cizauskas, with a perfectly lovely bride. visit, despite her own heavy responsibilities. The first after¬ There have been some staff changes pending lately. Lady noon, on arrival, they were welcomed at the Legation for Vice Consul Lee A. Olson received her orders a while ago to cocktails, and met Senator and Mrs. Owen Brewster of Maine go to Trinidad. She plans some leave in the U. S. sometime and LTndersecretarv of Commerce and Mrs. Cornelius Van¬ (Continued on page 33)

DECEMBER, 1949 31 Francis C. deWolf The BOOKSHELF Review Editor

Power and Morals. Martin J. Hilienbrand. Columbia From her consideration of the history of Guatemala, the University Press, 1949; $3.25, pp. 217. author draws the conclusion that the Church has never known freedom in that country, and that the core of church- Reviewed by ANNA E. LONG state conflict has been lack of freedom aggravated by sus¬ Here is a political philosophy which seeks to clarify the picion and distrust on both sides. Copious documentation basic problem which faces individuals and nations today. How attests the careful labor which went into the study; ap¬ can great power be controlled and used to benefit humanity? pendices and indices take up nearly a third of the work. Various philosophies which have had a wide following in To all but the student of Guatemalan affairs, or of Latin- modern times are examined and analyzed. Each of these is American affairs generally, this book is likely to be uphill found inadequate primarily because of its failure to recognize work. It is not that the conflict lacks glamor, hut Miss the unique value of the individual. In contrast to these modern Holleran’s painstaking scholarship and her meticulously philosophies there stands the traditional Scholastic theory of chronological approach to the history of the conflict may natural law, which is stripped of its superfluous meanings and cause the interest of all but the special reader to be dissi¬ reduced to its primary concept. pated in a welter of dates and place-names. Having established that there is a natural law which applies to all men at all times, the author addresses himself to the Conflicting Patterns of Thought. By Karl Pribram. question of how this law applies to the control of power. The Public Affairs Press, Washington, D. C. 1949. 176 pages. two most important morals as well as practical aspects of $3.25. power—the role of violence and the relationship between au¬ thority’s power and liberty—are discussed. Reviewed by W. E. O’CONNOR Dr. Hilienbrand, a Foreign Service Officer, has seen the inter¬ This book is an attempt to explain the forces dividing the workings of power and morals in many parts of the world. nations in terms of patterns of thought—in terms, that is, of While in India it was possible to study the philosophy of non¬ the ways in which men define their knowledge and organize violence as opposed to violence; in Germany the results of their thinking. authority used to eliminate liberty. What is the history of The author describes two primary patterns of thought non-violence in India? When does the end result justify the which he calls Universalistic and Nominalistic, and two sec¬ use of violence? Can either violence or non-violence be effec¬ ondary patterns, derived from the two primary, which he tively used against mass destruction in an atomic age? What calls Intuitional and Dialectic. A person following a univer¬ is liberty? To what extent can individual liberty be suppressed salistic thought pattern is one who ascribes to the human by the authority of the state? How can individual liberty be mind the power directly to understand the universe and the morally balanced with state authority? Dr. Hilienbrand pre¬ truth; the universalist pattern prevailed especially in the sents what he considers to be a theoretical and practical solu¬ Middle Ages, and prevails today, for example, in the Catho¬ tion to these problems. lic and Eastern Orthodox religions. A person whose think¬ ing is nominalistic, however, believes that the mind’s capac¬ Church and State in Guatemala. By Mary P. Holleran. ity is limited to the formation of hypothetical pictures of the Columbia University Press, New York, 1949. 359 pages. behavior of phenomena. The nominalist is the great ex¬ Reviewed by JOHN C. HASKINS. ponent of the empirical attitude and the scientific method of thinking; in the sphere of political thought, he is the con¬ Some four hundred years of intensive conflict form the sistent advocate of freedom of speech and intellectual free¬ background of this documentary study of church-state rela¬ dom. tionships in Guatemala. The intuitional pattern combines portions of each of the A series of Papal Bulls granted the monarchs of Spain primary patterns; it emphasizes the power of the human the use of tithes in the New World and the privilege of mind to grasp complex phenomena as a whole without com¬ Apostolic Vicars, rights which became known as the “Pa- prehending the elements composing the whole. The con¬ tronato Real.” Under this system of lay patronage Catholo- spicuous example in the modern world is Germany. The cism entered Guatemala on the muskets and pikestaffs of German affection for forming corporations and societies and the Conquistadors. Though not entirely happy in its mar¬ for forming complex words in the German language are in¬ riage of convenience, the Church enjoyed prestige and some¬ dications of the German tendency to look upon organic what limited power. wholes as living entities. Politically, German theory, going The secession of Guatemala from Spain in 1821 did not back long before the Nazi movement, held that the essential improve church-state relations, for the new republic, having, nature of the state was beyond the reach of ordinary think¬ confiscated much Church property during the revolution, ing and was to be found revealed to the people as “superior interfered actively in the affairs of the Church through the will” or “absolute spirit.” succeeding administrations of Liberals and Conservatives, The dialectic pattern is based on a firm belief that the and took stern repressive measures in the last quarter of the human mind can grasp the truth and understand the uni¬ 19th Century. 1 he 20th Century has seen some concessions verse (in this sense it is universalistic), but holds too that to the Church on the part of the government. comprehension of the ever-changing phenomena of this

32 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL world can be achieved only by the use of concepts which Crowley, who came to Hamilton last spring from Tsingtao; recognize that the behavior of both man and matter is gov¬ and, there’s Alice T. Ranee, who’s married to a Bermudian; erned by pairs of antagonistic forces. The philosophical also the bonitas Jean Nolan and Jonelle Braswell. basis of the dialectic pattern, attributed largely to Hegel, You’ll hear more about all of us and our doings—both describes each pair of forces as “thesis” and “antithesis,” personal and official. In fact, as much as the JOURNAL the “inevitable’ conflict between them producing a “syn¬ Editors see fit to print. That enclosure to the circular letter thesis.” This pattern of thinking was developed by Marx sent out by the Editors to all offices touched us to the quick into an economic interpretation of history and politics and —what field correspondent could resist such an appeal? thence into an ideology. Marxism, as practiced in the USSR JANE WILSON POOL today, tends increasingly toward the universalistic primary •To Jane from Joan—Thanks! pattern in the sense that there is imposed from above a hierarchy of concepts. Much of the book is devoted to a discussion of the way IRAN ENGINEERS ITS FUTURE in which the four conflicting patterns weave their way- (Continued, from page 14) through science, the arts, social and political organization, economic planning, and even international trade. Pointing transportation and installation, either production, imports or out in the final chapter that American thought, while pri¬ taxation must rise as an offsetting factor. It is highly marily nominalistic, nevertheless makes far-reaching com¬ probable that more foreign exchange must be freed to the promises with universalism (e.g. in our moral values we importers of consumers’ goods, at least in the early years lean on precepts of past ages established by universalistic of the program before production is substantially affected. thinking), Pribram concludes with the thought that it is up A choice must be made when it appears that there is not to the nominalists—the only advocates of free thought and enough foreign exchange for both capital goods and con¬ the possessors of the most flexible concepts—to take the sumer goods. When such a situation arises, as it usuallv initiative in understanding other patterns and in devising does, the desire to accelerate development must be curbed working compromises with them. if the monetary system appears to be endangered. This book is obviously the product of a great deal of hard Another aspect of financial stability will be the conserva¬ thinking, doubtless over a period of many years. It is a tion of human resources. A tremendous saving can be made determined attempt to probe about the roots of human be¬ if groups of present government employees can be diverted havior and human thought in an effort to make an original to the development program. Utilization of such personnel contribution toward the solution of our international woes. to the maximum, and the prevention of duplicating activities can represent as great a saving as does wise purchasing.

