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Home , Dallas, Drag (Austin, Texas), Edward Burleson, Houston, Mathew Caldwell, San Marcos River

A Brief History

of

Hays and San Marcos

Texas

Written in serial form and published in THE SAN MARCOS RECORD during Centennial Year, 1948.

(Hays County was created on March 1, 1848, by the State Legislature of .)

By

Dudley R. Dobie

San Marcos, Texas 1948

'--"*" *-**> Privately Printed San Marcos, Texas 1948 .•••••• •- ' >* t • 1

CAPTAIN JACK HAYS, TEXAS RANGER

"»= J A FEW REMARKS

March 1, 1948 marked the hundreth anniversary of Hays County, Texas. Realizing that there should be some kind of program in observance of the county's centennial, the publishers of The San Marcos Record invited me to prepare a series of articles dealing with the history of the region. In lieu of a comprehensive under­ taking our plan was to present a brief history ,of the county. Follow­ ing that plan, I have not discussed many things that should be incorporated in a compendious work. One could devote much time and space to the flora and fauna of the region. The and its marine gardens deserve special study. Likewise, the Balcones Escarpment and the are rich geological mines. A thorough investigation of the ranch industry and a survey of the corn and breeding farms would, I am assured, reveal some interesting and useful infor­ mation. The Burlesons—General Ed Burleson, Major Ed Burleson, Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, and the Burleson homes, challenge the student of history. The educational institutions, es­ pecially Johnson Institute, Coronal Institute, and the San Marcos Chautauqua merit special study. Biographical sketches should be prepared honoring those citizens who rendered outstanding service to their communities and to society. I do not have, in mind those pious pillars of the church whose sole desire was or still is to have their names engraved on stained glass. Folks like P. J. Allen, John W. Bunton, Albert S. Burleson, Rev. Sterling Fisher, T. G. Harris, W. W. Haupt, D. P. Hopkins, Mrs. Claiborne Kyle, M. C. McGee, T. G. McGee, Rev. Z. N. Morrell, Ezekiel Nance, John and Carr Pritchett, Dr. E. P. Shelton, W. D. Wood, and Dr. P. C. Woods, left pretty big tracks. A record of- the services rendered by citizens in and World War II should be made. A complete survey of the development of business enterprises from about 1875 to date would mean much to a ^study of this kind. So you see this is far from being a complete project. is not My history. The History of Hays County belongs to those who made it—-its pioneers. I have played a minor role in weaving remarks about their experiences and achievements into this work. I borrowed freely from the writings of several persons. J leaned long on articles by Editor T. F. Harwell in his Quarter Century

i... , „• ^^^J.,^^. ^° Edition of The Kyle News of , 1928. In that same issue I drew from the contributions of B. Fitzgerald, Miss Wilma Allen, Mrs. W. S. Birdwell, Mrs. Roberta Belvin Pritchett, Mrs. Jennie Weaver Garison, Miss Fannie Manlove,. and others. Likewise, I found a wealth of information in the Silver Anniversary and His­ torical Centennial Edition of The San Marcos Record of September 25, 1936. I used the scrapbooks kept by Mrs. E. L. Thomas and Mrs. W. Aiv Wyatt of San Marcos. Their interest in local history was a source of inspiration to me. The scrapbook assembled by the late Col. D. P. Hopkins was of great aid. The kind, en­ couraging words of friends and readers of my column meant much to me. To all who assisted me in any way I say, "muchas gracias." This little book is a beginning. I trust that it may serve to challenge a native of Hays County to produce a larger and better volume.

Dudley R. Dobie

On the banks of the lovely San Marcos San Marcos, Texas August 28, 1948 A BRIEF HISTORY of HAYS COUNTY AND SAN MARCOS, TEXAS

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY Hays County, Texas covers a section of territory at the inter­ section of 98° W. longitude and 30° N. latitude. Topographically it lies on the border between the Edwards Plateau and the Southern Black Prairie region of . The terrain of the northern half of the county is exceedingly' rugged and is well clothed with cedar, Spanish oak, live oak and a dense underbrush, while the eastern and southern portions are prairie lands, dotted with small groves of timber. Hays County has an approximate ??ea of six hundred and twenty-five square miles. It is in the shape of a rec­ tangle and is bounded by Travis County on the north, Caldwell County on the east, Guadalupe County on the south, Comal County on the southwest, and Blanco County on the northwest. The elevation of Hays County ranges from about 400 feet above sea level in the southern part of the county to some 1,200 feet in the extreme northern portion. The hills which are found in this northern region are fully entitled to the appellation of mountains, for although only moderate in altitude, they are mountainous in formation, with rocky precipices, ledges, and spurs. Many of these mountains are isolated mounds or Cones, either perfect or trun­ cated, rising from a base of a table-land. Some of the hills and ridges are covered with timber, while others are bare. Between the mountain ridges are valleys 'of great fertility and beauty, 'some of which are large enough for farms. The central part of Hays Coimty is traversed, by the Balcones Escarpment or Line which runs from the near Del Rio to and thence northeastward to Austin and, with less definite markings, to the Red River northeast of . This fault line is the most distinct natural boundary line in Texas, dividing the state into lowland and upland provinces. Above this line the surface is characterized primarily by erosion, below by deposits of material eroded above. The rugged country above the fault line is known as the Edwards Plateau. The plateau commences near the northern line of Travis County and continues a little south of west, through Travis, Hays^ Comal, Bexar, 'Medina, Uvalde, and Kinney counties to Val Verde County, where it breaks down in the valley of the Rio Grande. The drainage flows 'down the scarp line and has cut small canyons backward into the Edwards Plateau. The and the Edwards Plateau together constitute in Texas the Plateau of the Plains. This lies within the area inclosed by the on the north, the on the west, the Balcones escarpment on the south and .southeast, and an irregu­ lar line of scarps along the headwaters of the eastward-flowing drainage of the Colorado, Brazos, and Red Rivers of Texas. Hays- County 'is well watered, having many springs and creeks and two rivers, all flowing in a general southeastern direction. Its principal streams are the Blanco and San Marcos Rivers, Bear, Cypress, and Onion Creeks. The Blanco heads in Blanco County, drains a large portion of the mountain section of Hays County, and empties into the San Marcos River a few miles below the of San Marcos. The San Marcos River has its source in springs within the city limits of San Marcos. These springs issue from a subter­ ranean lake of the Zone and form a full-grown river, discharging 100,000,000 gallons daily. The are the second largest in Texas, being surpassed only by the of New Braunfels. The "head of the river" with its lovely marine gardens has few or no rivals of importance. This lovely river attains considerable depth in its upper reaches and in most places is so clear that the bottom can be seen. The streams of Hays County have cut wide, though generally shallow, lowland valleys across the less-resistant materials of the prairies. Subsequently, these lowlands have been filled with alluvial materials deposited by these streams. The result has been the for­ mation of wide valley lands which possess a constructional topog­ raphy. These areas, with fine silty alluvial materials and a smooth surface, have been important as farming centers since white men first settled in this section of the state. These lands have been formed by deep accumulations of soil materials, constituting the fertile blackland belt. Not only are these soils highly productive, but they also have with good care, a high capacity of maintaining their productivity. The prairie soils have developed under the influence of a mod­ erately humid climate. In practically all eases, the prairie sections are underlain by fine-textured soil materials which usually are high, or fairly high, in lime. These conditions, plus the influence of the thick stand of tall grasses, have been major factors in pro­ ducing the generally rounded outlines and the subdued relief fea tures, so characteristic of the undulating surfaces of the prairie regions. The rocks found within the regions of Hays County are of three kinds: sedimentary, igneous, and surficial. The sedimentary rocks occupy the greater portion of the area, and surficial rocks are of considerable extent, whereas ,the igneous rocks are of only occas­ ional occurrence. The sedimentary rocks were deposited- in the sea and subsequently elevated so as to form a land surface. They now consist of evenly bedded horizontal limestones with occasional beds of clay, and constitute the foundation of the country. The igneous rocks consist of solidified molten rock found in fissures, and asso­ ciated lava and volcanic ash. The surficial rocks consist of material derived from the marine sedimentary rocks and the igneous rocks, brought down from the northwest by streams and deposited as a veneer over the uplands, as terraces along the streams, and in oc­ casional lake basins. They are fluviatile or lacustrine sediments. The mountainous section of the county abounds in caves that contain what are believed to be valuable deposits of bat guano. In this region there is also found an inexhaustible supply of lime rock, from which ,a very superior quality of lime is made. The hills, in many instances, are1 covered with stones good for building material and fences. In the southern portion of the county are vast quantities of a shell rock. Analyses of this rock have shown that it will make a fine phosphate fertilizer. Hays County is rich in gravel for road making. A number of gravels have been tested, all of which are of limestone origin and have good binding properties. In the northern part of the county, one mile southwest of.the Travis County line and on the northwest side of the road running southwest from Cedar Valley, Travis County, a small body of basalt exists. It is a small circular plug-like mass intruding into the Ed­ wards limestone. It is on the upthrow side of the Balcones Fault and about ten miles back from the main fault zone. Three-fourths of a mile east of the Pacific railway crossing of the is a small dish-like mass of basalt. This is surrounded by wash but it is intrusive into the Anacacho limestone which outcrops nearby. The climate of Hays County is usually mild and pleasant. In some winter seasons thick ice is formed and heavy sleets and light coats of snow are sometimes seen; but such weather seldom lasts more than a few days and is usually followed by sunshine. Killing frosts occur more frequently in the hill country than in the prairie section. The annual rainfall is thirty-two inches and the mean annual temperature 67.8°. The region has a growing season of 256 days.

NATURAL FOLIAGE OF HAYS COUNTY The luxuriant growth of the tall grasses of the prairie region in the early days drew the attention of the pioneers. Across the roll­ ing strips and undulating areas stretched a closed covering of grasses whose coarse stems attained a height of two to three feet.or more. The principal grasses were the Big Blue-stem and the tall golden- headed Indian grass. A large share of the black soils, originally covered by these prairie grasses long ago gave way to farming, but

— 9 — remnants of the original grasslands. of the Texas Prairies province indicate something of the original of these prairie lands. The principal varieties of the short grass group as distinguished from the tall grasses, are the buffalo grass, many species of the grama grasses, ana two or three species of mesquite grasses. In the hill country the mesquite grasses predominate. Of these, the curly mes­ quite is the more valuable. The prickly pear cactus is well distributed throughout the county. Although it is detrimental to livestock in some instances and has been eradicated on many ranches, some cow men continue to take advantage of its resources during the winter months. Pear burners are used to burn the thorns from the leaves which are then fed to . In seasons of prolonged drought, the pear is im­ portant not only for its food value but also for the moisture it contains. The cedar, cottonwood, walnut, pecan, post-oak, live oak, and mesquite trees are all indigenous to Hays County. The hill country has a dense growth of cedar, which furnishes posts, poles, and building material. The cedar brakes are of importance as a protec­ tive forest in preventing erosion of the thin limestone soil. Pecan groves are found along the rivers and in the creek valleys. Many varieties of pecan ere grown, and the county markets thousands of pounds each yesr. A more or less scattered growth of mesquite is found in the black land region. Under favorable conditions the mesquite attains a size suitable for lumber and building material but in general its growth is stubby. The wild plum, persimmon, and dewberry are fruits indigenous to Hays County. The plum and persimihon are scattered throughout the county, while the dewberry thrives chiefly along the rivers, near springs, and in the beds of creeks. The agarita or wild currant, is also native to the county and the, jelly-made from its red berries is hardly excelled. The mustang grape grows wild in most of the .county. It is a rampant and luxuriant vine which often climbs and overspreads the largest trees. It is a profuse bearer, producing large black or purple-black .grapes which are used to make jelly and grape juice. The mountain grape is of a low habit. Although it does climb trees it has a tendency to sprawl on bushes. It produces dense clusters of small, thin-skinned grapes. Many beautiful flowers are native to Hays County. The wild or Mexican poppy is thistle-like and has white blooms. Also, the red or Texas prickly poppy is found. The fragrant rain lily springs out of the ground following heavy spring and summer rains. The white or blue-tinted water-lily flourishes on the rivers and in water holes of the creeks. A flower that grows in patches on ­ sides is the stork's bill. It derives its name from having a flower

_10— with a long beak. Even the leaves take on a reddish hue similar to the blooms and are mistaken for flowers. The "mirasol" or sun­ flower is widespread and often lines the roadsides for miles and covers fields for hundreds of acres. A favorite wild flower is the wine cup which needs protection from live stock and is usually found in patches along railroad tracks .and the roadsides. Although it is not an early messenger of spring, the blue- bonnet is probably the most popular of the wild flower family. It grows in abundance throughout the state. It was adopted as the state flower in 1901. Its close rival is the beautiful gaillardia or firewheel, better known as the Indian blanket, which is the pride of Texas prairies. Many other native flowers deserve special attention but we are unable to discuss them here. Among them .are: the pink and white evening primrose; the scarlet or Indian paint-brush; the plains verbena which loves to embroider the shoulders of highways; the bull nettle, purple thistle, black-eyed Susan, dwarf white aster, niggerhead, yellow sleepy daisy, camphor .daisy, prairie blazing star, Queen Anne's lace, wild petunia, purple gentian or bluebell, Texas leather flower, giant spiderwort. Some of the trees and shrubs of the region offer lovely flowers. A harbinger of spring is the agarita with its fragrant blossoms ap­ pearing in late February or early March. A handsome shrub which seldon fails to arrest the eye is the Texas redbud. Its pea-shaped flowers often remain lovely for a month before the leaves appear. The ball-like clusters of yellow flowers of the huisache also pre­ cede the leaves and are fragrant. The Texas mountain laurel is an evergreen shrub with dense clusters of violent-blue flowers usu­ ally clothed in their best the latter part of March. The flowers of this shrub have a strong, disagreeable scent. The Texas or common prickly pear with its yellow and saffron-red blossoms, is a striking feature of the local landscape. Various members of the yaupon family are well represented in this area. Their evergreen leaves and red berries make them a de­ sirable Christmas decoration and those shrubs residing on or near a public road are certain to be mutilated.

EARLY HISTORY (1709-1861) i 1. Spanish Settlement Central Texas was traversed by a number of Spanish ex­ plorers and that section now known as Hays County is well iden­ tified in some of their journals. The members of the Espinosa- Olivares-Aguirre Expedition of 1709 were ordered by the, viceroy of to explore the Texas province and one of their goals

— 11 — was -to reconnoiter the upper sources of the San Marcos River. It is borne out in their diaries that they were well pleased with the country, especially with1 the fine water offered by the San Marcos. They found fertile land, many trees, and an abundance of wild fruits, including nuts and grapes. In the arroyos there was a boun­ tiful supply of hemp. They saw flocks of wild turkeys but were surprised to find no herds of buffaloes between the Rio Grande and the San Marcos River. However, at intervals, they did run across two or three head. Deer were so numerous that they were met at every step and they resembled flocks of goats. There were bears, wolves, mountain lions, foxes and a great variety of other wild ani­ mals. Every stream teemed with fish and beautiful birds filled the air with their songs. The prairies were enamelled with lovely flowers.

The Spanish explorers also found Indians residing in the San Marcos area. The natives were friendly and .made overtures to the Europeans by exchanging nuts and other articles for tobacco and lumps of brown sugar. Doubtless they were members of the Tejas tribe. These Indians made great use of the nuts of the region and often preserved them by burying them in the ground. They were skillful in shelling pecans and would thread the kernels on strings but generally they stored them in small leather sacks. This friendly reception on the part of a group of docile natives is in sharp contrast with what St. Denis experienced five years later, for in 1714, while marching from Natchitoches to the presido San Juan Bautista on the Rio Grande, that intrepid Frenchman, upon reaching the San Marcos, was met by a group of two hundred Apaches, who unceremoniously received him by discharging a volley of arrows. He resisted the attack with courage and, in spite >f the small number of his followers, obtained a complete victory, ihanks to the effectiveness of his four rifles. It is also interesting to observe that while he was in the Texas province, St. Denis found an abundance of cattle. Let us turn back a few years and make a brief survey of the Spanish occupancy of Texas. In 1690 the Alonso De Leon Expedition took official possession of Texas. Under De Leon's direction, the missions—those frontier lamp posts of civilization, were founded. Among the first to be established was the mission of San Francisco de los Neches in . This religious or missionary activity- was entrusted to the Franciscian missionaries and theirs was a task requiring great courage and zeal. The founding of the missions got well under way but outrages and misconduct on the part of the soldiers brought trouble with the Indians and in 1693 missionary,activities were abandoned. How­ ever, the missionaries were reluctant to withdraw from their projects and were always eager for a reoccupation. The years passed. In 1718, Governor Alarcdn of Coahuila, founded on the

— 12 — river of St. Anthony, the presidio of San Antonio de Bexar, and near it the mission of San Antonio de Valero (Alamo). The mis­ sion of Espiritu Santo and the presidio, of La Bahia (Goliad) were established in 1720. The year 1720 also witnessed the founding of the mission San Jose near San Antonio. The mission of San Fran­ cisco de los Neches and other missions were re-established in 1721. Subsequent years saw the establishment of several other mis­ sions. Among these were the missions San Francisco Xavier, San Ildefons'o and the Candelaria, founded on the San Xavier River (San Gabriel), about 1746, in present Milam or Williamson Coun­ ties. The missionaries of these three .missions experienced great hardships. The local natives were fickle and. restless; all of the in­ habitants were constantly exposed to depredations by the fierce Apaches; prolonged droughts affected the streams and crops; famine and disease rode hand in hand; last but not least, jealousy and misconduct on" the part of local military authorities produced a spirit- of disaffection between them and the missionaries. Some of the latter were murdered by Indians supposedly inspired by the military. Finally, in 1755 authorities in far away yielded to the appeals of the missionaries, reduced the three missions to one and moved it to the San Marcos River. The exact site of this consolidation has never been determined but we may safely as­ sume that the occupation was within or close by the limits of what is now the city of San Marcos because officials recommending the change reported that the rich land lying between the springs at the source of the San Marcos and the crossing (Paso de los Tejas), was practical for irrigation and capable of sustaining a large settle­ ment. In spite 'of this change, conditions became more unsettled, for it developed that irrigation was not provided and within a year the mission was removed to Comal Spririgs on the Guadalupe. Its tenure there was also short-lived,. Apparently the drought was wide­ spread, for the records testify that while the mission was operating on the San Marcos, the missionaries had been besieged by more than a thousand hungry Apaches, who were clamoring to have them move to their country on the San Saba.

In spite of the fact that the San Marcos region was a favorable place for settling, no other step was taken toward: permanent set­ tlement until the close of 1807. Antonio Cordero, Governor of Texas, was sympathetic toward plans for the establishment of a settle­ ment on the San Marcos. Furthermore, he was convinced that it might be better to try to secure settlers from the interior of Mexico for the colonization project instead of from Bexar or from Louisi­ ana, as had hitherto been the general practice in founding Spanish settlements in Texas. A group of about sixteen families from Refugio, below the Rio Grande (present Matamoras), set out in , 1807, to found the new villa. They were under the lead­ ership of Felipe Roque de Portilla, who seems to have been financed by Governor Cordero. The settlers brought the necessary supplies and were escorted by a guard as far as the Nueces.

