OREGON GEOLOGY published by the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries

VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5 SEPTEMBER 1989 DOGAMI announces contest OREGON GEOLOGY (ISSN 0164-3304) for best nontechnical VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5 SEPTEMBER 1989 Published bimonthly in January, March, May, July, September, and November by the Oregon Depart­ geologic paper ment of Geology and Mineral Industries (Volumes 1 through 40 were entitled The Ore Bin). Governing Board The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Donald A. Haagensen, Chair ...... Portland (DOGAMI) would like for Oregonians and visitors to enjoy more Sidney R. Johnson ...... Baker Ronald K. Culbertson ...... Myrtle Creek fully the geology of the state. We are announcing a contest for the best nontechnical paper or field trip guide on the geology of the State Geologist ...... Donald A. Hull state. The winning papers and possibly some of the runners-up will Deputy State Geologist ...... John D. Beaulieu be printed in Oregon Geology. The rules are as follows: I' Publications Manager/Editor ...... Beverly F. Vogt Associate Editor ...... Klaus K.E. Neuendorf 1. The contest is open to anyone knowledgeable about the geology

Main Offic~: 910 State Office Building, 1400 SW Fifth Ave., Portland of Oregon except for DOGAMI employees or their families. 97201, phone (503) 229-5580. 2. The subject is some aspect of the geology of the state. Ar­ Baker Field Office: 1831 First Street, Baker 97814, phone (503) ticles or field trip guides are welcome. The paper should be 523-3133 Howard C. Brooks, Resident Geologist nontechnical and written for the interested lay public, not just for Grants Pass Field Office: 312 SE "H" Street, Grants Pass 97526, other geologists. Papers should be technically correct and should phone (503) 476-2496 contain up-to-date information. They will be judged on their Mined Land Reclamation Program: 1534 Queen Ave. SE, Albany readability, interest to the nongeologist, and quality and accuracy 97321, phone (503) 967-2039 Gary W. Lynch, Supervisor of information. 3. The papers should not exceed 15 pages of Oregon Geology, Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon. Subscription rates: including maps, figures, and photos. One typeset page of the I year $6; 3 years, $15. Single issues, $2. Available back issues of Ore Bin/Oregon Geology through v. 50, no. 4: $1. Address subscrip­ magazine with no pictures contains between 1,300 and 1,400 words. tion orders, renewals, and changes of address to Oregon Geology, 4. Manuscripts should be typed double spaced, and three copies 910 State Office Building, Portland, OR 97201. Permission is granted should be submitted. The author's name should not be on the to reprint information contained herein. Credit given to the Oregon manuscript but should be placed with address, phone number, and Department of Geology and Mineral Industries for compiling this title of article on a separate sheet of paper inside the envelope with information will be appreciated. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Oregon Geology, 910 State Office Building, Portland, OR the manuscript. All artwork should be camera-ready. Only black­ 97201. . and-white photographs can be used. 5. All material should use DOGAMI format, which is similar Information for contributors to that used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Consult recent Oregon Geology is designed to reach a wide spectrum of readers issues of Oregon Geology or the USGS Suggestions to Authors (6th interested in the geology and mineral industry of Oregon. Manuscript ed.) for specific questions. contributions are invited on both technical and general-interest sub­ jects relating to Oregon geology. Two copies of the manuscript should 6. All entries should be mailed to Beverly F. Vogt, Publications be submitted, typed double-spaced throughout (including references) Manager, DOGAMI, 910 State Office Building, Portland, OR 97201, and on one side of the paper only. If manuscript was prepared on and must be received no later than January 31, 1990. DOGAMI is common word-processing equipment, a file copy on 5 'A-in. diskette not responsible for entries lost in the mail. Manuscripts will be may be submitted in addition to the paper copies. Graphic illustra­ returned upon request. tions should be camera-ready; photographs should be black-and-white glossies. All figures should be clearly marked, and all figure cap­ 7. Entries will be judged by a panel of three judges. Winners tions should be typed together on a separate sheet of paper. will be announced in the May 1990 issue of Oregon Geology. The The style to be followed is generally that of U.S. Geological first prize is $500. Second prize is $300. Third prize is $150. If no Survey publications (see the USGS manual Suggestions to Authors, suitable manuscripts are entered, no prizes will be awarded. 6th ed., 1978). The bibliography should be limited to "References DOGAMI reserves the right to publish manuscripts in Oregon Cited." Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the biblio­ Geology. graphic references. Names of reviewers should be included in the "Acknowledgments." 8. Questions should be addressed to Beverly Vogt at DOGAMI. 0 Authors will receive 20 complimentary copies of the issue con­ taining their contribution. Manuscripts, news, notices, and meeting announcements should be sent to Beverly F. Vogt, Publications Manager, at the Portland office of DOGAMI.

CONTENTS

Geothermal exploration in Oregon, 1988 ...... 99 COVER PHOTO Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Portland area ...... 106 The great Grant County fireball, October 23, 1987 ...... 111 On October 23, 19S7, Oregon experienced the largest Oregon boasts first gas storage site at Mist field ...... 112 fireball ever reported in the state during this century. Picture Book review by Allen Agnew: Odyssey of Thomas Condon. 113 shows "smoke" cloud as seen from Mount Vernon, Grant Mineral-exploration activity ...... 115 County, 50 seconds after the sonic boom, 26 km from the Recent DOGAMI publications ...... 116 fireball's end point. Photo by Mike Burgett. See related arti­ Additional sources of information on Thundereggs ...... 117 cle on page 111. Oil and gas news ...... 117 Thesis abstracts ...... 118

98 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 Geothermal exploration in Oregon, 1988

by George R. Priest and Gerald L. Black, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries

LEVEL OF GEOTHERMAL EXPWRATION straight year of decline since the 1983 peak in total leased acreage. There are 112 leases pending on Forest Service lands in Oregon. Introduction Of these leases, 57 are awaiting preparation of Environmental Assess­ Aside from a few shallow temperature-gradient holes drilled by ments or Environmental Impact Statements. The remainder are the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the Western Cascades, no awaiting reports on adverse effects regarding the National Park Serv­ significant geothermal exploration occurred in 1988. The amount ice (NPS). There are no leases pending on USBLM lands in Oregon. of leased land declined on both U.S. Bureau of Land Management Figure 4 is a graph of the annual total monies received by the (USBLM) and USDA Forest Service (USFS) lands. The total amount federal government from geothermal leasing in Oregon from 1974, of federal land leased for geothermal resources has declined annually when leasing was initiated, to the present. Included in the graph by small amounts since the peak in 1983. is income from fJling fees, rental on competitive and noncompetitive leases, and bonus bids. Income from geothermal leasing peaked in Drilling activity 1980 at $1,701,189 and has declined steadily since then to its present Figure 1 shows the number of geothermal wells drilled and level of about $435,000. geothermal drilling permits issued from 1970-1988. Figure 2 shows the same information for geothermal prospect wells (depths <610 m). Tables 1 and 2 list the Oregon Department of Geology and 800,000 Cil W Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) permits for geothermal drilling that 0: () were active in 1988. Five new permits were issued, three for pros­ < 600,000 pect holes and two for geothermal wells. Only four holes were z '"CJ) drilled. All were shallow « 152 m) temperature-gradient holes w CJ) / ..... ~:;'s ...... < drilled by the USGS in the northern part of the Western Cascades. w 400,000 ..J W > ...... , :/ >= Leasing () '< The consolidation of land holdings continued in 1988 as the total < 200,000 " ~ leased acreage of federal lands decreased by about 10 percent (Table 15 3; Figure 3). This decrease in leased lands was the result of a ...... / "":;;~,.<------53-percent decline in USBLM leases coupled with a 6-percent 1974 78 82 86 8 decrease in USFS leases (Table 3). This decrease marks the fifth Figure 3. Active geothermal leases on federal lands in Oregon GEOTHERMAL DRILLING ACTIVITY IN OREGON from the inception of leasing in 1974 through December 1988.

>500' T.D. >2000' T.D. 2000

A, .:.: , 1600 I: , I : \ , .... I \ . w PERMITS ISSUED l .....; \ '0 1200 I , "'0 i \ m

800 I , I , , j 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 ,.. Figure 1. Geothermal well drilling in Oregon. vertical line in­ dicates time when definition of geothermal well was changed to a 400 depth greater than 610 m.

GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT DRILLING ACTIVITY IN OREGON 77 79 81 83 85 87 88 Figure 4. Fedeml income from geothermal leases in Oregon from the inception of leasing in 1974 to the present.

KNOWN GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE AREA (KGRA) SALES No KGRA lands were offered for bid in 1988. Some KGRA lands 80 - at Newberry volcano will probably be incorporated into a proposed geological monument (see section on regulatory actions).

PERMiTS ISSUED ~ ...... ___-1. ___ " ",~ ~! ... o - ...... ------.. REGULATORY ACTIONS , , , , , In May 1988, Congress ordered the Secretary of the Interior to 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 determine whether or not significant thermal teatures exist in Crater Figure 2. Geothermal prospect-well drilling in Oregon. vertical Lake National Park. The Secretary was required to report within line indicates time when definition of prospect well was changed six months (see section on the Mount Mazama area for further to a depth of less than 610 m. information) .

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 99 Table 1. Active permits for geothermal drilling in 1988 to drill to 1,676 m, with loss of circulation of drilling fluid to the subsurface (see the section on the Mount Mazama area for further Permit Operator, well Status, proposed information) . no. API number Location total depth (m) Anadarko Petroleum Corporation has yet to obtain permission to drill a proposed 457-m test well in the Alvord Desert area (Table 116 Calif. Energy Co. SW14 sec. 10 Suspended; I). Before the permit is approved, USBLM must determine whether MZI-UA T. 31 S., R. 7 1/2 E. 413. the project might endanger rare fish in nearby Borax Lake. The pro­ 035-90014 Klamath County posed well would test flow rate and flow temperature of the hydrothermal system. Studies are reportedly underway to determine ll7 Calif. Energy Co. SE \4 sec. 13 Suspended; environmental impacts. MZlI-1 T. 32 S., R. 6 E. 148. USFS and USBLM officials met with industry and environmental 035-90015 Klamath County groups in February 1989 to work out a preliminary boundary for a proposed geological monument at Newberry volcano. The area 118 GEO* SW\4 sec. 25 Suspended; of the monument will reportedly encompass much of the land fonner­ N-I T. 22 S., R. 12 E. 1,387. ly classified as KGRA. The work was still in progress at the writing 36-017-90013 Deschutes County of this paper. The Geothermal Advisory Committee in Klamath Falls is con­ 124 Thermal Power SE\4 sec. 28 Suspended; sidering engineering and financial alternatives that will help users Co. T. 8. S., R. Sw. 1,463. to comply with the Klamath Falls Geothermal Code. The Code re­ CTGH-I Marion County quires that users who discharge effluent to the surface must, by 1990, 36-047-90002 reinject the fluid.

125 GEO* SW\4 sec. 29 Suspended; DIRECT-USE PROJECTS N-2 T. 21 S., R. 12 E. confidential. The direct use of relatively low-temperature geothermal t1uids 36-0I7-9001S Deschutes County continued in 1988 at about the same level as over the last several years. Most of the activity is centered in Klamath Falls and Vale. 126 GEO* NE\4 sec. 24 Suspended; N-3 T. 20 S., R. 12 E. 1.219. Ashland 36-017-90019 Deschutes County Jackson Hot Springs in Ashland, Oregon, is still being run as a resort. 127 Calif. Energy Co. NWl4 sec. 16 Plugged and CE-NB-4 T. 22 S., R. 13 E. abandoned. Klamath Falls 36-017-90020 Deschutes County The Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) improved its geother­ mal heating system, and the City continued to wrestle with the prob­ 14 129 Calif. Energy Co. SE sec. 4 Plugged and lem of defective piping installed in its district heating system. CE-NB-4 T. 21 S., R. 12 E. abandoned. Improvements in the OIT system resulted in a 27-percent reduction 36-017-90022 Deschutes County in the amount of geothermal water used (Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1989). An injection well was also drilled at OIT, but more 131 GEO* NEl4 sec. 35 Suspended; work will have to be done to achieve an adequate level of reinjec­ N-4 T. 21 S., R. 13 E. confidential. tion (Paul Lienau and Susan Hartford, personal communication, 36-017-90023 Deschutes County 1989). In 1988, the City completed engineering plans for the replace­ ment of defective pipe connections in part of its system. Replace­ 132 GEO* NEl4 sec. S Suspended; ment should occur in the ncar future now that legal action has secured N-5 T. 22 S., R. 12 E. confidential. $685,000 from the companies that manufactured and installed the 36-017-90024 Deschutes County pipe (Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1989). Further expan­ sion of the system utilizing the Small-Scale Energy Loan Program 135 GEO* SEl4 sec. 29 Not drilled. of the Oregon Department of Energy is planned (Geo-Heat Center NC88-29 T. 21 S., R. 12 E. Quarterly Bulletin, 1989). 36-017-90027 Deschutes County

136 GEO* NE\4 sec. 5 Not drilled. NC54-5 T. 22 S., R. 12 E. Table 2. Active permits for geothermal pmlpect drilling in 1988 36-017-90028 Deschutes County (holes less than 6/0 m) * GEO-Newberry Crater, Inc. Permit Operator. Issue date; no. well name Location status USBLM announced on October 17, 1988, that no adverse effect will occur to any significant thermal feature of Crater Lake National 95 USGS Mount Hood June 1988; drilled two Park resulting from leases issued for acreage 70-160 km north of National Forest of four sites to 70 the Park. and 153 m. Two temperature-gradient holes drilled in 1986 by California Energy Company, Inc. (CECI), near Crater Lake National Park can 96 USGS Willamette June 1988; drilled two now be completed, according to a recent decision by the Interior National Forest sites to 47 and 91 m. Board of Land Appeals (IBLA). On February 1, 1989, the IBLA turned down a 1988 appeal by the Sierra Club and other environmen­ 97 Anadarko Petroleum Alvord Desert September 1988: tal groups that questioned USBLM's decision to approve amend­ Corporation area location, one hole. Well 25-22A ments to the CECI drilling permits. The amendments authorize CECI ----

100 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 La Grande Table 3. Geothermal leases in Oregon in 1988 The Hot Lake Recreational Vehicle Resort plans to utilize 85°C water from the Hot Lake artesian well to heat a pool later this year. Types of leases Numbers Acres The company hopes to eventually use the resource to heat greenhouses. Federal leases in effect: Lakeview Noncompetitive, USFS 223 402,037.95 In Lakeview, the binary-cycle electrical generating station set up Noncompetitive, USBLM 2 942.79 several years ago remains idle. The 300-kilowatt (kw) unit had an KGRA, USFS 1 100.00 ouput of 250 kw from 105°C water in a November 18, 1982, test KGRA. USBLM 7 16,465.12 (Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1982). The City of Lakeview terminated its agreement with Brown, Total leases issued: Vencc, and Associates, the firm that in 1985 won a geothermal fran­ Noncompetitive, USFS 344 664,645.18 chise in the City. The City is still interested in the development of Noncompetitive, USBLM 266 406,157.79 a district heating system. Total leases relinquished: Paisley Noncompetitive, USFS 121 262,607.23 The Paisley area has one of the best quality but least utilized Noncompetitive. USBLM 264 405,215.00 low-temperature geothermal resources in the state. Thermal wells KGRA, USFS 7 11,824.61 there reportedly have high flow rates (observations of Gerald L. KGRA, USBLM 55 101,842.73 Black, 1981) and temperatures as high as 111 °C at only 228 m (Peter­ son and others, 1982). A campground and recreational vehicle park Lease applications pending 112 utilizes hot water for a pool, but no other uses are known.