Chinese-Russian Relations. By Michael N. Pavlovskv. The Problems of Progress New York, Philosophical Library, 1949. 2 maps. 194 pages. $3.75. Coordinating the various projects of the Seven-Year Plan will be fully as important as financial soundness. Each REVIEWED BY ELEANOR WEST project must bolster another or several others. Education This is a serious work based on Chinese and Russian and technical training must meet the immediate as well as archives. The book is of primary interest to scholars of Far long-range needs of industrial and agricultural projects. Eastern relations but the development of these relations will Health programs must go forward first in the vital sectors fascinate and entirely absorb the general reader. The chief but at the same time improve the quality of the total labor point of contact of Chinese-Russian relations has been Outer force. Mongolia. Mr. Pavlovsky begins his study in the 17th cen¬ Surely the social and cultural effects of an extensive pro¬ tury and engagingly details Mongolia’s role in the relations gram of rapid development will be substantial. Not only- of these two states with the politico-historical background. will they be felt in law, public administration and land hold¬ Russia and China regulated Mongolia’s status by two con¬ ing, but the effects of urbanization, industrialization and flicting treaties, the Mongolian-Russian Treaty of 1921 a higher level of economic activity must be great. The effect recognizing Chinese sovereignty in Mongolia, and the of new economic activities upon established cultural tradi¬ Chinese-Russian Treaty of 1924 recognizing Chinese Sover¬ tions cannot be ignored. Nor can the assumption be made eignty in Mongolia. Mongolia’s role, insofar as Mr. Pavlov¬ that the old attitudes will give way easily before the de¬ sky is concerned, ended in 1936 when Stalin categorically mands of the program. Sensitive leadership must direct the stated the Soviet Union would take positive action if Mon¬ operations of the plan so that the cultural lag will be minim¬ golia were attacked. ized and the adjustments demanded will not be greater than The conclusions drawn from Mr. Pavlovsky’s book are the capacity of the people and the government to make those that the Russian policy was one of caution. Chinese policy adjustments. was unintelligent, medieval, and chiefly concerned with stem¬ Patience and continued devotion to the aims of the Seven- ming the Occidental encroachment upon China. The con¬ Year Plan must predominate, even to the extent of reducing firmed footnote reader will find the notes at the back of the tempo of the program or postponing development in the book, instead of at the foot of the page, a nuisance. spheres to which Iranians are particularly attracted for rea¬ More than a few are most interesting. There is a page of sons of national pride or self-interest. At the same time, notes in Chinese for the scholars. sensitive leadership and effective organization may clear the way to accelerated programs in spheres where the diffi¬ NEWS FROM THE FIELD culties prove to be fewer than anticipated.

(Continued from page 31) Although certain weak spots in the legislation are evident, the sincere support given to the democratic and humanita¬ in the near future before proceeding to her new post. Vice rian concepts included in the legislation bode well for the Consul Emory Waseman, last in Nanking, has been assigned ability of the Government to develop an administrative or¬ here and is due to arrive next week. The distaff of the ganization which will assure sound management of the Bermuda Consulate General is composed of: Margaret Seven-Year Plan.

DECEMBER, 1949 33 t h t*rti <>vii s ami Top Hats

By JOEL D. THACKER time exploits, important armed actions in the furtherance of our national interests abroad, and semi-military activities The Foreign Service and the U. S. Marine Corps are linked which brought it in the closest possible contact with Ameri¬ by many bonds of common experience, and by continuing can diplomats abroad—so close, in fact, that on occasion association at a large number of foreign posts which are guarded by Marines. There are Marine guards today at Marine officers acted as diplomats themselves. United States diplomatic missions in most of the Latin Ameri¬ The history of our foreign relations shows that without can countries, as well as in such European capitals as London, the Marines, the diplomatic gestures of our statesmen on Paris, Athens, Rome and Dublin, also at certain posts in the many occasions would have been received with little respect. Near East. Joel Thacker, archivist of the Marine Corps, here gives some of the historical background of that close associa¬ The Marines have sometimes had the welcome assistance of tion and details some of the splendid exploits of the Marines the Army and foreign soldiers, marines and seamen, but when they were even more closely connected with our Service, more often they were alone, carrying out their missions— in troubled times of old when not only the security of our and doing so without causing international complications. diplomats but our national honor and our vital national in¬ terests had to be vigorously defended by small but resolute There have been times when they were forced to endure the bodies of U. S. Marines.—ED. insults and derision of foreign people without recourse or retaliation. During the early 1800’s, in our dealings with the Barbary States, it was the U. S. Marines and seamen who were called upon to perform the unpleasant tasks made necessary by our faltering foreign policy. While our government leaders were sticking their heads in the sand of “peace at any price,” and our citizens were clamoring for economy, the onlv Americans who felt the sting of dishonor were these Marines and seamen who had to suffer the degradation of personal¬ ly laying tribute at the feet of the barbarians. On 19 October 1800, when the USS George Washington sailed from Algiers, her Marines stood guard over a unique shipment—“a hundred negro women and children, four horses, 150 sheep, 25 horned cattle, four lions, four tigers, four antelopes, twelve parrots, and funds and regalia amount¬ ing to nearly $1.000,000.00”—being transported from the Dey of Algiers, Mustapha, to the Sultan of Turkey. The Dey had incurred the displeasure of the Sultan, and had re¬ quested of Consul O’Brien the services of the George Wash¬ ington to convey these “valuable presents” to Constantinople in an attempt to conciliate the Sultan. The Bashaw of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of trib¬ ute from abroad, on May 14, 1801 ordered the flagstaff cut down in front of the U. S. Consulate. This act, together with the realization that our “presents” would not purchase immunity, finally forced the United States to adopt a some¬ what belligerent attitude towards the Barbary States. The USS Enterprise engaged and captured the Tripolitan Polacre Tripoli on 1 August 1801, which caused Second Lieutenant Presley N. O’Bannon—who later was hailed as the hero of Derna—to write his Commandant that he had “noticed with pleasure the credit which the Marines did themselves ... as JJ. S. Marine Corps Photo they have given the Barbarians some hot lead as tribute.” Marines on guard al Peiping during the Boxer Rebellion. Later, when William Eaton, who had been “Navy agent” in addition to his post as United States Consul in Tunis, had Marine participation in major wars and expeditions from his request for 100 Marines as a landing party turned down the Revolutionary War through World War II is a matter by Commodore Samuel Barron, it was Lieutenant O’Bannon of record. Today, with names like Guadalcanal. I wo Jima and his seven enlisted Marines who formed the heart of the and Okinawa still ringing in our ears, the Marine is usually conglomerate army of about 500 Greeks and Arabs, as¬ envisioned only in connection with the storming of islands, sembled by Eaton for a land expedition against Derna.* the securing of beacheads, the wiping-out of entrenched Although outnumbered nearly 100 to one, O’Bannon and his enemy positions on places like Mount Suribachi and the Marines kept this motley force together and brought it over harbor of Saipan. Actually, however, the history of the *Cf. the article “Consul at a Pirate’s Court” in the May, 1949 U. S. Marine Corps includes a remarkable number of peace¬ issue of the JOURNAL.