— 13 — The caravan proceeded by way of San Antonio along the. Camino Real (Royal ) to the crossing on the San Marcos River. Here they began to build their new homes. The new settle­ ment was called Villa de San Marcos de Neve and its establishment was officially reported by Governor Cordero on January 6, 1808. This Ideation was about four miles below the present city' of San Marcos. Lieutehai\t Juan Ignacio Arrambide was appointed justicia of the new villa. The number of colonists amounted to about eighty-one. Although a majority of them were from below the Rio Grande, there were a few from Bexar and Nacogdoches. These courageous pioneers brought their cattle, horses and mules. One of the settlers, a teacher, did not find much employment for his talents and soon departed. The records indicate that Governor Cordero personally invested a considerable sum in the enterprise, possibly for .some selfish reason. He had agreed to finance another group of settlers, but was forced to inform Portilla that he would be unable to fulfill his promise until he had received additional funds. In the meantime Portilla had contracted for the transportatidn of six more families but it seems that they never came, for no new names were added to the list of settlers. Not much can be learned of the early history of Villa de San Marcos de Neve but the records available indicate that its days were few and full of trouble. In the first place, the government had been compelled to aid certain of its poor families. A large number of and Indians attacked the settlement and in spite of the efforts of the twelve or fifteen soldiers who were guard­ ing the horses, the Indians succeeded in carrying off two hundred and five animals. On , 1808, the was visited by a flood. The water ran through the plaza, the people left their homes, and all confidence in the suitability of the location was lost. Plans were presented for the removal of the villa to higher ground but were never put into effect. Fear of other Indian attacks coupled with the usual hardships, forced the settlers to give up their under­ taking. -Nothing has been found to show what eventually became of them but the colony was abandoned in 1812.

2. American Settlement With the passing of Spanish control oyer Texas, preparation for the settlement of the San Marcos country by Americans was marked through the granting of land by the Mexican government to vari­ ous persons as early as 1831. A large area of land including that now occupied by the city of San' Marcos and its additions, is em­ braced by the Juan Veramendi and T. J. Chambers Grants. The Veramendi Grant was dated November 10, 1831, and the-Chambers

, —14 — Grant September23, 1834. These, as well as a grant to Juan Vicente Campos,- were granted by the Government of Coahuila and Texas. The grant to Campos, dated April 28, 1832, is written in Spanish This grant calls for eleven leagues of land. It also embraces the city of San Marcos as well as a large part of the surrounding country. The successive orders and proceedings covering the Campos grant come down to and include December 12, 1835, that being the date of final grant or confirmation of title to Campos. This last act was signed by Miguel Arcinaga, a Special Commissioner of the Government of Coahuila and Texas, and was designed to place said Juan Vicente Campos in possession of the eleven leagues of land. It was also signed by Victoriana Zepeda and Vicente Cortari as witnesses of Assistance, and appears to have been acknowledged by Arcinaga on June 11, 1839, before John W. Smith, County Clerk, Bexar County, Texas. A few individuals with holdings under the Veramendi, Cham­ bers, and other grants adjacent to San Marcos, secured deeds from M,, Ortega and wife, heirs to Campos, between 1870 and 1880, but the Veramendi-Chamhers Grants are generally regarded as super­ ior to the Campos Grant and no title is actively asserted under it at the present time. Hays County inherited a number of Mexican grants. Several of them were issued in leagues but generally the title begins with a Patent granted by the State of Texas. Many Patents were issued as compensation to soldiers of the or patriots who participated in the struggle with Mexico. Thomas G. McGehee, a member of Milam's Colony and a vet­ eran of San Jacinto, was issued a league of land by the Mexican Government February 19, 1835. The McGehee League was-situated a short distance below San Marcos. Its eastern boundary was the Camino Real. In November, 1846J McGehee brought his family from Bastrop and settled on his land. He built his home on the banks df the San Marcos River near the crossing of the Camino Real, now known as the San Antonio-Nacogdoches Road. The Blanco River unites with the San Marcos in this vicinity. The McGehee home was built of native timber, primarily cypress,1 mountain ce­ dar, and black walnut. It contained three rooms, a hall, and a porch, and it was considered somewhat pretentious for its day and place. About fifty years later when this home was torn down, nearly all the timbers used in its construction were found to be sound. Thomas G. McGehee was the first American to cultivate a farm in what is now Hays County, Texas. His son, William, was the first white child born in this county (pre-organization period). William McGehee was born December 23, 1846. He became a doctor. While a youth Dr. McGehee received a gold medal from Hays County in recognition of his being the first white child born here. He placed this medal in the corner-stone of the Capitol building at Austin. Another pioneer settler of the Hays County area was Phillip Allen, also of Bastrop, who began farming near what is now Buda,,

— 15 — in 1846. Settlers were few and far between in those days. From the McGehee home on the San Marcos, in going toward Austin, one found no settlement until Manchaca Springs was reached, about eighteen miles away. Another early settler was' W. W. Moon who built his log cabin on the Sany Marcos at a site now identified as the corner of East Hutchison and Union Streets. Thus Mr. Moon may be regarded as the first settler and citizen of the village of San Marcos. Moon op­ erated the first blacksmith shop. After the site was laid out, Moon built his home at the corner of North Cedar and Hutchison Streets. Later on, he enlarged his home and converted it into a hotel. For years it was known at the Wooten Hotel and Stage Stand. Two of W. W. Moon's contemporaries were Dr. Eli Merriman and Mike Sessom. All three had served as members of Captain Jack Hays's Company of Rangers who were stationed where the Fish Cultural Station is now located. The ranger force was under the command of Captain Henry E. McCulloch. Sessom's was the second home built in the village of San Marcos and Merriman was soon, to participate in laying out the town site. The year 1847 witnessed the advent of a number of settlers to the San Marcos country. Among these pioneers was General -Ed­ ward Burleson, distinguished soldier of the Texas Revolution and Indian fighter. General Burleson established his log cabin home on a promontory at the head of the San Marcos River. The site, commanded an unobstructed view very pleasing to the eye and was an important advantage in the days of Indian raids. This home of the head of the Burleson family in Texas was built of elm and oak logs and roofed with clapboards riven by hand. It consisted of two rooms, approximately sixteen by eighteen feet, with a wide en­ closed hallway separating them. A massive rock chimney stood at its north end. The original floor was laid of puncheons but in later years it was replaced with a pine board floor. Neither the Burleson descendants nor the citizens of San Marcos took steps to preserve this interesting landmark. Time and weathering" and dis­ interested individuals united to bring about its final disintegration. The Burleson homesite is now designated by a marker erected by the Moon-McGehee Chapter of the Daughters of the .

HAYS COUNTY CREATED MARCH 1, 1848 Some other settlers who came to San Marcos in 1847 were: Dr. Caton Erhard and Major C. R. Johns of Bastrop; W. Young, a Mrs. Jewell, and W. Otenhouse. In the meantime General had sold, several hundred acres of land to John D. Pitts who was serving as Adjutant General under Governor George T. Wood. The land was situated a few miles west of San Marcos. A road from San Marcos followed the foothills of the Balcones Escarp-

— 16 — ment and after the settlers strung their homes along its borders the community became known as Stringtown. General Pitts was a native of . In March, 1847, he re­ turned to his birthplace and induced relatives and friends to move to the San Marcos country. Among the earliest settlers with fam­ ilies were: General Pitts, Jack Cocks, John King, Purdy Mathews, William Bagley, William C. Pitts, Hall Cheatham, and Rev. Thomas Lancaster. The next few years brought the following settlers and their families: Samuel R. Kone, Dr. James Vickers, James L. Malone, Col. Malone Caldwell, Dr. David Dailey, and Dr. James H. Combs. Other family heads bore the name of Netherland, Reed, Lyle, Driskill, Hector, Kyser> etc. With the settling of the Hays County territory, the next step was to create and organize the county. The territory was connected with Travis County for judicial purposes. General Edward Burle­ son was representing the district in the Senate, and iri response tr the solicitation of the citizenship, introduced a bill for the organi­ zation-of the new county, designating San'Marcos, as the county seat. Hays County was created by an act of the on March 1, 1848. A copy of the original document is reproduced below.

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Hays County was named for Colonel John Coffee Hays, familiar­ ly known to old Texans as "Jack" Hays. Colonel Hays was a native of Wilson County, . He lived in a few years, where he adopted surveying as a profession, and at the- age of twenty came to Texas. He planned to take up employment with his regular profession but he changed his mind and joined the and saw considerable service on the frontier which in­ cluded many Indian fights. During the Mexican War Colonel Hays distinguished himself for his bravery and conspicuous service. After the war he made the first survey for a practicable wagon route" from Austin and San Antonio across western Texas to El Paso. While the gold fever was raging he led a caravan to and concluded to make that state his home. Colonel Hays served as sheriff of San

— 17 — Francisco a few years then became surveyor general of California through appointment of President Pierce. He helped found the city of Oakland, made numerous real estate investments and acquired great wealth. Colonel Hays died April 25, 1883. The records in the county and state archives show that the first election in Hays County was held on August 7, 1848, and the following were elected as officers of the county: Chief Justice (County Judge), Henry Cheatham; District Clerk, William A. Owen; County Clerk, Caton Erhard; Sheriff, John Kirby; Coroner, H. S. Harvey; Constable, William W. Moon; Commissioners, C. R. Johns, Shephard Colbath, Ulyses A. Young, A. B. McDonald; Justice of the Peace, Precinct No. 1, Winthrop Colbath. William C. Pitts really should be credited for being the first person to serve as a local public official. The records testify that he received his commission as Notary Public of Hays County, March 8, 1848, one week after the county was created by the Legis­ lature. Winthrop Colbath, elected the first Justice of the Peace, resigned shortly after he took office and was succeeded by Michael D. Faylor. Although it was mandatory that four county commis­ sioners be elected, there was but one precinct (San Marcos, No. 1). Seventy-one votes were cast in the first election. Caton Erhard, the first County Clerk, revealed in his remi­ niscences that whiskey was a conquering element in that first elec­ tion. He wrote: The first settlers were a mixture of old Texas, Georgia, and immigrants. When election day came, I had not much whisky left. I had neither the means nor the time to replenish, and being well aware' that my Texas friends as well as the Arkansas settlers, who emigrated from the poor piney hills to Texas, expected treats from the candi­ date, I for the first time in my life watered my whisky. I saw I was compelled to stand treat all day, and as I got no pay, my conscience was easy in regard to watered whisky. Fortunately it held out to the close of the election, and when I was announced the successful candidate, I huuled out a demijohn of good brandy and treated all my friends. The first term of District Court -of Hays County was held in San Marcos, on Monday, the 4th of November, 1850. Honorable W. E.'Jones, Judge of the Second Judicial District of the State of Texas, presided. Cases disposed of were for playing cards, conceal­ ing stolen property, unlawfully treating a slave, assault and bat­ tery. The first grand jury was composed of the following: Claiborne Kyle, Joseph Burleson," Ezekiel Tucker, William Ollenhause, F. E. Flanaken, Willis E. Parks, Edmond Johns, M. D. Faylor, A. J. Sowell, Samuel Durham, William Lindsey, and William Myrick. The first election contest in Hays County occurred in August, 1856. Dr. Caton Erhard had failed to be re-elected to the office of County Clerk. William Earnest was the successful candidate. Erhard served notice of contest. Court convened and a few witnesses were

— 18 — heard. Then both parties, with the consent of the court, agreed to run the election over again. In the meantime, the Commissioners' Court saw fit to appoint Erhard to fill the existing vacancy and in the new election he was successful The first deed filed for record was September 21, 1848, when Rafael Garza and his wife, Josefa, conveyed a one-half interest in 640 acres of land out of the Juan Martin de Veramendi Survey, to Nathaniel Lewis. It is interesting to recall that Mrs. Garza was a daughter of Veramendi, Mexican Governor of Coahuila-Texas, 1832-1833. Veramendi's Palace in San Antonio, now known as the Governor's Palace, is a well-known landmark. The first order made by the Probate Court of Hays County, signed by Chief Justice Henry Cheatham and dated , 1848, appears in Volume A of the Probate Records. Caton Erhard, County Clerk, appropriated one of his store account books for his official recordings.

SAN MARCOS TOWNSITE PARTITIONED Mention has been made of General Edward Burleson's acqui­ sition of land in the San Marcos area. Burleson, William Lindsey, and Dr. Eli T. Merriman entered into a joint ownership of a 640- acre tract of land derived from the Veramendi Grant and on March 1, 1851, proceeded to lay out the original town of San Marcos. These owners partitioned the lots among themselves after reserv­ ing some for public use. This transaction was witnessed by T. Dur­ ham and C. R. ~ Johns and acknowledged before Caton Erhard, County Clerk. General Burleson reserved his property "embracing the San Marcos Springs — better known as "the head of the river." After his death, his widow, Mrs. Sarah G. Burleson, on October 15, 1857, conveyed the property to Cephas Thompson who later re-sold it. In 1900 it was acquired by Ed J. L. jGreen and the San Marcos Water Company. At this writing the head of the river is owned by A. B. Rogers and the "Falls" by the Texas Power and Light Com­ pany. The writer harbors no prejudice toward these owners in stating that this is an unfortunate situation for the San Marcos citizenship of today and tomorrow. Had the citizens of yesterday reserved all properties adjoining the San Marcos River within the city limits, and placed them under municipal control, San Marcos could have had one of the finest municipal parks in the United States. Before turning to the development of other communities in Hays County from 1850 to 1900, let us make a brief survey of the growth of San Marcos along industrial- and agricultural lines prior to 1875.

— 19 — The first general store in San Marcos was owned and operated by Caton Erhard. It was situated on the property now occupied by the Schleider Furniture Store. Mr. Erhard's description of his store follows: We started on the immense capital of one sack of coffee, one barrel of whiskey, and one" barrel of flour, some tobacco, calico, and some domestic, shingles and nails. When I tell my readers that my stock of calico consisted (of) as high as twenty patterns, each containing sixteen yards (at that time of plain fashions it took eight yards of calico to make a lady's dress), and that I could not afford to buy twenty bolts of calico, and when asked to sell a yard or two, I with with alarm would express myself, "I cannot afford to break up my assortment so the lady must take eight yards or noth­ ing," you may laugh as you please. Remember, I started at early settlement and we had only about six houses, no fences, and only one Ranger company., My sole dependence was on the custom and support of this company, who paid me honorably when pay £ay came. Unfortunately fdr my beginning in business, the company was moved to another frontier post when we had been in business in San Marcos for only four months, .which left us only a few families to supply, for the husbands of some of the families were Rangers and had to follow the Command. My store in 1847 was an elegant (?) log house, just fit for a tolerable corn crib holding about 250 bushels of corn. After the Rangers paid me off (about eight months after I started in business), I had ambition enough to add a shed to my store, and also a fence. The shed room was nay dor­ mitory as well as general store room. The owners of the Veramendi League laid off 640 acres of land for a town tract, a portion of it in town lots, and the larger portion in 12 acre farm lots. The first two years, all the settlers wefe anxious to own lots near the river, and the town originally began there. Each settler got one build­ ing (?) free, and other lots anyone could buy cheap. The proprietors concluded afterwards to lay off the square as it now exists, only originally it was larger. A year later 'they cut off of the north portion, a lot near the square, and Dr. Merriman opened a field next to the foot of the hills and also fronting the river. My big store came within the boundaries of that field, so there was nothing left for'me to do but to buy a lot on the square in order that I would not be_ out of the town. Fortunately, General Burleson built a saw mill, which I believe was in running order in 1849. I bartered for lum­ ber and in 1850, I built a store 20X35 feet. After being built, I was just able, by scattering the goods on the shelves as far as possible, to half fill it. Previous to my building, there was a neat store put up of pine lumber but i the owner soon broke up, or gave up the business. No wonder, think of such extravagance to have a store built of Bastrop pine, nicely planed and ceiled inside! I got San Marcos elm and oak lumber. I paid for it with money made from my goods, which I sold at only 33% profit. No matter if the timber .twisted some and got as as a bone after seasoning, the proprietor also had to twist to get along, and he had a hard time to make a start. Now we had on the square in 1850, two stores, one double log house tavern, besides some

— 20 — five log house dwellings. But fortune somehow favored us, many of the discharged soldiers from the Mexican War returned through San Marcos and left many a dollar; next came the California excitement, and overland travel through San Marcos. Many of these trains of emigrants passed through and left some money. Erhard's place of business served as a store, post office, county clerk's office and general gathering place for several years. Erhard was the first postmaster. The mail was brought on horseback for a time, then by stage, which, except for ox-wagons, was the only means of travel. The Tarbox and Brown stage line operated four- horse stage coaches from Austin to San Antonio. Mail was carried in addition to passengers. A one-way trip required three days. Horses were changed every twelve miles and this required stage stands at such intervals. One stage left Austin each day while another left San Antonio (except Sunday), and the two passed each other in old Stringtown. A portion of the Stringtown stand is still standing. Colonel John M. Swisher, a well-known old Texan, was the proprietor of the Austin-San Antonio stage lines. According to the reminiscences of Colonel D. P. Hopkins, Swisher had opened the second store in San Marcos. He had a barrel of whiskey under the counter and there were two faucets. The faucet on the outside of the counter flowed whiskey which cist fifty cents per quart. The whiskey which issued from, the same barrel inside the counter cost one dollar per quart! In an interview with the late A. D. McGehee, the writer was told that first cotton gin was owned and operated by Dr. A. W. Thompson. It was combined with a sawmill and stood on the San Marcos River at that point now known as Thompson's Island. The gin was constructed in the early 1850's and its power consisted of eight mules. Another early gin was the one established by Major Ezekiel Nance on the Blanco River in 1855. The location was about three miles west of Kyle and the site is still referred to as the "Old Nance Mill."i Major Nance was an industrious pioneer who emi­ grated from Arkansas to Hays County in 1850. He took up approxi­ mately ten thousand acres .of state land and devoted his time to stock raising and other agricultural pursuits. His gin, operated jointly with a grist mill, became a county landmark. Although this plant was primitive, it rendered a very useful service to the settlers. An adequate description of the Nance gin was given by the late T. F. Harwell of Kyle. He wrote: When the cotton was hauled to the gin, it was carried in baskets to the gin stand, where a man fed it into the gin by hand. From the gin it was conveyed into what was called the "lint room," From the lint room it was carried again in baskets to the press, which was separate from the gin. The press consisted of an oblong square box the size of the

— 21 — length and thickness of a bale of cotton, and perhaps fifteen feet high. The cotton was carried up a stairway to the top of the press and poured into it. By having a man in the press to tramp and pack the cotton, a sufficient amount could be gotten into, it to make a bale. When this was done, the pressing started. A plunger, or packer, the size of the inside of the press, was fastened to the end of a large screw, perhaps four inches in diameter and fifteen or twenty feet long. This screw worked in a nut, or tap, with threads to fit. A long lever was^attached to the upper end of the screw, one end slanting downward, reaching to with­ in about three feet of the ground. A horse or mute or ox was hitched to the lower end of this lever, a boy put on s him, or behind him, to make him go, and around and around they went until the cotton was sufficiently pressed. Then the bale was "tied out," the animal was turned in the opposite direction and again went around and around until the plunger reached the top. Primitive, was it not?