Vale flow of heated ground water. These models were the subject of heated In Vale, the successful Oregon Trail Mushroom Company, which debate in a December 1988 symposium on the Cascades (see USGS commenced full-scale operations in 1986, continues to operate us­ activities). ing water from a 107 °C aquifer for heating and cooling. Oregon DOGAMI formulated a scientific drilling program in 1987 (Priest Trail annually produces 2.3 million kilograms of mushrooms, which and others, 1987) and had planned to drill a 650-m diamond-core are marketed in Spokane, Seattle, Salt Lake City, and the Treasure hole in the Santiam Pass area in 1988. The project is now planned Valley area in Idaho (Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1987). for the summer of 1989, because of delayed funding. DOGAMI is Other users at Vale include Ag-Dryers (a grain-drying facility) and evaluating four potential sites (Figure 6). A diamond-core hole a greenhouse operation. 600-1,000 m in depth is planned, with total depth depending on the level of support secured. Those interested in participating in the proj­ Ground-water heat pumps ect are encouraged to contact George R. Priest for further In the Bend, Redmond, Prineville, and Madras areas of central information. Oregon and in the Willamette Valley, there was considerable activi­ Core from four temperature-gradient holes was donated to ty in 1988 in the installation of ground-water heat pumps. The Oregon DOGAMI by UNOCAL. The holes, drilled in the High Cascades Department of Energy (ODOE) certified CJ7 residential geothermal near the South Sister and Mount Jefferson (Figure 5), reached depths tax credits in 1988, most of them for the installation of such systems. ranging from 250 to 610 m. No temperature data are publicly At the present time, a tax credit of up to $1,500 is available for each available from the holes, but detailed lithologic logs arc being pro­ residence. The amount of tax credit is based on energy savings, not duced as part of DOGAMI's scientific drilling program. The core the cost of the system. is stored at Oregon State University, with representative samples available for inspection at DOGAMI. DOGAMI APPLIED RESEARCH A synthesis of Cascade geology in central Oregon was presented In 1986, DOGAMI received a grant from the U.S. Department in 1988 at a symposium on the Cascades sponsored by the USGS of Energy (USDOE) to complete a geologic and geothermal-resource (Priest, 1989; see next section). The paper presents a geological study of the Breitenbush-Austin Hot Springs hydrothermal area, in­ cross section through the Three Fingered Jack area that shows in cluding a detailed analysis of the Thermal Power drill hole, CIGH-l. excess of 1 km of downward displacement on a complex graben struc­ The CIGH-I hole was drilled to 1.46-km depth in the High Cascade ture. This amount of displacement is consistent with earlier inter­ Range nOlthwest of Mount Jefferson in 1986 (Figure 5). David Sher­ pretations of Tay lor (1981) and preliminary data from the previously rod of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) cooperated with mentioned UNOCAL holes (Smith and others, 1989; Gerald L. Black DOGAMI to edit an open-file report summarizing data from the and Platt Bradbury, unpublished data). High permeability and drill hole and from the Austin-Breitenbush geothermal area in geothermal fluids could occur in fractures and intergranular pore general. The report, Open-File Report 0-88-5, entitled Geology and spaces associated with intra-graben faults and fill. Geothermal Resources o/the Breitenbush-Austin Hot Springs Area, Clackamas and Marion Counties, Oregon, is available from USGS ACTIVITIES DOGAMI. The report discusses two possible models of the geother­ The USGS was involved in several geothermal-related projects in mal system, utilizing all geological, geophysical, geochemical, and 1988. They also performed a great service to the geothermal and geo­ hydrological data from the area. Both models require a deep logic communities by organizing and coordinating efforts to publish magmatic heat source to explain heat flow in the area, but one model new research papers on Newberry volcano and the Cascade Range. requires that the magmatic heat source be significantly wider than David V. Fitterman of the USGS edited a special issue of the the High Cascades (Blackwell and others, 1982; Blackwell and Journal o/Geophysical Research (JGR) on Newberry volcano (JGR, Baker, 1988), whereas the other model requires a narrow heat source v. 93, no. B9, 1988). The issue includes articles on geology, or sources centered under the High Cascades (Sherrod, 1988; hydrology, hydrothermal alteration, transient electromagnetic sound­ Ingebritsen and others, 1989). The latter model produces the ob­ ings, magnetotellurics, resistivity, high-resolution seismic imaging, served high regional heat t10w in the Western Cascades by lateral gravity, and magnetics (see section on Newberry volcano for details).

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 101 In December 1988, the USGS sponsored a Red Book conference an open-file report (Ingebritsen and others, 1988) and an interpretive on thc Geological, Geophysical, and Tectonic Setting of the Cascade paper (lngebritsen and others, 1989). Range. Thirty-six new papers on the Cascades were presented at WRD also drilled four shallow (47-153 m) temperature-gradient the four-day conference. The papers will be published as a USGS holes in the Western Cascades in 1988 (Table 2); three provided open-file report (Muffler and others, 1989). Many of the papers will useful temperature gradients (Figures 5 and 7). The holes were appear in a special issue of JGR to be published in 1990. drilled to fill in gaps in the existing heat-flow data base. The Much debate on the previously mentioned geothermal models temperature gradients (51-66 °C/km; Figure 7) are similar to those for the Cascades occurred at the Red Book conference (see section previously measured by DOGAMI in nearby areas (e.g., Black and on DOGAMI activities), and some actions for resolving the debate others, 1983). were proposed. Cleaning out and logging the 2.5-km-deep Suned­ Compilations of the geologic map of the State of Oregon by co 58-28 hole near Breitenbush Hot Springs was considered a cost­ George W. Walker and Norman S. MacLeod and the Salem I ° by effective means of definitively testing the two competing models. 2 ° sheet (Walker and Duncan, 1988) were completed. The geologic Drilling additional temperature-gradient holes in the High Cascades map of the state will be printed in 1990 or 1991. was also recommended as a means of establishing how much heat David Sherrod and Jim Smith finished a geologic map of the is actually available for lateral transfer to the Western Cascades. Ad­ Cascade Range in Oregon (Sherrod and Smith, 1989). The ditional heat-flow measurements in the Western Cascades would help 1:500,OOO-scale map shows Quaternary volcanic rocks split into five to test for complex patterns of heat-flow variation that would be pro­ age divisions and four compositional divisions. Western Cascades duced by lateral flow of heated ground water. rocks, which are not as well known as the younger rocks, are shown The USGS Water Resources Division (WRD) completed three in lesser detail. years of intensive work in the Cascade Range. The program included Terry Keith and Keith Bargar continued their hydrothermal­ NaCI surveys, stable-isotope studies, water chemistry, and alteration studies of holes drilled under the USDOE cost-share pro­ temperature-gradient work in the central Oregon Cascades between gram. They also contributed hydrothermal-alteration studies to the Mount Hood and the Three Sisters. The data are summarized in Breitenbush-Austin geothermal report (see section on DOGAMI activities) .

••• L-____--" 100 Km .

GEOe ... N-3

-t- USGS New~erry 1

BASIN

AND

RANGE o 10 Km. 'L-____----"' ~ NORTH

~Fault zone ••• • Edge of the High Cascade heat-flow anomaly * USGS-WRD hole with temperature-depth data o Unocal hole

Figure 5. Physiographic provinces of western Oregon (after Dicken, 1950), showing major areas of geothermal activity discussed in text. 1. Location of Thermal Power drill hole CIGH-I. 2. Breitenbush River map area. 3. Santiam Pass study area. 4. Silicic highland. 5. Location of CECl drill hole MZI-I1A. Edge of High Cascade heat-flow anomaly after Black and others (i983). inset map of Newberry caldera shows locations oftemperature-gradient holes discussed in text and CEO permitted production well sites. Dotted lines show ring fractures of Newberry caldera.

102 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 Charles Bacon continued his investigation into the volcanic evolu­ and its implications. The report recommended that OWRD continue tion of Mount Mazama, including the study of samples collected to monitor conditions in the geothermal aquifer and track progress from the bottom of Crater Lake during Alvin dives. Manuel Nathen­ toward the elimination of wasteful discharge. If the decline continues son and Michael Thompson presented an interpretation of water after 1990, OWRD will evaluate the situation and may consider ad­ chemistry of Crater Lake at the January 1988 Corvallis meeting of ministrative action to stabilize water levels. the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Water levels fluctuate seasonally in Klamath Falls, with lowest William Scott and Cynthia Gardner completed their geologic map levels occurring during the peak heating season in February. Water of the Mount Bachelor area (Scott and Gardner. 1989). The map levels in February 1988 did not show any decline relative to 1987, will be published in color at a scale of 1:50,000. probably due to the mild weather and resultant decreased heating demand. GEO-HEAT CENTER, OREGON INSTITUTE OF Users in the Klamath Falls area arc continuing to move toward TECHNOLOGY total rei'1iection of pumped them1al water. The OIT Geo-Heat Center Thc Gco-Heat Center at the Oregon Institute of Technology (OlT) is working on a reinjection well for its system. Reinjection wells specializes in assisting in the development of low-temperature ( < 90 are already in use at the city jail and museum. 0C) and moderate-temperature (90-150 0C) geothermal applications OWRD now has expanded authority to regulate use of low­ for direct use. The Center is under contract with USDOE to pro­ temperature geothermal resources. State Senate Bill 237 provides vide geothermal serviccs to state and federal agencies who receive the means for OWRD to protect senior users of a resource by con­ requests from enginecring consultants. planners, and developers t()r trolling water use when alteration of temperature or undue thermal development assistance on direct-use projects. The assistance can interference between wells is determined to exist. range from answering technical questions and simple consultations on methods, equipment, and applications to providing feasibility ACTIVITIES OF ODOE studies. The Geo-Heat Center has published over 70 such feasibili­ In 1988, geothermal activities of the Oregon Department of ty studies. which are available as examples. The project period is Energy (ODOE) focused on research and support for other agen­ slated to run through the end of 1992. cies. ODOE, in cooperation with the Washington State Energy The Geo-Heat Center completed a report on geothermal direct Office, continued to perform financial evaluations of new geother­ use that summarizes applications. regulations, and environmental mal power plants for the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). factors. The report, entitled Geothermal Direct Use Engineering and ODOE responds to inquiries on geothermal energy development Design Guidebook, is now available (Geo-Heat Center, Oregon In­ from the pUblic. Over 140 such responses were provided in 1988. stitute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601; phone ODOE also certifies geothermal tax credits: 97 residential and 11 503-882-6321) . business tax credits (all for heat pump applications) were certified In 1988, the Geo-Heat Center assembled information on the in 1988. ODOE continues to participate in the activities of the Pacific original design and subsequent performance of a selected group of Geothermal Resources Council (GRC), publishing articles at the geothermal district heating systems that have operated at least three national meetings and being a board member of the local Northwest years. Specific areas of investigation were (1) customer connect time Section. Finally, ODOE instructed USFS personnel in geothermal and disposal and (2) equipment type and materials of construction energy in February 1988. for production pumps and transmission piping. The operational per­ formance of equipment in each of these areas is described and will RESEARCH BY OSU serve as a reference I()r designers of new systems and operators of Brittain Hill. a doctoral candidate at Oregon State University existing systems. The report will be available from the Geo-Heat (OSU), is continuing his work on Quaternary ash !lows in the Bend Center some time in 1989. area (Hill, 1985) and the silicic highland west of Bend. Isotopic age The Geo-Heat Center evaluated downhole heat exchanger per­ data indicate that the Bend Pumice and Tumalo Tuff, a sequence formance world wide. A summary of this study should be available of air-fall ash-now deposits, may be considerably younger than sometime in 1989. previously supposed (Sarna-Wojcicki and others, 1987). Hill has also The Geo-Heat Center aided OIT in making plans to drill an acquired data that support a silicic highland source for the ash !lows injection well to eliminate surface discharge from its geothermal (Hill, 1985). system. Jack Dymond and Robert Collier of the OSU Oceanography The Geo-Heat Center continues to be involved in the evaluation Department continued investigations at Crater Lake during the sum­ of the Klamath Falls geothermal aquifer. Its staff plays an active mer of 1988 (Collier and Dymond, 1988). Their objective is to deter­ role on the Klamath Falls Geothermal Advisory Committee and con­ mine whether or not hot springs exist on the floor of the lake (see tinues to publish the Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, which section on the Mount Mazama area). has been in circulation since 1975. RESEARCH BY WASHINGTON STATE U]'I;IVERSITY ACTIVITIES OF OREGON WATER RESOURCES Richard Conrey is finishing up a three-year study of the Mount DEPARTMENT Jefferson area. He found that, for the last 2.5 m.y., about 200 km 2 The Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD) continued of the area has been the site of andesitic to rhyodacitic volcanism its low-temperature geothermal program, which includes monitor­ (Conrey, 1988). He postulates that a granodiorite-tonalite batholith ing of the resources in Vale. the Klamath Falls area, and Lakeview. lies at shallow depths beneath the area. The OWRD published a report on the hydrogeology of the developed geothermal aquifer at Vale (Gannett. 1988). The repOli ]'I;EWBERRY VOLCANO can be obtained from OWRD. As previously mentioned (section on USGS activities), a special Monitoring of the geothermal aquifer in Klamath Falls shows issue of JGR summarized current research on Newberry volcano. that water levels have been declining at a rate of approximately 0.3 Of particular interest is the interpretation by Swanberg and others m per year since about 1975. In 1985 the City of Klamath Falls passed (1988) that the so-called "rain curtain" effect extends to a depth of the Geothermal Management Act in order to eliminate, by 1990. about 1,000 m in the L219-m GEO N-l hole (south flank of Newberry the wasteful geothermal-water discharge that presumably is caus­ volcano). Blackwell and Steele (1987) used the same temperature ing the decline. In November 1987, the Water Resources Commis­ data to infer that the "rain curtain" effect extends to a depth of only sion received a staff report describing the Klamath Falls decline 350-400 m. Black and Priest (1988), in a review of all available