34 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL From 1809 through the War of 1812, a number of officers served the State Department as confidential couriers to U. S. Ministers in France and England. First Lieutenant Samuel Miller, who was wounded in the Battle of Bladensburg in August, 1814, wrote that “During the administration of Mr. Madison, I was repeatedly employed to confidential ser¬ vice, both in Europe and at home.” On July 10, 1810, Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton directed Lieutenant Miller to proceed to France, his orders reading: “You are to receive the despatches with which the Honbl., the Secre¬ tary of State will intrust you and will immediately proceed to New York and take passage on board the Hornet ... to land you at the Port of Havre, whence you are to proceed to Paris and deliver your despatches.” In 1846, during the war with Mexico, First Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie was selected as confidential messenger to carry special instructions from President Polk and the Secretary of State to U. S. Consul Larkin and Captain Fre¬ mont in California. Gillespie, traveling as a salesman for Scotch whiskey, successfully accomplished his important mission. Leatherneck Magazine Photo In 1856, the Marines led the assault in the capture of the Marines are trained for Foreign Service assignments at the Foreign Service Institute. barrier forts of Canton in retaliation for the unprovoked attack by the Chinese on a U. S. ship flying the American flag. Ten years later, when the U. S. Consul at Newchwang the desert, in spite of dissatisfaction, mutinies and quibbling (Yingkow), China, was assaulted by a band of dissolute among leaders of the different factions, lack of rations and characters, led by a gangster called “Sword Rack Hoo,” water, and many other difficulties. Eaton later wrote that Marines were landed to handle the situation. After the Hamet’s followers would have fled to the desert if it had Chinese authorities had admitted that they were powerless not been for the “firm and decided conduct of Mr. to arrest Sword Rack, the Marines brought him in and then O’Bannon.” stood guard over him until he had been tried and punished. After a difficult march of nearly 600 miles, during which In 1900, the Chinese Boxers got a little too rough with some of the 107 camels had to be slaughtered for food, “The fist of righteous harmony” and the foreign ministers Eaton’s army arrived at Bomba where the USS Argus at Peking called for help. A small force of Marines and furnished supplies. Eaton arrived before Derna on April 25, 1805 and immediately offered terms of amity to the Governor of Derna on condition of allegiance and fidelity to Hamet. The Governor’s reply was curt and crisp: “My head or yours.” The next day the attack on Derna com¬ menced, during which O’Bannon and his Marines, a few Greeks and cannoniers charged the fortress and planted the U. S. flag on its ramparts. The Tripolitans launched a num¬ ber of fierce counterattacks and each time were repulsed. Finally, on May 28, 1805, a bayonet charge led by O’Ban- non’s Marines, drove the Tripolitans from the vicinity. Memories of these Marines and seamen still linger in the songs of the women of Derna: “Din din Mohammed U Ryas Melekan mahandi,” the literal translation of which means “Mohammed for Religion and the American for stub¬ bornness.” After the end of hostilities with the Barbarv States, Marines continued to play an important part in the diplo¬ matic affairs in the Mediterranean. The Charge d’Affaires of the United States at Tunis died in October, 1806, and Second Lieutenant Charles D. Coxe, commanding the Marines of the USS Hornet, arrived at Tunis on 8 December and took charge of the U. S. Mission in the absence of any Leatherneck Magazine Photo consular official. Tobias Lear, Consul General of the United Marines and instructors at the entrance to the Institute. States to the Barbary Powers, arrived at Tunis in January Another class ready for assignment. 1807, to iron out certain differences with Tunis. Before he left in March, he confirmed Lieutenant Coxe as U. S. repre¬ seamen, including 52 U. S. Marines from the Oregon and sentative giving him an appointment as Charge d’Affaires. Newark, were landed at Taku the latter part of May and Coxe continued to serve as such until 1809 when he was ap¬ managed to reach Peking before it was cut off by the Boxers. pointed Consul to Tunis. He held this post until his death in As this force was so small compared to that which the Box¬ the fall of 1830. It is interesting if not unique to note that ers had available at the scene, additional forces were re¬ Lieutenant Coxe continued to hold his commission in the quested. An Allied relief expedition, consisting of United Marine Corps until 23 December 1809, when he resigned— States, Austrian, British, French, German, Italian and at the insistent request of the Secretary of the Navy. (Continued on page 58)

DECEMBER, 1949 35 DEAR ANDY: isn’t enough, though, to look at the living-cost index and at You asked me about the price situation in Washington. one’s take-home pay. A living standard is nothing absolute That’s not something one can answer in a sentence. Some —it must be measured relatively to others in one’s own things are up, others are down. To give you and Milly an society. In that latter respect, we of the Foreign Service idea of the prevailing prices here, let me enumerate some have not gained ground, I think: The kind of desirable that I’ve run across during the last couple of weeks: middle-class standard that once was $5,000 a year is now somewhere around $7,500 and that leaves most of us pretty Rents, f instance. In general, I am told that the apart¬ far behind. Do you know that today an Army captain or makes considerably more than the average FSO-5? A ment situation has let up quite a bit. I have a furnished married 1st Lieutenant now earns something like $4,200 room in Georgetown, with a separate entrance from the a year. But enough of these invidious comparisons. Here street, and pay $60 a month. Some girls I know live on is a bright spot: Second-hand automobiles are coming down 26th Street near Q, on the edge of Georgetown and pay fast. You can get some 1947 models for $1,000 and 1948 $128 (semi-furnished) for a house that has a large down¬ models $1,200 and up. You now buy new cars at list in stairs room and two bedrooms upstairs. A new apartment most cases, and without unwanted extras. Gasoline is go¬ house is going up near Washington Circle, within walking ing up: 250 for regular, 270 for special. distance of the Department. It will be airconditioned and apparently rather snazzy, and one-room apartments (un¬ ( lothex. Milly will like this. Ladies’ dresses are definitely furnished, of course) will cost $90, two-room apartments down. You can buy a well-tailored wool suit (at Jelleff’s for $120. Frineds of mine on 37th Street in Glover Park instance) for $35, and I am told there are a lot of nice (which is still D.C., about 12 minutes to the Dept., by car) wool dresses at $17.95 at Best’s. Blouses that were $6 a pay $140 for a nice, rather simply furnished small house. year ago are now around $4.75. Nylons average $1.35, and In Alexandria (25 minutes by car), other friends of mine pay less well-known brands at $1. Children’s clothes are still only $120 for a beauty of a house, completely furnished, pretty high, though: A corduroy jumper for a girl, size 5, with a lovely garden. I think it can be said that if you’ve is $8 to $10. Overalls for pre-school age cost at least $3. got a family and are looking for a nice furnished place to Men’s shirts are down, and so are men’s suits. Arrows now live, house or apartment, you’ll have a hard time finding cost around $3.50. A man’s suit that used to be $40 to $45 anything under $100. Hotels seem to run like this: The before the war is now around $50 to $60, but you can get a Mayflower, than which there is no finer—singles $7 up, perfectly acceptable one for $39 at Bond’s. Men’s shoes doubles $11.50 to $18. Roger Smith—singles $4.50 to that cost around $6 before the war are around $10 now. $6.50, doubles $6.50 up. The National charges $3.50 for The dollar necktie is on the way out. A top coat will stand singles, $5 and up for doubles. So much for housing. you around $40, and one of gabardine (lined) will be $50. Food. That’s a tricky one. My married friends tell me Linen has come down: Percale sheets, first quality, can now be had around $2.50. Costume jewelry is down, too, I am that many prices gyrate rather wildly. Perhaps that’s the told, but it’s still more than double what it used to be before reason why the Washington papers are full of ads of food the war. stores. Take lamb chops, for instance. I’m told they are up to $1.30 a pound and down to as low as 850. Spare ribs Entertainment. A ticket in the twelfth row of Constitu¬ are advertised today at 490 lb. and a throw-away sheet that tion Hall, for the Sadler Wells ballet, costs $3.60. Good bal¬ I found at my door last night offered round steak at 790 lb. cony seats for the National Symphony are $3 ($1.80 if you Pork chops, too, have moved up and down and sideways, buy a subscription). You can get in for $1.20, too, but it’ll it seems, and they’re now at 790 lb. Eggs—big ones—cost be like looking through the wrong end of a telescope. Foot¬ 840 a dozen. Milk is 200 a quart, butter 750 a pound. ball tickets (G.W.U. vs. Maryland), $3 a person. Movies The most important development in the food field seems to be don’t seem too bad: Loew’s Capitol, a first -run house, 800, that the 50 cup of coffee is on the way out. It’s still here, Sundays 850. Most second-run houses charge 440 a person. but it’s going. For a breakfast consisting of small orange Specialty movies (like “Devil in the Flesh” at the National, juice, one fried egg, toast and coffee you’ll pay 450 at a drug or “The Fallen Idol” at the Trans-Lux) around 750. There’s store, 270 at the State Dept, cafeteria. (Fresh orange juice still no theatre, of course. But there’s a pretty good amateur is a rarity, by the way. Most places now buy it wholesale, theatre at Catholic U, where tickets are $2.40 average. Din¬ in demijohns, and the smallest glass is now 150.) A slice ner and dance at one of the big entertainment factories of pie is 200. A good one-dollar dinner has become very with cocktails and after-dinner brandy, cover charge, and hard to find, but you can have a very decent dinner for all the rest is still likely to beggar you, my friend. (Figure $1.50 a person at most restaurants, if your taste isn’t too on $20, if you want to be sure of preserving that nonchalant fancy. facial expression when they hand you the check.) A steak dinner will be around $3.50 a person. A Manhattan at the General. I know you aren’t looking at the price question Staffer is 750. At a bar late in the evening, the other day, scientifically, but you may be interested to know that the I paid $1.80 for two brandy Alexanders, but that wasn’t latest figures of the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that the much considering that there was a lovely lady singing into general living-cost index is at 170% of the 1935-39 average. the microphone there. Don’t know the price of the lovely The food price index, on the other hand, stands at 204%. singer. As to the lady who was with me, she’s priceless. . . . I think that in order really to find out where one stands, it (Continued on page 60)