HAYS COUNTY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT When Hays County was first settled, the prairies were used as open ranges for cattle, and the raising of livestock was the principal industry. However, the growing of cotton got underway from the beginning of settlement and small areas of valleys lands were cul­ tivated to this crop. Cotton was grown to a very limited extent because the markets, Galveston and Port Lavaca, were distant, and the product had to be transported overland by ox teams. Cotton was 'also marketed at Indianola and Powder Horn, but generally, it was consigned to commission men. Farmers had their supplies, such as sugar, coffee and merchandise, freighted back from these different ports. Several of the planters in southern Hays County operated ex­ tensive holdings and were slave owners. General John D. Pitts of Stringtown owned several slaves. The Probate Record (Vol. B) reveals an appraisal of the. Pitts' Estate showing several slaves to be worth more than $13,000. Naturally, sex and age often deter­ mined the price of a slave. For instance, a negro girl of 17 was -valued as high as $1200 and a negro youth of 21 as high as $1300. Perhaps we are not digressing in mentioning other items listed in the inventory of the Pitts Estate. In fact, such an inventory the times (1850-1860). The library included several vol­ umes of the "Southern Cultivator," the "Masonic Review," Blair's LECTURES, a work devoted to THE LIFE OF ANDREW JACK­ SON, Walker's DICTIONARY, the , and several hymn books. Turning to the furniture and other household goods, -we find: one Wheeler & Wilson sewing machine, a large picture of many preachers, a pair of opera glasses, a six-shooter, several quilts, a number of silver spoons, two silver mugs, six plated goblets, a plated tea set, a plated water pitcher, and ten silver napkin rings. Searching further, we find listed three hundred pounds of bacon, forty pounds of lard, five hundred pounds of beef, sixty

— 22 — gallons of mustang wine, and one hundred pounds of soap. Two side­ saddles were valued at $25.00; five yoke of work oxen, $250.00; one ox wagon, $150.00; one mule wagon, $130.00; one double buggy and harness, $150.00; one single buggy and harness, $150.00; five yokes and chains, $25.00.

The year 1853 was notable for bringing the first grasshopper scourge. The following three years a drouth prevailed. The smaller streams dried up, and cattle died of thirst. There were no wind­ mills or wells. People hauled fwater from the streams. The prickly pear, when scorched, Was the principal food for the cattle.

Details concerning the grasshoppers and drouth were well de­ scribed by Dr. Caton Erhard when he wrote: In October, 1853, the first myriads df grasshoppers overwhelmed the country. East of the there were none. I think these grasshoppers are the very plague Moses alludes to under the name of locusts. One never hav­ ing seen such a flight cannot imagine the immense multi­ tude of them, nor the large tracts they devastate. They come and cover the ground as thick as fleas in a hog bed, and cover every sprig of. grass, and every vegetable. They devour everything. Before frost comes, they burrow their eggs in the ground, and nothing, not even solid ice, will destroy their vitality. When white frost comes, the old stock are thereby destroyed..But in the spring, you see the young grasshoppers hatch after all the severity of the winter. At first they are small as fleas, but rapidly in­ crease in size, until about the middle of April to the first of May, they develop power and sufficient wings to fly. Then they rise in clouds and make their departure north­ ward. It is impossible to save any field or garden vegetable until they depart. The most strenuous efforts to kill them are of no avail! for their name is legion. They are particu­ larly fond of wheat and onions, but their rapacity con­ sumes all within their reach. There is no use to plant or sow anything before the middle of April. I will here remark that every year we had grasshoppers, we also had good seasons and late rains. In spite of the ^appearance of the grasshoppers, we usually had fair crops. Another disaster I will mention was the dry years, beginning in 1856. That year, although the crop was toler­ ably fair, the summer season was dry, and the winter fol­ lowing, there was but little rain. The spring of 1857 was very dry, and there was almost a complete failure of crops —not even enough corn raised for seed. In the spring and fall of 1857, I had to import immense amounts of bacon, flour and corn, to feed our citizens, as well as to furnish them seed corn, and. I believe the people will give me credit that I sold on time to those who had not the money to pay for provisions. I will tell you what kept us from suffering under those trying circumstances. It was that all our farmers were more -or less stock raisers, and the proceeds of their stock sup­ ported them.

__ 23 — The years 1858 and 1859 were also dry years, but not so severe as the year 1857. That year taught our farmers the lesson that it would not do to depend entirely on corn and cotton. Consequently, they turned their attention to the raising of such cereals as wheat, rye, and oats. Some of you may differ with me and think that the years 1858 and 1859.were as dry as 1857, but I assure you," that although not a farmer, but a merchant, I depended much on the farmer's success and their crops. Raising the cereals, which are -almost every year a sure crop, made them not feel the partial failure of the corn crop in 1858 and 1859, as severely as in 1857. The cotton crop, although very moderate in 1858 and 1859, brought the planters 10c per pound net at home, in Mexican dollars: It is not always what a man makes, but what he saves, that makes him successful. It no longer became necessary for me to import corn and bacon for the farmers. They made their own bread out of corn and the cotton crops paid their store accounts, so their sale of cattle went into their pockets as clear money. A discussion of early times in Hays County should include something about the social activities. The first wedding prior to the creation of the county was that of George Leinneweber and Miss Elizabeth Colbath, on February 15, 1848. The marriage service was performed under a. large tree on the San Marcos River, a few miles below San Marcos. This wedding was originally recorded in Volume I of the Deed Record of Travis County and transferred to the records of Hays County after county organization. The first wedding in Hays county after the county was or­ ganized was that of Wilson Randle and Miss Sarah Pitts. The mar­ riage rites were conducted June 6, 1848, in San Marcos. The wed­ ding supper was held under a large live-oak tree which stood on ground now occupied by a wing of the Scrutchin Motor Company. Although the weather was extremely warm and stubborn oxen and showers added discomforts and difficulties, the wedding feast took place. Early day entertainment in Hays County was enjoyed by young and old. Folks did not hesitate to drive'twenty-five or thirty,miles to attend a wedding. Dances and suppers usually accompanied weddings. Negroes were often obtained to play the violin and "pick" the guitar. In election years, were given, attract­ ing people for" miles around. When attending a camp-meeting, an individual or a family, would usually carry enough provisions to last several days. Great interest was teaken in the sermons and frequently some shouting took place. During the many intermis­ sions, politics and problems of the day were discussed. A leading sport among the young people was that of chasing rabbits. Both boys "and girls were good riders in those days. Horse-* back riding was the mode of travel for1 most country people. Many engaged in the sport of chasing foxes, raccoons, and bears with dogs.

— 24 — When a "newcomer" came into the community, the residents assisted him in building his home and in clearing his land for cul­ tivation. Perhaps he would be given a "pounding", receiving meat, grain, and other necessities. The women of the community also as­ sisted each other in general domestic duties. Those were the days of quilting bees and log rollings! The year 1857 was dry. It was also hot. Much of the heat, however, was produced by speakers in the bitter political cam­ paigns. The race for governor gave the people of Texas something to think and talk about The Democrats nominated Hardin R. Runnels. Sam ran as an independent. The old Hero of San Jacinto wa3 serving Texas in the at the time. He decided that it would be best to return to Texas for a few weeks and tell the folks some things. Thus the chief issues were Houston's stand on slavery, state's rights, and secession. Run­ nels was elected governor. However, this political defeat in 1857 did not cause Houston to lose his prestige with the citizens because in his bid for the same office two years later, he was victorious. It was during the heated campaign of 1857 that Houston came to San Marcos to speak. Naturally, the citizens regarded this as an unusual political event. It was learned that Houston would spend the night in the home of Judge Henry Cheatham which was situated on the Blanco River below town. A committee selected twelve youg ladies and twelve young men, all dressed in white and rid­ ing white horses, to escort General Houston from the Cheatham home to San Marcos. Colonel D. P. Hopkins, father of the late Norman Hopkins, and grandfather of Mrs. Emmett Dalton of Kyle, participated in the ceremonies honoring General Houston. According to Col. Hopkins —in his reminiscenses—the group of young people rode up to the Cheatham home just as General Houston and Judge Cheatham took their seats in a buggy to ride to town. The escort divided, then surrounded the buggy. General Houston's countenance ex­ pressed surprise'but he removed his hat and stood up. of the escort made a short but eloquent speech of welcome. General Houston responded with a brief speech by complimenting the "lassies" for their beauty and the "laddies" for their fine appear­ ance. The group then proceeded to town. They assembled at a hotel where introductions and handshakes took place, then the crowd repaired to a large brush arbor, prepared for the special occasion, on the banks of the San Marcos River. There, an audience estimated at one thousand people greeted General Houston with loud cheers. They gave him their attention for two hours and most of them agreed that he made a great speech. EARLY CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS The Rev. N. P. Chariot, a Presbyterian minister, organized the first Sabbath School in San Marcos. The union services got under way as early as 1849. The old log court house situated near the river was the meeting place.

— 25 — The first church to be established in San Marcos and Hays County was the First Methodist Church. It was organized August 5, 1847, by the Rev. A. B. F. Kerr. The charter members were General and Mrs. John D. Pitts, Eliza Pitts, Edward Pitts, Mr. and Mrs. William Pitts, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. McGehee, and Mike Sessom. The organization took place in the home of General Pitts and services were held there for about two years. When a school building was erected on the hill now occupied by Southwest Texas State Teachers • College, the Methodists used it for their meeting place. Afterwards, a court house-school-church combination build­ ing on Union Street was used until 1855. In that .year the Metho­ dists and Masons erected a two-story building for their joint use on the site where the present church stands. The bulding site was donated by General Pitts. The first building was consumed by fire in 1868. It was replaced with a brick structure which served as the meeting place until 1895 when the present building was con­ structed. From the time of its organization in 1847 until 1870, when it became a station under the Conference and had. its own-pastor, the First Methodist Church of San Marcos, under the Texas Conference, had itinerant ministers known as circuit riders. Their names, listed in order, were as follows: A. B. F. Kerr, David Thompson, Lewis Whipple, Thomas Lancaster, David S. Coulson, William P. Read, William A. Smith, Ivy H. Cox, Buckner Harris, P. W. Phillips, B. D. Dashiel, A. B. Duval, H. A. Graves, J. S. Gillett, W. J^ Joyce, and J. L. Harper. During the years of affiliation with the Texas Conference, the First Methodist Church was a member of the San Antonio District until 1850 wheri it went into the Austin District In 1859 it was transferred to the Gonzales District and remained there until 1870 when it was designated a station. It returned to the Austin District in 1927. The First Methodist Church was transferred to the South­ west Texas Conference in 1939. It is still a member of the Austin District. The Rev. J. Troy Hickman has just completed his third year as pastor. The Rev. N. P. Chariot and the Rev. Humphrey Rogers or­ ganized the First Presbyterian Church of San Marcos, October 14, 1853. This is borne out by the official records of the Presbytery. The church had no regular services and almost ceased to exist. In 1854 it was reorganized by the Rev. J. H. Zivley of Austin. In a letter written in March, 1902, to the late Mrs. William A. Thompson, of San Marcos, Rev. Zivley states that he organized The First Presbyterian Church of San Marcos in 1854. In spite of the error or argument concerning the time of organization, the letter was an informing one and portions of it are reproduced below. It was on the occasion of a visit I made to Mountain City in the spring of 1854, at which time I preached in the home of Mr. Jesse Day, that I had the great pleasure of ^26 — meeting for the first time so many of the Presbyterians of the section — Dr. William Thompson and family, Aunt Nancy Brown and family, Misses Mary and Queen Lindsey and others, and it was arranged that I should, visit San Marcos at an early date, which I did and while there or­ ganized the San Marcos church and was engaged as their stated supply. There was no church building of any kind in San Marcos at that time, and for a long while, all denomina­ tions worshipped in the old dingy court house, situated in a live oak grove, immediately across the street from the residence of Major W. O. Hutchison, In that good old time the people of all denominations came together, in buggies, wagons, and on horseback, to worship a common Redeemer, and there was always the most perfect concord and broth­ erly love. I remember the first fruits of my ministry, in San Mar­ cos: Misses Florence Rogan, Cordelia Brown, and Lizzie Garth. Subsequently, at different times, I had the pleasure of uniting these young ladies in marriage to the gentlemen of their . The services continued to be held in the court house until our Methodist brethren erected their church building, the use of which they generously tendered us, which we used as long as I preached in San Marcos regularly. More­ over, they were broadminded and fraternal, attending our services • as punctually as they did their own and always wishing me God-speed in my labor of love.

With the coming of the War Between the States, The First Presbyterian Church of San Marcos became disorganized and held no regular services from 1861 to, 1867. On January 19, 1867, it was reorganized by Rev. Zivley and Rev. J. M. Wilson of Seguin. Dr. William Thompson, Joseph F. Brown, and Capt. John Johnson were elected elders and William Brown deacon. Ground for a building site for the First Presbyterian Church was acquired from C. R. Johns February 29, 1868. The church build­ ing was erected in 1872. Its site is now occupied • by the Nelson Building — the corner of North Austin and East Colorado Streets. The present church building, situated at the intersection of East Hutchison and Mary Streets, was constructed in 1897. Some other early ministers who served the First Presbyterian . Church of San Marcos were: J. D. Porter, W. W. C. Kelly, W. L. Kennedy, J. W. Graybill, J. B. French, J. R. Howerton, and S. J. McMurry. The Rev. Kelly Neal is pastor at this time. The First Baptist Church of San Marcos was organized in. Oc­ tober, 1857, by the Rev. Milton Caperton of Austin. The charter members were J. J. Barbee, Major and Mrs. William Barbee, Mrs. Mary Barbee, Mrs. Claiborne Kyle, Mrs. Hattax, Jonathan Ellison, and Shadrack Dixon. The organization proceedings took place in the school building near the river. The San Marcos Baptist

— 27.— Association had been organized at the Elm Grove Church in Gon­ zales County, in 1852, and The First Baptist Church of San Marcos was admitted into the Association in 1859. The Rev. Eldridge was pastor of The First Baptist Church in 1860. The records of the church for those early days are fragmen­ tary. Other pastors were a Rev.- Abbott, Rev. Lane, and Rev. Wright. The Rev. H. M. Burroughs became the first resident pastor in 1878. Prior to that time a non-resident pastor preached once a month. It was during the early eighties that the first church building was erected. It stood on the site now occupied by the Service Station opposite the Post Office. The Rev. Burnett Hatcher was pastor at the time. Other pastors who followed were: Rev. Herndon, Rev. Jackson, Rev. Arnold, Rev. Beverly, Rev. Blanton, and Rev. S. B. Calloway. The Rev. J. A. Shackelford became pastor of The First Baptist Church in January, 1895. By this time the church had a member­ ship of 240 and was still growing. In 1903, during the pastorate of the Rev. M. E. Hudson, a hew building was erected on the corner of Hutchison and Comanche Streets and the old church building was sold. -The Rev. B. A. Copass became pastor in 1906 and was still serving in 1909 when the almost-new building burned. A tabernacle took its place and was used as the meeting place until the erection of the present building in 1925—1928. The First Baptist Church of San Marcos was guided for sev­ eral years by the Rev. R. L. Powell, who worked tirelessly to bring about the construction of the temple owned by the congregation today. The membership is large. The Rev. George E. Stewart was called as pastor May 21, 1944 and under his guidance, the members labored and succeeded in discharging the debt against the building. The San Antonio Street Christian Church, better known as The First Christian Church of San Marcos, was organized in Janu­ ary, 1869. No early records were available but through the kindness of Mr. Merton Swift we were able to construct a brief history. The first building stood on Guadalupe Street. In fact, the original building still stands. It is now The Church of Christ and has under­ gone a number of renovations. Construction probably took place in the seventies. Although there are no records to reveal the names of the charter members of The First Christian Church, it is known that among the first organizers were Ed J. L. Green, S. D. Jack- man, I. B. Donalson, and William Gosden, and members of iheir families. Mr. Jackman and Mr. Green hauled the lumber for the building from Austin. Another family, that of Elder J. J. Williamson, played an im­ portant part in the affairs of The First Christian Church after its organization. Elder Williamson was a pioneer preacher and for twenty-five years or more, he conducted services for the local church. Also, he established new churches in several in

— 28 — Texas, one of them, being Cisco. Still another family deserves credit for very active work in the Christian Church—a ranch, family by the name of Driskill. Elder J. A. Driskill was a leader in the church and did much of the preaching, both before and after the in 1893. The question of instrumental music came to the front soon after the church was built and for twenty years wasv a source of discord. Other issues were involved but the one relating to the organ was the principal one. Elder Williamson and Mr. Green labored to install the organ but Elder Driskill opposed it. Eventu­ ally, the organ was installed and used for a while. Finally, the two groups decided to separate and establish independent units. Under the terms of the mutual dissolution, the. members who established The Church of Christ retained the church building and they are using it today. Their membership has increased through, the years and one of their leading spirits is The Rev. H. E. Speck, Dean of Men of Southwest Texas' State Teachers College. Dean Speck has served his local church for more than a quarter of a century. Mr. Ed J. L. Green, father of Mrs. Mabel Giesen of San Marcos, donated the lot on San Antonio Street where The First Christian Church and the parsonage now stand. Also, Mr. Green helped finance the building of the church. The Rev. A. N. Hinrichsen, present pastor, was called by the congregation September, 1944. Before a school building was provided in San Marcos, a small school of five or six children was taught in the home of W. W. Moon. The children came from the Moon and Merriman families. The first school building was erected in 1849. It stood on the hill nearly opposite General Burleson's residence at the head of the river. It was found to be too far away for practical purposes, and within a few months it was moved nearer the village. It has been pointed out how the court house was used by the churches and the school.

After the first school building was constructed, school was taught by D. S. Morris. The names of children taught by him from January to July, 1849, were as follows: B. S. Allen, William Bagley, Elizabeth Burleson, Joseph Burleson, Joseph Carter, Amanda Durham, Casserlonia Durham, John Green, Elizabeth 'Lindsey, Mary Lindsey, Henrietta Merriman, Mary Moon, Sara Ann Moon, James Moore, Mary E. Moore, Robert Moore, William Moore, Harriet Perryman, William Ferryman, Ann Pitts, Dolly Pitts, John Pitts, David Sessom, Ed Sessom, John Sessom, Julia Ann Sessom, Eliza­ beth Sowell, Hassell Sowell, James Sowell, Rachel Sowell, S. C. Sowell, Allen Taylor, Charles Taylor, George Taylor, Elizabeth Young, Mary Young.