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 103 121°45' "j Three Fingered Jack ~~*~::::=;~~~~~5 KILOMETERS ~ 3 MILES \ ..0. \, NORTH \ [J 1 ;) OREGON \

+Nash Crater ,~ (

Hoodoo Butte 2 Black Butte + ! + 't------~ ------­ JEFFERSON COUNTY >' DESCHUTES COUNTY + Sand Mountain ~S:::>, 8\ ~( ..... , '-, / ( '~Mt. Washington \ (, I, ,I J

Figure 6. Location of potential scientific drilling sites near Santiam Pass, Oregon. temperature-depth data at Newberry volcano, concluded that the dicating conductive heat flow. Arestad and others (1988) argue that "rain curtain" extends to a depth of about 450-550 m on the flanks available exploration data favor further exploration ofthe west flank of the volcano. Resolution of this issue is important to those trying of the volcano for high-temperature geothermal resources. to decide on appropriate depths of exploration for temperature­ Geo-Newberry Crater, Inc., reportedly plans to drill a test well gradient studies of Newberry volcano and other young volcanic areas. on the west flank of Newberry volcano in 1989. DOGAMI in early Achauer and others (1988), utilizing high-resolution seismic 1988 granted permits for two sites: SE 1;,\ sec. 29, T. 21 S., R. 12 tomography, identified a low-velocity body at 3 kIn depth below the E., and NEI,4 sec. 5, T. 22 S., R. 12 E. (Figure 5). The environ­ summit caldera at Newberry volcano. They interpret the body as mental assessment for the drilling has been approved by USBLM. "a possible magma chamber a few to a few tens of kIn3 in volume." At this time, it is not known when drilling operations on Newberry Sammel and others (1988) presented a theoretical model of the will begin. hydrothermal system and concluded that (I) elevated temperature gradients in drill holes on the flanks of the volcano are not influenced by any Holocene magma body under the caldera, and (2) the gra­ MOUNT MAZAMA AREA (CRATER LAKE AREA) dients in the lower part of flank drill holes "may be related to the The reader is referred to Black and Priest (1988) for a detailed cumulative effect of older intrusions." history of geothermal development issues at Mount Mazama prior Recently released temperature data from the west flank of the to July 1988. volcano tend to support the hypothesis that a very significant heat On June 21, 1988, the Pacific Division of the American Associa­ source exists there. The period of confidentiality on data from the tion for the Advancement of Science sponsored a special session lower portion of a l,m-m hole drilled on the west flank of Newberry on "The Clarity of Crater Lake, Oregon. An Ecosystem Study." A volcano ended in 1988; the data are therefore now available to the number of papers on the limnology and geohydrology of the lake pUblic. The hole was spudded in September 1983 by Occidental were given. Sewage and natural processes were discussed as possi­ Geothermal, Inc., in sec. 3, T. 22 S., R. 12 E. (Figure 5, well 72-3). ble sources for the continued degradation of the clarity of the lake. The hole was drilled to a total depth of 1,068 m in the fall of 1983. Responding to the previously mentioned directive from Congress The hole was reentered in the fall of 1984 and deepened to 1,372 (section on regulatory actions), the National Park Service granted m. Data from the upper 1,068 m were published in last year's $225,000 to Jack Dymond and Robert Collier of OSU to study the geothermal summary (Black and Priest, 1988). The operator of lake with a number of submarine dives. Temperatures 2-6 °C above record is now Santa Fe Geothermal, Inc., of Bakersfield, Califor­ the 3.6- °C lake temperature were found in gelatinous bacterial mats nia. The temperature-depth curve for hole 72-3 is essentially isother­ on the floor of the lake. These are the highest temperatures measured mal to a depth of approximately 470 m, reflecting the "rain thus far on the lake bottom. The Park Service convened a panel curtain" effect (Black and Priest, 1988). The temperature gradient of experts to review the findings ofthe OSU team. Additional dives from 488 m to 1,366 m is 137 °C/kIn, with a bottom-hole temperature are planned for the summer of 1989 (Jack Dymond, personal com­ of 155°C (Arestad and others, 1988). The gradient is linear, in- munication, 1989).

104 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 In 1989, California Energy Company reportedly plans to con­ Temperature (ae) tinue drilling on the Mount Mazama sites pennitted by the previously discussed IDLA decision (see section on regulatory actions). In 1986, 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 the MZI-llA site (Table 1) was drilled to 413 m, yielding a bottom­ 0.------hole temperature of 107 °C and a temperature gradient of m °C/km in the lowest 20 m of the hole (Priest and others, 1987). y~~GAR CREEK 25 COLLOWAsr85/6E-ld ~5/6E-17b ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the cooperation of numerous individuals in 50 government and industry. Jacki Clark of USBLM provided the federal leasing data. Jack Feuer of USBLM and Bob Fujimoto of USFS provided much useful information on regulatory issues. Dennis 75 Olmstead and Dan Wermiel of DOGAMI furnished the data on drill­ ing permits. Alex Sifford of ODOE and Susan Hartford of OWRD provided information on their agencies' activities for the year. Paul 100 Lienau of OIT provided much of the inforn1ation on direct-use proj­ ects around the state. David Sherrod, Terry Keith, and Steve Ingebritsen of USGS supplied accounts of USGS activities in Oregon. 125 Don Hull of DOGAMI, Alex Sifford, and David Sherrod reviewed the paper. Jack Dymond of OSU reviewed the section on his study of Crater Lake. 150

REFERENCES CITED Figure 7. Temperature-depth curves for 1988 USGS drilling Achauer, u., Evans, J.R, and Stauber, D.A., 1988, High-resolution seismic program. tomography of compressional wave velocity structure at Newberry volcano, Oregon Cascade Range: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B9, p. 10135-10147. Arestad, J.F., Potter, IF., II, and Stewart, G.E., 1988, Stratigraphic test drill­ ing in the Newberry Crater KGRA, Oregon: Geothermal Resources Coun­ cil Bulletin, v. 17, no. 10, p. 3-8. Ingebritsen, S.E., Mariner, R.H., Casidy, D.E., Shepherd, L.D., Presser, Black, G.L., Blackwell, D.D., and Steele, J.L., 1983, Heat flow in the Oregon T.S., Pringle, M.KW., and White, L.D., 1988, Heat-flow and water­ Cascades, in Priest, G.R., and Vogt, B. F., eds., Geology and geother­ chemistry data from the Cascade Range and adjacent areas in north-central mal resources of the central Oregon Cascade Range: Oregon Depart­ Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-702, 205 p. ment of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper 15, p. 69-76. Ingebritsen, S.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Mariner, R.H., 1989, Heat flow and Black, G.L., and Priest, G.R., 1988, Geothermal exploration in Oregon, hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: 1987: Oregon Geology, v. 50, no. 9110, p. 107-116. Science, v. 243, p. 1458-1462. Blackwell, 0.0, and Baker, S.L., 1988, Thermal analysis of the Austin and Mufller, L.J.P., Blackwell, D.D., and Weaver, C.S., eds., 1989, Geology, Breitenbush geothermal systems, Western Cascades, Oregon, in Sher­ geophysics, and tectonic setting of the Cascade Range: U.S. Geological rod, D.R., ed., 1988, Geology and geothermal resources of the Survey Open-File Report 89-178, in press. Breitenbush-Austin Hot Springs area, Clackamas and Marion Counties, Peterson, N.Y., Priest, G.R., Black, G.L., Brown, D.E., Woller, N.M., Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Open­ Blackwell, D.O., Steele, J.L., and Justus, D., compilers, 1982, Geother­ File Report 0-88-5, p. 47-62. mal resources of Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Blackwell, D.O., Bowen, R.G., Hull, D.A., Riccio, J.F., and Steele, J.L., Industries and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, scale 1982, Heat flow, arc volcanism, and subduction in northern Oregon: Jour­ 1:500,000. nal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, no. BIO, p. 8735-8754. Priest, G.R., 1989, Volcanic and tectonic evolution of the Cascade volcanic Blackwell, D.O., and Steele, J.L., 1987, Geothermal data from deep holes arc, 44° 00" to 44° 52' 30", in Muffler, LJ.P., Blackwell, D.O., and in the Oregon Cascade Range: Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Weaver, e.S., eds., Geology, geophysics, and tectonic setting of the Council, v. 11, p. 317-322. Cascade Range: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-178, in press. Collier, JW., and Dymond, J., 1988, Observations of bacterial mat, associated Priest, G.R., Bargar, K.E., Black, G.L., Blackwell, D.D., Couch, RW., with thermal springs at 450 m depth at Crater Lake, Oregon: EOS, v. Collier, R., Duncan, R.A., Dymond, J., Evans, 1., Goldstein, N., Haim­ 69, p. 1138. , son, B.e., Hughes, S., Iyer, M., Keith, T.E.e., Korosec, M.A., Laul, Conrey, R.M., 1988, Mt. Jefferson area, Oregon High Cascade Range: a le., Levi S., Mariner, RH., Mooney, w.D., Rowley, J., Sherrod, D.R, long-lived locus of andesitic and dacitic volcanism and plutonism labs.]: Smith, M., Waibel, A., Weaver, C.S., Woller, N.M., and Wright, P.M., Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 7, 1987, Investigation of the thermal regime and geologic history of the p. A196. Cascade volcanic arc: First phase of a program for scientific drilling Dicken, S.N., 1950, Oregon geography: Eugene, Oreg., University of Oregon in the Cascade Range: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral In­ Cooperative Bookstore, \04 p. dustries Open-File Report 0-86-3, 120 p. Gannett, M., 1988, Hydrogeologic assessment of the developed geothermal San1ffiel, E.A., ingebritsen, S.E., and Mariner, R.H., 1988, The hydrothermal aquifer near Vale, Oregon: Oregon Department of Water Resources Open­ system at Newberry volcano, Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research, File Report 88-04, 33 p. v. 93, no. B9, p. 10149-10162. Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1982, Low temperature geothermal Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Morrison, S.D., Meyer, e.E., and Hillhouse, J.w., power production in Lakeview, Oregon: Geo-Heat Center Quarterly 1987, Correlation of upper Cenozoic tephra layers between sediments Bulletin, v. 7, no. 3, p. 19-20. of the western United States and eastern Pacific Ocean and comparison ---1987, Geothermal pipeline: Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, v. with biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic age data: Geological Socie­ 10, no. 1, p. 17-19. ty of America Bulletin, v. 98, no. 2, p. 207-223. ---1989, Geothermal pipeline: Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, v. Scott, W.E., and Gardner, e.A., 1989, Geologic map of the Mount Bachelor II, no. 3, p. 26. volcanic chain and surrounding area, Cascade Range, Oregon: U.S. Hill, B.D., 1985, Petrology of the Bend pumice and Tumalo tuff, a Pleistocene Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1967, scale Cascade eruption involving magma mixing: Corvallis, Oreg., Oregon 1:50,000. State University master's thesis, 101 p. (Continued on page 117. Geothermal)

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 105 Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area: Mapping potentially hazardous soils by Ian P. Madin, Seismic Hazard Geologist, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries