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DECEMBER, 1949 37 FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM (Continued from page 15) terrain in such weather, forced the party to spend the night of October 1st on the road, arriving in Gangtok on October 2nd.” The Indian Army’s Major 0. A. Mitchell was unquestion¬ ably “courteous and cooperative” but his instructions had not added up to any definite plans and the combination of Army red tape and Mother Nature had him stymied. Or so the Major thought before he met Roy Bisbee! Roy, with American perversity, insisted on acting as though Wherever you are the making of plans was only a matter of sitting down at a phone and telegraph wire and doing it; landslides and floods You are only an air-mail-letter distance away were mere bagatelles. When I agreed that 1 didn’t think I from our shop—and the choice of the finest would melt and that we couldn’t get anywhere unless we quality men’s clothing, footwear, hats, furnish¬ started, the good Major gave him “every assistance.” He ings and dress accessories the world provides. anxiously provided us with raincapes, leggings, knee-high We are accustomed to serving men in the rubber boots, a jeep, and a truck and, backed up by the now diplomatic and other government services slightly worried crew of our plane, dubiously waved us and, by giving special attention to their “goodbye” as we splashed into the flooded road out of camp. orders, their complete satisfaction is assured. An hour’s driving found us on a narrow, ascending, moun¬ tain road with a deep gorge on our right and the sullen, Seldom a day passes without bringing us mail muddy, flooded Tista River charging down its bottom. We orders from far countries. We welcome the began to get a mild attack of dubiousness ourselves. Roy opportunity to serve you wherever you are. decided he’d be more comfortable driving and, with studied Send for our Illustrated Brochure carelessness, suggested I sit in front and watch the road ahead for impending landslides. “Oh, sure,” said I, as if watching for landslides was my favorite pastime. But we Lewis & Thos. Saltz 1«•. both grinned sheepishly at each other and looked apprehen¬ Importers & Retailers of Finest Quality sively at the fragile bit of canvas overhead. Men’s Clothing & Furnishings Crossing landslides is a dreary, dirty, exhausting business of dickering for coolies to carry your luggage over and 1409 G Street, N. W., Washington 5, D. C. cautiously picking and crawling your own way across boul¬ ders, mud. and loose rubble, and then dickering again on the other side for transport to carry you to the next slide. A lifetime in India has made Roy an excellent dickerer. It took us until dark to reach the last slide, we were dead Foreign Service Officers and personnel are tired and hungry from having skipped lunch, so, although cordially invited to visit our show rooms, we were only 11 miles and one landslide from Gangtok, we where our complete line of office equipment decided to buy food in the nearby village and retreat IV2 miles to the Dak bungalow (hostelries built at 10-mile inter¬ is on display. vals through the mountains). The Deivan of Sikim Helps THE W. D. CAMPBELL COMPANY Our next day was spent in the gracious company of Mr. Government Contractors Business Furniture Lai, the Dewan of Sikim. Educated at Oxford, smooth, and Exclusive Agents for Standard Desks and with a delightful sense of humor, he fed and housed us, Gunlocke Chairs shepherded us through an audience and ceremonial exchange of scarves with the Maharajah of Sikim, had the charming 1014 15TI4 ST., N. W. (Investment Building) and beautiful Maharaz Kumari for tea (thereby getting me Free Parking in Building WASH., D. C. the loan of an English saddle for the trip), advised Roy in his negotiations with the wily outfitter-of-pack-trains, “Ding Dong Dorgie” (the nearest we ever came to pro¬ nouncing his name), and, in masculine innocence, assigned me the only room in his house that didn’t have a mirror! Determined to stick to our schedule (we were one day behind), and airily dismissing twenty miles of mountain trail riding, Roy and I agreed to make the first two ten-mile stages of the trip in one day. Major Bose, our medical offi¬ cer, was not at all airy about riding and became even less so on meeting the mule that was to be his trail companion for three days. The mule made a shrewd estimate of the Major’s lukewarm enthusiasm for four-footed transportation and gauged his behavior accordingly. By noon we had completed the first ten miles. Roy and I were considerably less cocky but still game and the Major was fast developing a deep and abiding hatred for mules in general and one mule in particular. It took a good tea and some persuasion to get him in motion again. Fine Blended Whiskey.90.5 proof.60% grain neutral spirits.Frankfort Distillers Corp.,N.Y.C. By 6:30 p.m. when we reached our destination we were (Continued on page 40)

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DECEMBER, 1949 39 FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM (Continued from page 38) paralyzed, blistered (both fore and aft), and nearly frozen from the 12,000-foot altitude. Hot food and a fire were never so wonderful! After our initial indoctrination the ten miles on the fol¬ lowing day served only to remind us of how many stiff and sore muscles we had. In a cold misting rain we crossed the Nathu Pass into Tibet at 14,300 feet. The climate and trail conditions here even crept into the official report. “At this altitude,” detailed Roy’s despatch, “the weather became increasingly cold, although the unavoidable expo¬ sure on the cliffsides carried the threat of serious wind and sunburn at the same time. Although most of the travelling was upon horseback, it was often necessary to dismount for considerable stretches, where insecure footing or the narrow¬ ness of the trail made it unwise to proceed except on foot."’ We had to walk down the steep and rocky trail, leading our horses and devoutly hoping we wouldn’t slip. After a few hours of that even the Major began to look at his mule with new respect. The Tibetans make certain their passes are open to nothing more formidable than a man on foot or a pack mule. We Reach Our Goal FOREIGN and DOMESTIC On the fifth, if Roy’s schedule worked, we were supposed to meet the Thomas party at Yatung. A messenger met us REMOVALS in safe steel lift at the edge of town to tell us Mr. Thomas had arrived two vans, wooden vans or cases. hours before. A few minutes later when we saw him stand¬ ing in the colorful garden of the guest house of the Dorje he did not look like an injured man. Dressed in smartly tailored ski clothes he looked just ready to start broadcast¬ ing about the ski slopes of the Himalayas. Of course he had a cane, but, standing still, he and the group around him looked like any other reception committee. Or, rather, we modestly thought it a reception committee. It developed, however, after greetings were over that they were waiting to take movies and stills of a Tibetan lady in her Sunday best. It was only when Mr. Thomas began to walk one became aware he was in a serious condition. He moved laboriously and painfully slowly, and leaned heavily on his cane, but he stoutly refused assistance. On the walk was his heavy, cumbersome sedan chair. Built of wood and large enough to be lined with an air mattress, cushions, and blankets, it was carried on the shoulders of four tough, straggle-haired Tibetan coolies. We were to follow it slowly and. at times, breathlessly up to 14,300 feet and down again STORAGE of household effects, on a trail that we had had difficulty sticking to in single file and unburdened. The coolies were unquestionably good Works of Art, furniture, office hearted fellows but there were times during our agonizing records and private automobiles. struggle over the pass when I fully expected them to dump Washington Representative: Mr. Thomas and his chair over the next cliff and vanish into FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY 1701 FLORIDA AVE.—ADams the rocks and caves of the lonely mountainside. “Lighten Our Load” I wasn’t the only one who thought so. In his first Ameri¬ can broadcast after his return Mr. Thomas recounted, “I ft G don’t remember too clearly all of what happened on that ,to*A L... SW journey across the Himalayas, sixteen days carried on a 1U C«b‘* *«»l litter. What I remember mostly is the song of the Tibetans 1 L-2^ MEMBER who were carrying me. It was a weird chant, repeated ALLIED VAN LINES over and over—endlessly, hour after hour, day after day. Translated it went like this: “Oh Lord Buddha lighten our load!” Which didn’t sound so reassuring. For their load would have been lightened a lot by just one false step on that narrow trail.” i My nursing duties on the trip, besides the inevitable treat¬ ing of sick and injured coolies, consisted mainly in trying (Continued on page 42)

