DOCSLIB.ORG

Parasitic Infections of the Lung: a Guide for the Respiratory Physician H Kunst,1 D Mack,2 O M Kon,3 a K Banerjee,4 P Chiodini,2,5 a Grant5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Parasitic Infections of the Lung: a Guide for the Respiratory Physician H Kunst,1 D Mack,2 O M Kon,3 a K Banerjee,4 P Chiodini,2,5 a Grant5 Review Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.2009.132217 on 29 September 2010. Downloaded from Parasitic infections of the lung: a guide for the respiratory physician H Kunst,1 D Mack,2 O M Kon,3 A K Banerjee,4 P Chiodini,2,5 A Grant5 1Department of Respiratory ABSTRACT Dogs are the definitive host for E granulosus and Medicine, Birmingham Parasitic infections of the lung occur worldwide among harbour the adult worms in their gut. The eggs Heartlands Hospital, shed in dog faeces remain viable for many weeks Birmingham, UK both immunocompetent and immunocompromised 2Department of Clinical patients and may affect the respiratory system in and are able to contaminate food sources of inter- Parasitology, Hospital for a variety of ways. This review provides an update on the mediate hosts such as sheep, cattle and horses. Tropical Diseases, London, UK When humans become accidental intermediate 3 presenting symptoms, signs, investigation and Department of Respiratory management of diseases affecting the lung caused by hosts after eating food contaminated with eggs, the Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS protozoa, nematodes and trematodes. The clinical ingested eggs hatch, releasing larvae which migrate Trust, London, UK presentations and radiographic findings of several of from the gastrointestinal tract to the circulation. 4Department of Radiology, these diseases may mimic tuberculosis and malignancy. The eggs travel to the liver or lungs and slowly Birmingham Heartlands It is important to consider parasitic infections in the develop into hydatid cysts over a period of several Hospital, Birmingham, UK 5 months or years. Occasionally, lung cysts form Department of Clinical differential diagnosis of such lung diseases. If identified Research, London School of early, most parasitic diseases that affect the lung are after transdiaphragmatic spread of parasites Hygiene and Tropical Medicine curable with medical or surgical treatments. following the rupture of liver cysts. and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK Presentation Primary infection is asymptomatic and patients Correspondence to INTRODUCTION may remain asymptomatic for years, during which Heinke Kunst, Department of With increasing travel and migration, rates of time lung lesions may be discovered incidentally on Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands parasitic lung and pleural diseases are increasing in a chest x-ray. In Europe the average patient is in 1 Hospital, Bordesley Green East, the immunocompetent population in developed their 30s at diagnosis. Cysts may cause symptoms Birmingham B9 5SS, UK; countries as well as among immunocompromised by compression of adjacent structures, and lung [email protected] patients. Respiratory physicians should consider cysts may present with chest pain, cough, parasitic diseases in the differential diagnosis of haemoptysis or pneumothorax. Symptoms may Received 29 November 2009 Accepted 28 May 2010 lung conditions such as tuberculosis and malig- also occur if antigenic material is released from the Published Online First nancy, with which parasitic lung diseases may be cyst, causing a hypersensitivity reaction with fever, 29 September 2010 confused. wheeze and urticaria and, rarely, anaphylaxis. Cysts http://thorax.bmj.com/ This review describes the presentation, investi- may become secondarily infected causing empyema gation and management of common parasitic or lung abscess formation. infections affecting the lung caused by protozoa, Imaging features nematodes and trematodes. The diseases have been fi grouped according to their manner of presentation: Cysts can be seen as single or multiple well-de ned (1) those presenting with focal lesions and (2) those homogenous lesions surrounded by otherwise which characteristically present with diffuse lung normal lung parenchyma on a plain chest x-ray. The lower lobes, posterior lung segments and the disease. Focal lung lesions have been divided into on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. right lung are affected most frequently.2 The cyst cystic lung lesions, coin lesions and consolidation/ fi pleural effusion. Diffuse lung disease has been wall often calci es over time. A CT scan of the divided into transient pulmonary infiltrates and chest may reveal further diagnostic features alveolar/interstitial lung changes. Diseases that including collapse of the laminated membrane from the surrounding host tissue, the presence of may present in a variety of ways are fully described 3 only the first time they are mentioned. daughter cysts and the presence of cyst rupture. Air between the host tissue and laminated CONDITIONS PRESENTING WITH FOCAL LUNG membrane of ruptured cysts may produce crescent- LESIONS shaped lucencies. A pleural effusion or a hydro- Cystic lung lesions pneumothorax may develop following the rupture Hydatidosis of a pulmonary cyst into the pleural space. fl Distribution and life cycle Collapsed laminated membrane may oat in the ‘ ’ fi Echinococcus cyst cavity, producing the water lily sign ( gures 1 Hydatid disease is caused by larvae of 34 tapeworm species, the definite hosts of which are and 2). members of the Canidae family (dogs and foxes). Laboratory diagnosis Most cases are caused by Echinococcus granulosus Peripheral blood eosinophilia may be found in no which has a worldwide distribution including more than 50% of cases. A substantial rise in South America, countries surrounding the Medi- eosinophil count is often associated with a leakage terranean, the Middle East, some sub-Saharan of antigenic material from the cyst. Serological tests African countries, Russia and China. Although to support the initial diagnosis are available at most cysts form in the liver, 20e30% form in the reference laboratories but are less sensitive for the lung. diagnosis of lung disease than for hepatic disease.1 528 Thorax 2011;66:528e536. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.132217 Review Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.2009.132217 on 29 September 2010. Downloaded from Coin lesions Dirofilariasis Distribution and life cycle Pulmonary dirofilariasis is caused by the dog heartworm Diro- filaria immitis and has been reported from Japan, Australia, the USA and Italy (D repens). Adult worms live in the right ventricle of the definitive canine hosts and produce circulating microfilaria which can be transmitted by a variety of mosquito species to humans. In humans the worms pass through the right ventricle but fail to mature and are swept away to peripheral pulmonary arteries. Presentation Most patients are asymptomatic, although symptoms including chest pain, cough, haemoptysis, wheezing, fever, chills and malaise have been reported.12 Figure 1 Chest x-ray showing a hydatid cyst in the left lower lobe with Imaging features a collapsed hydatid cyst exhibiting the ‘lily pad’ sign lying above it. The most common presentation is with a coin lesion on chest radiography. These are usually 1e3 cm in diameter and sharply fi Postoperatively, serological tests may be used to monitor the de ned. In established lesions a central necrotic area is fi 13 immunological response to treatment.5 surrounded by a granulomatous reaction and brous wall. While percutaneous aspiration of liver cysts under ultrasound Dead worms may calcify. Positron emission tomographic scan- fl guidance can support the diagnosis by demonstrating the pres- ning may show an increased uptake of uorodeoxyglucose ence of protoscolices or hooklets, this is not generally recom- around necrotic nodules, a feature also seen in other infectious 14 mended because of the risk of leakage resulting in an lung nodules. anaphylactic reaction. Laboratory diagnosis Management Eosinophilia may be present in a small number of patients. There are no reliable serological tests available commercially. In a small number of cases hydatid cysts resolve spontaneously.6 Most cases are diagnosed by identifying the worm in biopsy In the majority of cases the treatment of choice is surgical specimens after thoracatomy for a pulmonary nodule thought to excision of cysts with a view to preserve as much lung paren- be a malignancy.15 chyma as possible.7 Albendazole should be avoided preopera- tively as it may soften the cyst wall and increase the chance of Management rupture. It may be given as adjunctive therapy once the cyst has Chemotherapy is ineffective. The only treatment is surgical http://thorax.bmj.com/ been removed.8 When surgery is contraindicated or not feasible excision if indicated. in patients with multiorgan involvement, medical treatment with albendazole with or without praziquantel is recom- Consolidation/pleural effusion mended.9 Expert advice should be sought regarding chemother- Paragonimiasis apeutic regimens before and after surgery and for cases where Distribution and life cycle surgery is not to be carried out. While aspiration followed by Pulmonary paragonimiasis is most frequently seen in south east injection of a scolicidal agent and re-aspiration (PAIR) has been Asia but also occurs in central Africa and South America. It is used as a therapeutic tool when surgery is contraindicated,10 the caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Paragonimus on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. World Health Organization states that PAIR is contraindicated westermani is responsible for most cases. The adult worms are for lung cysts11 and the authors endorse that view. found in pulmonary cysts, usually in pairs. Adult worms produce eggs which are secreted in sputum or faeces. Humans are usually infected by
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gnathostoma Spinigerum Was Positive
    Department Medicine Diagnostic Centre Swiss TPH Winter Symposium 2017 Helminth Infection – from Transmission to Control Sushi Worms – Diagnostic Challenges Beatrice Nickel Fish-borne helminth infections Consumption of raw or undercooked fish - Anisakis spp. infections - Gnathostoma spp. infections Case 1 • 32 year old man • Admitted to hospital with severe gastric pain • Abdominal pain below ribs since a week, vomiting • Low-grade fever • Physical examination: moderate abdominal tenderness • Laboratory results: mild leucocytosis • Patient revealed to have eaten sushi recently • Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed Carmo J, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218857 Case 1 Endoscopy revealed 2-3 cm long helminth Nematode firmly attached to / Endoscopic removal of larva with penetrating gastric mucosa a Roth net Carmo J, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218857 Anisakiasis Human parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract by • herring worm, Anisakis spp. (A.simplex, A.physeteris) • cod worm, Pseudoterranova spp. (P. decipiens) Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood containing infectious larvae Highest incidence in countries where consumption of raw or marinated fish dishes are common: • Japan (sashimi, sushi) • Scandinavia (cod liver) • Netherlands (maatjes herrings) • Spain (anchovies) • South America (ceviche) Source: http://parasitewonders.blogspot.ch Life Cycle of Anisakis simplex (L1-L2 larvae) L3 larvae L2 larvae L3 larvae Source: Adapted to Audicana et al, TRENDS in Parasitology Vol.18 No. 1 January 2002 Symptoms Within few hours of ingestion, the larvae try to penetrate the gastric/intestinal wall • acute gastric pain or abdominal pain • low-grade fever • nausea, vomiting • allergic reaction possible, urticaria • local inflammation Invasion of the third-stage larvae into gut wall can lead to eosinophilic granuloma, ulcer or even perforation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
    pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes).
    [Show full text]
  • Wuchereria Bancrofti Filaria Activates Human Dendritic Cells and Polarizes
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0392-8 OPEN Wuchereria bancrofti filaria activates human dendritic cells and polarizes T helper 1 and regulatory T cells via toll-like receptor 4 Suprabhat Mukherjee 1,2,4,5, Anupama Karnam 2,5, Mrinmoy Das 2,5, Santi P. Sinha Babu 1 & 1234567890():,; Jagadeesh Bayry 2,3 Interaction between innate immune cells and parasite plays a key role in the immuno- pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis. Despite being professional antigen presenting cells cri- tical for the pathogen recognition, processing and presenting the antigens for mounting T cell responses, the dendritic cell response and its role in initiating CD4+ T cell response to filaria, in particular Wuchereria bancrofti, the most prevalent microfilaria is still not clear. Herein, we demonstrate that a 70 kDa phosphorylcholine-binding W. bancrofti sheath antigen induces human dendritic cell maturation and secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, microfilarial sheath antigen-stimulated dendritic cells drive predominantly Th1 and regulatory T cell responses while Th17 and Th2 responses are marginal. Mechanistically, sheath antigen- induced dendritic cell maturation, and Th1 and regulatory T cell responses are mediated via toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Our data suggest that W. bancrofti sheath antigen exploits dendritic cells to mediate distinct CD4+ T cell responses and immunopathogenesis of lym- phatic filariasis. 1 Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India. 2 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe—Immunopathologie et immuno-intervention thérapeutique, Sorbonne Universités, F-75006 Paris, France. 3 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxocariasis: a Rare Cause of Multiple Cerebral Infarction Hyun Hee Kwon Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
    Case Report Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.137 Infect Chemother 2015;47(2):137-141 Chemotherapy ISSN 2093-2340 (Print) · ISSN 2092-6448 (Online) Toxocariasis: A Rare Cause of Multiple Cerebral Infarction Hyun Hee Kwon Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, mostly due to accidental in- gestion of embryonated eggs. Clinical manifestations vary and are classified as visceral larva migrans or ocular larva migrans according to the organs affected. Central nervous system involvement is an unusual complication. Here, we report a case of multiple cerebral infarction and concurrent multi-organ involvement due to T. canis infestation of a previous healthy 39-year- old male who was admitted for right leg weakness. After treatment with albendazole, the patient’s clinical and laboratory results improved markedly. Key Words: Toxocara canis; Cerebral infarction; Larva migrans, visceral Introduction commonly involved organs [4]. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is relatively rare in toxocariasis, especially CNS Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by infection with presenting as multiple cerebral infarction. We report a case of the roundworm species Toxocara canis or less frequently multiple cerebral infarction with lung and liver involvement Toxocara cati whose hosts are dogs and cats, respectively [1]. due to T. canis infection in a previously healthy patient who Humans become infected accidentally by ingestion of embry- was admitted for right leg weakness. onated eggs from contaminated soil or dirty hands, or by in- gestion of raw organs containing encapsulated larvae [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Status of Echinococcus Canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Sequences
    Accepted Manuscript Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagida, Antti Lavikainen, Eric P. Hoberg, Sergey Konyaev, Akira Ito, Marcello Otake Sato, Vladimir A. Zaikov, Kimberlee Beckmen, Minoru Nakao PII: S0020-7519(17)30212-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 Reference: PARA 3980 To appear in: International Journal for Parasitology Received Date: 20 January 2017 Revised Date: 27 June 2017 Accepted Date: 3 July 2017 Please cite this article as: Yanagida, T., Lavikainen, A., Hoberg, E.P., Konyaev, S., Ito, A., Otake Sato, M., Zaikov, V.A., Beckmen, K., Nakao, M., Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, International Journal for Parasitology (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagidaa,*, Antti Lavikainenb, Eric P. Hobergc, Sergey Konyaevd, Akira