ABSTRACT initiated a program of detailed mapping of the thickness and distribu­ The scientific perception of earthquake hazards in Oregon is tion of fine-grained unconsolidated sediments in the Portland rapidly evolving, with the advent of new research that suggests that metropolitan area, which will be largely completed in mid-1990. The Oregon may be susceptible to earthquakes much more damaging detailed data provided by this program will be made available to than any in the state's short recorded history. Unfortunately, this the public and to other researchers for site-specific and regional new research does not provide the kind of well-constrained estimates studies of soils-dependent earthquake hazards. of earthquake magnitude and epicentral location that are possible in areas such as Los Angeles or Salt Lake City. EARTHQUAKE SOURCE ZONES Faced with the lack of good data about potential earthquake Earthquake hazards in the Pacific Northwest stem from tectonic sources, the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries activity associated with the subduction of the Juan de Fuca oceanic (DOGAMI) is attempting to approach the problem of earthquake plate beneath the North American continental plate in Oregon and design parameters by mapping surficial geology that may enhance Washington (Figure 1). The Juan de Fuca Plate converges on, and earthquake-related hazards. The program centers on the production thrusts beneath, the North American Plate along the Cascadia Sub­ of 1:24,000-scale geologic maps that depict the distribution and duction Zone. Active seismicity along the southwestern and western thickness of Quaternary sediments that may cause amplification of margins of the Juan de Fuca Plate indicate that the subduction proc­ ground shaking or lead to liquefaction during earthquakes. The map­ ess is active, with a long-term convergence rate of several centimeters ping incorporates both surface geologic data and subsurface data per year in a generally north-northeast direction. Convergence along collected from over 10,000 water-well, highway, and foundation­ the Cascadia Subduction Zone implies, for the Portland area, three boring logs. DOGAMI anticipates that other workers will use these types of earthquakes, each originating in a different zone (Figure detailed geologic data to produce a variety of products of use to the engineering and planning communities. Among the planned and pro­ posed uses are the following: (1) A regional map of spectral amplification zones in three period bands, based on surficial-unit BRITISH thickness, measured and extrapolated shear-wave velocity profiles, and measured low-strain amplification factors; (2) a catalog of syn­ COLUMBIA thetic response spectra for a variety of sites and earthquake sources; 1\ and (3) liquefaction potential maps. 1\ 1\ INTRODUCTION Recent seismological and geological research suggests that the Portland metropolitan area may be faced with significant earthquake hazards from several different sources and that the area may be susceptible to earthquakes far larger than any in local history. The level of concern is such that the Portland metropolitan area, along with the Puget Sound region, is now the first priority for research funded by the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP). 1\1\ Traditionally, the magnitude, frequency, and location of poten­ DE columbia tial earthquakes is evaluated by studying the rate and distribution PortTandl\~ of instrumental or historic seismicity and by analysis of the 0 Z I\::! c( prehistoric activity of the surface traces of active faults. Neither of () u these approaches serves Oregon well, because the state has a short 1\5 > it historic record, a poor instrumental net, and thick soil and vegetative W cover in most of the densely populated areas. These problems and OREGON :liE c( the nature of the regional tectonic setting mean that earthquake hazard 1\ w is currently best understood in terms of geologic source zones that 0 are capable of producing earthquakes. A geologic understanding of earthquake source zones does not help the professional who is trying to update a Uniform Building 1\ Code (UBC)-type seismic zone map or who is selecting a design earthquake for a specific structure in Portland. Unfortunately, there 1\ is little hope that the data needed for more specific evaluations of PACIFIC potential earthquake characteristics will be available in the next few CALIFORNIA years. The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries PLATE (DOGAMI) has therefore chosen to study something for which there are abundant data: potentially responsive or liquefiable soils. Although we may not be able to predict how large an earthquake we may be faced with, through careful mapping of soils we can predict which sites could expect significant ground motion amplifica­ tion or liquefaction in any given earthquake. To this end, DOGAMI Figure 1. Plate-tectonic map of the Pacific Northwest.

106 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 CASCADES slip along the interface between the Juan De Fuca and North

WILLA METTE V ALLEY American Plates. COAST RANGES All of the historical earthquakes in Portland are considered to be crustal events. To date, no causative faults have been identified, r-UPPER PLATE * MODERATE MAGNITUDE but recent geologic mapping (Beeson and others, 1989) has demonstrated that the Portland Hills are part of a complex fault zone and that other faults are common within the area. This suggests the INTERPLATE LOWER PLATE possibility of a repeat of the magnitude (M)-5.1 Portland earthquake -Hypothetical ?? LARGE MAGNITUDE of 1962 almost anywhere in the region. The current state of fault VERY LARGE MAGNITUDE mapping and the short record of historical earthquakes probably precludes an accurate estimate of the maximum possible crustal earthquake in the area. Figure 2. Schematic cross section through the Portland Large earthquakes in the Puget Sound region originate at depths metropolitan area, showing the location of potential earthquake of 40-60 km within the subducted Juan de Fuca Plate. A small source zones. number of well-located deep earthquakes (Figure 3) indicates that the potentially seismogenic portion of the Juan de Fuca Plate exists 2). These types of earthquakes are (1) shallow crustal earthquakes beneath northwestern and southwestern Oregon (Weaver and Baker. generated by faults in the immediate vicinity of Portland, (2) deep 1988; Weaver and Shedlock, 1989). This suggests that the Portland earthquakes originating in the subducted Juan de Fuca Plate beneath area is underlain by an earthquake source zone capable of generating Portland. and (3) large earthquakes that may occur during periodic events similar in size to the 1949 Olympia earthquake (M 7.1),

Juan de Fuca Plate §

(!)

(!) o 200 I I km

(!) South Gorda (!) Plate

Figure 3. Schematic of probable source zones (hachured area) for deep earthquakes within the subducted Juan de Fuca Plate. Question marks indicate areas where there are no earthquakes located in the Juan de Fuca Plate. After »eaver and Shedlock, 1989.

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 107 Juan de Fuca Plate §

(!) o 200 I I km

(!) South Gorda (!) Plate

Figure 4. Schematic diagram showing examples of source zones and associated estimated magnitudes for hypothetical subduction inter­ face earthquakes. Other combinations are possible. After ~aver and Shedlock, 1989.

0.9r------, although the overall rate of deep seismicity is orders of magnitude 5% Damping lower in Oregon than in Washington. 0.8 Finally, the suggestions of Heaton and Hartzell (1986) and obser­ vations of Atwater (1987) have triggered an intense scientific debate 0.7 over the possibility that the Cascadia subduction zone may experience very large earthquakes due to periodic slip along the Juan de Fuca­ North American Plate interface. Seismological data indicate that .§ 0.6 this interface is currently aseismic, which may mean that slip on e.. the interface is always aseismic or that the interface is temporarily ~ 0.5 locked and accumulating strain between slip events. Geologic data u cl: provide strong evidence for repeated events of abrupt land-level ~ 0.4 changes and tsunamis that are very similar to those observed dur­ u ing the great earthquakes in Chile in 1960 and in Alaska in 1964. ..Q. U) 0.3 Conservatively, the entire coastal zone from northern California to British Columbia could be considered a potential source zone for large earthquakes (Figure 4).

--4- Figure 5. Average acceleration response spectra for motions oot::::.---+------k---==!====f:~~~ recorded on rock and hard-soil sites vs. soft-soil sites during the 2period _seca~ 4 5 September 19, 1985, earthquake in Mexico City. scr and C40 sites are soft-soil sites. After Seed and others, 1988.

108 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 CO'l." l.J" . -~ -0 4tl1/"I

Oal

", 780 '''750

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ott ;.. '0

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Figure 6. Preliminary geologic nwp of the Mount Tabor Quadrangle, Portland, Oregon. Snwll open circles are drill-hole data points, Qal = Recent alluvial sand and silt; Qff = outburst-jlood silt of late Pleistocene age; Qfc = outburst-jlood gravel of late Pleistocene age; Qtg = Pliocene-Pleistocene gravels; (lIb = Pliocene-Pleistocene basaltic lavajlows; Tt = Pliocene gravels, Dashed lines are 30-ft isopachs on units Qal and Qff combined. Diagonal dashed lines are inferred buried faults, Heavy black lines are highways.

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 109 The three potential earthquake source zones outlined for Portland sediment, depth to basement, and sediment density. The resultant are similar in two important respects: (1) All indicate a significant maps depict zones of similar spectral amplification in the 0.5- to possibility of maximum possible ground motions larger than any 1.0-, 1.0- to 3.0-, and 3.0- to 10.0-second period bands. in the historical record, and (2) it is currently not possible to ac­ Many workers have questioned the validity of this technique, par­ curately predict probable maximum ground motions or earthquake ticularly the linear extrapolation of low-strain spectral-amplification return times from any of these sources. measurements to the high strains expected in earthquakes. However, This implies that for many years to come, engineers may be faced preliminary results from Olympia (Ken King, personal communica­ with increased concern about potential seismic hazards in Portland tion, 1989) indicate that spectral-amplification zones mapped through without any new quantitative ground-motion data on which to base recordings of quarry blasts correspond closely to mapped intensity designs. What is possible, however, is to generate quantitative data anomalies from historical Puget Sound earthquakes. on soils and site-dependent shaking amplification and liquefaction potential for a postulated design earthquake. SYNTHETIC RESPONSE SPECTRA Workers at Woodward Clyde Consultants have developed a tech­ GROUND-MOTION AND LIQUEFACTION-POTENTIAL nique for generating synthetic response spectra for sites using the MAPPING Band-Limited-White-Noise model with Random Vibration Theory In any given earthquake, different sites at similar epicentral (Darragh and others, 1989). Analysis of strong-motion records distances will experience ground shaking of different amplitude and worldwide indicates that ground motions are controlled by the spectral content due to the amplifying or attenuating effects of the seismic moment of the earthquake and the rock properties (density, surficial soil profile. Such amplification was, of course, dramatically thickness, and shear-wave velocity) beneath the site. Comparisons demonstrated during the Mexico City earthquake of 1985 (Figure of calculated spectra with strong-motion record derived spectra for 5). Of particular concern are soft or cohesionless soils, which are historical Puget Sound earthquakes show excellent agreement (Figure widespread in the Portland area. 7). Ivan Wong of Woodward Clyde has proposed to generate a catalog Ideally, one could map amplification due to soils empirically by of synthetic-response spectra for a variety of sites in the Portland comparing strong-motion records from a variety of sites. Unfor­ area. The spectra would be based on site geology and shear-wave tunately, earthquakes are not common in Portland, and there is only velocity data provided by DOGAMI and would model representative one strong-motion instrument in the area. This requires an approach earthquakes from each of the potential source zones. to ground-response mapping based on an understanding of the den­ sity and shear-wave velocity profile at a great number of sites. Although these data can be obtained easily by measurements in a borehole, it is prohibitively expensive to collect data directly for the entire region. This means that we must couple a few direct measurements with an understanding of the local surficial geology in order to extrapolate data for a regional map. For this reason, the .. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and DOGAMI began ajoint effort in 1987 to produce geologic maps on which to base evaluations of ~/:':\:" amplification potential. "0 • \', '.' "0.\__ '. DOGAMI's mapping program, which will be largely complete , , in mid-1990, will depict the thickness and distribution of young, fine­ .. ,. 'I" .~ grained sediments and soils and the depth to bed rock throughout the developed portions of the Portland metropolitan area at a scale '.~ of 1:24,000. The mapping is based on field examination of surface exposures and topography and on the examination and interpreta­ tion of more than 10,000 foundation, highway, and water-well

borehole logs. Figure 6, a map of the Mount Tabor Quadrangle, ______Average of 2 Horizontal Components is an example of such a map. .0 •••••••• Maximum and Minimum of 2 Horizontal Components Currently three uses have been proposed for the geologic data --- BLWN-RVT Prediction that DOGAMI has produced. A team of USGS scientists led by John Tinsley is planning to produce a series of ground-response maps for the area, using a technique that has been developed and refined ~+-~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~~~ in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Olym­ 10-2 10-' 10' 10' pia areas. Ivan Wong of Woodward Clyde Associates is proposing Period I•• condal to produce a catalog of synthetic response spectra for a variety of Figure 7. Observed and predicted acceleration response spectra characteristic sites. Finally, DOGAMI staff members are propos­ of the earthquake at Olympia, Washington, on April 13, 1949, as ing to produce a series of liquefaction-potential maps for the area. recorded at the Highway Test Laboratory site in Olympia. After Dar­ It is crucial to note that none of these programs currently has firm ragh and others, 1989. funding.

GROUND-RESPONSE MAPS LIQUEFACTION-POTENTIAL MAPPING The USGS team uses an approach in which a series of data layers Fine-grained, cohesionless saturated soils are common in the is used to map spectral amplification factors for three period bands. Portland metropolitan area, particularly along the Willamette and Recordings of relative ground motion are made at a variety of sites Columbia River flood plains and in much of Washington County. using quarry blasts, nuclear tests, or natural earthquakes. Boreholes Analysis and mapping of the liquefaction potential of these sediments are then drilled at the recording sites to measure the thickness, den­ have been proposed by DOGAMI staff in conjunction with Les Youd sity, and shear-wave velocity of the unconsolidated sediments. The of Brigham Young University and will make use of the existing relations between the recorded spectral amplifications and the borehole and geologic database. Preliminary liquefaction-potential measured soil profile data are calculated and then extrapolated to mapping of part of the Portland area is being carried out by the the entire region, using data layers for the thickness of unconsolidated (Continued on page 118, Earlhquake)

110 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 The great Grant County fireball, October 23, 1987 by Richard N. Pugh. Science Ttachu, C/~ftmd High School, Ponfand, Oregon; Danid J, Kraus, FOrmer Chiq Research Ass;stomlDepury DireClor, Pine Mountain OburvalOry. Universify of Oregon.; and Blain A. Schmur, Professional umd Surveyor

The largest fireball ever reported in Oregon during this century occurred October 23. 1987. at 2:36 p.m., Pacific Daylight Time. This daylight fireball was seen from Wenatchee, Chelan County, Washington, on the north, to Bums, Harney County, Oregon. on the south. In Oregon. it was seen from Banks, Washington County, on the west, to Nyssa, Malheur County, on the cas!. This area covers 180,000 km 2. The follOWing repon is the result of over 250 interviews of eyewitnesses in Oregon of the even! and over 1,000 hours in the field. The fireball entered the atmosphere above the Cascade Moun­ tains north of Mount Adams in Washington State. It moved southeast to Grant County, Oregon. where it exploded. The angle of descent 'NaS from J0 0 in Washington State to 90° at the end point. When it crossed the Columbia River near CeHlo, Oregon, the angle of descent was about 35°. The fireball was very bright. Those people who were in front of it reported that it was too bright to look at. Many reported it to be brighter than the su n and several times the diameter of the sun in the Dayville-Mount Vernon area of Grant County, Oregon. Most observers reported a round to teardrop-shaped fireball. All colors were reponed, with orange and red being the most common. Most observers saw a long, white tail. Aames, sparks, and "smoke" were seen with the tail. The end poin! of the fireball's traverse oc­ curred at an altilUde of 29 km over sec. 24, T. 11 S., R. Tl E., W.M., at Grizzly FlalS in the Blue Mountains of Grant County. Fragmen­ tation near the end poin! was reponed by some observers. The fireball finally exploded, producing a large, columnar dust cloud. The dust cloud appears to have penetrated a thin overcast that was at an elevation of about 6,(X)O m. Most observers saw a blue-white cloud; many reported a black or brown center in the cloud. One person who was positioned almost directly under the cloud saw dark shapes falling out of the cloud. HO'III'ever, no one heard anything hit the ground. The cloud persisted for over 30 minutes. Rumblings and sonic booms associated with the fireball were heard over an area extending north to the mouth of the Deschutes River in Sherman County, south to Seneca in Grant County, west to Mitchell in Wheeler County, and east to Prairie City in Gran! County. Those in front of the fireball heard up to th ree heavy sonic booms that "caused the ground to move," rattled dishes, and flexed buildings. Those heavy booms were followed by up to 35 pops or cracks like a string of large firecrackers or a machi ne gun. Those under the fireball 's path heard "wamp-wamp" sounds like a helicopter's blade. Swishing sounds were also reponed. One to three heavy booms and five to 35 pops or cracks and rumblings lasting up 10 two minutes were reponed by most people. Within an hour of the event, the smell of sulfur was reported at Clarno in Wheeler County and the odor of hot metal at Canyon City in Grant County. Anomalous sounds (sounds heard at the same time the fireball was seen) were reponed from 6 km southwest of Cornelius in Washington Coonty, over 300 km from the end point of the fireball. A hissing. whistling sound caused one person who was standing near TV and CB antennas on the roof of a house to look up and see the fireball. An observer traveling in an automobile near Boring in Clackamas Coun!Y about 250 km from the end point heard a swishing sound and a faint boom at the same time he saw the fireball. A person located 8 km southeast of Oregon City in Clackamas Coun­ VCR photos taken from 20 km southewt of Dale, Grunt County, ty, approximately 260 km from the end point, heard a whooshing 48 km from the fireball's end poim. The piclures were taken two sound that caused him to look up and see the fireball. He was stan­ seconds, three minutes, and five minutes after the sonic boom i"IW" ding next to a patio with a metal roof. heard. Photos counesy of fbt )bumalls.