40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

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(Continued from page 40) to prevent Mr. I homas from walking any more than abso¬ lutely necessary. This was accomplished by trying to antici¬ pate his needs and supply them before he insisted on doing it himself. I also had quite a job persuading him to take the drugs for pain and sleep the doctors had provided. He disapproved of drugs on principle and it took a bit of doing to convince him that, although that is an admirable premise, circumstances alter cases and that his particular circum¬ stance was certainly one of the exceptions! He did consent readily to the application of hot water bottles at night to relieve some of the aching of his injured hip. The coolies who had alternated between quarreling and chanting prayers fulfilled their bargain, and on Saturday, October 8th, we were back on the doorstep of the hospitable Mr. Lai who exclaimed in mild Oxford horror at my sun¬ burned and swollen hands and face and mv blistered lips. After a swift reorganization and sorting of the two Mr. Thomases clothes and equipment and the endowing for life of the bearers with their cast-off supplies, we pushed on the next morning to Siliguri. We were detained by only one uncleared landslide. Reported Roy, “Disliking to add further to Mr. Thomas’s discomfort by transferring him to a litter and packing around the obstacles, and then waiting Overseas Branches for other motor transport to come to the other side, Mr. Bisbee spoke to the Indian engineers and persuaded them to concentrate their attention on a few particular boulders, ARGENTINA CUBA MEXICO Buenos Aires Havana Mexico City which, if moved, would permit the passage of the jeep. Flores Cuatro Caminos (Buenos Aires) (Havana) PERU They agreed to place explosive charges in the manner he Ilaza Once Galiano Lima indicated fa la American Army I and soon had a large (Buenos Aires) (Havana) PHILIPPINES Rosario La Lonja Manila enough portion of the road open to permit the jeep to go (Havana) Port Area BRAZIL Caibarien (Manila) through. Mr. Thomas and I awaited the final dynamiting Rio de Janeiro Cardenas Porto Alegre Cebu at a safe distance; but I looked longingly at the strategic Manzanillo Clark Field Recife Matanzas (Pernambuco) Santiago PUERTO RICO position, under a heavy truck, of some squatting coolies. Santoe San Juan Sao Paulo ENGLAND The blast had no ill after effects and the party transferred London Arecibo CANAL ZONE 117, Old Broad St. Bayamon from jeeps and trucks to cars and were soon in Major Balboa 11, Water looPlace Caguas Mitchell’s camp. Cristobal Mayaguez FRANCE Ponce Paris On the 10th the Air Attache’s plane with two gentlemen CHILE (IBC Branch) REPUBLIC OF Santiago PANAMA of the press as passengers arrived and on our way back to Valparaiso IIONG KONG Panama INDIA Calcutta Mr. Thomas was thoroughly interviewed with his CHINA Bombay SINGAPORE Shanghai hearty cooperation. Calcutta URUGUAY COLOMBIA JAPAN Montevideo Bogota Tokyo In Retrospect Barranquilla Osaka VENEZUELA Medellin Yokohama Caracas The 11th found us back in New Delhi slowly digesting the fact that we had made a very difficult and dangerous trip to a remote and strange country that few other Americans had BRANCHES THROUGHOUT GREATER NEW YORK ever seen. Now don’t get me wrong, we enjoyed the trip. The scenery was gorgeous as only wrild mountain scenery can be, the outdoor life and the riding, once we got broken in, was fun, and the Tibetan people were friendly, picturesque and in¬ Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially teresting. Meeting and being of service to Lowell Thomas Important Cityof*he World and his handsome intelligent young son was a privilege and a pleasure, and I believe we made his return trip from Yatung to Calcutta easier and more enjoyable. Does any¬ one else want to go to Tibet and be rescued? Roy and I are at your service! When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit To the official and the unofficial story, it seems only fair to add another excerpt from the Lowell or Travelers Checks. They safeguard your Thomas Broadcast which Miss Bateman quoted funds against the hazards of loss or theft. earlier: “Years ago travellers used to marvel at the way the Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation British Foreign Office looked out for, and in every way helped British subjects in foreign lands. Well, (Continued on page 44)

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DECEMBER, 1949 43 FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM (Continued from page 42) MONARCH that couldn’t have been surpassed by what Uncle Sam does nowadays for Americans. The State Department LARGEST NATIONALLY DISTRIBUTED rescue team that crossed the Himalayas to meet us LINE OF CANNED FOODS! said it was just a routine thing for them. They in¬ sisted that it was. . . . They were the first people from the outside world we had encountered in two months. Roy Bisbee, a young ball of fire from the U. S. Em¬ Tlour- bassy in Delhi, led the party—accompanied by the } AT YOUR Embassy nurse, Emily Bateman, and an able Indian SERVICE Army surgeon, Major A. K. Bose, who carried all the necessary surgical equipment for a major operation. The Tibetan government in an unprecedented move had granted permission for this India-U. S. rescue team to penetrate that mighty Himalayan curtain of rock and snow, and to do everything in their power to get us back to civilization.”

THE TRUST TERRITORIES (Continued from page 17) and the movement of patients to medical centers, the diffi¬ culty of loading ships where no possible anchorage is avail¬ able, all pose a problem which has taxed the ingenuity of the Navy. Despite the large number of ship types which arose dur¬ ing the war. the Navy is now using a small freighter pre¬ viously developed by the Army as the basic unit. About a dozen are now used in the Territory. In Navy nomencla¬ ture it is an AG (Auxiliary General) and has an overall length of 150 feet and a carrying capacity of some 600-700 When- the. Gove/iedi IAJGXJXMA. tons. Between the larger centers where traffic is heavier, the Navy is using LSTs. Supply facilities for these ships include moved westward, Reid Murdoch, Manufac¬ several repair ships and drydock space at Pearl Harbor, turers and Distributors of Monarch Finer some 2,000 miles away. Planes provide more rapid trans¬ portation between the civilian administration units and Foods, provided them with provisions for their Guam and Kwajalein. The R-4-D, more widely known as the long journey. Founded in 1853, Monarch C-47, is available for islands which have landing strips in Finer Foods have been the standard of quality good repair. Amphibious PBY’s and PBM’s form an auxil¬ iary arm to visit islands where no land strip exists. for almost a century. Supplementary Needs You can save money by buying your require¬ For each land or water strip in frequent use there must ments direct from us. We are equipped to be radio communications to provide weather information handle your orders for canned, bottled and and to control and guide flights. For each land strip there packaged foods speedily and economically. must also be firefighting and refueling facilities. For each water strip there are buoys to keep in repair and small There are 500 different Monarch Food prod¬ boats to maintain and man. All of these require trained personnel who must be fed, housed and cared for at the end ucts. of complex supply lines. After being water-borne in San Francisco, each shipment may have to be rehandled three Please airmail this coupon immediately. or four times before it reaches its final destination. On any island where Americans are stationed, utilities— water and light—must be installed. Finding potable water can be most difficult. Coral atolls have no fresh water To: REID MURDOCH, a division of Consolidated Grocers Corp. Export Department, P. O. Box 5000, Chicago 80, U.S.A. springs. Catchments can be constructed to trap rainfalls but Please forward information free of charge and without obli¬ because of the several months’ dry season which prevails gation concerning: on most islands, large reservoirs, usually elevated water □ Individual purchases tanks, must be added. As a partial solution, engineers often Q Group purchases tap the fresh water which underlies coral atolls and floats □ How to organize a commissary □ Please check ij a commissary already exists. upon the surrounding salt water. But this is brackish at best, and, unless precautions are taken against its depletion, it Name and Title — may be completely destroyed by invading salt water. Even Address (Continued on page 46)

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DECEMBER, 1949 45 THE TRUST TERRITORIES (Continued from page 44) on high islands, such as Moen, where the civil administra¬ tion unit for Truk is located, water is a major concern. It has been a factor in the question of allowing dependents to accompany personnel on duty in the Trust Territory. A sta¬ tion composed solely of men uses between 15 and 20 gal¬ lons per man per day. When dependents are added the daily per capita consumption rises to over 100 gallons. As yet. however, the Navy has not been forced to use evaporators, which are expensive to install and even more expensive to maintain. There is probably no economical solution to the commu¬ nications problem. The Japanese and the Germans also found it necessary to subsidize extensively the shipping which supplied the islands. The lack of small boats among the Marshallese is an effect of the war. Literally everv boat in sight was sunk down to the smallest outrigger—the tra¬ ditional mode of transportation in these low islands, and in which the seafaring Marshallese make prodigious trips. This From smallest to largest. , » suspe shipping represented a capital accumulation of several dec¬ ades to the islands and it will be difficult to replace, par¬ sion bridges cost less.—are easit ticularly in the Carolines where the distances between the islands are much greater. to build. WRITE FOR FULL INFORM ATI Meeting the Problem JOHN A. ROEBLING’S SONS COMPANY An impressive start in attacking the problem has been BRIDGE DIVISION made in the Marshall Islands, where there is a long tradi¬ TRENTON 2, NEW JERSEY tion of boat-building and seamanship. The Navy has made available from war surplus some 100 wooden boats 28 to 50 feet long. These are sold at nominal cost to the islanders KING who, with age-old techniques, repair and refurbish the hulls, SINCE 1841 decking them over and stepping a mast. The Marshalls were formerly serviced by two AGs but as of July I of this year, sufficient hulls had been put into operation to warrant the removal of one of the ships and the second AG will be taken off the Marshall run by January 1. The Marshalls then will no longer be dependent upon the administering authority for communications but will be able to transport their copra to a collecting station at Kwajalein and there pick up the The SAFE way to carry trade goods necessary to their economy. The “Whidbey” Survey The Navy has also approached the twin problems of pub¬ your travel and pocket cash lic health and education with vigor. Despite the fact that it has been the administering authority lor only four years its progress in these fields is already noticeable. Two years ago the Navv refitted one of the ubiquitous AG’s, the “Whid¬ bey,” as a floating laboratory replete with X-ray machines, laboratories, technicians and doctors, and assigned it to visit every inhabited island group in the Trust Territory and examine every inhabitant. This survey had to be largely (Continued on page 48)