One of these pupils—Mary E. Moore, became a distinguished novelist and poet. She wrote under the name of Mollie E; Moore

— 29 — until she married a New Orleans newspaper man by the name of Davis. When a child, she was inspired by the San Marcos River and later she composed a long poem about if which is found in her book of poems. Another early school in the lower end of Hays County was on General John D. Pitts' farm in the Stringtown settlement. In fact, it had more children enrolled than the school in San Marcos. In the late fifties, the school was moved into San Marcos and was established on the site now known as the J. S. Brown home on Belvin Street. H. C. Yellowly taught the school for a few years and was followed by John Edgar. Snake Lake School was established about 1851 at the present site of Snake Lake Farm, about five miles below San Marcos to the southeast. The school was located near the San Antonio-Bastrop road. Miss Sallie Botts was the first teacher. She was followed by Miss Elizabeth Scott, a relative of Governor J. D. Sayers. Although 'a few settlers had distributed themselves throughout Hays County by 1850, it was during the period from 1850 to 1860 that several small islands of settlement developed. Wimberley was an early community. It sprang into existence when a man by the name of Winters built a mill below the crossing on Cypress Creek. That was about 1850 and the community became known as Winters Mill. John Cude acquired the mill and after it was washed away in 1869 he rebuilt it on the north side of the creek on the site still referred to today as "the old mill." In the early seventies Pleasant Wimberley, Sr. of Blanco, purchased the mill and the community adopted the name Wimberley. George and Will Willis operated the first store. Later-day merchants were Wimberley & Watson, Bob Moore, E. B. Laney, John W. Saunders, E. M. Day, J. W. Pyland, Ney Oldham, John Higgs, Allen D'Spain, and others. Other family names associated with Wimberley are: Bell, Blackwell, Dobie, Hill, McCuistion, Meeks, Montgomery, Thomas, and Wilson. Another early community was Mountain City. It does not exist today bu{ since it played a very important part in the affairs of Hays County in the early days it deserves mention here. Our in­ formation was drawn chiefly from the writings of Miss Fanny Manlove. Mountain City "grew up" 'a few miles west of Kyle. Its "" extended to Allen's Prairie near Buda. Phillip Allen was the first settler, having moved in from Bastrop in 1847. Other "first families" were: Barton, Bunton (three families), Black, Breed- love, Brown, Carr, Day, Golden, Haupt, Manlove, Moore, Porter, Rector (two families), Stephenson, Turner, and Vaughan. These families furnished the foundation stock for the communities of Buda and Kyle. Through their efforts, group life developed. Homes were erected, families reared under religious guidance, schools de­ veloped. Thus a community loyalty was knitted. The first settlers

— 30 — were occupied primarily with the cultivation of crops and the graz­ ing of live stock. An influx of citizens in later years brought a variety of professions. The Rev. J. H. Zivley, Presbyterian minister, probably preached the first sermon in the community. Services were held in the' home of Jesse Day. The Rev. George Golden, another Presbyterian, was the first resident minister. He organized the first church about 1855. Other ministers who served the community in its early days were: Rev. Langdon, Rev.- Rennick, Rev. Roach, and Rev. Young. Rev. Carrington of the Christian Church preached at intervals and Bishop Gregg of the Episcopal Church delivered a sermon a time or two. The Rev. Golden performed the first wedding ceremony June 15, 1859, when J. V. Allen, son of Philip Allen, was united in marriage to Miss Martha Good. The first school building was erected about 1855. Two of the first teachers were Professors Gibson and Francis. Professor John Edgar of Nashville, Tennessee/ rendered the community an out­ standing educational service. He and his family occupied the teach- erage near the large one-story school building. Pupils from some distance attended his school and a number of them boarded in local homes. The closing of the school term was an event for the com­ munity. People brought- their lunches and had "dinner on the ground." That was prior to the time of graded schools. Those rang­ ing from primer pupils to university students were examined be­ fore the audience. That night, plays and a concert took place. Earlier in' this study it was pointed out how Major Ezekiel Nance had settled on the Blanco River, west of Kyle, in 1850. His corn mill and gin meant much to the settlers of the Mountain City area. Although the school was situated in Mountain City, it was, inconveniently located for the small children residing in the Nance Mill section. With the construction of a small log building for school and church purposes, the Nance settlement became known as the Blanco community. The population soon outgrew the log structure, so in 1861 Major Nance erected a larger building. It was a stone structure and was called Blanco Chapel. It is a county land­ mark today. When the War Between the States got under way, Major Nance added a small cotton mill to his enterprises, making a very serviceable, coarse, cotton cloth. However, the capacity of the mill was *so limited that he discontinued its services after a year or two. In 1863 he set his slaves to the task of erecting fences around his large farm and ranch holdings. Thus the Nance Ranch was one of the first ranches of this section of Texas to be fenced. Much wheat was grown in those days. Major Nance operated a flour mill and later he added a saw and shingle mill. The Blanco River nur­ tured giant cypress trees which produced good lumber and shingles. .After the war the price of cattle dropped so low that the rais­ ing of cattle languished. Markets were far away. Major Nance

— 31 — decided to try another enterprise, this time a beef packery. He set up "The Packery" on the Blanco River about a mile above his mill and operated it a year or longer. A quantity of beef was packed in barrels and sold. Quite an amount was on hand when the Blanco got on a rampage and swept beef products and packery down the stream. A gin and mill replaced the packery but in 1870 another flood destroyed them. Undismayed, Pioneer Nance rebuilt his gin and mill and in time recovered from his losses. His next undertaking was a flour mill employing the roller process. This mill operated successfully for a number of years. The coming of the railroad in 1880 and the development of Kyle brought about its decline. And too, farmers were turning from wheat to cotton. Major Nance marched with progress by establishing the first gin in Kyle, in 1881.

Dripping Springs, situated in the northern part of Hays County, had some settlers about 1849. No doubt, the names of the first pioneers have been lost. The lovable horse and buggy-doctor, the late Dr. E. P. Shelton, gave us much local history through his reminiscences. One early settler, an individual by the name of Fawcett, estab­ lished his home on Little . Another early settler was a person named Powell. Between 1850 and 1855, families settled on Onion Creek and elsewhere. Some of those pioneers were as fol­ lows: Joe Moss, Dr. J. M. Pound, Tom Rountree, James Gibson, and John Wallace. Other families bore the name of Caperton, Gatlin, Cox, Alford, Galloway, Middlebrook, Hogue, Moore, James, Mc- Kellar, Davis, McLendon, and Chapman. The history of Dripping Springs revolves about two educational institutions, the Johnson Institute and Dripping Springs Academy, but we are reserving our discussion of them for a later chapter. The settlers devoted their economic interests to farming in the valleys, the raising of a few cattle and hogs, and the making of shingles, etc. Also, after the schools got under way, some of the homes served as boarding houses. Game, such as deer and turkeys, flourished and furnished the family larder a reasonable amount of food. Rock for building purposes was quarried from the hillsides. The first store was operated by Charles Poteet and Alex Young. Another merchant was Hector McKellar. The first store stood on the Ike Roberts Place near the road running from Dripping Springs to Driftwood. Nearby was a gin operated by Hector McKellar. An­ other gin near Rooster Springs was owned and operated by a Mr. Cade. No records are available to determine the organization of the first churches. Both the Baptist and Methodist churches were or­ ganized at an early date. Before and during the war, John Wallace was postmaster,and maintained the post office in his home. He en-

— 32 — listed for Confederate service and .thus was disqualified to serve as postmaster during the reconstruction era. A post office was es-^ tablished at William Pursley's on South' Onion Creek. Later it was moved to the McKellar place on North Onion Creek. The mail route ran from Austin to Blanco by way of the Wilson place, four miles south of Dripping Springs. The mail was carried on horseback. A community to be known as Gatlin, originated in the north­ ern part of Hays County prior to the War Between the States. It developed along the creek bearing the name Gatlin. The- Wanslows, parents of Mrs. Bill Garrett, pioneer citizen, were the first settlers. Others were. Mr. and Mrs. W. L, Massey, Sr., and Jerry Lee. In those days the nearest settlements to Gatlin were Dripping Springs on the north and Wimberley on the south. To the east and west for many miles, there were'no signs of smoke curling from a settler's chimney. Indians still penetrated the less-inhabited areas. A settler by the name of Moore, while out searching for his horses, was killed and scalped by Indians.

Gatlin had its first school about 1862. Rev. : Johnson taught the school for a while. Also, he preached regularly. An­ other teacher, Mrs. Irison, later Mrs. Bill Caldwell, taught the school for many years. In 1875 the school was moved to Cherry Springs. In later years, it became known as Sumpter and then Independence. With another move, the school* was called Pound's Chapel. In recent years it came to be known as Glenn. A small settlement, on Bear Creek near -Johnson's Institute came to be known as Bear Creek. The first settler, a Mr. Capt, arrived in 1851. He was soon followed by John W. Wuthrich. Then in 1852 came Professor Thomas Johnson, Isham Good and others. Some other early settlers were: Ben and Calvin Rowell, Freder­ ick Wills, Peter Wuthrich; John Wahrenberger, and Ove Oldham. Shortly after Mr. Capt arrived in 1851, he constructed a' dam on Bear Creek. Using the1 water as power for an overshot water wheel, he operated a small grist mill. A flood destroyed the mill in 1867. The Driftwood settlement on Onion Creek began- developing in,the early 1850,'s. It is possible that the first settler was a person by the name of McGee. At any rate, "McGee's Chimney" became a community, landmark. It stood in the pasture; acquired by Christian Wilhelm. Early settlers were: J. C. Broadway, Peter'Smith, Chris­ tian Wilhelm, Reese Butler, Jack Johnson, Carl Paxton, and John Dura'n. Alsd, there were families by the name of Arnold, Hunter, , Matthews, Speed, Eckols, Martin, Garrison, Dorroh, Harris, Whisenant, Crumley, Howard, Rogers, Hall, Black, and others. However, some of these did not arrive until 1881 or later. It was not until- about 1885 that the Methodists organized and built their church. The established their church in 1891.

— 33 — A school which was maintained, had enjoyed a'number of "moves." It originated as a private school near what is now known as Indian Head Springs. According to an article prepared by Judge J. R. Wilhelm, "The Meanderings of A School," a teacher named Carl Mechlin was employed. His contract called for $10.00 per month and he was furnished board by the patrons. The first school build­ ing was of, cedar logs. The next building stood in the Kuykendall pasture. It was called the Dudley Pond. Afterwards, it was known as "Oak Grove Academy." Then the school moved to Christian Wilhelm's place. It was maintained through private funds and the teacher was H. W. Corbett, formerly a British officer, who was born in . Then when the Driftwood settlement on Onion Creek became larger, school was set up there under Mr. Corbett's guid­ ance. There, it was called Bluff Springs School, then Liberty Hill, and eventually, Driftwood.

Henly, another early community, is 'situated on the line be­ tween Blanco and Hays Counties. A man named Henly acquired a large body of land on North Onion Creek in the early days. His headquarters, situated about where Henly now is, were known as Henly Ranch. Another early settler was General Darnell who had emigrated from Tennessee. Henry Lawrence and Dr. L. Smith were also early arrivals. Dr. Smith did -a small • practice and in time was elected justice of the peace. For a number of years his precinct included Dripping Springs. Capt M. L. Reed established a store and postoffice. Although the first school was situated in Blanco County, in later years it was moved to Hays County. After J. W. Crow set up a store between Henly and Dripping Springs, a postoffice was soon added and it was named Millseat. Due to its geographical location, the' Henly residents were required to go to Millseat to cast their votes in an election.

In 1858, a contention arose in regard to the county seat, certain parties desiring to have it situated nearer the center of the county. However, the effort to change it failed. A little later, a murder case was transferred from Travis pounty to Hays County. The criminal was out under a two thousand dollar bond. When he failed to appear the bond was forfeited. With that money, Hays County built its "first substantial court house. It was erected on the public square by C. F. Miller, an Austin contractor. It was a frame build­ ing and was consumed by fire a few years later. Through the efforts of William Lindsey, the county records were saved from destruction. The question of changing the location of the county seat arose again in 1859. The voting population of the county was stronger in the "mountain" section than in the "prairie" or San Marcos section. A legal petition was presented to the Commissioner's Court for an election to remove the court house from San Marcos to "Cannonville." Now "Cannonville" was a place plotted for a town by William Cannon. It was to be located on his land just east of

— 34 — Onion Creek, on the road from San Marcos to Dripping Springs and about four miles south of Dripping Springs. The election took place and "Cannonville" won. The citizens of San Marcos filed suit of contest in the court. The venue of the suit was changed to New Braunfels, Comal County. The case was never tried on its merits. The War, Between the States came on and the attorneys for both sides of the case went into the army. After the close of the war, many parties involved in the contention had passed away or had left the county. In the meantime the San Marcos resi­ dents had secured through the legislature, a strip of land from Guadalupe1 County, thereby placing "Cannonville" outside the five-mile limit of the center of the county. Thus San Marcos was retained as the'county seat. Although the slavery question had been feverish for several years, by 1856 feeling throughout the United States became inten­ sified. Political events merely served to hasten the war, for one did not have to look far to see dark clouds gathering on the horizon. In the late 1850's, Hays County began to feel the period of unrest through numerous violations of the law. Finally/ it became neces­ sary for the Commissioner's Court to take some action. The Court responded by appointing patrol captains for the different precincts and ordering several men -to serve under them. In the first selec­ tions made, W. W. Moon was appointed patrol captain and Major Edward Burleson, son of General Edward Burleson, was one of the men named to serve under him. War was approaching and Hays County would soon be called upon to play her part in the struggle. In 1847, San Marcos was a fr6ntier settlement. Increase of population, the growth of small farms to plantations, the establishment of permanent homes with schools and churches, and' the determination of the pioneers—all had a part in the development of Hays County. In 1850, the popu­ lation of the county was 387. In 1860, a period of thirteen years from the time .of the coming of the first Anglo-American settler, the population was 2,126.

THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES AND ITS INFLUENCE" 1. Secession and War The election of Abraham Lincoln as President in I860'was ac­ cepted by the people of the cotton states as conclusive evidence of the settled purpose of the Northern people to overthrow Southern domestic institutions. Then secession began to be thought of in ex­ treme earnestness in order to save the imperiled, domestic tran­ quility of the Southern States. was the first to se­ cede, and was soon followed by Mississippi, , Georgia, , and , Commissioners from these states met at

— 35 — Montgomery, Alabama, in February, 1861, and entered into a com­ pact—a union to be known as the Confederate States of . The citizens of Texas were allied to those of the seceding states by the' ties of blood, common interests, and common insti­ tutions, and when South Carolina declared herself out of the Union, the news was receiyejd in Texas as' a- signal 'for separation from the old union. The Texas secession convention first met' on January 28, 1861. It submitted the question of secession to a popular vote, appointed-a committee of public safety, and adjourned February 4, to reassemble on March 2, the twenty-first anniversary of. the natal day of Texas independence.

In the election that followed on .February 23, 1861, the popular vote stood 39,415 for and 13,841 against the ordinance of secession. The secession convention reassembled March 2, canvassed the re- turnsj announced the result, and on March 4, passed an ordinance uniting Texas with the Confederate States of America. The Confederate authorities at Montgomery sent commissioners to Washington to effect an agreement between the states remaining in the Union and those retiring from it, for an equitable apportion­ ment of the public debt, and a division of public property. Confi­ dent of success in 'a physical struggle, the Federal' government re­ jected the peaceful solution offered by the Confederates and began preparations for war. ,

Although there were not many slaves in Hays County, a ma­ jority of'the citizens favored secession. With the outbreak of war, steps were taken to cooperate with the State in various ways. Camp Clark came into prominence in 1861, when the Fourth Texas Regi­ ment was mobilized there. This camp was situated in Guadalupe County on the south side of the, San Marcos River, where the Conrads cotton breeding farm is located, about six miles below San Marcos. During the latter part of 1862, several companies were organized at Camp Clark. They were drilled for several months and then* ordered to Harrisburg, Texas, where they merged into what was afterwards known as the famous Fourth Texas Brigade, with General' John B. Hood , in command. From Harrisburg the brigade went to the battlefields of and engaged in active service. Camp Clark also served its mission later in the year 1862, when Woods' Regiment was trained. This regiment was composed mostly of men from Hays County, Its officers were: Colonel P. C. Woods, Major W. O. Hutchison, Captain James G. Storey (all of San Marcos), Captain J. L. Holes, Captain R. Blair, Captain L. C. Schrum, J. K. 'Stevens, John Crook', and Eugene Millet. Shortly after organization, this regiment, officially known as the Thirty- second Texas Cavalry, Confederate States of America, was attached

>^36 ^ to DeBrays Brigade and served on the coast and frontier of Texas and in the campaign against General Banks in Louisiana. Listed below are the names .of the original Hays County en­ listment, together with the commands' to which they belonged, as far as the commands could be obtained: 32nd TEXAS CAVALRY, Woods' Regiment, Colonel Peter C. Woods, Major W. O. Hutchison; Company A, Capt. James G. Storey, Com., W. B. Adare, W. M. Allen, John T. Allen, David A. Barbee, Edward N. Barbee, John J. Barbee, Joseph Barton, Gilley Barton, Arthur Barton, Robert Barton, William A. Breedlove, Thomas A. Breedlove, Henry Breedlove, John T. Brown, William S. Bock, Joseph R. Burleson, Gus Burnham, Desha Bunton, Joe Bunton; William T. Claunch, Christopher P. Dailey, Lucius J. Dailey, T|iomas P. Dailey, Joseph F. Day, John- Day, Doc Day, William B. Davis, Shadrack Dixon, John G. Dunham, Fred M. Eichelberger, James M. Gatlin, William L. Gatlin, Robert Goode, Sidney Haddox, George W. Hill, Rufus C. Knowles, George W. Kyser, Frederick Lackey, Si Lindsey, John L. Malone, Andrew • J. Martin, Daniel McKie, Bennett Melasky, Charles W. McGehee, L. W. Mitchell, Hiram C. Neal, A., J.O'Bannion, Nelson F. Owens, Preston Phillips, Jim Rowden, William C. Rowden, William F. Ruby, A. R. Scallorn, S. P. Scallorn, James C. Smiley, William W. Sprewell, John Y- Stephenson, Peter J. C. Smith, John S. Tadlock, Leonidas L., Thomp­ son, Joseph B. Thompson, Job Townsley, James A. Vickers, Milton Watkins, George Whitaker, William Pinckney Woods, Alec Word, William Wyatt, David A. Young. Company B, D. C. Burleson, J. C. Dollahite. 33rd TEXAS CAVALRY, Duff's Regiment, L. B. Bagley, Santa Anna Cruze, Joe W. Earnest, B. F. Ezelle, William D. Garrett, Eli Hill, D. P. Hopkins, William A. 'Mays, Dan Mays, "Colonel" Mays, John A. Mays, John R. Williamson. 8th TEXAS CAVALRY, Terry's Texas Rangers, Company D, Captain Ferg Kyle, David S. Combs, Curran Kyle, William JKyle, Jack' Kyle, Polk Kyle, W. H. Lovell, George T. McGehee, Hugh S. Odom, Felix G. Vaughn, Paul J. Watkins, Sam M. Watkins. HENRY McCULLOUCH'S REGIMENT, William A. Pitts, C. W. Williamson, James Williamson, Joseph Williamson, N. C. William­ son, T. W. Williamson. DEBRAY'S REGIMENT, Company A, Hack 'Johnson, Heck Oliver, William A. Thompson. 4th TEXAS INFANTRY, Hood's Regiment, Howard Barbee, J. G. Barbee, William Barbee, John F. McGehee. 3rd TEXAS INFANTRY,. Company C, Ben Cade, Lann Cade, Calvin Rowell, John Wuthrich, Peter Wuthrich. RIP FORD'S REGIMENT,1 Capt. Carringtdn's Company, J. S. Davis, J. A..Dixon, Ed J. L. Green, A. Y. Oldham, Joe T. Stephen­ son, Frederick Wille.

— 37 — . 4th TEXAS CAVALRY, Tom Green's Regiment, Company B, "" Joe Bunton, Tom J. Everitt, Bill Good. 6th TEXAS CAVALRY, James H. Combs, James M. Turner. Captain Fred Cocke's Company, Captain Fred Cocke, J. C. Carpenter, Lee' Ewing, John Franks, Joe Manlove. OTHER COMMANDS, Tom Bunton, Allen's Regiment; Calvert Watkins, Co. I, Mann's Cavalry; Rev. W. J. Joyce, Ghaplain, 2nd Texas Cavalry; John R. Pitts, Rush's Cavalry Regiment; J. F. Massey, A. J. Kercheville's Home Guards. UNKNOWN COMMANDS, W. T. Acklin, H. E. Barber, Joe Biles, Will Black, John Bunton, Cal Burnham, Frank Burnham, Steve Burnham, , Shawnee Carpenter, Andrew Dailey, David Dailey, Bill Day, Perry Day, Tonie Day, Bill- Dewoodey, Perry Ewing, Lewis Franks John Gatlin, Capt. W. W. Haupt, John- Hyde Johnson, Fred Karbo, Jake Kelley, Bill Murray, Jim' Murray, John Murray, Washington Murray, Lewis Nance, William Oldham, Richmond Robbins, Joe Rogers, Ben Rowell, Joe Southwood, Bone Stephenson, Taylor Stephenson, Ben Wheeler, John Wheeler. r

2. Conditions at Home During the War

The effect of the Federal blockade was soon felt by the people. With most of the men being in the army, the boys, with the aid of slaves, cultivated and harvested the crops and cared for the stock. Also, the women and children worked to clothe themselves as well as to send wagonloads of clothing to the front for the soldiers. Spinning wheels and looms ran from daylight until late at night in almost every home throughout the war. On February 1, 1862, the Commissioners' Court appropriated .$200 to buy clothing for members of a company being organized by Henry T. Davis, to serve in the army of the Confederate States for twelve months. One hundred dollars was' appropriated for powder and twenty-five dollars was alloted for cooking utensils. About the same time the Court appropriated $125 for1 Colonel Woods's Regiment. A similar amount was paid out of the county treasury for percussion caps for distribution to the armed citizens of the county. That cotton played an important economic role is borne out through various county records. On May 18, 1863, the Commission­ ers' Court ordered the Treasurer of Hays County to pay to the Chief Justice the sum of $440 to pay for forty-four pairs of cotton cards furnished the county by the State Military Board. The Court appointed committees to distribute the cotton cards in their respec­ tive beats. They were as follows: Beat Number 1, J. W. Herndon, J. L. Manlove, T. L. Lyons, and S. Dixon; Beat Number 2, I. M. Breedlove, J. N. Barton, and R. C. Manlove; Beat Number 3, R. G. Blanton, J. E. Wallace, and N. Gatlin; Beat Number 4, W. A. Leath, Dan Mays, and A. Heaton.

