Mammalian Anatomy (4 Credits)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mammalian Anatomy (4 Credits) Tentative Syllabus for BIO2233 – Mammalian Anatomy (4 Credits) Lecturer Lab Instructor Dr. Frank Nelson Kelly Derham Room: 248B Bio-Life Room: 335 Bio-Life E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (215) 204-6528 Office Hours: W 2-3 or by appointment through email Lab Coordinator and Instructor Dr. Uloma Opara-Osuoha Room: 335 Bio-Life e-mail: [email protected] Lecture hours: MWF 9-9:50 in Science Education and Research Center 0110B Welcome to Mammalian Anatomy (BIO 2233)! The course staff along with myself are excited to help you learn anatomy. Have you ever gone to the doctors and had them run a test (x-ray, MRI, fMRI, CT scan) and wondered what they were doing. Have your relatives asked you about some discomfort they had or some disease they heard someone had and looked to you for answers. In this course you will learn basic anatomy and how applies to some basic clinical symptoms. You will also start to become familiar with identifying anatomical structures from x- rays to MRIs and CT scans. Course Description: Anatomy is the study of the structure of living systems. However, much of the progress in anatomy has come from studying the dead. A constant point of interest even in the beginnings of anatomy was not just understanding and naming the parts, but how these parts fit together and lead to what we observe in the living, called functional anatomy. At first this link only occurred at the gross scale, that which is observable to the naked eye. With the advent of the microscope came an interest in the anatomy of cells, microscopic anatomy. Between these two there was found an interest in embryology which later became developmental anatomy. In this course we will utilize this suite of viewpoints into the structure of the body to understand how we and the living things around us are put together, how these parts interact, and how we might better maintain or fix them should they break. Required Texts: 1. Moore Essential Clinical Anatomy by Moore, Agur and Dalley, 2013. ISBN: 1469887258 2. McGraw Hill Lab manual ISBN: 9780321817150 (or alternate) Supplemental: 1. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution by Kardong (ISBN 0078023025) 2. Basic Concepts in Embryology by Sweeney (ISBN: 0070633088) Sotware: Visible body (https://www.visiblebody.com/temple-biol2233-nelson) Alternate: 1. Human Anatomy by Martini Timmons and Tallitsch 2. Human Anatomy by McKinely, O’Loughlin, Pennfather-O’brien, Harris 3. Grants’ Atlas 4. Netter Atlas All texts can be purchased at Temple Bookstore, direct from publisher, or web Clickers: We will use wi-fi enabled devices (cell phones, tablets, laptops, etc.) to record answers for occasional lecture quizzes, and useful in general feedback for course. Grading: The lecture grade and the laboratory grade are combined to determine your final grade for the course. The lecture and the laboratory are worth, respectively, 70% and 30% of your final grade. Details on laboratory grading will be presented in lab. Numeric grades will be given on the quizzes, tests and assignments on Canvas at the end of each mid-term exam. Final letter grades will be issued at the end of class based on the standard scale set forth by Temple University. Lecture Grades will be determined as follows: There will be four mid-term exams with the three highest scores each equally counting towards 30% of the lecture grade. There will also be a comprehensive final exam worth 30% of the lecture grade, all of which are closed book. The final 10% of your lecture grade will come from required pre-lecture, in class and post- lab quizzes. There will be no makeup lecture exams. If you miss an exam it will count as your lowest exam score. There will be no make-up or late quizzes. The quizzes will be up for one week. You need to log in and take the quiz during that week, or not receive credit. If you would like to review an exam you need to do it within the week after the exam was graded. You may not take photos or copy down questions in any way. Reviewing the exam is for you to determine what you missed and may need to review before the final exam. Disability disclosure: Any student who has a need for accommodation based on the impact of a documented disability, including special accommodations for access to technology resources and electronic instructional materials required for the course, should contact me privately to discuss the specific situation by the end of the second week of classes or as soon as practical. If you have not done so already, please contact Disability Resources and Services (DRS) at 215-204-1280 in 100 Ritter Annex to learn more about the resources available to you. We will work with DRS to coordinate reasonable accommodations for all students with documented disabilities. Student and Faculty Academic Rights and Responsibilities Policy: Freedom to teach and freedom to learn are inseparable facets of academic freedom. University policy on Student and Faculty and Academic Rights and Responsibilities (Policy #03.70.02): can be accessed through the following link: http://policies. temple. edu/getdoc.asp ?policy _no=03. 70. 02. Prerequisites: ( Course or Test: BIOL 1111 | Minimum Grade of C | May not be taken concurrently. ) OR ( Course or Test: BIOL 1911 | Minimum Grade of C | May not be taken concurrently. ) OR ( BIO3 Y - May not be taken concurrently. ) AND ( Course or Test: BIOL 2112 | Minimum Grade of C | May not be taken concurrently. ) OR ( Course or Test: BIOL 2912 | Minimum Grade of C | May not be taken concurrently. ) OR ( BIO4 Y - May not be taken concurrently. ) Tentative Lecture Schedule Reading in text by Date Topic chapter Attendance, Goals of Course, Course Mechanics, and How to Study – General M Aug 27 Introduction W Aug 29 Tissue Types Integumentary System Types of tissue F Aug 30 scarring dissecting M Sep 3 Labor Day Joints and Movement planes of joint movement (DOF) W Sep 5 types of muscle causing movement dissecting Back I: Back Basic body plan and development F Sep 7 Contents of spinal chord Diseases associated with malformation Back II: Back Differentiation