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DECEMBER, 1949 47 THE TRUST TERRITORIES (.Continued from page 46) completed before the Navy could establish its public health program. It has already proved valuable. The Navy had tentatively concluded that tuberculosis, the most prevalent disease in the islands, afflicted five per cent of the population. The “Whidbey’s” partially completed survey showed, how¬ ever, that the incidence of this disease is only one and one- half per cent. The Navy now plans a 250 bed sanitorium in place of the 800 bed installation originally thought neces¬ sary. The “Whidbey” survey has also proved most helpful in early detection of leprosy and in sending patients to the treatment center established on Tinian. Parallel with this survey, since 1946 the Navy has re¬ cruited several hundred young islanders at a base hospital in Guam for four-year training as medical and dental as¬ sistants and nurses. This involved teaching the recruits English for some six months before their medical training could be undertaken as the lingua franca of the area is now Japanese. The first graduates will soon return to their native islands where, from small dispensaries, supplied with such equipment and medicine as they require, they can treat the sick and supervise the sanitary standards of their people. The training school has not been without difficulties. Girls selected for training as nurses soon start using cosmetics and develop an attachment for Western dress, both of which prove rather profound shocks to their essentially conserva¬ tive elders. Language also held up the educational program. There were so very few who spoke English, even haltingly, that the obvious move, which the Navy promptly took, was the es¬ tablishment of a normal school, the Pacific Island Teacher Training School on Truk. There some 60 islanders are studying English and pedagogic methods. The educational program involves consideration of the basic policy to be ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ pursued by the administering authority. The Navy has es¬ tablished in Honolulu an Advisory Committee on Education eign Service men in the Nation's for Guam and the Trust Territory composed of educators and other interested officials. The High Commissioner of Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ the Trust Territory or his representative meets every month with this committee. In addition two formal sessions are partment of State. Convenient tc held each year, one in Hawaii and the other in the Trust all points of interest in Washing¬ Territory. In addition to making recommendations, the committee also helps the Navy in recruiting and screening ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous personnel for educational activities in the Trust Territory. * food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail The future of this area is uncertain. The price for its principal export, copra, is declining and probably will de¬ Lounge. Air Conditioned in the cline even more. The Navy does not know how long its summer. stewardship will last. The President has indicated on several occasions, that he expects the Interior Department to assume responsibility for the Territory within “two or three years. ’ The inhabitants are somewhat fatalistic about their lives. They have been prey to the whalers, traders and blackbird- ers of the past century. In this century they have watched the arrival and departure, amidst bombs, shells and strafing of the Japanese, whose administration of the territory, even during the war, showed a curious dichotomy between civil¬ ians and the military. (On one island the Japanese military A HILTON HOTEL commander ordered the unmarried girls to be removed to brothels and the unmarried men recruited for labor bat¬ talions only to find that the civil administrator had carefully- WASHINGTON, D. C. seen that all eligible men and women had found mates before the order could be enforced.)

C. J. MACK Whatever the future holds, however, the immediate pros¬ GENERAL MANACCR pects for the advancement of the Territory’s inhabitants seem good. The Trusteeship Council of the United Nations Organization recently considered the United States report on this trusteeship and the majority of its members com¬ mended most U. S. policies.

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DECEMBER, 1949 49 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT RICHARD LANKENAU, who has been detailed to the Depart¬ ment of Commerce w’ill leave shortly with his wife and live (Continued, from page 27) children for Ciudad Trujillo. The youngest, twins, were Meanwhile at the Foreign Service Institute newly appointed born in Washington. Ambassador to Bolivia IRVING FLORMAN was getting the When FSS CHARLES S. FERGUSON returns front Tehran same sort of chief-of-mission course Mrs. Anderson had next month, his most important piece of luggage will be a just completed. small case containing 20 reels of tape. Recorded there, for FSS WILLIAM J. HANDLEY recently conducted a seminar the first time, will be the voices of native speakers of Persian on “The Labor Movement in the Middle East” at the In¬ and its many dialects. Those 20 reels will contain enough stitute of International Studies and has had an article on material to form the basis for a new language course at the “The Labor Movement in Egypt” published by the Middle Foreign Service Institute. They represent three months of East Journal. intensive study, careful selection, recording and re-recording of material which could only be obtained in Iran itself. Recently named to the UN Conciliation Panel were Am- bassador-at-Large PHILIP C. JESSUP and Ambassador to FSO ELY E. PALMER, recently Ambassador to Afghanis¬ Pakistan H. MERLE COCHRAN. A few days later the press tan, has been appointed to succeed attorney Paul A. Porter rumored the probable cancelling of Ambassador Cochran’s as US Representative on the UN Conciliation Commission assignment to Pakistan and his appointment instead as our for Palestine. first Ambassador to Indonesia. Former Assistant Secretary of State (and donor of the For over a month the Foreign Service Institute’s former Foreign Service Benton Scholarships ) WILLIAM BENTON has Director, FSO William Maddox, spent some four hours a been appointed Senator from Connecticut to fill the vacancy day studying Portuguese—at the Institute. He had just caused when Senator Raymond Baldwin resigned to accept been thoroughly Bon Voyaged when it was learned that a judgeship. FSO ROBERT HALE, Assistant Director of the Institute, would Former Minister to Denmark RUTH BRYAN ROHDE was go to Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, as Consul. recently awarded the Danish gold medallion for distin¬ FSO NORTH WINSHIP, Ambassador to the Union of South guished service and “friendship for Denmark.” She is the Africa, is resigning. only American woman to receive it.

Vice Consul and Mrs. WILLIAM OLIVE, who were married Recently appointed Assistant Secretary of Labor in charge in Shanghai this year, built a home in Arcadia, Missouri, of International Labor Affairs was PHILIP M. KAISER, for¬ while on leave. It is situated on two acres of land in the merly on the staff of the Department’s Division of Inter¬ midst of the Ozark mountains. They planted 10 Chinese national Organization Affairs. elm trees, apple, butternut and weeping willow trees. (Continued on page 52)

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GENERALS ELECTRIC Products of the General Electric Co., U. S. A. NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 50)

Another former member of the Embassy staff at Moscow is by-lined in the Saturday Evening Post. This time it is ELLSWOKTH RAYMOND, who writes on “Russia’s Triple Crises.”

FSO J. CHARLES THOMPSON, Third Secretary at Buenos Aires, has sold National Geographic some of the pictures he took while on an eight-day fishing trip on a Hong Kong junk. Publication should be fairly soon. From the pictures he left at the JOURNAL office, we think the Geographic spread must be pretty good. Where is that story to go with our pictures, Mr. T.?

When FSO and Mrs. HENRY L. PITTS, JR., on home leave recently from Porto Alegre, Brazil, spent a few days in New York they found tickets to radio broadcasts almost impos¬ sible to get on short notice. At the last minute, however, someone turned up a pair of passes to the “Ladies Be Seated” show. Before the performance started, the master of ceremonies went through the audience, asking people at random where they were from. When pretty Mrs. Pitts announced that they had just arrived from South America, she was selected as one of two contestants on the program. As a result the Pitts family has a bulky problem—what to do with a brand new gas stove! This was the first time either of them had ever attended a broadcast. Another Foreign Service family to get involved with radio was the Paxtons. With considerable reluctance and a little urging from the Department J. Hall Paxton agreed to appear on a CBS “Names Behind the News” show early in Decem¬ B ber. When it came to television, however, Mr. Paxton drew ACARDI YC the line. e*TVU.t5MEt> m <66*

SANTIAGO m KENNETH HOLLAND, Counselor on UNESCO Affairs at K 89 PSOW-V5V the Embassy in Paris, has accepted the presidency of the ■k PRoOyCl* Institute of International Education and will take up his new duties in the spring.

