Une Approche De L'instrument Augmenté : La Guitare Électrique

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Une Approche De L'instrument Augmenté : La Guitare Électrique THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 8 École Doctorale Esthétique, Sciences et Technologies des Arts Discipline : Musique Auteur : Otso LÄHDEOJA Une approche de l’instrument augmenté : la guitare électrique Directrice de thèse : Mme. Anne SÈDES Jury: Mme. Anne SÈDES M. Martin LALIBERTÉ M. Jean-Marc CHOUVEL Septembre 2010 Résumé Une approche de l’instrument augmenté, la guitare électrique Cette thèse examine la notion de l’instrument de musique augmenté, dans un mouvement de dialogue entre une approche théorique et un engagement subjectif dans la réalisation d’une guitare électrique augmentée. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’élaboration d’une réflexion sur l’instrument augmenté en tant qu’un objet d’étude. Elle développe une approche où l’instrument de musique est vu comme un continuum reliant l’homme, l’objet-instrument et le son au sein d’un ensemble que nous nommons l’environnement instrumental. Le processus d’augmentation est envisagé comme l’introduction d’une greffe technologique au sein de cet environnement. La relation instrumentale qui s’instaure entre l’homme et l’instrument est étudié de manière détaillée, ainsi que la guitare électrique en tant qu’un instrument augmenté et augmentable. La première partie se clôt avec la présentation d’un ensemble de stratégies pour la conception des augmentations avec une qualité instrumentale optimale. Les travaux pratiques présentés dans la seconde partie de la thèse ont été menés en parallèle avec le développement théorique dont ils constituent une facette complémentaire et nécessaire. La réflexion sur l’instrument augmenté y trouve une correspondance ancrée dans la réalité des travaux technologiques, logiciels et artistiques. Une guitare augmentée expérimentale, conçue et réalisée pendant cette thèse est présentée. Cet environnement instrumental augmenté fournit le cadre pour le développement de neuf augmentations spécifiques comportant chacune les dimensions gestuelle, technologique (logicielle) et sonore. La guitare augmentée a donné lieu à la création d’un ensemble de travaux artistiques, analysés et documentés à la fin de la seconde partie. Deux disques, un CD-ROM et un DVD comportent des matériaux audiovisuels illustrant les augmentations et les travaux artistiques réalisées. Mots clés : Instrument augmenté, Interaction homme-machine, Nouvelles interfaces pour l’expression musicale, Guitare électrique, La relation geste-son 3 Abstract An approach to instrument augmentation : the electric guitar This thesis approaches the notion of an augmented musical instrument from two complementary perspectives : an « objective » view aimed to outline a theoretical framework for instrument augmentation, as well as a subjective engagement in the process of creating an experimental augmented electric guitar and composing/performing music with it. The first part of the thesis discusses the nature and the history of instrument augmentation, establishing a basis for a view of the instrument as a system, comprising the musician, the instrument-object and the sound in a continuum of energy and/or information. The relationship between the musician and the instrument is studied in detail as a key element in the creation of an augmentation’s instrumental quality. A personal methodology for instrument augmentation presented, combining gesture, object and sound in a single conceptual tool. The second part presents the practical aspects of the research work. The technological specifications of our augmented electric guitar are described, in parallel to a discussion on the the technological and aesthetical choises. The guitar’s instrumental environment provides the basis for the development of nine specific augmentations with gestural, technological (sensor and software) and sonic aspects. A series of musical and intermedia works with the augmented guitar is presented and analysed at the end of the thesis. A CD-ROM and a DVD attached to the monograph provide sonic and visual illustrations of the augmentations and of the related artistic works. Keywords : Augmented instrument, Sonic interaction design, New interfaces for musical expression, Electric guitar, Gesture-sound relationhip CICM – Centre de Recherche Informatique et Création Musicale Université Paris 8 Vincennes – Saint-Denis 2, rue de la liberté 93526 Saint-Denis CEDEX 4 Remerciements Je souhaite adresser mes remerciements chaleureux aux personnes suivantes qui ont contribué de manière décisive aux travaux de recherche développés dans le cadre de cette thèse : Anne Sèdes, pour son expertise dans la direction des recherches durant ces trois années et demie de travaux, ainsi que pour l’opportunité unique d’inscrire cette thèse à la fois dans les domaines scientifique, artistique et technologique. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant pour cette rare ouverture interdisciplinaire qui m’a permis d’alimenter une dynamique fertile entre mes activités musicales, technologiques et théoriques. Pr. Horacio Vaggione, pour l’inspiration qu’il apporte au sein du CICM autant sur le plan intellectuel que musical, constituant une référence pour le développement des recherches entreprises dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les co-doctorants du CICM, pour un cadre de travail en équipe éminemment sympathique, et en particulier pour l’effort commun de l’organisation de journées d’étude « Identités de la guitare électrique » qui ont nourri cette thèse de manière décisive. Pr. Marcelo Wanderley pour son expertise et son soutien durant les travaux, ainsi que pour la direction scientifique de la visite à son laboratoire IDMIL à l’Universite McGill qui a constitué un des temps forts de cette thèse. Pr. Atau Tanaka et Gérard Assayag pour leur soutien et leurs conseils apportés durant les travaux. La Fondation Kordelin (Kordelinin Rahasto), pour avoir permis la réalisation de cette thèse dans des conditions optimales grâce à son généreux soutien financier. Et, avec une reconnaissance toute particulière, Nicole Klein, soutien fondamental dans la vie, à qui cette thèse est dédiée. 5 6 Table des matières Résumé 3 Abstract 4 Remerciements 5 Table des matières 7 Introduction 15 I Une approche de l’instrument augmenté et de la guitare électrique 1. L’INSTRUMENT AUGMENTÉ 21 1.1 L’instrument augmenté : un moyen de création musicale pour le live-électronique 21 1.1.1 L’instument augmenté et les « nouveaux instruments » : deux approches du live-électronique 22 1.1.2 Motivation : pourquoi des instruments augmentés ? 23 1.2 Définitions et terminologies 25 1.2.1 Une terminologie multiple 25 1.2.2 Que signifie « augmenté » ? 26 1.2.3 Définitions 28 1.3 Vers une définition informée 33 1.3.1 Une proposition de définition de l’instrument augmenté 37 1.4 Une approche de l’instrument augmenté 39 1.4.1 Une approche transdisciplinaire pour un objet d’étude multidimensionnel 39 1.4.2 L’instrument en tant qu’un prolongement du musicien 41 1.4.3 L’instrument de musique comme une relation, ou un continuum entre geste et son 42 1.4.4 Approche systémique de l’instrument augmenté 43 1.5 Les dimensions de l’instrument augmenté 45 1.5.1 La dimension du geste 45 7 1.5.2 La dimension de l’objet-instrument 47 1.5.3 La dimension sonore 48 1.5.4 La dimension des rapports au sein de l’instrument augmenté 49 1.6 Environnement instrumental 52 1.6.1 Une lutherie hybride 52 1.6.2 Modularité et reconfigurabilité 53 1.6.3 Environnement instrumental augmenté 56 1.6.4 Un cadre opérationnel pour l’augmentation instrumentale 58 1.7 Etat de l’art 60 1.7.1 Contexte de développement : le live-électronique 61 1.7.2 Pionniers 63 1.7.3 Extension vers l’informatique musicale 70 1.6.4 Instruments augmentés par l’audionumérique 72 1.6.5 Les instruments augmentés aujourd’hui 79 2. LE RAPPORT GESTE-SON 87 2.1 Le rapport geste-son et l’augmentation instrumentale 87 2.1.1 L’augmentation comme la création de nouveaux rapports geste-son 89 2.1.2 Une pensée du geste dans le champ musicologique 90 2.1.3 De la nécessité d’une pensée du geste pour l’augmentation instrumentale 91 2.2 La relation instrumentale 92 2.2.1 Eléments caractéristiques de la relation instrumentale 92 2.2.2 Une continuité énergétique dans l’instrument acoustique 93 2.2.3 Une discontinuité inhérente aux technologies de l’électricité 94 2.2.4 Le couplage action-perception 95 2.2.5 Multisensorialité et feedback 97 2.2.6 La nature sensorielle du rapport instrumental 98 2.2.7 Un réseau intersensoriel dans la relation instrumentale 101 2.2.8 L’incorporation de l’instrument 104 2.2.9 Extension du schéma corporel 106 2.2.10 La temporalité de la relation instrumentale 106 2.2.11 Proposition pour une image de la relation instrumentale 108 8 2.2.12 Un outil d’analyse de la relation instrumentale 110 2.3 Typologies gestuelles 113 2.1.1 Les multiples gestes du musicien-instrumentiste 113 2.1.2 Typologie fonctionnelle des gestes du musicien 114 2.4 Intériorités – une approche de la subjectivité du geste instrumental 116 2.4.1 L’espace gestuel 118 2.4.2 L’espace gestuel de l’instrument augmenté : gestes effectifs et gestes potentiels 119 2.4.3 Contrôlabilité et niveaux de conscience du geste 120 2.4.4 Affordances 123 3. LA GUITARE ÉLECTRIQUE 127 3.1 De la guitare acoustique à la guitare électrique : organologie 128 3.1.1 Une continuité avec la guitare acoustique 128 3.1.2 Une lutherie à la recherche de puissance sonore 128 3.1.3 Microphone électromagnétique et premières guitares électriques 130 3.1.4 Standardisation de la guitare électrique 131 3.1.5 Caractéristiques sonores de la guitare électrique 132 3.2 Facteurs d’influence pour le développement de
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