— 38 — In November, 1863, the Court appointed committees repre­ senting the four beats, to solicit subscriptions for corn, cotton, beef, and pork, to be paid for by the courity court at the following prices: corn, forty cents per bushel; cotton, ten cents per pound; beef, three cents per pound; pork, five cents per pound. 'After this produce was bought, it was to be distributed to the families of soldiers, free of charge. John N. Day donated two thousand pounds of salt to the county court for distribution to the needy families of soldiers. Salt, being scarce, was in great demand. A few freighters drove to the Texas coast and loaded their wagons with salt skimmed from marshes bordering the bays. Many families suffered from the lack of food and clothing. The State Penitentiary at Huntsville distributed cloth to needy families and the records recite that a quantity of cloth was iss'ued to fami­ lies of Hays County in August, 1863. And in April, 1864, the Com­ missioners' Court appropriated 849 yards of cloth to families of Confederate soldiers. James Harris was given sixty-five yards for transporting the cloth from Huntsville to Hays County. i. In February, 1864, the treasurer of the county paid John Law- son $165 for furnishing the families of six soldiers with wood for six weeks. Again in October, 1864, the county distributed fifty cords of wood to families of soldiers. At the same time, ten beeves were distributed. In May, 1865, the Commissioners' Court instructed certain com­ mittees to buy cotton and wool at twelve and fifteen cents a pound respectively. Certain amounts of each were to be distributed to needy families. W. A. Leath, commissioner from the Wimberley beat, reported that he had bought and distributed 150 pounds of bacon to families of soldiers. The highest price paid for corn was in April, 1864, when the county paid William Vaughan the sum of $525 for fifty-two bushels. This high price is explained by the failing credit of the Confederate government in the later stages of the war when its paper money could not be backed by specie and great depreciation in value resulted. Conditions became so serious by January, 1865, that the county began accepting farm products in payment of property taxes. Corn was valued at sixty cents per bushel; bacon at ten cents per pound. On April 1, .1865, the tax collector accepted two thousand pounds of salt at five cents per pound, from James L. Malone, for payment of his taxes.

3. Aftermath of the War The war ended in April of 1865. The surviving soldiers re­ turned -home, all of them broken in wealth, many in health, but with that valiant spirit that has ever characterized the frontiers­ man, they set to work to adapt themselves to their changed condi­ tion and to rehabilitate their shattered fortunes.

— 39 — The disintegration of the communities throughout the Southern States began with the coming of camp followers of the federal sol­ diers in the fall of -1865. The direct cause of this radical change was the result of the war and its sequel. When the men from the south­ ern armies reached their homes, they had little or no trouble in reaching an agreement with their former slaves as to that year's crop. As a rule, it was divided fifty-fifty and the negroes remained with their former masters, reasonably contented and happy. How­ ever, it was natural that in a few month's time the negroes should want to.get from under the controLof their old masters. The result was that they began flocking to and towns. Land was cheap antfc that led some of them to buy farms, but a majority of them were deluded by carpetbaggers and scalawags and led to believe that the government would grant each of them forty acres and a mule. The white citizens of Hays County, as well as all those of the South, were face to face with a very difficult problem. Their slaves freed, their lands uncultivated, and their stock scattered everywhere, they were confronted with a hard financial and social situation. The bitterness of the North' against the South, together with the clandestine intriguing of camp followers and carpetbaggers with the negroes against their former masters, engendered much strife and discontent among the people. Thus, the negroes were not the only ones to resort to violence and commit crimes. In the latter part of 1865, the county jail became so congested with vagrants that the officers were forced to set a number of them to work digging an underground cistern at the court house in order to make room for others. Horse stealing became so after the war that people had to lock their teams in the stables at night to keep them. Smoke houses containing stores of provisions were often ransacked. A resident of Stringtown lost a fine pair of white horses but they were soon re­ covered. Two persons suspected of the theft were caught stealing horses elsewhere. They were hanged from a live-oak tree not very far from the western limits of San Marcos. In 1876 the county clerk's office in the court house was set on fire. Before the flames could be extinguished many valuable legal papers were damaged. One book of mortgage records was burned and -books E and J of the deed records were badly mutilated. It was revealed that desks in the office had been broken into and the contents piled on the floor for burning. A bottle of kerosene stood near-by. t Increasing crimes called for more rigid legislation. In many cases the law-abiding citizens, losing patience with the courts and the state legislature, took matters into their own hands. The was sweeping over the Southern States. Hays County was one of many Texas counties that had a Klan organization. It — 40 — had such law-abiding men as Ed J. L. Green, Judge W. W. Martin, James Hewett, W. W. Wolfork, William Adair, Captain C. Standi- fer, and many others as members. So far as is known the Klansmen did not kill anyone, but they administered the " rope" with great vigor. The only harm that resulted, if any, probably was an increase in the price of rope.

4. Economic Growth Conditions in most Texas counties had caused citizens to take criminal cases into their own hands. By 1876, the Southern States had swept radical Republicans out of office. This action caused conditions to take a better social, political, and economic turn. Business conditions improved, other settlers came in; new com­ munities sprang up; and schools and churches took on a new growth. The growth of the cattle industry was an important contribu­ tion to the new economic life. During the war a majority of the Texans were in the Confederate army or else engaged in special activities relating to the war. The grazing industry was neglected in some areas and herds of cattle were enabled to run wild. The cattle multiplied—the increase was nearly twenty-five, per cent a year. The calves went unbranded. Soon there were numbers of "mavericks" ranging the prairies and threading the thickets of Texas. The Union blockade was effective in preventing a quantity of beef being shipped to other points in the Confederacy. Although New Orleans and Mexico absorbed a limited number of cattle, those outlets took care of a very small proportion of the maturing stock. Landowners in Mexico deserted holdings on account of the unsettled political conditions which made ranching there unsafe. Naturally, the outlook was not bright. And in Texas, especially in the southwestern portion where there was an abundance of cattle, the price was so low that thousands of them were slain solely for hide and tallow. This resulted in the "skinning" war which involved rustlers and the skinning of large numbers of cattle not belonging to them. A large part of a slain animal was thrown to buzzards and varmints. The hide and the tallow were sold to establishments called "hide and tallow factories." There was a number of such concerns, the larger ones being situated on or near the coast for transportation advantages. Some of them purchased beef, packed it with salt and exported it to northern markets.

The effect of the war upon cattle prices in the North had been the reverse of that in the South. During the war the Union armies consumed beef and thus furnished a steady market which drained local resources. After the war the growth of urban communities in­ creased the demand • for beef. The beef supply of the East and

— 41 — rr

days our best cotton market was Mexico. We received 18c per pound for our cotton and in gold at that. The Mexican buyers came in regular trains to the gins and plantations, driving four mules side by side with a team of sixteen. Those Mexicans knew how to handle things with their carts too. They could carry twenty or more bales of cotton, well balanced. The bales were well tied as they were put up. There was a drag on the tongue to prevent the wagon from rolling down a hill. The mules were Spanish and often wild, but they could pull. The Mexicans came in groups of ten to twenty. Most of them came from Mexico City or the interior of Mexico and the cotton was for their factories. There were thousands of cattle on the range and of course there were many mavericks to be caught, but as a rule, people were pretty honest with each other. Herds of cattle on their way up the trail began passing through this section about 1867. Sometimes there would be as many as 4,000 head in a herd but that was too many for it required too much grazing and space along the way. An average- sized herd had 3,000 head and 2,000 was best. They gener­ ally traveled twelve miles a day. Along about 1868 speculators began to take hold here and buy up the cattle and take them up the trail. Also, the local cattlemen would work up a herd under the super­ vision of two trail bosses, and drive them through. We went out by Belton, through Fort Worth, and crossed Red River at Red River Station. This route was known as the . This trail crossed through Indian Territory but there were no towns along the way. The first town to be reached in Kansas was called Caldwell. The next place was nothing more than a settlement, there being a blacksmith shop and possibly a store. In time folks came to know this place as Wichita. The next town was Abilene and here we usually sold out. I made my first trip up the trail in 1869. I believe that it was in 1871 that I made my third trip. I was in charge of 900 head of cattle but before we reached our destination the herd .was reduced to 600 head. A number of cattle froze on the way and others died of disease. This herd belonged to Herbert Duke of Corpus Christi. While going across Indian Territory, our Mexican vaqueros, fearing the Indians, pushed the cattle and covered twenty-five and thirty miles a day. When we reached Wichita the cattle were too poor to sell. We took them out about twenty miles from town and wintered them. Then we drove them about a hundred miles west of Wichita and grazed them during the spring and summer. Buffalo grass or a sort of mesquite grass, was knee high and the cattle fattened rapidly. They became so fat that poning developed and lumps of tallow showed up under the skin on their jaws, sides, and tails. Buffaloes were in that country by the thousands. Some times they mixed with the cattle. I killed seventy-five head while I was there. We usually took the loin and hams for eating and threw the rest away. We had an old red bull in our herd of cattle that was, defeated by a big buffalo bull. "Old Red" had been king of his herd but it remained for this buffalo bull to teach him a lesson. "Old Red" pawed the ground and bellowed and at the same time advanced slowly. The buffalo bull came* right on, ignoring him, and knocked "Old Red" down then passed on' just as though nothing had ever happened. The buffalo reared like a goat

— 44 — and came down on "Old Red" before he had a chance to move. This scrap took all of the fight out of our leader and for some time he would not even molest the steers. I never saw a buffalo cow the whole time I was there. The cows and calves were always fa'rther west. We sold the cattle that summer. We shipped from Wichita and they were sold in Kansas City. Mr. Duke came • out a little ahead in spite of his heavy winter losses. While in Kansas City we had a "big dinner." We stepped into a French restaurant and the waiter handed us a bill- of-fare. None of us were acquainted with such fashion. After looking the menu over one of the bpys said, "Let's take a little of everything." And we did but I noticed that the waiter smiled when he took our order. Our table was piled high with food and we had a great feast. When it came to paying off we were charged $3.50 each. One of the boys refused to pay his bill. He claimed that he was being robbed and wanted to fight. The proprietor reminded him that he had ordered the food and. went on to say that he regarded the order-as a pretty big one at the time but that it was his duty to fill orders and fill this one he did. Of course a good hotel dinner could be bought for 50c but I told the boys we would have to take our medicine. We paid the bill and departed but we never forgot Kansas City. On one trip, while in the Indian Territory, one of the boys was handling a pistol. It was the old cap and ball type. Being accidentally discharged, the ball went out the cylinder instead of the barrel, into the leg bone of the fel­ low and lodged on the other side. After a few days the wound became greatly inflamed and he began to have fever. We were too far away from a doctor in order to get there in time to save that fellow's life. Something had to be done in a hurry so we held a cowboy's convention. We voted to hold him down and cut the ball out. Well, when we told that cow-puncher what we were going to do he swore he would kill the first man that attempted to cut on him. However, he was too weak to do much. I motioned to the boys and we grabbed him by the hands and feet, and one boy sat on his back. We had to place him on his stomach to get to the wound. Then when we got him down every one backed out on the operation. I said, "Boys, that bullet has to come out." So I sharpened my knife on a wagon tire and then rubbed it on my boot and went after that bullet. Soon as I began cutting he yelled to beat the band. One of the boys said he had died. I felt of his pulse and his heart was still beating. "No," I said, "he is still alive." I hated the job but I finally removed that bullet. Then I wrapped a piece of my red handkerchief on a small stick and ran it through the wound, bringing out a great deal of inflama- tion. The boy finally came "around." Of course he was pretty sick for a few days. Before he came to I thought he would die but in two weeks he was back in the saddle. We put our blankets under him and kept him in the wagon. That was a rough place, having boxes and grub to bounce around. Nevertheless, he pulled through. We had no kind of medicine to give him. Usually the only kind of medicine we carried was pills or castor oil.

W. T. Jackman of San Marcos—"Bill" Jackman to his friends, drove cattle up the trail, served as a peace officer a number of years and was president of the Old Time Trail Drivers' Association

^45 — I

several years. He was a colorful figure. Although he allowed the writer to take photographs of him he was reluctant about giving out complete details concerning his numerous trips up the trail. Fortunately, some of his reminiscences are preserved in J. Marvin Hunter's THE TRAIL DRIVERS OF TEXAS and our comments are based on that source. Bill Jackman was born in Howard County, Missouri, April 19, 1851 and moved to Texas in 1864. At that time his father was in Confederate service but when hostilities ceased the Jackman fam­ ily settled in Hays County. Young Bill' disliked farming so he.de­ cided to become a "cowboy." He drifted "West" and found employ­ ment with Adams Brothers of Uvalde. He began working at a salary of $12.00 per month including board. However, he1 soon proved to his employers that he was a good "hand" and they raised his pay. His first trip up the trail was in 1870. The cattle, belonging to Adams Brothers, were driven to Dodge City, Kansas over, the western route by way of Bandera, Fort Griffin, etc. Mr. Jackman continued to drive cattle up the trail but each trip saw an increase of conflicts with farmers along the route. Signs such as "Keep your cattle inside these furrows or be prose­ cuted" became common to the drovers and of course the cowboys did not pay too much attention to them. Nevertheless, they usually wound up with a heavy fine. Bill Jackman made a total of nine trips up the trail, the last one being in 1890. In spite of the hard­ ships he loved the work and probably would have followed it longer had not farms, fences, and railroads intervened. After relinquishing trail work Mr. Jackman turned to ranch­ ing for himself. He fared well at first but drouths, low prices of cattle, and other misfortunes soon brought financial failure. In 1892 he was elected sheriff of Hays County and held that position twenty years or longer. He was marshal of San Marcos for a while and later was postmaster a number of years. Another old-timer of Hays County was Eli Hill of Wimberley. In my interview of February 1, 1931, with Mr. Hill, he made the following comments: I lived in the San Marcos settlement before I settled in the mountain country. In the summer of 1859 I cultivated land on what is now the Federal Fish Hatchery. The crops were a failure that year even though some of us had rich soil to cultivate. On February 2, 1862, I joined the Rangers. Captain Henry Davis was my Ranger Captain. There were about 120 men in the company and many of them were from this county. We went to Fredericksburg and were sworn in there. Our mission was frontier work—scouting the coun­ try. We went where we were detailed to go. We never suffered for anything to eat because game was plentiful and the State sent us supplies regularly. Our safety depended on our arms and watchfulness.. We were in a few skirmishes

—-46 — since Indians usually tried to slip into our country at night to steal horses. J. W. Morris was my colonel in the Confederate army. People did not suffer so much here during the war. They raised a' great deal of their food. However, they did not go to raising wheat until after, the war. The first year follow­ ing the war some of the people made big money out of raising cotton. Much of it was produced by the negroes and for a while the price was fifty cents a pound. Billy Winters was probably the first settler in Wim­ berley. He arrived no later than the early "fifties" and put up a grist and saw mill. Later on he sold out to Mr. Cude, who was his son-in-law. At his saw mill lumber and shingles were made out of cypress but some cedar was used for framing. Most of the lumber was used here. Some of the shingles were marketed in San Marcos, Mountain City, and other nearby settlements. Mr. Wimberley came along in the 80's and bought out Cude. A Mr. Montgomery killed a Mr. B3ackwell who was the first person buried here. So the joke is that they had to kill a man to start a . Dan Mays, William A. Leath, and "Norway" Wilson, were other early settlers. We usually travelled in wagons because in the early days we had no buggies. At least few folks in this section had buggies. On a' number of my trips to San Marcos I would see as many as fifty deer along the road. There were a good many bears too. Out on the Stringtown road a negro, while riding a race mare, roped a bear. The mare became scared and ran away, dragging the bear to death. There were also a number of panthers. Turkeys were as thick as they could be. The pecan timber had not been destroyed in the bottoms and the turkeys grew fat on the pecans. In those days the hills were not covered with brush because the Indians would burn them each year before working back north in the spring. We hauled goods in freight wagons, usually having five wagons in the train. We hauled from Port Lavaca to Austin and to San Marcos. Of course oxen were us'ed. If a river was up we either swam it or waited for it to go down. Sugar, flour, coffee, and whiskey were the main products hauled. On one trip we had five barrels of whiskey in a wagon. Our personal supply became exhausted so we plugged or tapped a barrel and di-ew out a gallon of "firewater." When we delivered the supply of whiskey to the proprie­ tor we told him what we had done. All he did was to in­ quire if we had poured any water into the barrel because he wanted to be sure that his whiskey was not diluted. This used to be a fine horse country. In fact, it was better for horses than for cattle and there were lots of horses here. Cattle would drift as far as Lockhart. Land in the mountain section could be bought for fifty cents an acre, or even less. Some sold as low as twenty-five cents an acre. There was not much money in the country at times. A man offered to trade me a headright or section of land on the Colorado for a good black horse. I turned the offer down for I needed the horse the most. During the war we had some "bushwhacking." And some of the bushwhackers were horse thieves. However,

— 47 — the settlers broke up that practice after a time. Only horses and animals that could be handled were usually stolen. Alfred and D. Young were among the earliest to fence their pasture. The fence was constructed of.rock for in 1866 they did not know what a wire fence looked like' around here. In the early days there were some goats and sheep. John Smith had three or four thousand head of Spanish goats. There were many hogs here. In the early 80's wire fences came in. Of course there was a great deal of fence cutting. Animals did not know what a wire fence was-and were forever running into it and cutting themselves. The law required a gate every few miles but the boys got around that by putting a gate in a draw, or in the worst place they could find. There were a few rodeos in those days but they were free. And there were not a lot of side attractions like those of today. Five or six men would go out on the prairie and rope anything they wanted. They would break a horse right then and there. And people did not consider that any­ thing out of the ordinary for most everyone was a good rider. I made my first trip up the trail and on to Tennessee in 1867. The herd comprised mules and horses and belonged to Colonel Lyles. I made seven trips in all. On two of these I went to Missouri and Iowa. My last trip was in 1873. I can remember when Fort Worth was not as big as Wim­ berley. We usually went to Lincoln, Nebraska. In my last drive we had 3,000 head of beef cattle. I knew Ben Thompson well. He was a trail driver, a notorious gunman, and became mayor of Austin. He was free hearted as could be but he gambled all the time. Some­ times he would have lots of money, then again, he would be broke for day§. The stagecoach ran from Dallas to San Antonio. Four horses were used. Passengers and mail were carried. One time not long after the stage was robbed by a man namde Reed. This occurred on the Blanco River near Major Nance's place. ,Zack Bugg was sheriff at the time. The coming of the railroad did not affect us much in the Wimberley section. The biggest change brought about was by the automobile. I was about the first one in Wim­ berley to own one. We got our mail out of San Marcos. We received it about three times a week. It went to Hugo, then came on to Wimberley. The daily mail probably came in the 90's. There was a school in Wimberley previous to the Civil War. J. L. N. Judd was the teacher. He was~ in my company and was killed. The school was located on what is now the Jim Dobie field. The teacher was paid by the people of the community. The public schools did not come until years later. Johnson Institute near Dripping Springs was the first educational institution in Hays County "Bristlehead" John­ son ran it. I do not recall when the school was founded but I do know that it was open during and after the Civil War. The pupils boarded at the school. It meant a lot to folks living in this part of the country.