SHEPARD STONE has been given leave of absence from his duties as Assistant Sunday Editor of the New York limes to serve as Acting Deputy to RALPH NICHOLSON, Director of the Office of Public Affairs. Mr. Stone will be a special consultant on information and cultural affairs in Germany. (Continued on page 54) For People You Really Respect

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DECEMBER, 1949 53 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 52)

At the invitation of GOVERNOR MUNOZ-MARIN a small group of US officials visited Puerto Rico at the end of No¬ vember in connection with the development of the Point IV program. Headed by ASSISTANT SECRETARY WILLARD L. THORP, other Department members of the study group were SAMUEL P. HAYES, JR., on the staff of the Assistant Secre¬ tary for Latin American Affairs, and MR. STEPHEN P. DOR¬ SEY, Executive Secretary of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation.

Former FSO WILLIAM L. S. WILLIAMS, now Assistant Desk Officer for India in SOA and Adviser to the U. S. Representative on the Kashmir Commission was married I_ONG active in promoting commerce last month in Geneva to Miss ARLITA LEGUIZAMON, daugh¬ among the peoples of the Americas, the ter of the Argentine Representative on the Commission. We Chase National Bank today is in the van¬ hope policy disagreements don’t put a strain on these brand new family ties. Rumor has it that the advantages of guard of those institutions which are marital bliss were first emphasized to Bill by FSO RAY fostering Pan-American relations by the THURSTON, First Secretary at Moscow. promotion of trade and travel. “A Good Neighbor Warms to the Task” was how Robert K. Shellaby in the Christian Science Monitor headed his THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK account of how energetic Assistant Secretary EDWARD G. OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK MILLER, JR., “has reached new heights in this country’s Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation policy of cultivating the 20 republics south of the border.” In record time Mr. Miller has visited Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela.

BETTY HAHN BERNBAUM, whose story of the Ecuador earthquake was in our September issue, was awarded the Ecuadoran decoration of merit in recognition of her out¬ standing aid during that tragic event.

FSO RAYMOND C. MILLER, formerly with the ECA Mis¬ sion in Brussels, has been appointed Director of the Office of International Trade at the Department of Commerce.

FORREST D. VANVALIN, Employee Counselor of the De¬ partment, retired on October 31st after over forty years of government service.

Assistant Secretary GEORGE C. MCGHEE has just returned from the Istanbul conference of the Near Eastern Chiefs of Mission. BURTON Y. BERRY, newly appointed Director of (Continued on page 56)

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DECEMBER, 1949 55 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 54)

the Office of African and Near Eastern Affairs, and GORDON H. MATTISON, Deputy Director, accompanied him. Attend¬ ing the conference were Ambassadors JEFFERSON CAFFERY, HENRY F. GRADY, JOHN C. WILEY, GEORGE WADSWORTH, JAMES G. MCDONALD, EDWARD S. CROCKER, JR., J. RIVES CHILDS, Ministers LOWELL C. PINKERTON and JAMES H. KEELEY, JR., Charge d’Affairs ad Interim (at Amman) A. DAVID FRITZLAND and Consul from Jerusalem WILLIAM C. BURDETT, JR.

Brig Isobel III, designed by Hon. Coert du Bois. Next Chief-of-Mission conference scheduled is to be at Participated in President’s Cup Regatta, 1937. Bangkok next month and will focus on Far Eastern prob¬ lems. CARL M. J. von ZIELINSKI

former American Foreign Service Officer Foreign Service Wives’ Luncheon with service in Europe and West Indies It took more than good food to produce the having-a- former Captain, Field Artillery, U.S.A., World War I good-time feeling which was so evident at the Foreign Serv¬ served with troops ice Wives’ luncheon which was held at the Wardman Park Lt. Comdr. USNR, World War II early this month. Most of the credit goes to the Commit¬ served at sea tee’s Secretary, Mrs. Leon LeRoy Cowles, who with the assistance of Mesdames Theodore C. Achilles, Robert F. Foreign Trade and Financial Adviser Woodward and Gordon Mattison, and under the Chairman¬ Specialist in realization of American assets abroad and ship of Mrs. W. Walton Butlerwoth, Jr., worked up what all debt claims against vested properties. the participants agreed was the most successful Wives’ luncheon ever held. 99 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. A unique feature of this affair was the assigning of a 1507 M ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. hostess to each of the sixteen tables for eight. Each hostess saw to it that the ladies were all introduced to each other. They must have done their job well for everyone went away feeling she had not merely met new acquaintances but made new friends. The receiving line was headed by Mrs. Dean G. Acheson. With her, in addition to Mrs. Butterworth. were Mesdames James E. Webb, George V. Allen, John D. Hickerson, George W. Perkins, Willard L. Thorp and Jack K. McFall.

IN MEMORIAM PAYNE. Charles E. B. Payne, Vice Consul at Calgary, Alberta, died on November 13, 1949, at his post. MOESSNER. Wallace E. Moessner died in Washington on November 30, 1949. Retired from the Service in 1942, his last post was as Vice Consul at Toronto.

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DECEMBER, 1949 57 LEATHERNECKS AND TOP HATS (Continued, from page 35) Japanese forces, was hurriedly organized and started to the relief of the besieged city. The expedition encountered strong resistance in the vicinity of Tientsin, however, and was itself AMERICAN EASTERN surrounded and besieged. Additional U. S. Marines and Army troops were then ordered up from the Philippines. IN Meanwhile, the small detachments of LL S. Marines and Allied troops at Peking were in a desperate situation. The Boxers tightened the ring around the Legations and at the same time kept up a continuous fire of small arms and artil¬ lery; they pillaged and burned the missions and killed hun¬ dreds of native Christians. The besieged nationals, com¬ pletely cut off from the rest of the world, were forced to eat horse and mule meat and rice. They made sand hags of richest silks, satins, and fine embroideries so that the Marines could build barricades on the city wall. The ladies of the missions made trousers for the Marines, as their change of clothing did not arrive from Tientsin. Mrs. Conger, wife of the U. S. Minister, later wrote. “These Marines are sorely tired, for their clothes are soiled in 24 COUNTRIES of the NEAR and MIDDLE EAST and warm and they have to-wear them day and night. . . It is REPRESENTS LEADING PRODUCERS OF getting quite hot. I never saw such swarms of flies, mosquitoes, and fleas . . . our marines as a body have been brave, faithful, and untiring from beginning to end. They have never faltered A utomotive Products even when standing at the most dangerous post. The city wall is a testing-place, and they have fought most bravely there and M inerals elsewhere. Would that I could sing their true praises so loudly E ngines—Diesel and Gasoline that the whole world could hear them ” In 1903, the Marines escorted the American Consul-Gen¬ R adios eral to Addis Ababa, capital of Abyssinia, to arrange a I ron and Steel Products treaty with King Menelik. They rode mules and camels over 300 mt.'es of desert and mountains, carrying the Cameras, Optical Equipment Stars and Stripes to the country between the Red Sea and A ircraft and Equipment the Blue Nile for the first time. The route was infested with N avigational Aids half-savage tribes of natives. The chief camel man insisted on taking the wrong route (for which he was bound hand and foot by the Marine Captain), and one of the tribal E lectric Generating Sets chieftains demanded 100 talers (about $47.00) to guarantee A ir Conditioners the caravan from attack. Brushing aside these pettv an¬ S olvents and Plasticisers noyances, the expedition arrived to within a few miles of Addis Ababa, where the Marines changed into their “special T extiles full dress uniforms.” The march was continued into the E lectric Fans and Pumps capital along a route lined with thousands of the Emperor’s special warriors, fantastically garbed in lion or leopard R efrigerators skins and mounted on splendid Arabian horses or Zebra¬ N ewsprint like mules. These troops escorted the expedition into the capital where the Marines were assigned a “palace” as C hemicals ouarters while guests of the King. On Christmas Eve, the 0 il Products and Lubricants Marines, in full dress uniform, performed a few drills for which they were complimented by the King. Before leaving Railway Equipment Addis Ababa the King presented the Menelik medal to the P aper and Paper Products enlisted men and the Star of Ethiopia to the officers. Although the Marines’ tact and sympathetic understanding etc. have established a reputation for “getting along” with peoples of the world, regardless of race, creed, color, or religion, there have been a few occasions where the plain cussedness of human nature has embroiled them in serio- comical situations. AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. Shortly after the siege of Peking had been lifted, gossip 30 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Trinity Place in the so-called “diplomatic social set” hinted that during New York 20, N. Y. New York 6, N. Y. the fighting in Peking one of the two U. S. Marine officers. Circle 6-0333 HAnover 2-4704 Captain Newt H. Hall, was not as brave as a Marine should be. Captain Hall, a young blue-eyed Texan, demanded that he be brought before a court of inquiry. In acquitting Hall BRANCHES or AGENTS in all of the charge of cowardice, the President of the Court of NEAR and MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES Inquiry, reported: “. . . Before concluding its work the court feels called upon to remark that there will be found in the record a great deal of incidental or collateral evidence going to show the prevalence of a feeling adverse to Captain Hall, officially and socially at the United States Legation, which naturally