    [Show full text]
  • Structure Function Analysis of Thioredoxin from Wuchereria Bancrofti, a Drug Target for Human Lymphatic Filariasis
    Structure function analysis of thioredoxin from Wuchereria bancrofti, a drug target for human lymphatic filariasis Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Nasser Yousef (M.Sc.) aus Kairo, Ägypten Hamburg 2014 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum von 2009 bis 2014 in der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Ch. Betzel am Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie am Department Chemie der Universität Hamburg angefertigt. Gutachter: Herr Prof. Christian Betzel Herr Prof. Reinhard Bredehorst Tag der Disputation: 25.07.2014 To my wife and daughters Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................I List of figures ........................................................................................................................... VI List of tables ............................................................................................................................. IX List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................. X Symbols for Amino Acids .................................................................................................... XVI 1. Aim of this Work .................................................................................................................. 1 2. Summary – Zusammenfassung
    [Show full text]
  • Introgression and Hybridization in Animal Parasites
    Genes 2010, 1, 102-123; doi:10.3390/genes1010102 OPEN ACCESS genes ISSN 2073-4425 www.mdpi.com/journal/genes Review An Infectious Topic in Reticulate Evolution: Introgression and Hybridization in Animal Parasites Jillian T. Detwiler * and Charles D. Criscione Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-979-845-0925; Fax: +1-979-845-2891. Received: 29 April 2010; in revised form: 7 June 2010 / Accepted: 7 June 2010 / Published: 9 June 2010 Abstract: Little attention has been given to the role that introgression and hybridization have played in the evolution of parasites. Most studies are host-centric and ask if the hybrid of a free-living species is more or less susceptible to parasite infection. Here we focus on what is known about how introgression and hybridization have influenced the evolution of protozoan and helminth parasites of animals. There are reports of genome or gene introgression from distantly related taxa into apicomplexans and filarial nematodes. Most common are genetic based reports of potential hybridization among congeneric taxa, but in several cases, more work is needed to definitively conclude current hybridization. In the medically important Trypanosoma it is clear that some clonal lineages are the product of past hybridization events. Similarly, strong evidence exists for current hybridization in human helminths such as Schistosoma and Ascaris. There remain topics that warrant further examination such as the potential hybrid origin of polyploid platyhelminths.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirofilaria Repens Nematode Infection with Microfilaremia in Traveler Returning to Belgium from Senegal
    RESEARCH LETTERS 6. Sohan K, Cyrus CA. Ultrasonographic observations of the fetal We report human infection with a Dirofilaria repens nema- brain in the first 100 pregnant women with Zika virus infection in tode likely acquired in Senegal. An adult worm was extract- Trinidad and Tobago. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017;139:278–83. ed from the right conjunctiva of the case-patient, and blood http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12313 7. Parra-Saavedra M, Reefhuis J, Piraquive JP, Gilboa SM, microfilariae were detected, which led to an initial misdiag- Badell ML, Moore CA, et al. Serial head and brain imaging nosis of loiasis. We also observed the complete life cycle of of 17 fetuses with confirmed Zika virus infection in Colombia, a D. repens nematode in this patient. South America. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002105 8. Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, n October 14, 2016, a 76-year-old man from Belgium do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, et al. Increase in Owas referred to the travel clinic at the Institute of Trop- reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women ical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium) because of suspected living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb loiasis after a worm had been extracted from his right con- Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:242–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/ junctiva in another hospital. Apart from stable, treated arte- mmwr.mm6509e2 rial hypertension and non–insulin-dependent diabetes, he 9.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC Overseas Parasite Guidelines