^48,TT- Looking back many years I can see that people were different in those days. At least they were all good neigh­ bors. Today it seems that it is "every fellow for himself and the devil for' all." We had big barbecues and camp meetings and people came for miles to attend them. There were many dances too. I often rode to one in Mountain City, and in later years, to Kyle. A wedding was some­ thing unusual. People would drive twenty-five or thirty miles to attend a wedding. Usually a dance or a supper would be given. I lived in Johnson City a number of years, being post­ master there eight years during 's administra­ tion. When I returned to Wimberley I" served as County Commissioner for nine years, retiring voluntarily. Since that time I have served as Justice of the Peace. My present term makes about twenty years. I do not place my name on the ticket The people just go ahead and elect me. Then I announce that court is adjurned for two years. In 1878 there were 26,227 acres of land in cultivation in Hays County on which were grown corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, sorghum, and all kinds of vegetables. Also peaches, grapes, figs, plums, pears, and other fruits were raised. The average yield of corn was thirty bushels per acre, oats sixty bushels per acre, and three-fourths of a bale of cotton per acre. The assessment for 1878 shows the real estate of the county to have been valued at $888,150; town property, $208,150; 1,520 wheeled vehicles, $28,550; machinery, $10,130; 6,895 horses and mules, $211,520; 19,258 cattle, $119,990; 5,019 sheep and goats, $8,620; 6,574 hogs, $11,410; merchandise, $52,110; money and credits, $122,200; miscellaneous property, $67,130. The total valuation of property in the county was $1,727,960. The number of persons sub­ scribing to a poll tax was 1,283, the poll tax of three dollars amounting to a total of $3,849. In 1878 the Hays County government was out of debt and had about $1,500 in its treasury. The rate of taxation was as follows: state tax, fifty cents; county tax, thirty-seven and' a half cents; total, eighty-seven and a half cents. After the War of Secession there was an influx of settlers'into Hays County. Old settlements took on a new growth and in a few instances new communities were formed. Yet by 1878, San Marcos was the only place of any note in matter of size in the county, it being a village of some fifteen hundred inhabitants. It was a thrifty, growing town, with many trades and industries. It had five churches, Coronal Institute, an institution of higher learning,- and one or two private schools, as well as a free public school. There were thirty or more business houses. Shortly after the war the Mount Sharp community, situated in the northwest section of the county, was founded. L. S. Jennings and family were among the first settlers. Other settlers coming later were William Bursley, John. Hay wood, Marion Massey, Hugh Odom, Wyatt Warrick, and John Weaver.

— 49 — In December, 1874, some settlers built homes in the hills near Dripping Springs. The community became known as the Yell Settle­ ment. Some of the settlers were Frank Davis, W. Garnett, a Mr. Dodsworth, Tom George, Elisha McCuiston, and Jack Massey. A Mr. Colvin taught the first school. No church was organized but the members of different denominations held services regularly. In 1871, J. L. and Whit Andrews bought and occupied land near the present town of Kyle. Other settlers soon to follow were Jimmy Gqforth, John and Louis Franks, Tom Howe, and the Rev­ erend David Porter. When a school building was constructed it was called Science Hall and the community assumed that name.

PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT The year 1880 is looked upon as an outstanding year by citizens of Hays County because the International and Great Northern Railroad was constructed across the county at that time. With our present-day automobiles, motor trucks, and airplanes, it is hard to realize just what a railroad meant to farmers, stockmen, and mer­ chants nearly three-quarters of a century ago. Advancement along "commercial lines and in farming and ranching naturally followed the establishment of the railroad. On September 30, 1873, the International Railroad Company ' I was consolidated with the Houston and Great Northern, forming the corporation known as the International and Great Northern, and it was under this new company that the line from Heame to Austin was opened for traffic on "December 28, 1876. Because of difficulties in financing the construction of a bridge across the Colorado River, four years elapsed after the railroad reached Aus­ tin and before work was started in Hays County. Finally a bridge company was organized and the continuation of a railroad west­ ward was begun. Construction of the new road was started about August 1, 1880. The line reached the present town of Buda, September 1, 1880, Kyle, September 10, and San Marcos, October 2 of the same year. On February 16, 1881, the road was opened for business from Austin to San Antonio, a distance of eighty miles. The construction of the International and Great Northern Rail­ road across Hays County led to the advent of new families into that' part of Texas. The town of Du Pre was settled in 1881. The first store, operated by Sam Nivens, was built in April, 1881. The second store was established by I.' Melaskey, and the third one by Chandler Brothers. In 1883 Joe Meador and Julius Schmidt moved their business from Mountain City to Du Pre. Capt. L. D. Carring- ton was Du Pre's first postmaster. According to an article by Mrs. W. S. BirdwelL the name Du Pre was dropped in 1889 and the community was christened Buda.

— 50 — H. L. Birdwell and his son, W. S. Birdwell, became pioneer mer­ chants of Buda. E. J. Cleveland was another general merchant. W. D. Carrington set up the first drug store and Dr. D. M. Reagan was the first physician to practice in the community. However, Dr. Casselberry was the first physician to live in Du Pre. Du Pre's first school teacher was Miss Mary Adams. The Meth­ odist Church was the first church and it served as a general place of worship for residents of the community. The first minister was Reverend Garrett and Bob Barton was Buda's first Sunday School superintendent. The Baptists built their church about 1890 and their first pastor was Reverend J. N. Marshall. Two early weddings in the Methodist Church were those of Mr. and Mrs. Bob Carter and Professor J. W. McLaughlin and Miss Maggie Barton. The first wedding to be performed in the Baptist Church was the marriage of Dr. Bob Wilson and Miss Kate Adams.

The Christian Church was built in 1903 but a demolished it in 1909. The' church was rebuilt in 1912. The first Christian pastor was Reverend Cam Hill. Two early weddings in the Christian Church were those of Mr. and Mrs. W S. Birdwell and Mr. and Mrs. Will G. Barber. David Young operated the first cotton gin. Another early gin was set up by Bob Barton and the first modern gin was built and operated by W. M. Woods and John Howe. Buda's first newspaper was established in 1897 by Will Carter. It was followed by the Buda Star.

Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Allen, pioneer settlers of Hays County, should be honored as the first residents of the Buda section. Other early-day citizens of Buda or its environs were: Major Jim Adams, P. Allen, George M. Allen, Sid Allen, Captain Ad Adams, J. L. Andrews, Henry Barber, Arthur and Bob Barton, "Grandfather" Barton, D. C. Burleson, Jim Bentley, Joe Brown, W. T. Acklin, Rev.. Milton Carpenter, E. J. Cleveland, Fred Cocke, D. W. Crews, Clias. Crizer, John Cardwell, J. P. Carlton, Jim Ferguson, Taylor Goforth, Tom Harrison, J. B. Hancock, Xudwig Heep, Tom Howe, , Felix. Labenski, Charles Labenski, Allie Lock, Joe Meador, Tom McElroy, M. Ruby, Bob Skaggs, , Nick Thompson, S. Ward, and J. W. Wright.

The town of Kyle may also be regarded as a product of the International and Great Northern Railroad. The New York and Texas Land Company, a corporation made up chiefly of stock­ holders of the railroad company, reached an agreement with Cap­ tain Ferg. Kyle,. owner of the land now occupied by Kyle. This transaction took place in 1879 when the railroad line or right-of- way was being established. Ferg. Kyle was a son of Colonel Clai­ borne Kyle, one' of the first settlers of the county. Our summary of the history of Kyle has been drawn from various articles writ-

— 51 — s ,1 I ten by the late T. F. Harwell, pioneer newspaper editor of Kyle and Hays County. In 1880, Martin Groos, a surveyor, laid out the town of Kyle, Lots for residence as well as those for business, were sold at auc­ tion. Although this "prairie city" was only nine miles from San Marcos, it witnessed a steady growth* from the beginning. How­ ever, it had an old community nearby to draw from. Mountain City with its post office and widely-scattered residents was only three miles northwest of Kyle. With the coming of the railroad to Kyle the inhabitants of Mountain City threw their support to the new settlement by moving over. A few of the settlers of that section drifted to Buda. The first business to be established in Kyle was a saloon which was operated by Tom Martin. A meat market was connected with the saloon. Although Kyle residents were to become staunch pro­ hibitionists at a later date, the village maintained four saloons during its infancy. But those were the days when some folks be­ lieved that they needed a variety of water troughs. Saloons were well distributed throughout Texas and nearly every community had its quota. H. C. Wallace of Rockdale and J. A. Thompson of east Texas brought the first lumber yards- The, first rock store building was built by D. A. Young. The first dry goods store was operated by Otto Groos. H. Hellman, a Jew, purchased the Groos stock and maintained a general store in Kyle a number of years. Kyle's first postmaster by appointment was N. C. Schlemmer, who resided in New Braunfels. However, Mr- Schlemmer declined the office and E. E. Banner became postmaster and served several years. The first newspaper, the Kyle Weekly Nutshell, was estab­ lished in 1881 by A. L. Cashell. Some distance back in this study we mentioned that Major Ezekiel Nance set up the first gin in Kyle. The Kyle Bank, with a capital of $24,000, was established in 1893. The owners were Otto Groos, O. G. Parke, and Dr. T. E. Parke (of ).. This bank was reorganized in 1911 and became known as the Kyle State Bank. Its president today is Norman Schlemmer, descendant of a pioneer family. The citizens of Kyle have established a fine community record through their churches and schools. The public school system Is modern and well supported through taxation. The- main church denominations are Baptist, Methodist, and Christian. The Kyle Baptist Church had been organized in Mountain City September 7, 1872. Those participating in the organization were: -D. A. Porter, S.' C. Glasscock, B. F. Hall, S. M. Wilks, Angle Good, Mary Caperton, A. C. Caperton, George Turner, Elder J. C. Tally, G. C. Rucker, and J. F. Smith. Elder Tally became the church's first pastor. At that time services were held in the school

— 52 — building. D. A. Porter, one of the organizers, also served as pastor several years. After Science Hall came into -existence a number of the Bap­ tists residing in Mountain City moved to the new community. When Kyle developed it was natural for a Baptist re-organization to, come about. The old circuit rider and pioneer preacher, the Rev. Z. N. Morrell, preached a sermon in. December, 1880. However, the changing of the name of the church did not take place until August, 1881. It was during the pastorate 'of Rev. B. Hatcher that the church building was constructed, July, 1882. The Kyle Methodist Church was organized in 1880 and the first pastor following its organization was Rev. Tom Garrett. Two other early pastors were Rev. J. G. Vest and Rev. W. J. Joyce. The church building was constructed in 1887 and in March, 1888, it was dedicated by Bishop Duncan, who presided over the West Texas Conference at that time. A union" Sunday School was maintained and John Y. Stephenson served as superintendent for several years. Other superintendents were Daniel Cochreham and Pro­ fessor Phinney. The first marriage ceremony to be performed in this church was the wedding of W. -M; Rogers and Miss Annie Rogers which took place in 1888. The second, marriage was that of J. N. Houston and Miss Roberta Wallace in 1889. The organization of the Kyle Christian Church was led by Rev. Arthur G. Jones. The date of organization is not known but it was about 1905. Among the charter members were: Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Millhollon, Mr. and Mrs. David Herrick, Mrs. N. S. Jef­ freys, Mrs. L. M. Garner, Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Shannon, and Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Posey. An early pastor was Rev. R. Jackson but due to small membership a pastor was not employed for a number of years. Sunday School services were held in the park building. The church was reorganized in 1913 by Rev. H. M. Polsgrove, pastor of the San Marcos Christian Church. Money was.raised for a church building which was constructed in 1914. The Kyle Water Company was organized and the water works built in 1886. Water is pumped from the Blanco River which is less than two miles away. Although Kyle' was incorporated at an early date, such action was rescinded later by the voters and it was not until 1906 that incorporation came to stay. The community has a variety of business occupations similar to those found in the average Texas village but the chief income is from farming, dairy­ ing, stock and poultry raising. The area is noted for its breeding of fine livestock. Hill Brothers and Jack Vaughn maintain fine herds of shorthorns and M. G. Michaelis breeds registered horses and jacks as well as Red Poll and Hereford cattle. The'Fitzhugh Community is situated on the Hays-Travis county line between Cedar Valley and the . We have no information concerning the first settlers there. For a number of

— 53 — years the settlement was known as Barton Creek. Mrs. E. A. Brewer was instrumental in establishing a post office in 1898 and the place was named Fitzhugh after a small creek. Some of the earlier settlers were those bearing the names of Adams, Cade, Fairchilds, Greer, Keese, Lewis, and Riley. And the late Colonel George W. Brackenridge of San Antonio was a resident- of this section for a number of years. School was taught in a log house and the first church, organized by the Baptists, held services under a brush arbor and later in the school building. After a time the Methodists organized their church. When a frame school building was erected it was called Adams School in appreciation of the contributions made by N. J. Adams. Later the name was changed to Rock Springs. The first store was established and operated by Tom Saverns in 1899. The Fitzhugh postoffice was discontinued about 1914. Comments about the Yell community have been made but they were inadequate. W. M. Weaver moved into that section in the early seventies and resided there fully forty years. Another early-day citizen was S. H. Bryant. Rev. Killough, the father of the Revs. George and Will Killough, held services there. Rev. C. M. Carpenter of Du Pre and Rev. Krause also preached at intervals. It seems that the community was first known as West Point. Along about 1890 -the name was changed to Yell in honor of Rev. Mordecai Yell, a Methodist preacher. Afterwards the name was changed to Good. T. G. Bell was postmaster. The postoffice was as changeable as the weather and was finally discontinued. Miss Jennie Weaver was postmistress for a while. Tom Garrett and Tom Breedlove also held the office. J. T. Goforth founded the community bearing his name. In 1880 he bought several hundred acres of land in the northeastern part of Hays County. A store was established and it became known as Goforth's Store. John Casselberry was its manager. J. M. Butter- worth bought this business in 1894. When the building was con­ sumed by fire he erected a new one and about the same time he put up a residence and established a postoffice.

Goforth'developed as a cotton producing community and at one time its large gin with four stands ranked as one of the most active in the state. Several farmers of the community organized the Go- forth Supply Company which bought the Butterworth business. The directors of this association were: J. W. Allen, P. Allen, W. L. Candy, D. F. Fielder, J. L. Goforth, J. T. Goforth, W. J. Franks, and T. J. Worwick.

A school building was erected *in 1881 which was called Prairie Hill. J. T. Goforth, All Lock, and P. Allen raised funds for its construction and were its first trustees. Mrs. A. J. Spann was the first teacher. Miss Susie Casselberry, now Mrs. C. E. Rugel of San Marcos, was principal of the school several years and brought about

— 54 — its improvement. When Miss Casselberry was elected county super­ intendent of schools, Miss Addie Rogers of Buda became principal. Church' services were held in the school building for several years. In 1904 a community church building was erected and some of the ministers who preached there were Revs. Bradley, Coleman, Driskill, Parker, Porter, Ray, and Rogers. By this time the com­ munity had a general mercantile, post office, drug store, meat market, .gin and mill, and a blacksmith shop. And over a period of time several doctors resided there. Drs. Gillis, Jones, and Young, were some of the first. Dr. C. Lauderdale arrived from New Mexico in 1911 and practiced for a while. He moved to Buda in 1920. Other family names associated with Goforth are: Dugger, Franks, Hamilton, Heiskel, Hollander, Johnson, Mcintosh, McKen- ney, Michael, Parker, Rice, Robertson, Skaggs, Smothers, and Wilson. Mt Gainor, situated in the northern part of the' county, came into existence when a school district was organized and a small fchool building was erected. Gilmer Bell was the first teacher. A Baptist church was organized in 1907, with Rev. H. T. Heal as its first pastor. A union Sunday School was also organized and from its membership roll we have the names of some of the first citizens of the community: Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Bell, Mr. and Mrs. S. K. Conn, Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Harmon, Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Jen­ nings, B. T. Pursley, Mr. and Mrs. B. F , J. C. Quick (super­ intendent), Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Quick, Mr. and Mrs. George Simon, Mrs. Hamp Stubbs, A. J. Watson, Mr. and Mrs. Ed Wood. Other early-day residents were: Pete Turner, Will Bell, Hilgar Haywood, Ira Gage, and Charlie Bell. Mt Gainor was noted for its social gatherings and the promo­ tion of entertainment. The Farmer's Union which had been or­ ganized in 1908, played an important part in these activities. It supported ice cream suppers, dances, picnics, and barbecues. Some of the barbecues would last as long as three days, there being dances, baseball games and other forms of amusement. T. M. Quick, S. K. Conn, Pete Turner, and Ira Gage were talented musicians and when they began "playing" things "picked up."

PIONEER SCHOOLS OF HAYS COUNTY Although this study has given attention to some of trie com­ munity schools of Hays County we need to follow the fortunes of other early educational institutions. The Texas school law of 1854 provided for the organization of common schools .but there were serious difficulties in the way of realizing the plan. Few dis­ tricts could meet the requirement in regard to the schoolhouse and equipment; no provision was made by the legislature for securing buildings by public means and local taxation was not permitted,

— 55 — except by special legislation. While the number of those who de­ sired to see the establishment of a free state school system was growing, there were many who regarded the academies and private boarding schools as the best means of serving their educational needs. Furthermore, various religious bodies were active in estab­ lishing schools. The largest factor in the setting up of schools was the community need and spirit. Some of the communities of Hays County had educational needs and they reflected the spirit of the times through their institutions. JOHNSON INSTITUTE. One of the earliest schools established in Hays County was Johnson Institute, which was founded by Pro­ fessor Thomas Johnson in 1852. Johnson, a native of Virginia, taught school at Jefferson City, Missouri, prior to his advent to Texas. He resfded at Huntsville momentarily, then taught school at Lockhart and Webberville. Johnson Institute was situated about sixteen miles southwest of Austin and about thirty miles north of San Marcos. Its location may be identified today by what is known as "Johnson Institute" on Friday Mountain Ranch on Bear Creek which is owned by Dr. Walter P. Webb of Austin. Professor Johnson died before this present stone structure was completed but his associates carried on his work. The first buildings were of logs with puncheon floors. The first year saw an enrollment of forty boys and girls and young men and young women. Before the founder died in 1868 the school's enrollment had grown to 100. Some of the students lived out of the state. The school was almost self-sustaining through production of foodstuffs on its farm. Descendants of Professor Johnson have indicated that he was not a college man and that he did not endeavor to teach some of the higher branches. Apparently his students were all of elemen­ tary or academic rank. His son and daughter attended college in Chapel Hill. After Professor Johnson's death in 1868, his son, Ben­ jamin F. Johnson, operated the school. It was closed in 1872. DRIPPING SPRINGS ACADEMY. This boarding school was founded by Rev. W. M. Jordan of Alabama, through the request of a number of local .citizens. W. T. Chapman gave the land as well as money. A. L. Davis, Sr., Ed Womack, Jesse and Isaac JMcLendon, Dr. J. M. Pound, J. N. and R. L. Marshall, Samuel Gilpin, H. C. Pearcy, and others, played prominent parts in the establishment of the school. Construction got under way in 1881 but the building was not completed until some time in 1882. However, the academy opened its doors in September; 1881. School was held in an old school building and the president's, home until the new building was occupied. Pending the opening of school, Rev. Jordan traveled through the surrounding country, preaching and soliciting students. The Pedernales Baptist Association rendered1 financial assistance for the completion of the building and that organization was al­ lowed to take over the school.