OREGON GEOWGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 III At Kimberly in Grant County, a saddle horse staned acting up for no reason, and then a strange sound caused the rider to look up and see the fireball descend. A "wamp-wamp" sound was heard as buildings quivered and the fireball e:'lploded. About 16 km east of Dayville, Grant County, 25 km from the fireball's end point, two sleeping dogs awoke, jumped up, and ran to the nonh window of a mobile home. Four or five seconds later, sonic booms hit the home. Loggers working at Pismire Camp, Grant County, 5 km from the end point heard a heavy sonic boom followed a shon time later by a "wamp-wamp-wamp" sound of an object go­ ing end-over-end through the ai r. No impact was heard. The behavior of the Grant County fireball is very similar to that of the fireball that produced the Pasamonte, New Me:'lico, meteorite, which fell March 24. 1931 The Pasamonte fireball produced a strewn field of meteorites that was 45 km long and 8 km wide (Nininger, 1936). Nearly a hundred small stony meteorites, none weighing over 300 grams, were recovered (Graham and others, 1985). Similarities between the two fireballs indicate that meteorites could be found anywhere along a line from Kimberly to Mount Vernon, Grant Photo of''smoke'' cloud taken from 110 km west offireball's end County. Although the area over which the meteorite e:'lploded is very point one minute after the sonic boom. , Photo by Dal'e Corliss. rough terrain, the authors have been searching for pieces that fell REFERENCES to eanh. The elevation is around 1,500 m, and the area is covered Graham. A.L .. Bevan, AW.R., and Hutcllison. R .. 1985. €atalog of by a Ponderosa pine forest. Recovery of meteorite specimens is e:'l­ meteorites. 4th ed.: Tucson. Ariz .. University of Arizona Press. pected to be very difficult, and the authors urge anyone who may Nininger. H.H .. t936. The Pasamonte. New Mexico. meteorite: Popular have found a piece to contact them. Astronomy, v. 44. no. 6. p. 331-338. 0

Oregon boasts first gas storage site at Mist field

Energy demands on Northwest Natural Gas Company ne:'lt winter will be met, at least in pan, with natural gas from the company's new Columbia County storage field at Mist, the fi rst gas storage site in Oregon. When it is filled, the storage field will hold 7.5 Be( of gas, suffi­ cient peaking supplies for "the coldest 60-100 days of winter." The storage field is comprised of the Flora and Bruer pools, the largest pools discovered in the Io-year-old Mist Gas Field. Nonhwest Natural Gas began pumping gas back into the depleted pools in 1987, after they were taken out of production in 1984. The distribution system of Nonhwest Natural Gas will be con­ nected to the storage field by a new $59,200,000 pipeline, which is expected to be ready for use in October. The 49-mi job began May 8 and is the largest capital construction project in the nO-year history of the Ponland, Oregon, utility. Because of the ancient Indian history of the Nonhwest, manage­ ment of Northwest Natural Gas gave careful attention to the possibili· ty that any right-of-way chosen for a new pipeline could disturb, or possibly destroy, Indian anifacts. As it happened, the first route choice had to be abandoned because archeologists found "a heavy concentration of Indian ar­ tifact sites" and, because of that, a crew of experienced archeologists Cons/maion ofNonhwest Natural Gas Comp

III OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 BOOK REVIEW by AI/ell F. Agmow, Gounesy Professor of Geology, Oregon Stale Um\-ersity, Corvallis, Oregon 9733/

The Odyssey of'Thomas Condon: Irish Immigrant, Frontier Mis­ sionary, Oregon Geologist, by Roben D. Clark. Oregon HislOrical Society Press, 1989,569 p .. ilIust., $29.95.

Condon , the teacher, minister, searcher for geologic answers Thomas Condon (1822-1907) was a teacher. a master teacher who broke with tradition in the middle and later 1800's by introducing his students to what was later to be called the "laboratory" method: learning by observation and analysis. rather than by memorization and regurgitation. Condon was also a minister of the Congregational Chu rch who had received his theological upbringing in a Presbyterian Seminary in Auburn, New York, in the 1840's. His belief in God as creator of the world and of all ilS natural wonders did not get in the way of his scientific observation and Objectivity, Rather, by constantly adapting the biblical story of creation as he was assimil ating new evidence and new knowledge, he wedded the two in his personal philosophy and in his teaching, which was especially evident dur­ ing his many lectures and conversations on evolution. He was part of several decades of debate on the "evolution controversy:' his lec­ tures being widely reported in the newspapers. His opponenlS were not only those speaking for the "established" theology of the various Protestant missionary churches but also some of his pro­ fessoria l colleagues in biology at the University of Oregon. Thomas Condon. Frontispiece in The Odyssey of Thomas Condon's inquisitiveness was whetted by the books avai lable to Condon. Photo from archives of Oregon Hisrorieal Sodery, neg(llil'l? him from his earliest days in the United States. When he arrived no. ORHI55652. in New York from Ireland in 1833, he was an Il-year-old Cork Coonty native with no more than the basic elemenlS of an education. He miles on the ocean, the Coooons aod fell<1>\' mi ssionary Obed Dickin­ was fortunate to become a house hoy and office hoy for a physician so n and hi s wife took another ship and. after five more days at sea, who possessed a library. This search for knowledge continued to arrived in the small settlement of Portland on March 3, 1853. be fed during his three years of working on a fann in the Finger For the next 54 years. Condon was to serve churches (as a mis­ Lakes area of upstate New York. because the farmer there also had sionary and minister), teach school (at both pre-college and a libra ry. college levels). and collect foss il s and observe the geology around Condon'S powers of observation outdoors and his joy in collect­ him. Condon's inquisitivc nature, hi s powers of observation and ing rocks and foss il s were stimulated by the geologic wonders of analysis, and hi s strong religious foundation together enabled him that beautiful Finger Lakes region, where he attended the Cazenovia to make his mark on the people of Oregon in the latter half of the Academy for a year and then for three years more engaged in what 19th century. He was to be a lucid exponent of Darwin's modified was to be his ultimate profession- teaching. evolutionary theory. which was to put him at odds with many of In ISoW. Condon decided to enter the ministry. enrolling at the his re ligious counterparts in Oregon. Presbyterian Seminary in Auburn, New York. The Presbyterians However, his continued discovery of fossils and his attempts to fit and Congregationalists in the middle 1800's had joint operations in them into the evol utionary scheme of life brought him to the atten­ upstate New York and Ohio, he foond. He also learned that the issue tion of the famous vertebrate paleontologists of the eastern United of slavery and attendant conservatism had split the Presbyterians States. His collections and his thoughtful analysis of h<1>\' they came in 1837. as it hild the Methodists and Baptists. Condon himsel f was to be there fueled the ambitions aod abilities of two great movers and an abolitionist. shakers during that period, Othniel C. Marsh of Yale University and While at seminary for three years, Condon taught 200 inmates Edward D. Cope of the Philadelphia Museum of Natural History. at the nearby prison, who. as author Clark describes. "were over­ Joseph Leidy of the Smithsonian Instirution likewise enabled that great joyed with the program- the only minutes in the week. . when museum to thrive on Condon's discoveries. By contributing to they were pennitted human discourse" (p. 69). Condon empathized Condon's library in return for his fossil collecting, they helped Con­ with them and was glad as a teacher to provide them with such a don to gru.v intellectually and make his outstanding impact on Oregon. humanitarian re lease. Condon was not caught up in what we today call "publish or Upon graduation in 1852, Condon was appointed a missionary perish". Rather. panly because of his lack of formal training in to the West by the American Home Mission Society. He learned geology and paleontology, but also becau se of his personal that not only did the Soci"cty (of Presbyterians and Congregationalists) characteristic of searching for evidence and then seeking introspec­ stipulate that the new missionaries be ordained but also expeClcd tively for the ultimate ca uses. he published only half a dozen them to be married . Condon was fortunate to have met Cornelia articles on his researches. And those publications. he did not hesitate Holt that summer. She was a school teacher in a town near Buffalo. to state, were not intended as scientific discourses but were written and they were married on October 31. With seven other mi ssionaries for the general public. and their families, they sailed from New York City on November Thus he carried out his lifelong bent of sharing his know ledge 12 on a cl ipper ship for San Francisco. After 102 days and 17,000 with those less tutored in those subjects than he- the great number

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 113 of people in pioneer Oregon who were seeking to establish to $1,000, with the rest of the money going to an assistant. In 1905 themselves in this frontier land and at the same time attempting to he resigned, "due to the disabilities of old age," and the Regents understand the world in which they were living. Condon's two larger regretfully elected him Professor Emeritus-at age 83. In January published works-his Report as State Geologist in 1867, and his 19<17, Condon became ill with influenza and could not get rid of magnum opus, "Two Islands-and What Came of Them" in 1902, a troublesome cough. Daughter Nellie C. McCornack brought him were both directed toward the general public. It was part of his du­ to her farmhouse about two miles west of Eugene to look after him. ty, and his joy, to pass along his knowledge, while at the same time He lived for about three weeks and died on February 11, within three he extended his own comprehension by responding to the questions weeks of his 85th birthday. addressed to him by his audiences and through the mail. In his old age, Condon had become a legend. Henry F. Osborn Condon's wife Cornelia may have lived to see him complete his is said to have remarked candidly: "Professor Condon deserves the book in 1901, but she was unable to share his triumph in its publica­ entire credit of the discovery of the upper Oligocene horses in the tion a year later. She was ill during much of the summer of 1901 John Day." at the cottage on Yaquina Bay and contracted typhoid fever in August. She died on September 2, 1901, at almost 70 years of age. Condon mourned, "The light of my life has gone out." Clark, the chronicler, the historian Condon flowered in The Dalles, where he had gone in March Robert D. Clark, President Emeritus of the University of Oregon, 1862 as a missionary. It was a lively settlement, with trade not only taught speech, rhetoric, and public address for many years there. up and down the Columbia River but also into the gold-mining coun­ He wrote an article on Thomas Condon, "From Genesis to Dar­ try to the southeast in the Shoshone (Blue) Mountains. This was win: The Metamorphosis of Thomas Condon," which was publish­ the first of his missionary posts that could be called financially suc­ ed by the Oregon Historical Society in The ~stern Shore in 1975. cessful and thus made the "bringing of the word" and the saving Clark was also an author, along with Dorothy Velasco, of ':<\.n Even­ of lives even more satisfying to such a very human person. ing with Thomas Condon," one oftwo pieces of history theater that But more than that, The Dalles opened up the fantastic fossil­ toured eastern Oregon in 1981 and western Oregon in 1981-82 as bearing strata of the John Day country to Condon's gaze and part of Chautauqua 1981, a project of the Oregon Committee for collecting acumen. He accompanied U.S. Cavalry there on some the Humanities. assignments to protect the white settlers from the "marauding" In the book being reviewed here, The Odyssey of Thomas Condon, Indians who objected to the invasion of their lands in the 1860's. author Clark enables us to live Condon's life along with him, sit­ Oregonians can mark Condon's 11 years in The Dalles as pro­ ting, as it were, in an adjoining chair as he talks or thinks. To some viding the nurturing environment for his greatest contributions-to readers, used to speed-reading to the end of an account while hur­ geology, to his students, and to the general public. rying over its details, such "extraneous" matter may constitute an Condon's huge capability at communicating his new knowledge, impediment. To others, however, interested more in what made Con­ with newspaper accounts reporting his several series of lectures in don "tick" and how he arrived at various decision points in his career The Dalles and in Portland, brought him to the attention of univer­ and then made those decisions that constituted his life's history, this sity administrators. Thus, in August 1873, he was attracted, with wealth of detail is most welcome-and makes Condon "come alive." his collections, to Pacific University in Forest Grove as lecturer. Clark, a supreme chronicler, has done his job well. Two years later, the budding University of Oregon offered Condon For the geologist, Clark's book provides an interesting and a professorship in Eugene, and his acceptance inaugurated the final exciting walk through the geological controversy surrounding the and most significant segment of Thomas Condon's 85 years on earth. earth's origin and later development-uniformitarianism and In his first summer after going to the University of Oregon, catastrophism. And, for the geologist and the biologist, the Darwi­ Condon took his family on a trip of many days to the beach at nian controversy and its effects on scientists and on the preservers Newport. Finding an unoccupied cabin on Nye Beach, they settled of church doctrine ("as God wrote it") constitutes a thread that con­ in and for the next thirty years were regular summer residents of tinues throughout the book. Condon's theological bent, coupled with the Newport area. Condon collected fossils, conducted "geological his inquisitive mind and willingness to search for the truth and picnics:' and recharged his batteries-just as U of 0 faculty do to­ analyze it as a scientist does, enabled him to be an outstanding day, both in the Newport area and along other parts of the Oregon teacher-which he considered his main life calling. coast. Clark's book is very rewarding for a geologist such as this Condon was good for the University of Oregon, and the univer­ reviewer to read, because it enabled me to re-Iive my own profes­ sity was good to him. Clark's history of Condon's tenure at the sional life through the various stages that Condon himself had U of 0 is as much a history of that institution as it is a history of experienced a century earlier. the man. Condon was able to collect and study and contemplate Clark's book is amazingly free from errors. Only three seem the geology of new parts of the state-the coast, the Siskiyou worth noting here: (Klamath) Mountains in southwestern Oregon, and the Fossil Lake (1) Along the Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Condon is collecting grounds of east-central Oregon (east of the Cascade Moun­ said to have proceeded "southwest" from Eugene, whereas he real­ tains but south of the John Day country). ly must have gone southeasterly (p.301). All the while, Condon was sharing his knowledge with his (2) Sam Williston would have preferred that his name be spelled students, his fellow faculty members, and the townspeople-the this way rather than "Willitson" (p. 512, footnote 19). latter two groups not always agreeing with him. The students, (3) Likewise, Henry Fairfield Osborn would have preferred this however, flourished under his "laboratory" method of instruction middle name rather than "Fairchild" (p. 435 and 563). with which he replaced the traditional dull reading of textbooks or But, you won't wish to nitpick, anymore than I did as I was caught lecture notes, followed by recitation. His faculty colleagues did not up in Clark's gripping account. Rather, you too will want to re-Iive take kindly to his nontraditional pedagogy, and they and some of Condon's Odyssey. I did-and I enjoyed it very much. the townspeople did not agree with him on his evolutionary theory Yes, you should read Clark's The Odyssey of ThoflUls Condon. or his accommodation of science and religion. But you may also want to go to your library and check out the other Nevertheless, they appreciated Condon so much that they named biography of Thomas Condon, published by his daughter Nellie C. the campus oak trees for him, and they celebrated his birthdays­ McCornack in 1928, Thomas Condon: Pioneer Geologist of Oregon the 75th, the 80th, and annually thereafter. In June 1903, Condon (University of Oregon Press, 355 pages). Hers is full of cor­ requested that his teaching load be lightened and his salary reduced respondence between her father and the great names of vertebrate