53 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL would not tend to minimize any mistake or unpopular act the direct representative of the President of the United on his part. States, for nearly nine years during which time his intelli¬ “Femininity figures on certain pages, and it is plainly in¬ gent handling of a delicate and complicated situation earned dicated that some of the severest criticisms of Captain Hall for him the confidence and commendations not only of the are traceable to the same residence which extols into heroic officials of Haiti but of his own government as well. importance a civilian who is incidentally condemned by Perhaps the finest exemplification of the interrelationship evidence adduced by the defence ... it is regrettable that between the Marine Corps and the Foreign Service is furn¬ Captain Hall could not be confronted with his principal ac¬ ished by the distinguished career of General Thomas Hol¬ cusers, . . . : but their attendance, in spite of repeated efforts, comb, who was a member of the Legation guard in Peking the court was unable to secure.” from 1905 to 1906 and again between 1908 and 1910, and who capped a distinguished career in the Marine Corps On 1 June 1901, the Army and Navy Register published with an equally distinguished tour of duty as American an item concerning the “advancement” of this Marine of¬ Ambassador to the Union of South Africa. ficer, in which it reported: General Holcomb, who is the first Marine to attain the “. . . While the naval authorities decline to permit ex¬ ranks of Lieutenant General and “full” General, and who is amination of the record of the court it is understood that justly famed for his role in developing the superior marks¬ it contains the testimony that Captain Hall became unpopu¬ manship of the Marines, was a member of the Legation staff lar with certain Americans because he declined to direct his in Peking in the years immediately after his service with the Marines to salute ladies attached to the American legation, Legation’s guard (1908 to 1910). He later returned, in giving as his reason that constant saluting was fatiguing to 1927, to become Commanding Officer of the Detachment. the men who were pretty well exhausted from the hard work This service with a diplomatic mission does not seem to have of defending the legations from the Chinese besiegers. . . .” done his military career the slightest harm, for nine years During World War I. Marine non-commissioned officers later, in 1936, he attained to the position of Commandant were regularly employed by the State Department as diplo¬ of the Marine Corps, a position which he held for two terms, matic couriers between the State Department and U. S. before accepting the post of Ambassador. diplomatic missions in Europe. Although some of their Today, the Marines guarding United States diplo¬ experiences with enemy secret agents would undoubtedly matic missions abroad are not bodies with full heavy combat make interesting reading, suffice it to say that not one single equipment—as in the days of the legation guard at Peking— despatch fell into enemy hands. troops capable of carrying the attack to any hostile forces One of the outstanding examples of Marines serving in threatening our interests. But they can be depended upon diplomatic posts was that of Brigadier General John H. Rus¬ to guard the security of such foreign posts and if necessary sell who was appointed, 11 February 1922, as High Com¬ to defend them against all comers, with all the vigor and missioner of the United States to Haiti with the rank of resources at their command, in line with the high traditions Ambassador Extraordinary, an unusual position for an of¬ of the Marine Corps and in keeping with its inspiring motto: ficer of the regular service. He served in this position, as Semper Fidelis.

IF YOU’RE ONE of the many, many people who’d rather drink Four Roses, may we suggest that you place your order directly with Frankfort Distillers Corporation, 50 Rockefeller IJlaza, New York City, U.S.A.

DECEMBER. 1949 59 LETTER FROM WASHINGTON (Continued, from page 36) Odds & Ends. Phonograph records are coming down, largely due to the trend to long-playing (LP) records, I .JltLe nu on think. I Brahms Symphony No. 4, once a $7.25 album, now costs $3.63. Complete on one LP record, it’s $4.85.) Tele¬ vision has really come down. You can get a pretty good set OFFICERS AND PERMANENT AMERICAN for $199—and now that the new models (that don’t require EMPLOYEES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE outdoor antennas) are coming out, you can pick up last year’s models for as little as $59 and $79. (Door-to-door (EXCEPT Reserve Officers) salesmen now sell television. I Johnnie Walker Red Label is $4.69, Four Roses $3.45, Fleischmann’s Gin $2.64, I. W. Harper bourbon $5.39. Cleaning a wrist watch costs—hold Do you have adequate protection? A great many you hat!—$7.50. On the other hand, you can get a pretty of your colleagues are enjoying a sense of real secur¬ good electric alarm clock for $3.50. Train ride to New ity at an extremely small cost due to a participation York and back, by coach, is a shocking $17.43. A pack of in the plan of group life insurance and hospital-surgi¬ cigarettes is eighteen cents, including D.C. sales tax. That cal coverage provided by the AMERICAN FOREIGN sales tax is a new feature of Washington life, by the way. SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, care of the If you buy a magazine (The New Yorker is now 200) you pay a penny tax extra. But there’s no tax on food purchases Department of State, Washington 25, D. C. under $1.25. I hope this gives you a general idea of the situation, Andy. A supply of an announcement dated March I, 1949, If you and your friends want me to, I’ll try to send you concerning the plan has been sent to each post. If a letter like this every once in a while, via the JOURNAL. an office copy is not readily available, perhaps a Regards to Milly, and: chin up! As you can see, none of colleague will loan his copy, for perusal, or the Pro¬ those ugly rumors about 500 cigarettes and $10 steaks are tective Association will be glad to mail one upon true. As a matter of fact, once you are over the initial request. Application and Declaration of Health may shock you’ll be surprised how quickly you become accus¬ tomed to- the prices. be typed if blank forms are not handy. Cordially yours, MARTIN (HERZ)

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS American Eastern Corporation 58 American Express Company 46 American Security and Trust Company 37 CAMP, SCHOOL or COLLEGE? Association of Pacific Fisheries 60 Bacardi 52 Barr Shipping Company , 5 —Our purpose is to help you select the one Bowling Green Storage & Van Company 40 Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. 6 that best serves the individual needs of California Texas Oil Co. . 55 your child. Calvert School . 54 Campbell, W. D. ._ , 38 Chase National Bank , 54 —Consultant in Switzerland Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. , . 10 Foreign Service Protective Association 60 —Write: MILDRED ELLIOTT BERL, Director Frankfort—Four Roses 38, 52, 54, 56, .59 Goodyear , 39 SCHOOL GUIDANCE CENTER Grace Line , 9 Hornsby, Miriam 3 1247 20th STREET, NORTHWEST International General Electric , 51 WASHINGTON 5, D. C. International Harvester . 47 NAtional 1697 I. T. & T. 57 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. (Chesterfield) 2 Mayflower Hotel , , 48 National City Bank ' 42 National Distillers Corporation ! , 41. 49 Packard 53 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 43 Phillipine Airlines 3 Canned Salmon Radio Corporation of American 8 Reid Murdoch 44 Richard, David . 4 An Appetizing, Nu¬ Roe filing’s 46 tritious, Easily Kept Saltz, Lewis & Thos., Inc...... 38 Schenley Products 1 II and III Covers and Transported ( School Guidance Center . 60 Sea Food Seagram’s V. 0. 45 Security Storage Company of Washington 37 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC Sinclair 7 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 50 FISHERIES Tyner, Miss E. J 46 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE United Fruit Company i , 56 von Zielinski, Carl M. J 56 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Wellborn Motors 3

60 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION . EMPIRE STATE BUILDING - NEW YORK, U.S.A Latin-American Department: MRS. LAZO STEINMAN Forelg„ TSVDER MR. WALTER O.SCHNYU rr:.—-"‘-i