— 56 — In 1884 R. G. Horsley was elected principal of the school. The enrollment was almost 150 students. The boarding students were kept in community homes and in a dormitory. The curriculum was more or less the same as that of other institutions of the same type. Rev. Jordan was sympathetic toward military training and it was during his administration that such training was added but not made compulsory. During a sham battle, Captain Jordan, a son of the president, was killed. Feeling prevailed against military training and it was dropped from the curriculum. At one time sentiment was favorable toward endowment of the academy but the subscriptions were inadequate. Dissatisfaction in 1889 changed .'the governing board but the academy was not saved. The citizens of Dripping Springs demanded a free public school for their community and began enrolling students in the public school. In 1890 the property of the Dripping Springs Acad­ emy was turned over to the public school. KYLE SEMINARY. Rev. Z. N. Morrell, pioneer Baptist circuit- rider, advocated the establishment of a Baptist educational institu­ tion west of the Colorado River. In fact, he should be credited to a certain extent for the development of Kyle Seminary because he "broke the ground" through his missionary efforts: Then Rev. T. H. Storts, a Baptist minister from-Missouri, came to Kyle in 1881 and founded the seminary. He acquired four town blocks in Kyle, erected buildings, and opened school in October, 1881. The public school was merged with the seminary. There were two dormitories, one for boys and one for girls. Rev. Storts served as president. Miss Annie Storts, Miss Flora Storts (Mrs. Zeke Nance), and a Miss Meyer were the first teachers. Rev. W. M. Jordan, former head of Dripping Springs Academy, became president of the seminary in 1884. Rev. Jordan brought several students with him and about this time he induced Mrs. W. W. Andrews of Science Hall Academy to merge her school with the seminary. However, this union did not prove satisfactory and Mrs. Andrews withdrew after a few months. Professor W. W. James, principal of the seminary, succeeded Rev. Jordan as president. Professor J. T. Riles became head of the school in 1888. He was assisted by five teachers and the enrollment was 185. That same year one of the buildings was destroyed by fire. Reconstruction of the building was begun immediately. In 1899, Mr. Milton Park was chosen head of the institution and the en­ rollment was still encouraging. The name of the school was changed to Kyle Baptist Seminary. The citizens of Kyle came to realize that the school was unable to attain the standard they anticipated and gave their support to the local public school. In 1890 the San Marcos Baptist Association deeded the property to the city of Kyle to be used for the operation of the public school. SCIENCE HALL HOME INSTITUTE. Science Hall was the little school which grew up with the community bearing the same

— 57 — name. It was named by Mrs. J. L. Andrews, wife of one of the first settlers. Professor Pyle and Mrs. Willie A. Andrews were the first teachers. J. L. Andrews taught later. Mrs. Andrews merged her school with the Kyle Seminary for a few months then returned to Science Hall and set up a private boarding school for girls which she named Science Hall Home Institute. Mrs. Andrews operated this school several years. Some of her teachers were as follows: Mrs. E, C. Andrews, Misses Ray Atkins, Nilla Phinney, Mollie Lynch, Laura Hayes, Belle Schmidt, Myrtle Watson, Rev. C. C. Peck, Maj. J. M. Adams, O. A. Whipple, E. H. Phinney, Holland Bell, Robert Bell, and Robert Cavitt. Mrs. Andrews finally sold out and moved to Austin where she operated a boarding school until her death. The Science Hall school district was dissolved and the territory was absorbed by the Buda and Kyle districts. THE BUSINESS COLLEGE. Professor M. C. McGee of Mississippi came to Kyle in 1887 and set up the Prairie City Business College which he operated jointly with the Kyle Seminary. This college was incorporated October, 1888. The in­ corporators were R. W. Hubbard, Dr. R. F. Martin, and H. C. Wallace, and Professor McGee was the principal. During the eighteen months which it operated in Kyle, the school suffered from two fires. After his second loss from fire, Professor McGee moved to San Marcos and erected a large two-story building at 325 North Comanche Street. He named his school The Lone Star Business College. The first board of directors was made up of the following: Professor McGee, S. V. Daniel, William Giesen, Ed J. L. Green, Ed. R. Konef< and G. G. Johnson. This college operated, fully thirty years, turning out some of the best accountants in Texas as well as numbers of prominent business men and clerical workers. One of Professor McGee's sons, Marion McGee, public accountant, serves as auditor of Hays County today. With the establishment of com­ mercial departments in the Southwest Texas State Normal and the San Marcos Baptist Academy, the^Lone Star Business College declined and in time closed its doors.

CORONAL INSTITUTE. .A co-educational school with military training for boys was founded in San Marcos by Orlando N. Hol- lingsworth. Various sources differ on the date of its establishment. Some individuals, including historians, state 1866 and we are in­ clined to believe they are correct. A corner-stone of one of the buildings states that it was founded in 1868 but it should be borne in mind that that particular building was erected in the early 1890's. At any rate, Hollingsworth made a success'of the institution from the beginning. The main building was a two-story structure of white stone, with living rooms above and a large auditorium below. The barracks for the boys consisted of a row of one-story

— 58 — buildings, also of stone, situated at right angles to the main build­ ing. Approximately 150 students enrolled the day the school opened. Peter Woods, prominent and aged citizen of San Marcos, was there the first day. And so were the late Sam Kone and his sister, Mrs. B. W. Smith, and Miss Adice Harvey. Professor Hollingsworth became interested in the legal profes-, sion and sold Coronal Institute January, 1871, to R. H. Belvin, a Methodist minister who had been residing in San Antonio. Belvin,. owner and president of the school for five years, was a man of great refinement and culture. Although Rev. Belvin was a Metho­ dist, it should be remembered that the. Methodist Church did not operate the school at that time. Rev. Belvin won the confidence of the community and when San Marcos received her first free school money it was placed in his charge, and those children of free school age received free tuition a few months each year. Mili­ tary training was eliminated. The Methodist Church of San Marcos purchased Coronal In­ stitute in 1875 and a little later the school was taken over by the San Marcos District Conference' and established as a church school with Professor J. H. Bishop as its head. The Conference pointed out that San Marcos was selected because of its picturesque set­ ting, its healthful climate, and its strong church organization. Professor Bishop served the school three years and was followed by Dr. E. S. Smith of Alabama, who was president one year. Smith's stepson, Professor R. O. Rounsavall, became president in 1880 and gave the school a successful administration. The institution began to grant diplomas and A. A. Thomas and Miss Maggie Teller were the first graduates. i Professor John E. Pritchett became president in 1883. The school ~had a strong faculty and witnessed a steady growth. Pro­ fessor Pritchett married one of his students—Miss Roberta Belvin, a daughter of the school's second president. Professor Pritchett's brothers, Professor Carr Pritchett and Professor Joe Pritchett, were closely associated with Coronal Institute as teachers. When "Pro­ fessor John" resigned the presidency in 1885 to engage in the practice of law, he was followed by Professor W. J. Spillman who served two, years. A. A. Thomas," first graduate of Coronal, became its president in 1888. The main building was consumed by fire March 1, 1890. The citizens and churches of San Marcos bridged the gap and enabled the school to carry on until a larger and more modern building was constructed in 1891. The institution was .enlarged further in 1896 when Rosa Kendrick "Hall was erected. This was made possible by Senator John B. Hendrick of Wyoming, in mem­ ory of his sister who was a member of the faculty for several years. President Thomas resigned in 1901 to establish his private school in San Antonio and Professor J. E. Pritchett directed the

— 59 — school's affairs until 1903 when he resigned to accept appointment as head of the Latin Department of Southwest Texas State Normal. Rev. Sterling Fisher, another Coronal graduate, succeeded Professor Pritchett as president and served in that capacity until 1916. More buildings were constructed during his administration, one of them being a boy's dormitory which is now the Memorial Hospital. Coronal's last president was Rev. V. A. Godbey, who served one year. The Methodist Conference leased the school to private interests in 1917. World War I, the growth of the State Normal and the San Marcos Baptist Academy contributed to the decline of Coronal and by 1918 it had closed its doors. However, it had served well. Coronal Institute was affiliated with the leading col­ leges and the University of Texas. Upon completion of the pre­ scribed course of study, women students were granted the degree of Mistress of English Literature and the men who finished the same course of study were granted the High School Diploma. EARLY FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The present public free school became effectiye in 1876. Listed below are the names and dates of establishment of the first thirty-one public schools of Hays County. This list was prepared by Miss Wilma Allen, former superintendent of the county's public schools. (1) Elm Grove, established October 21, 1876, with 63 pupils; (2) Moun­ tain City, Nov. 11, 1876, 30 pupils; (3) Collins, Nov. 11, 1876, 13 pupils; (4) Cedar Valley (Salem), Oct. 23) 1876, 8 pupils; (5) Barton Creek, Oct. 28, 1876, 23 pupils; (6) Antioch (colored), Nov. 20, 1876, 57 pupils; (7) West Point, Dec. 2, 1876, 22 pupils; (8) York's Creek, Nov. 1, 1876, 13 pupils; (9) Gatlin, Jan. 6, 1877, 39 pupils; (10) Dripping Springs, Dec. 12, .1876, 39 pupils; (11) Science Hall, Dec. 15, 1876, 30 pupils; (12) Glendale (Wimberley), Dec. 30, 1876, 44 pupils; (13) Purgatory (Hugo), Jan. 9, 1877, 17 pupils; (14) Stringtown, no date recorded but about the same as the others, 21 pupils; (15) Live Oak, October 30, 1876, 4 pupils; (16) Pleasant Hill (colored), no records; (17) San Marcos (colored), no records; (18) Mt. Gainor, Jan. 15, 1877, 36 pupils; (19) Davis (Center Point), Feb. 2, 1877, 18 pupils; (20) Valley Ford, Jan. 1, 1877, 3 pupils; (21) High Prairie, Feb. 3, 1877, 29 pupils; (22) Summit, Feb. 8, 1877, 29 pupils; (23) Dixon, Feb. 15, 1877, 19 pupils; (24) Liberty (Drift­ wood), Feb. 23, 1877, 20 pupils; (25) San Marcos, Feb. 24, 1877, 53 pupils; (26) Blanco-Hays, Nov. 29, 1877, 5 pupils; (27) New Hope (Niederwald), no records; (28) Nance's Chapel, March 3,. 1877, 18 pupils; (29) no records for No. 29; (30) Berry Durham (colored), March 24, 1877, 22 pupils; (31) Fitzhugh, April 7, 1877, 13 pupils.

The public schools of Hays County have advanced steadily in recent years. Its high schools are affiliated with the University of Texas. The junior-high and elementary schools are well organized. The rural schools of the county have made remarkable progress during the past two . Better buildings, classroom facilities, reference books, libraries, bulletin boards, seating, and heating

— 60 — equipment are a few of the improvements found in the average rural school. THE SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE. The Texas Legislature passed an act in 1899 authorizing the estab­ lishment and maintenance of a State Normal School at San Marcos, which should be known as the Southwest Texas Normal School. The citizens of San Marcos indicated their desire for such an insti­ tution by donating for the purpose about eleven acres of land situ­ ated on an eminence overlooking the town and a part of the San Marcos River Valley, known as Chautauqua Hill. In 1901 the legislature appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars for the erec­ tion of a building on the designated site and authorized, the State Board of Education to appoint a local board of three trustees. W. D. Wood, Ed. J. L. Green, and S. V. Daniel, all of San Marcos, were the first trustees. Meeting in special session in October, 1901, the legislature appropriated an additional twenty-thousand dollars for the school and the erection of the Main Building soon got under way. In April, 1903, the State Board of Education elected the prin­ cipal and teachers for the- new school and designated September 9, 1903, as the day'for the opening of its first session. Professor Thomas G. Harris, who had served as superintendent of the Dallas and Austin public schools, was elected principal and thus became the school's first president. The members of his first faculty were as follows: J. E. Blair, English; J. S. Brown, Mathematics; Mrs. Ldcy Burleson, Librarian 'and Assistant in English; Miss Mary Stuart Butler, Vocal Music; Mrg. Fitz-Hugh Foster, Assistant in History; Alfred Freshney, Physics and Chemistry; Miss Lula Hines, Primary Work and Physical Culture; Miss Helen Hornsby, German; W. A. Palmer, History and Civics; Miss Annie Pearsall, Primary Work and Geography; John E. Pritchett, Latin; Miss Jessie A. Savers, Assistant in Mathematics; Mrs. Lillie T. Shaver, Assistant in English; Miss Maud M. Shipe, Assistant in Professional Work; S. W. Stanfield, Biological Sciences and Penmanship: Miss Kate E. White, Assistant in English. The report of the Local Board of Trustees, May 17, 1904, shows that three hundred and three students attended the school during the first session and that twenty-eight seniors completed the course and received diplomas. This report indicates the success of the school from the beginning. Professor Harris was .highly esteemed by -the faculty and and the Normal School pro­ gressed under his leadership. Dr. C. E. Evans, succeeded Mr. Harris as President of the Normal School on August 10, 1911. Dr. Evans had served as super­ intendent of a number of public schools in Texas, including Abilene. He was serving as General Agent of the Conference for when he was elected to head the Normal School. President Evans became an outstanding educational leader in Texas. 'Under

— 61 — his guidance, the Normal School became a Junior College in 1915, a full-fledged four-year Senior College in 1918, and in 1936 an insti­ tution with a Graduate School providing the fifth year of work for those students desiring to advance their education by earning the Master of Arts degree. After' thirty-one years of useful service, Dr. Evans retired as president in 1942. Today, as President Emeri­ tus, he still looks after the interests of the College and devotes some time to his writings. Dr. J. G. Flowers, native Texan, became president of South­ west Texas State Teachers College September 1, 1942. Dr. Flowers had taught in the pubhc schools of Texas a number of years and was Director of the Training School of East Texas State Teachers College for some time. He was president of Lock Haven State Teachers College of Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, when he assumed the presidency of his Alma Mater. Dr. Flowers has worked earnestly for Southwest Texas State Teachers College. ,Listed below, is a summary of his achievements since becoming president of the College: 1. During the war through the CTD Program, 2,000' aviation personnel were given basic training in the academic subjects and were introduced to flight training. 2. About 1,000 persons were trained in the Business Adminis­ tration and Industrial Arts departments for specific jobs as clerical workers and as workers in industry. 3. During the past six years two campaigns have been carried forward as follows: (a) A campaign to raise funds, from the friends of the College, and ex-students, for the erection of a Memorial Organ as a memorial to the men and women of the College who lost their lives for their country., About $11,000 was raised through this campaign; the organ is now being installed and the College has made up the difference. When it is completely installed, the College will have an organ that will cost approximately $18,000. (b) The campaign to raise funds for the Student Union Building has also netted about $11,000. 4. The addition to the college properties is as follows: (a) 17 parcels within or adjacent to the campus, (b) the purchase of the Wilson property of 16^ acres on which is located the Federal Hous­ ing Project, (c) the purchase of a 400 acre farm for the Agricul­ ture Department. 5. Buildings and major projects erected during the past six years are as follows: (a) the bathhouse, (b) Sallie Beretta Dormi­ tory, (c) the rehabilitation of the Home Economics Building into a Student Union Building, (d) the complete building of a Home Economics department, (e) the erection of the Little Theater and adjacent rooms in the Main Building, and (f) the erection of sev­ eral buildings on the new college farm now under construction.

— 62 — 6. Under the Federal Housing Authority, the College has been able to acquire the following: (a) two classroom buildings now on the campus, one is" for Business Administration, the other for In­ dustrial Arts, (b) the erection of a large maintenance building now used for maintenance and a warehouse, a portion of which houses the College Agricultural Farm Shop, (c) the acquiring, as of Au­ gust 1, 1948, of full management of Riverside Homes—a Federal Housing Unit of 150 apartments, and (d) the construction of 124 apartments at the navigation school and also supplementary hous­ ing for bachelor students.

7. During the past six years the staff has grown to 92 members not including certain graduate assistants used for limited class schedules. 8. There has been considerable study of the. curriculum in terms of the objectives and functions of the College. Mainly, the offering of general education to all persons regardless of his area of con­ centration; further study of the specialty or major; and a reconsid­ eration of the- organization of the education department in terms of specialties, namely, kindergarten, primary, .elementary, secon­ dary, administration, and special education.

9. There have been no new departments added during the past six years, but there have been additional areas or subject matter areas offered in the different fields, namely, in Industrial Arts an extension of machine shop education and the graphic arts, includ­ ing' printing; in fine arts, the addition of ceramics and weaving; in Education, the addition of two areas of concentration, namely Growth and Development, and Special Education; and the extent sion of the major in Agriculture to include approximately 70 hours of academic work; the addition in Speech of a speech cor- re'cjionist qualified to do clinical work in speech therapy. SAN MARCOS BAPTIST ACADEMY. This institution was found­ ed in 1907 by the Southwest Texas Baptist Conference with the assistance of Dr. J. M. Carroll. It was taken over later, by the Bap­ tist General Convention of Texas. It was largely, through Dr. Car­ roll's efforts as field representative, in which capacity he rode horseback or in his buggy, over Southwest Texas, making speeches to arouse interest in the school, that funds for the first building were raised. And that building today . . . the main building, is known as Carroll Hall. Dr., Carroll was the first president of the Academy and served in that capacity until 1911. The first session of the Academy opened in September, 1908. Talbot Hall was also erected during 'Dr. Carroll's administration.

Professor T. G. Harris, first president of the Southwest State Normal, succeeded Dr. Carroll as president of the Academy in 1911 and served until 1916. J. V. Brown was president from 1916 to 1927 and it was during his administration that additional buildings were

^63 — erected, attendance increased, and the Junior Academy was brought into being. The Junior Academy was established to serve children of the younger ages whose parents or guardians desire to send them to boarding school. Other educators who served as president of the Academy were Professor Littlejohn, Col. J. E. Franklin, Raymond M. Cavness, Roy R. Kay, and Wilbur R. Herring. Mr. Cavness directed the school's affairs several years and through his leadership remarkable progress was made.

Robert B. Reed became president of the Academy September 1, 1947. President Reed was associated with the public schools of Texas for twenty-three years as teacher, principal and superinten­ dent. During that time he also was active in the Texas v State Teachers Association. Major Guy Gunn is dean of -the Academy and has direct supervision of the academic work of the school.