114 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPfEMBER 1989 paleontology in the latter half of the 19th century-Cope, Marsh, require a location map, a reclamation plan including drill-hole aban­ and Leidy. donment procedures, and a bond. Ellen T. Drake gave an interesting account ("Horse genealogy: Until Exploration Permit rules are administratively approved, The Oregon connection." Geology, v. 6, no. 10, 1978, p. 587-591) the term "Exploration" in the "Major metal-mining activity" table of the Marsh/Cope feud. and of Marsh fending off other vertebrate refers to the operating permit that is currently issued for explora­ paleontologists while grabbing for the line himself. She tells the tion activities. story of Marsh (and his successors Charles Schuchert and Richard Readers who have questions or comments should contact Gary S. Lull), who claimed that Marsh himself had discovered the Lynch or Allen Throop at the MLR office in Albany, phone (503) important Miocene horse link in the equine evolutionary tree­ 967-2039. whereas the record shows that it was Condon who did so and who knew the significance of what he had found in 1871 when he sent his first collection to Marsh. Shortly after Condon's death, the geological community rec­ ognized the value of his imprint upon vertebrate paleontology and Major metal-mining activity geology in a memorial by Chester W. Washburne of the University of Chicago ("Thomas Condon," Journal of Geology, v. 15, 1907, p. 280-282), who wrote: Project name, Project Date company location Metal Status . a life little known among scientists, yet a life of considerable service to geology. Professor Condon was an unusual man in that he seemed April Susanville Tps. 9, 10 S. Gold Expl to have no desire to publish the results of his study ... But the 1983 Kappes Cassiday Rs. 32, 33 E. writings of the scientists of his day ... are full of references and Associates Grant County to Dr. Condon, and all of them acknowledge his contribution to science by exploration and theory. May Quartz Mountain T. 37 S. Gold Expl Condon discovered the famous John Day beds ... Here 1988 Wavecrest Resources, R. 16 E. he found some of the specimens of three-toed horses on which Inc. Lake County Marsh based his theory of the evolution of that animal. In this instance, Marsh gave the discoverer scant credit for his work, June Noonday Ridge T. 22 S. Gold, Expl and the type-specimens remained in Yale Museum until after 1988 Bond Gold Rs. 1, 2 E. silver Marsh died. The same thing happened to many other valuable Lane County specimens loaned to Marsh, Cope, Gabb, and others ... it was unjust to Condon not to acknowledge more fully his services and September Angel Camp T. 37 S. Gold Expl not to return his specimens ... 1988 Wavecrest Resources, R. 16 E. Condon was one of those rare men that study science from Inc. Lake County an inherent love of nature, not merely for self-advancement, or for the praise of men. September Glass Butte T. 23, 24 S. Gold Expl 1988 Galactic Services, R. 23 E. Clark's book is thoroughly footnoted and has a very complete Inc. Lake County index, making it easy for one who wishes to retrieve information to do so. Index maps of towns mentioned and a number of good September Grassy Mountain T. 22 S. Gold Expl, photographs complement this very readable text. D 1988 Atlas Precious Metals, R. 44 E. com Inc. Malheur County

September Kerby T. 15 S. Gold Expl, 1988 Malheur Mining R. 45 E. Com Malheur County

September QM T. 25 S. Gold Expl 1988 Chevron Resources R. 43 E. MINERAL EXPLORATION Co. Malheur County ACTIVITY October Bear Creek Tps. 18, 19 S. Gold Expl 1988 Freeport McMoRan R. 18 E. Gold Co. Crook County

December Harper Basin T. 21 S. Gold Expl Rules for exploration permit to be drafted 1988 American Copper R. 42 E. and Nickel Co. Malheur County

The passage of House Bill 2088 requires persons conducting January Silver Peak T. 31 S. Copper, App, exploration in Oregon who disturb more than one acre or conduct 1989 Formosa Exploration, R. 6 W. zinc com drilling in excess of 50 ft to have an Exploration Permit from the Inc. Douglas County Mined Land Reclamation Program (MLR) of the Oregon Depart­ ment of Geology and Mineral Industries. MLR is currently draft­ May Hope Butte T. 17 S. Gold Expl ing rules and will conduct public hearings on those rules in the fall 1989 Chevron Resources R. 43 E. Co. Malheur County of this year. The intent of the Exploration Permit is to tailor environmental Explanations: App=application being processed. Expl=Exploration permit regulation to the proposed activity. Therefore, in brief, the Explora­ issued. Com=Interagency coordinating committee formed, baseline data col- tion Permit will have a lower fee than the operating permit and will lection started. Date=Date application was received or permit issued. D

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 115 is intended to serve as an important basic tool for earthquake hazard Recent DOGAMI publications reduction in the Portland area. REPORTS ON GORDA RIDGE STUDIES Geologic Map of the Lake Oswego Quadrangle, Clackamas, (Released July 3, 1989) Multnomah, and Washington Counties, Oregon, by Marvin H. The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Beeson and Terry L. Tolan of the Portland State University Geology (DOGAMI) has released two reports presenting results of research Department and DOGAMI geologist Ian P. Madin, has been released on the Gorda Ridge, a sea-floor spreading region off the coast of in DOGAMl's Geological Map Series as map GMS-59. The price southern Oregon and northern California. The reports, published is $6. as DOGAMI open-file reports, add more information to the ongo­ The map was produced and published as part of an earthquake ing research into the extent, nature, and effects of the hydrothermal hazard study in the Portland metropolitan area and funded by the venting that occurs along the mid-ocean ridge. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Earthquake Hazard Both reports contain analyses of samples taken from the sea floor Reduction Program. during dives of the submersible vessel Sea Cliff that were under­ The new map depicts an area in which several basalt layers of taken in 1988 and resulted in the discovery of the Sea Cliff Hydrother­ the Columbia River Basalt Group can be identified and mapped in­ mal Field at the northern end of the Gorda Ridge. The findings con­ dividually. This allowed the researchers to map faults with an un­ firm the existence of hydrothermal vents and hydrothermal activity precedented degree of confidence and accuracy. The map is the most in this field. detailed and up-to-date geologic map of the Portland area that is Mineral Deposits Recovered from Northern Gorda Ridge: currently available. Mineralogy and Chemistry (DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-89-09, The full-color map (scale 1:24,(00) is printed on a sheet approx­ $5) was prepared by Martin R. Fisk and Katherine J. Howard of imately 28 by 40 inches in size. It identifies and describes 16 rock the Oregon State University College of Oceanography. The 26-page units ranging from 40-million-year-old basement rock to the deposits report presents and discusses analyses of samples taken from site from late Ice Age catastrophic floods. The map sheet also includes GR-14 and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption. three geologic cross sections and a table of compositional averages Preliminary Analysis of Four SESCA Samples from the Gorda of samples from the basaltic units of the map area. Ridge (DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-89-11, $4) was prepared by John Wiltshire, Gary McMurtry, and Ned Murphy of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii. The 6-page report EXPWRATION AND LITERATURE ON OIL AND GAS IN presents and discusses analyses of samples from the SESCA site OREGON (Released August 21, 1989) located in the Escanaba Trough. After nearly 90 years of oil and gas exploration, Oregon today has over 350 wells and a producing natural-gas field. Exploration GEOWGIC QUADRANGLE MAP FOR OWYHEE REGION efforts and published studies during those years have been summar­ (Released July 12, 1989) ized and listed in two new publications from DOGAMI. A new geologic map describes in detail the geology and mineral potential of a part of the Owyhee region in eastern Oregon. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Occurrences in Oregon, by identified potentially valuable mineral resources include geother­ DOGAMI Petroleum Engineer Dennis L. Olmstead, has been mal energy, gold, and semiprecious gemstones. published as DOGAMI Oil and Gas Investigation 15 (001-15). The Geology and Mineral Resources Map of the Owyhee Dam 78-page publication contains introductory discussions of the history Quadrangle, Malheur County, Oregon, by DOGAMI geologist of oil and gas exploration in Oregon, the sedimentary basins of the Mark L. Ferns, has been released in DOGAMl's Geological Map state, and the Mist Gas Field, Oregon's only producing field. Series as map GMS-55. The price is $4. These texts are followed by two tables listing available informa­ The publication, resulting from an ongoing study of southeastern tion about all known oil and gas wells and hydrocarbon occurrences Oregon areas with a potential for mineral resources, was prepared in the state and in federal waters offshore. Grouped by county, the in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and par­ individual wells list names of the wells and of their present and past tially funded by the COGEO MAP program of the USGS. operators, locations, and drilling dates and depths, and notes that The Owyhee Dam 7V2-minute quadrangle covers approximately may include information on the method of drilling, the geology, 48 square miles along the Owyhee River, approximately from below hydrocarbon shows, and references in the literature. Two additional Owyhee Dam in the southwest to the city of Owyhee in the north­ tables present gas analyses from certain wells and water analyses east. The new two-color map of the quadrangle (scale 1:24,(00) iden­ made on samples from exploratory wells. tifies 16 rock units, the oldest of which may date back 25 million While 001-15 lists, in its bibliography, only the references men­ years before the present. Geologic structure is described both on tioned in the text and tables, a comprehensive bibliography by the the map and in two accompanying cross sections. The approximately same author is contained in DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-89-10. 28- by 40-inch map sheet also includes a discussion of the area's This report, Bibliography of Oil and Gas Exploration and mineral-resource potential and tables showing whole-rock and trace­ Development in Oregon, 1896-1989, is intended to serve as a sup­ element analyses of rock samples. plement to 001-15. Comprising 33 pages, its author list includes A variety of valuable and potentially valuable mineral resources approximately 750 citations and is followed by a county index listing were found or indicated by the study, including hot-spring systems cross-references for citations associated with a particular county. at Deer Butte Spring and Snively Hot Spring, indicators for gold Oil and Gas Investigation 15 sells for $7, Open-File Report in areas of hot-spring-type alteration, silica sand, and semiprecious 0-89-10 for $5. gemstones in the form of agate and jasper. Except for casual col­ lecting of various types of chalcedony, no mineral-resource produc­ tion has occurred in the quadrangle. All new publications are available at the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 910 State Office Building, 1400 GEOLOGIC QUADRANGLE MAP FOR LAKE OSWEGO SW Fifth Avenue, Portland, OR 97201-5528. Orders may be charged AREA (Released August 16, 1989) to credit cards by mail, FAX, or phone. FAX number is (503) The Lake Oswego Quadrangle covers an area just south of the 229-5639. Orders under $50 require prepayment except for credit­ center of Portland, Oregon. A new geologic map of the quadrangle card orders. 0