    Guidelines for Overseas Presumptive Treatment of Strongyloidiasis, Schistosomiasis, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections for Refugees Resettling to the United States U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Global Migration and Quarantine February 6, 2019 Accessible version: https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/overseas/intestinal- parasites-overseas.html 1 Guidelines for Overseas Presumptive Treatment of Strongyloidiasis, Schistosomiasis, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections for Refugees Resettling to the United States UPDATES--the following are content updates from the previous version of the overseas guidance, which was posted in 2008 • Latin American and Caribbean refugees are now included, in addition to Asian, Middle Eastern, and African refugees. • Recommendations for management of Strongyloides in refugees from Loa loa endemic areas emphasize a screen-and-treat approach and de-emphasize a presumptive high-dose albendazole approach. • Presumptive use of albendazole during any trimester of pregnancy is no longer recommended. • Links to a new table for the Treatment Schedules for Presumptive Parasitic Infections for U.S.-Bound Refugees, administered by IOM. Contents • Summary of Recommendations • Background • Recommendations for overseas presumptive treatment of intestinal parasites o Refugees originating from the Middle East, Asia, North Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean o Refugees
    [Show full text]
  • Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis)
    Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) rev Jan 2018 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY Infectious Agent Hookworm is a soil transmitted helminth. Human infections are caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Transmission Transmission primarily occurs via direct contact with fecal contaminated soil. Soil becomes contaminated with eggs shed in the feces of an individual infected with hookworm. The eggs must incubate in the soil for several days before they become infectious and are able to be transmitted to another person. Oral transmission can sometimes occur from consuming improperly washed food grown or exposed to fecal contaminated soil. Transmission can also occur (rarely) between a mother and her fetus/infant via infected placental or mammary tissue. Incubation Period Eggs must incubate in the soil for 5-10 days before they mature into infectious filariform larvae that can penetrate the skin. Within the first 10 days following penetration of the skin filariform larvae will migrate to the lungs and occasionally cause respiratory symptoms. Three to five weeks after skin penetration the larvae will migrate to the intestinal tract where they will mature into an adult worm. Adult worms may live in the intestine for 1-5 years depending on the species. Communicability Human to human transmission of hookworm does NOT occur because part of the worm’s life cycle must be completed in soil before becoming infectious. However, vertical transmission of dormant filariform larvae can occur between a mother and neonate via contaminated breast milk. These dormant filariform larvae can remain within in a host for months to years. Soil contamination is perpetuated by fecal contamination from infected individuals who can shed eggs in feces for several years after infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Screening for Schistosoma Mansoni in Western Coã Te D'ivoire Using a Simple School Questionnaire J
    Rapid screening for Schistosoma mansoni in western Coà te d'Ivoire using a simple school questionnaire J. Utzinger,1 E.K. N'Goran,2 Y.A. Ossey,3 M. Booth,4 M. TraoreÂ,5 K.L. Lohourignon,6 A. Allangba,7 L.A. Ahiba,8 M. Tanner,9 &C.Lengeler10 The distribution of schistosomiasis is focal, so if the resources available for control are to be used most effectively, they need to be directed towards the individuals and/or communities at highest risk of morbidity from schistosomiasis. Rapid and inexpensive ways of doing this are needed, such as simple school questionnaires. The present study used such questionnaires in an area of western Coà te d'Ivoire where Schistosoma mansoni is endemic; correctly completed questionnaires were returned from 121 out of 134 schools (90.3%), with 12 227 children interviewed individually. The presence of S. mansoni was verified by microscopic examination in 60 randomly selected schools, where 5047 schoolchildren provided two consecutive stool samples for Kato±Katz thick smears. For all samples it was found that 54.4% of individuals were infected with S. mansoni. Moreover, individuals infected with S. mansoni reported ``bloody diarrhoea'', ``blood in stools'' and ``schistosomiasis'' significantly more often than uninfected children. At the school level, Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni significantly correlated with the prevalence of reported bloody diarrhoea (P = 0.002), reported blood in stools (P = 0.014) and reported schistosomiasis (P = 0.011). Reported bloody diarrhoea and reported blood in stools had the best diagnostic performance (sensitivity: 88.2%, specificity: 57.7%, positive predictive value: 73.2%, negative predictive value: 78.9%).
    [Show full text]
  • Improved Postmortem Diagnosis of Taenia Saginata Cysticercosis
    IMPROVED POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF TAENIA SAGINATA CYSTICERCOSIS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By WILLIAM BRADLEY SCANDRETT Keywords: Taenia saginata, bovine cysticercosis, immunohistochemistry, histology, validation © Copyright William Bradley Scandrett, July, 2007. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this university may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4 i ABSTRACT Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease for which cattle are the intermediate hosts of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata.
    [Show full text]