The Academy is attractively situated on a hill overlooking San Marcos. Its campus of fifty-seven acres (about to be enlarged) includes natural woodland, beautiful lawns and flower beds and splendid athletic fields. The physical plant proper includes six brick and buildings, eight frame buildings, two large garage buildings, a rifle range' and a stable. In addition, the school owns a 210-acre farm, located just outside the city limits, from which it obtains fresh milk daily. San Marcos Academy operates in the elementary and secondary fields of education, offering standard courses for the four-year high school diploma and preparing for entrance to most colleges in the Southern and Northern Associations. Military training is required of all boys. The military department operates under sec­ tion 55C of the National Defense Act, which allows the school to select its "own military officers and instructors. These men must have reserve officer commissions from the regular army, and unlike R. O. T. C. officers, they must meet any additional requirements that the school sets up regarding Christian background and aca­ demic training. THE BROWN SCHOOL. The directors of this institution are Mr. and Mrs. Bert Brown. The school was founded in 1938. It is an exclusive year-round school for children with educational and emo­ tional difficulties. It is situated at the head of the San Marcos River and is known as the Spring Lake Unit. The Browns operate similar schools in Austin. The Brown School goes to neither extreme in its educational program, but bases its efforts upon the problems of what can be done for the retarded child, taking him as he is. Willi specialized teaching, the retarded child has more possibilities than are at first recognized. The following is a statement in brief of the subjects from which a special course is arranged for the child: Reading, Language, Number Work, Penmanship, Memory Development, Eng-

._ 64 — lish in general conversation and writing, Simple Dramatic exercises, Speech Correction, Physical Training, Swimming and Nature Study. Daily practical lessons are given in personal hygiene, social and table etiquette. The school endeavors to give the child a well-round-: ed program; things that will fit him for the highest degree of in­ dependence, usefulness and happiness that he is capable of attain­ ing, so that he will not be noticeably different from the average child. SHEEP AND GOAT "INDUSTRY. The hill country of Hays County is devoted to the raising of sheep and goats and a large amount of wool and mohair is produced annually. Sometime before the war between the states, a pioneer by the name of Grigsby brought the first large band of sheep to Hays County, He settled on Onion Creek a few- miles above present Buda. Perhaps Thomas McGehee, first American settler* in the San Marcos area, should be credited with raising the. first sheep in the county but Grigsby was the first settler to raise sheep oh a fairly large scale. Severe winters swept the range and with many diseases to contend with, the sheep died in great numbers. Cattlemen abhorred- sheep, hated to see their introduction in Jhe area, and were pleased when the animals died.

A settler by the name of Callihan was another pioneer sheep man who came to Hays County before the Civil War. He had more than a thousand head of sheep driven overland from Pennsylvania to Texas and settled in the northern part of the county. Although the drive required more than a year, only a small per* cent of the sheep were lost. James Allen began ranching on the Blanco River a few miles west of Kyle, about 1882. He had three or four thousand sheep. W. W. Haupt of the same vicinity had a good many sheep. Col. Haupt is remembered as a pioneer developer of the Angora goat industry in Texas. Back in 1858 he paid Col. Richard Peters of , Geosgia, $100 each for eight head of Angora goats. This was the beginning of the herd of "Haupt" goats which, in later years, became so popular with other breeders. Col. Haupt exercised care in'the breeding of his goats and kept a close record of every animal on his ranch. It is recorded that he never deceived a pur­ chaser in the character of the goat he sold. It was his invariable custom to price his animals at $30, if he selected them; or $25,' if the purchaser made the selection.

There were no wolf-proof fences in the early days and wolves, coyotes, and other predatory animals depredated the sheep and goats. Mexican herders were employed in later years on some of the ranches. Other breeders resorted to the construction of cedar picket and stone fences. Large- iron pots were used for dipping. A dip made from tobacco was generally used.

The growth of the sheep and goat industry in Hays County has been rapid. However, it was not until recent years that the process

— 65 — of breeding up the flocks of sheep on a widespread scale began by the introduction of the Merino ram, while at the same time the Angora ram was introduced among the herds of common goats. At the present time, Rambouillet sheep and Angora goats are universal throughout the county, and the wool and mohair, which formerly were considered of low quality, are now classed with the best received by the market. v CONCLUSION. The years 1880 to 1900 brought an influx.of set­ tlers to the different communities of Hays County. Since 1900 there has not been a large increase in the population of the smaller com­ munities, but owing to natural increase the population has grown steadily'throughout the county. The population of the county by decades is as follows: 1850, 387; 1860, 2,126; 1870, 4,008; 1880, 7,555; 1890, 11,352; 1900, 14,142; 1910, 15,518; 1920, 15,920; 1930, 14,915; 1940, ,15,349. It is interesting to jbserve that the population figures for 1940 are lower than those for 1910 and 1920. San Marcos, the county seat, is still the largest town. Its growth may be marked as follows: 1870, 742; 1880, 1,232; 1890, 2,335; 1900, 2,292; 1910, 4,071; 1920, 4,527; 1930, 5,134; 1940, 6,006; 1948, 9,000 (estimated). The development and growth of Hays County has been gradual but steady. Farm methods have undergone a great change since the beginning of intensive farming. Experience and the agricul­ tural experiment stations have taught the farmers many things. improved farm machinery enables the modern farmer to cultivate much more land than he could have a few decades ago. The chief products are cotton, corn, and oats. Interest is being shown in dairy­ ing, poultry raising, and other special lines of agriculture. Ranching is still carried on in the northern and western part, of the county. The transformation from range' to farms is about complete where the land is suitable for farming. In some instances the situation has reversed itself where farms are now devoted to grazing. Those serving as, public officials of HaysvCounty are as-follows: C. M. Decker, County Judge; Eugene F. Posey, -Commissioner Pre­ cinct No. 1; Oecil Evans, Commissioner, Precinct No. 2; Chester Franklin, Commissioner, Precinct No. 3; Virgil B. Conn, Commis­ sioner, Precinct No. 4; Sarah Reed, County Clerk; Jack Gary, County Sheriff; Woods Dobbins, County Assessor and Collector; C. C. Bond, District Clerk; E. C. Horton, County Treasurer; Wallace Barber, County Attorney; Marion McGee, County Auditor; W. G. Callihan, Justice of the Peace, Precinct No. 1; L. C. Calk, Justice of the Peace, Precinct No. 2; M. F. DeGraaf, Justice of the Peace, Precinct No. 4; L. O. Miller, Justice of the Peace, Precinct No. 8; W. T. Roberts Constable, Precinct No. 4; R. L. Bunting, County School Superin­ tendent Those serving as public officials of the City of San Marcos are as follows: Norman Jackson, Mayor; Oran W. Cliett, Street Com-

— 66 — missioner; Herbert Eastwood, Fire and Police Commissioner; W. N. Joiner, Superintendent of Water and Sewer Works;. Ted Mclntyre, City Clerk and Tax Collector ; H. C. McGee, City Treasurer; Roy Lane, City Marshal. * The leading business firms of San Marcos are as follows: Adams Texaco Station; C. H. Aiken — Jeweler; Alex's Cafe; All Service Garage; C. M. Allen Cotton Office; Arkansas Fuel Co.; Armstrong Hotel; Armstrong's Market; Ross Arnold Motor Co.; Avey Bros. Machine and Repair Shop; W. G. Barbee — Public Accountant and Realtor; Wallace T. Barber — Attorneys Joseph Barker Grocery; Bass Drug Store; W. G. Bass — Men's Wear; Be Back Beauty Shop; S. A. Beechie Furniture Store; Bernice Beauty Shop; Bethke Equip­ ment Co; Bethke Insurance Agency; Bingham Cleaners; Bloom Motor Co.; B & O Amusement Co.; Boggus Shoe Hospital; Bollman Industries of Texas; Mrs. Carrie Bowers — Public Stenographer; Bragg Barber Shop; Jeff D. Brassell — Public Accountant; T. A. Breeze — Public Surveyor; Brown Express Co.; Brown's Training School; J. J. Butler —'Realtor; Wm. Cameron & Co. Inc.; Ed M. Cape — Attorney; Carroll Hotel: Carson's Service Station & Cafe; Cedaroc Co. of Texas; Central Freight Lines Inc.; Cephas Black­ smith Shop; Harry Chesbro — Fair Maid Bread; Circle Inn Grocery; Cities Service Products; John Clark Industries, Inc.; Cliett Cotton Breeding Farms; J. Q. Cliett & Co. Hardware; Coca Cola Bottling Co.; Thomas Colgin — Jeweler; H.B. Cocheran — City Cab; Colle­ giate Shoppe; Dr. M. B, Combs ;H. Conrads — Cotton Breeder; Dr. V. R. Cook; Cooper's Bakery; Cozart Plumbing Co.; Culligan Soft Water Service; Ernest E. Cummings Green Valley Farm; A. L. Davis Co., Insurance; Davis Appliance Co.; Dean's Auto Supply & Hardware; Dean.& Meadow Electric Co.; Dement & Jacks Grocery; Dr. J, R/deSteiguer; DeViney Service Station; Jay Dix Golf Course; E. B. Dobbins Motor Co.; Dowden Barber Shop; Duke & Ayres; Dycus Plumbing and Sheet Metal Works; Herbert K. Eastwood — General Insurance; 'The Economy Store; Ernest Furriers; Festervan Lodges; Field Furniture Co ; Fireston Dealer Store; First Federal Savings & Loan Association; First National Bank; The Frontier; Gary's Service Station; Ed Gilcrease — Florist; V. L. Glosson Ser­ vice Station; Goforth's Dairy; Fred Gonzales Grocery;. Goodyear Service Store; Great State Chemical Co.; 81; Ed Groos Service Station; Guadalupe Butane Gas Co.;' Gulf Refining Co.; Hageman Battery & Electric Service; Hamilton Repair Shop; J. D. Hard- castle — Livestock Hauling; Harrison's; Harryman & Sons Grocery Co.; Hays County Abstract Co.; Hays County Herald; Roger Heard— Plumber and Electrician; Herman Barber Shop; Dr. M. D. Heatly; Henderson Machine & Welding Co.; George Herzik Studio; Monroe Higgs Cash Store; Hill Auto Supply Store; Hill & Hill Continental Products; W. W. Hoch Cash Grocery; Home Hotel; Home Implement Co.; Hotel Beauty Bar; Hot'n Tot Shop; Howell Drug Store; Hughson Meat Co.'; & Refining Co. — Steve Gregg, Agent"; Humble Service Station, No. 1 — W. G. Phillips; Dr.

— 67 — C. L. Ivey — Veterinarian; J & J Cafe; Terry L. Jacks — Attorney; Norman Jackson Grocery; Jackson Tailors; Jewel Courts; Jimmie's Service Station; Joe The Tailor; T. C. Johnson, Jr. — Attorney; Clyde Jones Barber Shop; Julia's Tea Room; Ed Kasch Cotton Breeding Farm; Katy Store Co.; Kercheville'Motor Co.; Kercheville Red & White Food Store; King Feed Co.; Kreuz Milling & Grain Co.; Henry C. Kyle — Attorney; Lack's Auto Parts Associate Store; Lancaster's Shop; Dr. York Lancaster; Lodges Cafe; ; Lower Colorado River Authority; & Co. Lumber; M System Groceries; Marjorie's Beauty Shop; Dr. M. M. Martin; Ben Marx Service Station; Mayfield Mattress Fac­ tory; Dr. S. D. McGaughy; McGee Electric Co.; Marion McGee — Public Accountant; F. L. Meadow — Realtor; Memorial Hospital; Milady's< Beauty Shoppe; Miller's Cafe; Miller's Drug Store; Milli- gan Radio Shop; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Co.; Missouri Pacific Railroad Lines; Modern Cleaners; Miss Nell Montgomery — Rental Agency; Moore Grocery Co.; Ernest Morgan — Attorney; Dr. J. R. Morton; Murray Grocery; National Farm Loan Associa­ tion; National Life Insurance Co.; Henry Netherland — Plumber; Nicola Music Co.; C. E. O'Bryant — Plumber; O. K. Market & Groceries; O. K. Tire Shop; Oliver Realty Co.; Thomas G. Oliver, Jr. — Attorney; Palace Theater; Parlor Barber Shop; Pauline's Fruit & Grocery; Cloyce Pearson & Co. Wholesale Cedar; Penn Hotel; J. C. Penney Co.; W. A. Pennington Funeral Home; Perkins Bros. Cash & Carry Grocery; S. A. Perkins — Realtor; Petrich Home Appliance; Petty's Beauty Shop; Piggly Wiggly Groceries; Production Credit Association; S. J. Pyland Machine Shop; Quality Repair Shop; Radio Station KCNY; Ragsdale Flying Service; Rail­ way Express Agency; A. M. & Chas. Ramsay, General Insurance; Reed Grain Co.; Rudolph Renteria — Truck Line; Retail Merchants Association; Roberts Service Station; Rochelle Motor Coaches; Roesler's Cafe; Dr. Daniel Rojo; Rosas Service Station; Rose Radio Shop; Rylander Produce Co.; T. Tr Saltonstall ^~ Electrician; San Marcos Army Air Field; San Marcos Compress; San Marcos Coop­ erative Gin;-San Marcos Gravel Co.; San Marocs Lumber Co.; San Marcos Mattress Factory; San Marcos Motor Co.; San Marcos Oil Mill; San Marcos Produce Co.; The San Marcos Record; San Marcos Telephone ,Co.; San Marcos Washateria; Sattler's Blacksmith Shop; Max Schapiro — Tile Work; Dr. Chas. W. Scheib; Schleider Furni­ ture Co.; Jacob Schmidt Dry Goods; Schuchardt Hardware Co.; Scottie's Taxi; Scrutchin Motor Co.; Serur Radio & Appliance Co.; Serur's; Shafer Plumbing & Electric Co.; Sherman Sewing Room; Simon's Bakery; Sinclair Petroleum Products — Frank Arnold, Agent; Smart Shop; Smith & Dollins Produce;'G. B. Smith — Elec­ trician; Jimmie Smith Cleaners; Smith News Agency; O. jC. Smith & Co.; Mrs. Wilburn Smith Beauty Shop; Smith's Flowers; Southern Express; Southern Grocery Co.; Southland Corporation; Southwest Flight School; Southwestern ; Dr. R. F. Sowell; Spillar Butane Gas Co.; Standard Armature Works; State Bank & Trust Co.; Staudt Machine & Supply Co.; Sug's Cafe; Tom Sum- kners — Ford & Mercury; Sunshine Laundry; T. E. Suttles Furni­ ture Store; Sutton Real Estate Co.; Sutton's Super Service Gulf Station; Swing Inn Courts; Texaco Service Station; Texas Ceremics Products Corp.; Texas Company Construction Engineer; The Texas Company — J. F. Storey & Son, Agents; Texas Game Fish Com­ mission Hatchery,; Texas .New Mexico Pipe Line Company; ; R. P. Thorp — Real Estate & Insurance; W. H. Tiner In­ surance Agency; Tip Top Cleaners; Dr. Henry Tischler — Veterin­ arian; J. D, Tolliver Grocery; Tombaugh Paint Shop; Travis Ga­ rage; Dr. J. F. Ulery; United Gas Corporation; United States Fish & Wild Life Service Fish Hatchery; Vanity Beauty Shoppe; Dr. J. M. Van Ness; Dr. G. I. Vaughn; Victory Cleaners & Tailors; Vogelman's; Wagon Wheel Beauty Salon; Waldrip Cleaners; Waldrip Insurance Co.; Albert M. Walker — Attorney; Walker Chiropractic Clinic; Walling Creamery; Jack Warner Repair Shop; A. F. Weather- ford Truck Lines; Geo. W. Wentz — Stamps; West Studio; Western Auto Associate Store; Western Union Telegraph Co.; Whisenant's Dairy; Dr. David L. White; Whyte's Typewriter Service; Harry Wiede Tire & Battery Service; Williams Drug Store; Williams Texo Farm & Ranch Store; Jack Williams — Insurance; Dr. M. C. Williams; Sidney Williams Lumber Co.; John Williamson Boat House & Marine Gardens; Wood Brothers — Men's Wear; Younger's Cafe; Younger Motor Sales Co.

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mm BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. PRIMARY MATERIALS

A. MANUSCRIPTS County Court Records, Volume A. San Marcos (Office of the County Clerk). Deed Records of Hay3 County, Volumes A. and XXXVII. San Marcos (Office of the County Clerk). Deed Records of Travis County, Volume I." Austin (Office of the County Clerk). District Court Records of Hays County, Volume A. San MaTcos (Office of the District Clerk). Dobie, Dudley R. The History of Hays County, Texas. Thesis. The University of Texas. Austin, Texas. 1932. French, Roger Franklin. A History of The Southwest Texas State Teachers College. Thesis: Southwest Texas State Teachers College. San Marcos, Texas. 1939. Minutes of the District Court of Hays County. San Marcos (Office of the District Clerk). Probate Record of Hays County, Volume B. San Marcos (Office of the County Clerk). Records of the County Superintendent of Hays County, Texas. San Marcos Records of the Registrar, Southwest Texas State Teachers College. San Marcos. Smith, John Marvin. The History And Growth of The Southwest Texas State Teachers College. Thesis. Southwest Texas State Teachers College. San Marcos, Texas. 1930. Willis, Walter E. The History of Education in Hays County, Texas. Thesis. The University of Texas. Austin, Texas. 1937.

B. INTERVIEWS Abney, J. E., San Marcos, Texas. 1 Allen, Philip, Kyle, Texas. Bunton, Miss Brewie, Kyle, Texas. Evans, Dr. C. E., President Emeritus, • Southwest Texas State Teachers College. San Marcos, Texas. Flowers, Dr. J. G., President, Southwest Texas State Teachers College. San Marcos, Texas. Hill, Eli, Wimberley, Texas. Johnson, Frank M., San Marcos, Texas. Kone, Judge Ed. R., Austin, Texas. Kone, Sam R., San Marcos, Texas. McGehee, A. D., San Marcos, Texas. McLellan, Miss Sadie, San Marcos, Texas. Rylander, I. B., San Marcos, Texas. Swift, Merton, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas, Mrs. E. L., San Marcos, Texas. Thompson, Mrs. W. A., San Marcos, Texas. Woods, Mrs. P. C, San Marcos, Texas. Wyatt, Mrs. W. A., San Marcos, Texas.

,^70— ' Tf-" 8 w ^^--in^-r- j,,-^*-^^^- c « Ja»,»*—-.~»>—»•

0. PRINTED SOURCES

A. BOOKS Bancroft.Bancroft, H. H. History of The North Mexican, States and Texas. Two volumes. San Francisco. 1884 & 1889. Bizzell, W. B., Rural Texas. N. Y. 1924. , Black, Wm. L. A New Industry, Or Raising the Angora Goat, and Mohair for Profit. (Fort Worth). (1900). Bolton, Herbert Eugene. Texas In The Middle Eighteenth Century. Berkeley. 1915. Castaneda, Carlos E. Our Catholic Heritage In Texas. 1519-1936. Volume V. Austin, Texas. 1942. Centennial Year History—The First Methodist Church 1847-1947. (San Marcos, Texas). (1947). Hatcher, Mrs. Mattie Austin, The Opening of Texas To Foreign Settlement. Austin (University of Texas Press), 1907. Hunter, J. Marvin (editor). The Trail Drivers of Texas. Nashville. 1925. Johnson, E. H. Natural Regions of Texas. Austin (University of Texas Press). 1931. Johnson, Frank W. and Texans. Volume II. New York. 1914. Lubbock, F. R. Six Decades In Texas. Austin. 1900. Morfi, Fray Juan. History of Texas 1673-1779. In two volumes. Albuquerque. 1935. Raine, W. M. and Barnes, Will C. Cattle. New York. 1930. Schulz, Ellen D. Texas Wild Flowers. . 1928. for 1867, 1868, 1870, 1873, 1881, 1925, 1931, 1947-1948. Tous, Gabriel. The Espinosa-Aguirre Expedition. Austin (St. Edwards University). 1932. United States Census of Agriculture, 1930. Washington (Department of Commerce). 1930. United States Census: Total Population by States, Counties, and Cities. Washington (Government Printing Office). 1930. United States Geological Survey, 1896, Volume II. Washington (Government Printing lOffice). 1896. Whitehouse, Eula. Texas Flowers In Natural Colors. Austin (1936). Wortham,' L. J. A History of Texas, Vol. III. Fort Worth. 1924. Year Book, 1909. Austin (Texas Department of Agriculture). 1909.

B. NEWSPAPERS The Kyle News, Kyle, Texas, 1928. The San Antonio Express, San Antonio, Texas, 1915. The San Marcos Free Press, San Marcos, Texas, 1874-1876. The San Marcos Record, San Marcos, Texas, 1936.

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