116 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 Additional sources of information on Thundereggs OIL AND GAS NEWS Drilling begins at Mist Gas Field The July issue of Oregon Geology (v. 51, no. 4, p. 87-89) con­ Drilling began at the Mist Gas Field during July, when DY Oil tained a short article on Thundereggs in Oregon that has also been spudded its well Neverstill 33-30. The well is located on the west made available to the public as a colored brochure. A list of side of the field in SE 1;.\ sec. 30, T. 6 N., R. 5 w., Columbia Coun­ references containing additional information about Thundereggs for ty. Proposed total depth is 3,000 ft. DY Oil has permits for two ad­ those readers who would like to learn more about them is printed ditional locations at Mist Gas Field. Taylor Drilling Company, below. Chehalis, Wash., is the contractor. Mist production for 1989 Through June, 16 gas wells were producing at Mist Gas Field. Brown, R.W., 1957, P1antlike features in thunder-eggs and geodes: Cumulative production from January through June was about 1.1 Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Report for 1956, p. 329-339. billion cubic feet (Bct) of gas. In addition, eight gas wells were com­ Crippen, R.A., 1948. Unusual concretions from Templeton, San Luis Obispo pleted at the field and are shut in, awaiting pipeline connection. County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 44, no. A report containing complete production figures for Mist Gas 3, p. 249-252. Field, from its discovery in 1979 through 1988, is available at the Dake, H.C., 1951, The agate book: Portland, Oreg., Mineralogist Publishing Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI). Company. 64 p. For each well, the report contains data on monthly and cumulative Dake, H.c., Fleener, EL., and Wilson, RH., 1938, Quartz family minerals: production, tubing and casing pressures, Btu values, and revenue New York, Whittlesey House, 304 p. Dake, H.e., and MacLachlan, D., 1962, Northwest gem trails (3rd ed.): generated from gas sales. The report will be sold together with the Mentone, Calif., Gembooks, 95 p. Mist Gas Field Map (Open-File Report 0-89-2), which shows the Farrington, nc., 1927, Agate: Physical properties and origin: Chicago, Ill., locations of all wells drilled and permitted, as well as dates and Field Museum of Natural History Leaflet 8, p. \05-123. depths of drilled wells and names of their operators. Both the map Foshag, W.E, 1926, The minerals of Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone National and the production report will be updated annually and sell for $7. Park, and their origin: Washington, D.c., Proceedings of the United States National Museum, v. 68, art. 17, p. 1-18. Recent permits Gaertner, H., 1971, Achate, steinerne Wunder der Natur: Friedrichsdorf, Germany, Alles + Brillant, 71 p. Permit Operator, well, Status, proposed Highland Rock and Gift Shop. 1982, The rockhound's map of Oregon: Bend, no. API number Location total depth (ft) Oreg., map with text on reverse side. Kunz, G.E, 1893, Precious stones, in Day, D.T., geologist-in-charge, Mineral 431 Northwest Fuel NEI,4 sec. 14 Permitted; resources of the United States, 1892: U.S. Geological Survey, p. 776. Hammerberg 32-14-65 T.6N.,R.5W. 2,700. Leiper, H .. ed .. 1966, The agates of North America: The Lapidary Jour­ 36-009-00260 Columbia County nal, 95 p. McMullen, D. E., 1975, Oregon under foot: Portland, Oreg., Oregon Museum 432 ARCO SEI,4 sec. 8 Permitted; of Science and Industry Press, 60 p. Columbia Co. 34-8-75 T. 7 N .. R. 5 W. 2,760. Oregon Agate and Mineral Society, 1978, Map of Oregon gem locations: 36-009-00261 Columbia County Portland, Oreg., map with text on reverse side. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 1965, Thunderegg: Oregon's state rock: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral In­ 433 ARCO SE14 sec. 31 Application dustries, Ore Bin, v. 27, no. 10, p. 189-194. Meridian 34-31-65 T. 6 N., R. 5 W. withdrawn. Oregon Department of Transportation, Highway Division, (n.d.), Oregon 36-009-00262 Columbia County o rocks, fossils, and minerals and where to find them: Salem, Oreg., brochure with map, text, and photos. Quick, L., 1963, The book of agates: Philadelphia, Chilton Books, 232 p. (Geothennal, continued from page 105) Rieman, H.M., 1971, Thunder eggs: The Lapidary Journal, v. 24, no. 10, Sherrod, D.R., 1988, Geologic and geothermal summary of the Breitenbush­ p. 1328-1335. Austin Hot Springs area, Clackamas and Marion Counties, Oregon, in Rodgers, 1.R., 1969, The rockhound's map of Oregon: Portland, Oreg., map Sherrod D.R., ed., 1988, Geology and geothermal resources of the with text on reverse side. Breitenbush-Austin Hot Springs area, Clackamas and Marion Counties, Rodgers, PR .. 1975, Agate collecting in Britain: London, B.T. Bat,ford, Ltd., Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Open­ 96 p. File Report 0-88-5. p. 63-67. Ross, C.S., 1941, Origin and geometric form of chalcedony-filled spherulites Sherrod, D.R., and Smith, 1.G., 1989, Preliminary map showing upper Eocene from Oregon: American Mineralogist, v. 26, no. 12, p. W-732. to Holocene volcanic and related rocks of the Cascade Range in Oregon: Sinkankas, 1., 1959, Gemstones of North America: New York, Van Nostrand U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-14, scale 1:500,000. Reinhold Company, p. 115, 309-311. Smith, G.,A., Vincent. K.R., and Snee, LW., 1989, An isostatic model ---1976. Gemstones of North America, v. II: New York, Van Nostrand for basin formation in and adjacent to the central Oregon High Cascade Reinhold Company, p. 52, 53, 235-237. Range, in Muffler, LJ.P', Blackwell, D.D., and Weaver, C.S., eds., Smith, K.L., 1988, Opals from Opal Butte, Oregon: Gems and Mineralogy, Geology, geophysics, and tectonic setting of the Cascade Range: U. S. v. 24, no. 4, p. 229-236. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-178, in press. Staples, LW., 1965, Origin and history of the thunder egg: Oregon Depart­ Swanberg, e.A., Walkey, w.e., and Combs, 1., 1988, Core hole drilling ment of Geology and Mineral Industries, Ore Bin, v. 27, no. 10, p. 195-204. and the "rain curtain" phenomenon at Newberry volcano, Oregon: Journal USDA Forest Service, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Manage­ of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B9, p. 10163-10173. ment and the Prineville-Crook County Chamber of Commerce, 1969, Taylor, E.M., 1981, Central High Cascade roadside geology-Bend, Sisters, Central Oregon rockhound guide: Map with photos and text on back. McKenzie Pass, and Santiam Pass, Oregon, in Johnston, D.A., and Wheeley, H., 1976, Take your pick to Agate Creek: Melbourne, Australia, Donnelly-Nolan, 1., eds., Guides to some volcanic terranes in Washington, Gemcraft Publications, Ltd., 72 p. Idaho, Oregon, and northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Cir­ Wright, R, 1984, Native silica: London, England, Wyman and Sons, 263 p. cular 838, p. 55-58. -Paul F. Lawson Walker, G.w., and Duncan, R.A., 1988, Geologic map of the Salem lOx 2 0 sheet, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1893, scale 1:250,000. D

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 117 THE GEOWGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND ALTERATION OF RED BUTTE, OREGON; A PRECIOUS-METAL-BEARING ABSTRACTS PALEO HOT SPRING SYSTEM, by C. Susan Evans (M.S., Portland State University, 1986), 133 p. The Department maintains a collection of theses and disserta­ tions on Oregon geology. From time to time, we print abstracts of Red Butte is located 60 km south of Vale, Oregon, about 20 km new acquisitions that, we feel, are ofgeneral interest to our readers. west of the Oregon/Idaho border. The butte is within eastern Oregon's Owyhee Upland physiographic province, at the intersection of the Western Snake River Plain, the High Lava Plains, and the Northern A SEISMIC-REFRACTION STUDY OF A PORTION OF THE Basin and Range provinces. NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE TUALATIN VALLEY, The butte is composed of Miocene to Pliocene lacustrine and OREGON, by David 1. Nazy (M.S., Portland State University, fluvial volcaniclastic sediments. The topography of the butte is con­ 1987), 81 p. trolled by silicification of the sandstones and mudstones that cap it. Silicification and hydrothermal alteration are both structurally and The Tualatin Valley is a well-defined elliptical basin centered stratigraphically controlled. North-trending normal faults dominate at Hillsboro, with a major axis trending roughly N. 65x W. The the area and show progressively less offset in younger units. Strong valley is bordered on the northeast by the Tualatin Mountains northwest and minor northeast faults also cut the area. D (Portland Hills), which are a faulted, northwest-trending asym­ metrical anticline. Topographic and geophysical evidence have de­ fined the Portland Hills fault, which occurs along the northeast side (Earthquake, continued from page 110) of the Tualatin Mountains. The possibility that a fault or fault zone Portland Water Bureau and Leon Wang of Old Dominion Universi­ occurs along the southwest side of the Tualatin Mountains was in­ ty as part of an NEHRP-funded analysis of the seismic resistance vestigated in this study. of the Portland water system. Boring Lavas, occurring on the southwest side of the Tualatin Mountains and having been erupted through the Columbia River CONCLUSION basalt, may define wnes of fracture or faulting in the Columbia River The understanding of earthquake hazards in Portland is rapidly basalt. An exposed "window" of sediment is located near the town improving and suggests that the threat is greater than previously con­ of Bonny Slope on the southwest side of the TUalatin Mountains. sidered. Although it will still be many years before it will be possible This sedimentary unit is presumed to be marine in origin, to produce accurate probabilistic acceleration maps for the area, stratigraphically below the Columbia River basalt. Exposure of this it is currently possible to assess relative ground-motion or ground­ unit at this location may be the result of landsliding, faulting, or failure effects for a given earthquake using the detailed surficial paleotopographic highs during the deposition of the Columbia River geologic maps being produced by DOGAMI. Several studies have basalt. been proposed to turn these data into products useful to the engineer­ Seismic-refraction methods were used to produce shallow ing and planning communities, and more are encouraged. It is easy (0-50-m) geologic models near the areas of the proposed fault zone. to be complacent about earthquakes in Oregon, and there is no ques­ The refraction models indicate that Columbia River basalt roughly tion that the risk in adjacent states is far greater. Still, the writing parallels the surface topography at an average depth of 15 m and of this paper was interrupted by the Camas earthquake of August is overlain by a weathered wne ranging in thickness from 5 to 15 1, 1989, a reminder that the Portland area is tectonically active. We m. The basalt is broken up into blocks, mainly in the southeastern must continue to make use of all available resources to ensure that half of the study area. Data collected through this study indicate our community is earthquake-safe. that the sedimentary unit at Bonny Slope is not underlain by Col­ umbia River basalt. This provides further evidence that this unit REFERENCES is part of the Scappoose Formation, although it is uncertain as to Atwater, B. F., 1987, Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer whether this feature is related to faulting or paleotopographic highs. coast of Washington State: Science, v. 236, p. 942-944. Beeson, M.H., Tolan, T.L., and Madin, l.P., 1989, Geologic map of the Lake Oswego Quadrangle, Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington A MAGNETOTELLURIC INVESTIGATION OF THE Counties, Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries LOoKOUT MOUNTAIN AREA IN THE CENTRAL OREGON Geological Map Series GMS-59. HIGH CASCADES, by William W. Clingman (M.S., University Darragh, R., Wong, I., and Silva, w., 1989, Engineering characterization of Oregon, 1988), 81 p. of earthquake strong ground motions with applications to the Pacific Northwest, in Hays, WW., ed., Proceedings of the Third NEHRP A large gravity anomaly and numerous north-trending volcanic Workshop on earthquake hazards in the Puget Sound/Portland region, lineaments suggest that the area around Lookout Mountain in the March 1989, Portland, Oreg.: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, in press. central Oregon High Cascades should provide a significant test of Heaton, T.H., and Hartzell, S.H., 1986, Earthquake hazards on the Cascadia the magnetotelluric sounding method in identifying and characteriz­ Subduction Zone: Science, v. 236, p. 162-168. ing subsurface structures in young volcanic areas. Data from 34 wide­ Seed, H.B., Romo, R.P., Sun, 1.1., Jaime, A., and Lysmer, 1., 1988, The band magnetotelluric sites in the area were analyzed; the results are Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985: Relationships between soil discussed in terms of the known and inferred surficial and subsur­ conditions and earthquake ground motions: Earthquake Spectra, v. 4, face geology of the area. no. 4, p. 687-729. As in other areas of the Cascade Range, the electrical profile Weaver, C.S., and Baker, G.E., 1988, Geometry of the Juan de Fuca Plate of the crust in the study area consists of shallow and deep conduc­ beneath Washington and northern Oregon from seismicity: Bulletin of tive layers separated by a thick resistor. Resistivities in the surface the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, p. 264-Z75. Weaver, C.S., and Shedlock, K.M., 1989, Potential subduction, probable layer show excellent correlation with surface geology. Low-frequency intraplate and known crustal earthquake source zones in the Cascadia electrical strikes trend northeast, roughly parallel to the strike of subduction zone, in Hays, W.W., ed., Proceedings of the Third NEHRP the gravity anomaly and to other large-scale features of the region. Workshop on earthquake hazards in the Puget Sound/Portland region, North-trending volcanic lineaments do not appear to exert signifi­ March 1989, Portland, Oreg.: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, cant control over resistivity distribution in the area. in press. D

118 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 AVAILABLE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS GEOLOGICAL MAP SERIES Price No. copies Amount GMS-5. Geologic map, Powers 15-minute quadrangle, Coos and Curry Counties. 1971 ...... 3.00 GMS-6. Preliminary report on geology of part of Snake River canyon. 1974 ...... 6.50 GMS-8. Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map, central Cascade Mountain Range, Oregon. 1978...... 3.00 GMS-9. Total-field aeromagnetic anomaly map, central Cascade Mountain Range, Oregon. 1978 ...... 3.00 GMS-I0. Low- to intermediate-temperature thermal springs and wells in Oregon. 1978...... 3.00 GMS-12. Geologic map of the Oregon part of the Mineral 15-minute quadrangle, Baker County. 1978 ...... 3.00 GMS-13. Geologic map, Huntington and part of Olds Ferry 15-min. quadrangles, Baker and Malheur Counties. 1979...... 3.00 GMS-14. Index to published geologic mapping in Oregon, 1898-1979. 1981...... 7.00 GMS-15. Free-air gravity anomaly map and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map, north Cascades, Oregon. 1981 ...... 3.00 GMS-16. Free-air gravity anomaly map and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map, south Cascades, Oregon. 1981...... 3.00 GMS-17. Total-field aeromagnetic anomaly map, south Cascades, Oregon. 1981 ...... 3.00 GMS-18. Geology of Rickreall, Salem West, Monmouth, and Sidney 7~-min. quads., Marion/Polk Counties. 1981 ...... 5.00 GMS-19. Geology and gold deposits map, Bourne 7~-minute quadrangle, Baker County. 1982...... 5.00 GMS-20. Map showing geology and geothermal resources, southern half, Burns 15-min. quad., Harney County. 1982 ...... 5.00 GMS-21. Geology and geothermal resources map, Vale East 7 1h-minute quadrangle, Malheur County. 1982...... 5.00 GMS-22. Geology and mineral resources map, Mount Ireland 7 1h-minute quadrangle, Baker/Grant Counties. 1982 ...... 5.00 GMS-23. Geologic map, Sheridan 7~-minute quadrangle, Polk/Yamhill Counties. 1982...... 5.00 ) GMS-24. Geologic map, Grand Ronde 7lh-minute quadrangle, Polk/Yamhill Counties. 1982 ...... 5.00 GMS-25. Geology and gold deposits map, Granite 7~-minute quadrangle, Grant County. 1982...... 5.00 GMS-26. Residual gravity maps, northern, central, and southern Oregon Cascades. 1982 ...... 5.00 GMS-27. Geologic and neotectonic evaluation of north-central Oregon. The Dalles I 0x2 ° quadrangle. 1982 ...... 6.00 GMS-28. Geology and gold deposits map, Greenhorn 7~-minute quadrangle, Baker/Grant Counties. 1983 ...... 5.00 GMS-29. Geology and gold deposits map, NE14 Bates 15-minute quadrangle, Baker/Grant Counties. 1983 ...... 5.00 GMS-30. Geologic map, SE14 Pearsoll Peak 15-minute quadrangle, Curry/Josephine Counties. 1984 ...... 6.00 GMS-31. Geology and gold deposits map, NW14 Bates 15-minute quadrangle, Grant County. 1984 ...... 5.00 GMS-32. Geologic map, Wilhoit 7~-minute quadrangle, Clackamas/Marion Counties. 1984 ...... 4.00 GMS-33. Geologic map, Scotts Mills 7~-minute qiladrangle, Clackamas/Marion Counties. 1984...... 4.00 GMS-34. Geologic map, Stayton NE 7~-minute quadrangle, Marion County. 1984...... 4.00 GMS-35. Geology and gold deposits map, SWIA Bates 15-minute quadrangle, Grant County. 1984...... 5.00 GMS-36. Mineral resources map of Oregon. 1984 ...... 8.00 GMS-37. Mineral resources map, offshore Oregon. 1985...... 6.00 GMS-38. Geologic map, NW14 Cave Junction 15-minute quadrangle, Josephine County. 1986...... 6.00 GMS-39. Geologic bibliography and index maps, ocean floor and continental margin off Oregon. 1986 ...... 5.00 GMS-40. Total-field aeromagnetic anomaly maps, Cascade Mountain Range, northern Oregon. 1985 ...... 4.00 GMS-41. Geology and mineral resources map, Elkhorn Peak 7~-minute quadrangle, Baker County. 1987...... 6.00 GMS-42. Geologic map, ocean floor off Oregon and adjacent continental margin. 1986 ...... 8.00 GMS-43. Geologic map, Eagle Butte and Gateway 7 1h-min. quads., JeffersonlWasco Co. 1987 ...... $4.00; as set with GMS-44 & -45. 10.00 GMS-44. Geologic map, Seekseequa Junction/Metolius Bench 7 1h-min. quads., Jefferson Co. 1987 ..... $4.00; as set with GMS-43 & -45. 10.00 GMS-45. Geologic map, Madras West and Madras East 7 1h-min. quads., Jefferson County. 1987 ...... $4.00; as set with GMS-43 & -44. 10.00 GMS-46. Geologic map, Breitenbush River area, Linn/Marion Counties. 1987 ...... 6.00 GMS-47. Geologic map, Crescent Mountain area, Linn County. 1987 ...... 6.00 GMS-48. Geologic map, McKenzie Bridge 15-minute quadrangle, Lane County. 1988 ...... 8.00 GMS-49. Map of Oregon seismicity, 1841-1986. 1987...... 3.00 GMS-50. Geologic map, Drake Crossing 7 1h-minute quadrangle, Marion County. 1986 ...... 4.00 GMS-51. Geologic map, Elk Prairie 7~-minute quadrangle, Marion/Clackamas Counties. 1986 ...... 4.00 GMS-53. Geology and mineral resources map, Owyhee Ridge 7 1h-minute quadrangle, Malheur County. 1988...... 4.00 GMS-54. Geology and mineral resources map, Graveyard Point 71h-minute quad. Malheur/Owyhee Counties, Oregon/Idaho. 1988... 4.00 -::..t1IIII... NEW!GMS-59. Geologic map, Lake Oswego 7~-minute quadrangle, Clackamas, Multnomah, Washington Counties. 1989...... 6.00 ~ BULLETINS 33. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (1st suppplement, 1937-45). 1947 ...... 3.00 35. Geology of the Dallas and Valsetz 15-minute quadrangles, Polk County (map only). Revised 1964 ...... 3.00 36. Papers on Foraminifera from the Tertiary (v.2 [parts VI-VIII] only). 1949...... 3.00 44. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (2nd supplement, 1946-50). 1953 ...... 3.00 46. Ferruginous bauxite deposits, Salem Hills, Marion County. 1956...... 3.00 53. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (3rd supplement, 1951-55). 1962...... 3.00 61. Go14 and silver in Oregon. 1968...... 17.50 65. Proceedings of the Andesite Conference. 1969 ...... 10.00 67. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (4th supplement, 1956-60). 1970...... 3.00 71. Geology of selected lava tubes, Bend area, Deschutes County. 1971 ...... 5.00 78. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (5th supplement, 1961-70). 1973 ...... :...... 3.00 81. Environmental geology of Lincoln County. 1973...... 9.00 82. Geologic hazards of Bull Run Watershed, Multnomah and Clackamas Counties. 1974...... 6.50 85. Environmental geology of coastal Lane County. 1974 ...... 9.00 87. Environmental geology of western Coos and Douglas Counties. 1975 ...... 9.00 88. Geology and mineral resources, upper Chetco River drainage, Curry and Josephine Counties. 1975 ...... 4.00 89. Geology and mineral resources of Deschutes County. 1976...... 6.50 90. Land use geology of western Curry County. 1976 ...... 9.00 91. Geologic hazards of parts of northern Hood River, Wasco, and Sherman Counties. 1977 ...... 8.00 92. Fossils in Oregon. A collection of reprints from the Ore Bin. 1977 ...... 4.00 93. Geology, mineral resources, and rock material of Curry County. 1977 ...... 7.00 94. Land use geology of central Jackson County. 1977...... 9.00 95. North American ophiolites (IGCP project). 1977 ..... ,...... 7.00 96. Magma genesis. AGU Chapman Conference on Partial Melting. 1977 ...... 12.50 97. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (6th supplement, 1971-75). 1978...... 3.00 98. Geologic hazards of eastern Benton County. 1979...... 9.00 99. Geologic hazards of northwestern Clackamas County. 1979...... 10.00 100. Geology and mineral resources of Josephine County. 1979 ...... 9.00 10 I. Geologic field trips in western Oregon and southwestern Washington. 1980 ...... 9.00 102. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (7th supplement, 1976-79). 1981...... 4.00 103. Bibliography of geology and mineral resources of Oregon (8th supplement, 1980-84). 1987...... 7.00 SHORT PAPERS 19. Brick and tile industry in Oregon. 1949 ...... 3.00 21. Lightweight aggregate industry in Oregon. 1951 ...... 1.00 25. Petrography of Rattlesnake Formation at type area, central Oregon. 1976 ...... 3.00

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 51, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER 1989 119 OREGON GEOLOGY Second Class Matter 910 State Office Building, 1400 SW Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201 POSTMASTER: Form 3579 requested

AVAILABLE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS (continued) MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS Price No. copies Amount 5. Oregon's gold placers. 1954 ...... ' ...... 1.00 II. Collection of articles on meteorites (reprints from Ore Bin). 1968 ...... 3.00 15. Quicksilver deposits in Oregon. 1971 ...... 3.00 19. Geothermal exploration studies in Oregon, 1976, 1977 ...... 3.00 20. Investigations of nickel in Oregon. 1978 ...... _ ...... 5.00 SPECIAL PAPERS 2. Field geology, SW Broken Top quadrangle. 1978...... 3.50 3. Rock material resources, Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomab, and Washington Counties. 1978...... 7.00 4. Heat flow of Oregon. 1978 ...... 3.00 5. Analysis and forecasts of the demand for rock materials in Oregon. 1979...... 3.00 6. Geology of the La Grande area. 1980...... 5.00 7. Pluvial Fort Rock Lake, Lake County. 1979...... 4.00 8. Geology and geochemistry of the Mount Hood volcano. 1980...... 3.00 9. Geology of the Breitenbush Hot Springs quadrangle. 1980...... 4.00 10. Tectonic rotation of the Oregon Western Cascades. 1980...... 3.00 II. Theses and dissertations on geology of Oregon. Bibliography and index, 1899-1982. 1982...... 6.00 12. Geologic linears of the northern part of the Cascade Range, Oregon. 1980...... 3.00 13. Faults and lineaments of the southern Cascades, Oregon. 1981 ...... 4.00 14. Geology and geothermal resources of the Mount Hood area. 1982...... 7.00 15. Geology and geothermal resources of the central Oregon Cascade Range. 1983 ...... 11.00 16. Index to the Ore Bin (1939-1978) and Oregon Geology (1979-1982). 1983...... 4.00 17. Bibliography of Oregon paleontology, 1792-1983. 1984...... 6.00 18. Investigations of talc in Oregon. 1988...... 7.00 20. Bentonite in Oregon: Occurrences, analyses, and economic potential. 1989...... 6.00 21. Field geology, NW\4 Broken Top 15' quadrangle, Deschutes County. 1987...... 5.00 OIL AND GAS INVESTIGATIONS 3. Preliminary identifications of Foraminifera, General Petroleum Long Bell #1 well. 1973 ...... 3.00 4. Preliminary identifications of Foraminifera, E.M. Warren Coos County 1-7 well. 1973 ...... 3.00 5. Prospects for natural gas, upper Nehalem River Basin. 1976 ...... 5.00 6. Prospects for oil and gas, Coos Basin. 1980 ...... 9.00 7. Correlation of Cenozoic stratigraphic units of western Oregon and Washington. 1983 ...... 8.00 8. Subsurface stratigraphy of the Ochoco Basin, Oregon. 1984 ...... 7.00 9. Subsurface biostratigraphy, east Nehalem Basin. 1983 ...... 6.00 10. Mist Gas Field: Exploration and development, 1979-1984 ...... 4.00 II. Biostratigraphy of exploratory wells, western Coos, Douglas, and Lane Counties. 1984 ...... 6.00 12. Biostratigraphy of exploratory wells, northern Willamette Basin, 1984 ....•...... 6.00 13. Biostratigraphy of exploratory wells, southern Willamette Basin. 1985 ...... 6.00 14. Oil and gas investigation of the Astoria Basin, Clatsop and north Tillamook Counties, 1985 ...... 7.00 NEW!15. Hydrocarbon exploration and occurrences in Oregon. 1989 ...... 7.00 16. Available well records and samples, onshore and offshore oil & gas wells, 1987 ...... 5.00 + MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS A description of some Oregon rocks and minerals. 1988 (DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-88-6; rev. ed. of Misc. Paper I) ...... 5.00 Color postcard: Oregon. With State Rock and State Gemstone ...... 50 Reconnaissance geologic map, Lebanon 15-ntinute quadrangle, Linn/Marion Counties. 1956 ...... 3.00 Geologic map, Bend 30-minute quad., and reconnaissance geologic map, central Oregon High Cascades. 1957 ...... 3.00 Geologic map of Oregon west of 121st meridian (U.S. Geological Survey Map 1-325). 1961 ...... 6.10 Geologic map of Oregon east of 121st meridan (U.S. Geological Survey Map 1-902). 1977 (blackline copy only) ...... 6.10 Landforms of Oregon (relief map, 17xl2 in.) ...... 1.00 Oregon Landsat mosaic map (published by ERSAL, OSU). 1983 ...... $10.00 Geothermal resources of Oregon (map published by NOAA). 1982 ...... 3.00 Geological highway map, Pacific Northwest region, Oregon/Washington/part of Idaho (published by AAPG). 1973 ...... 5.00 Mist Gas Field Map, showing well locations, revised 1989 (DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-89-2, ozalid print) ...... 5.00 Northwest Oregon, Correlation Section 24. Bruer & others, 1984 (published by AAPG) ...... 5.00 Mining claims (State laws governing quartz and placer claims) ...... Free Back issues of Ore Bin/Oregon Geology, 1939-April 1988 ...... 1.00 Back issues of Oregon Geology, May/June 1988 and later ...... 2.00 Index map of available topographic maps for Oregon published by the U.S. Geological Survey ...... 1.50 Separate price lists for open-file reports, geothermal energy studies, tour guides, recreational gold mining information, and non-Departmental maps and reports will be mailed upon request. T/Ie Department also sells Oregon topographic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey. PUBLICATIONS ORDER OREGON GEOLOGY Fill in appropriate blanks and send sheet to Department. __ Renewal __ New Subscription __ Gift Minimum mail order $1.00. All sales are final. Publications are sent postpaid. Payment must accompany orders of less than $50.00. Foreign __ 1 Year ($6.00) __ 3 Years ($15.00) orders: Please remit in U. S. dollars. 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