of spinal vertebrae for function M Sep 10 Two specialized neck bones Repurposing notochord Injuries and disease of spinal column Upper limbs: Basic Bone anatomy Building blocks of bone W Sep 12 Structure: static or dynamic Imaging Bone Upper limbs I: Basic Joints Proximal joints in upper and lower limbs F Sep 14 Beyond bone what else reduces movement Keeping joints healthy Exam is on material M Sep 17 Exam 1 through Sep 15 Upper limbs II: Joints Distal joints in upper and lower limbs W Sep 19 Imaging joints Injuries to proximal and distal joints: causes and cures Upper limbs III: Neuromuscular System basic nerve parts and function F Sep 21 basic muscle parts and function function of brachial plexus and injuries Upper Limbs IV: Musculoskeletal System muscle recruitment M Sep 24 muscle injuries muscle tests Lower limbs I: Changes with age Growth plates W Sep 26 Angle of femoral neck Found bones: young human or other small mammal Lower limbs II: Misuse and Abuse Types of breaks F Sep 28 Fixing breaks and wear Social responsibilities Lower limbs III: Compartments What forms them? M Oct 1 How are they useful? Surface topology and its uses Lower limbs IV: Things that go wrong with supply chain W Oct 3 Varicose veins Injury to nerves Thorax I: Cardiovascular system imaging soft tissue F Oct 5 basic structure and function of lung how do we breathe and a knife fight Thorax II: Cardiovascular System basic structure and function of heart M Oct 8 Development of heart and lungs EKGs Thorax III: Cardiovascular system Normal circulation through adult W Oct 10 Normal circulation through developing fetus Diagnosis and cures for cardiovascular disease Thorax IV: Lymphatic system basic structure and function of lymphatic system F Oct 12 basic mechanism of cancer Why check lymph in cancer patient Exam is on material M Oct 15 Exam 2 through Oct 7 Abdomen I: The Wall basic structure and function of abdominal wall W Oct 17 development of sex organs and their placement Issues with abdominal wall and decent of sex organs Abdomen II: The Guts development of the guts F Oct 19 basic structure and function of the guts imaging the guts Abdomen III: Supply to the guts arterial and lymphatic supply M Oct 22 nervous system supply common issues with guts Abdomen IV: Forgotten walls the basic structure and function of diaphragm W Oct 24 the basic structure and function of posterior abdominal wall common issues with posterior wall and diaphragm Pelvis and Perineum I: Hard and Soft structure of Pelvis the basic structure and function of the hip girdle F Oct 26 the basic structure and function of the pelvic floor common problems with hard and soft structures Pelvis and Perineum II: Reproductive organs M Oct 29 sex organs basic anatomy and function Embryonic origin of sex organs role of hormones in sex organ development Pelvis and Perineum III: Ovulation and pregnancy normal cycle of ovulation and menstruation W Oct 31 how things change when eggs fertilized further development for implantation of embryo Head I: Hard and soft structures of head major bones of skull structure and function F Nov 2 scalp and cranial meninges structure and function fractures to cranium Head II: Arteries and nerves major arteries of skull position and supply M Nov 5 major nerves of skull and function fractures to cranium Head III: The brain major structure and function of brain W Nov 7 signals from brain: electrical and chemical how a neuron works Head iV:
Recommended publications
  • Temporo-Mandibular Joint (Tmj) Dysfunction
    Office: (310) 423-1220 BeverlyHillsENT.com Fax: (310) 423-1230 TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) DYSFUNCTION You may not have heard of it, but you use it hundreds of times every day. It is the Temporo- Mandibular Joint (TMJ), the joint where the mandible (the lower jaw) joins the temporal bone of the skull, immediately in front of the ear on each side of your head. You move the joint every time you chew or swallow. You can locate this joint by putting your finger on the triangular structure in front of your ear. Then move your finger just slightly forward and press firmly while you open your jaw all the way and shut it. The motion you feel is the TMJ. You can also feel the joint motion in your ear canal. These maneuvers can cause considerable discomfort to a patient who is having TMJ trouble, and physicians use these maneuvers with patients for diagnosis. TMJ Dysfunction can cause the following symptoms: Ear pain Sore jaw muscles Temple/cheek pain Jaw popping/clicking Locking of the jaw Difficulty in opening the mouth fully Frequent head/neck aches The pain may be sharp and searing, occurring each time you swallow, yawn, talk, or chew, or it may be dull and constant. It hurts over the joint, immediately in front of the ear, but pain can also radiate elsewhere. It often causes spasms in the adjacent muscles that are attached to the bones of the skull, face, and jaws. Then, pain can be felt at the side of the head (the temple), the cheek, the lower jaw, and the teeth.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Indicators: Acoustic Neuroma Surgery
    Clinical Indicators: Acoustic Neuroma Surgery Approach Procedure CPT Days1 Infratemporal post-auricular approach to middle cranial fossa 61591 90 Transtemporal approach to posterior cranial fossa 61595 90 Transcochlear approach to posterior cranial fossa 61596 90 Transpetrosal approach to posterior cranial fossa 61598 90 Craniectomy for cerebellopontine angle tumor 61520 90 Craniectomy, transtemporal for excision of cerebellopontine angle 61526 90 tumor Combined with middle/posterior fossa craniotomy/ 61530 90 craniectomy Definitive Procedure CPT Days Resection of neoplasm, petrous apex, intradural, including dural 61606 90 repair Resection of neoplasm, posterior cranial fossa, intradural, including 61616 90 repair Microdissection, intracranial 61712 90 Stereotactic radiosurgery 61793 90 Decompression internal auditory canal 69960 90 Removal of tumor, temporal bone middle fossa approach 69970 90 Repair Procedure CPT Days Secondary repair of dura for CSF leak, posterior fossa, by free tissue 61618 90 graft Secondary repair of dura for CSF leak, by local or regional flap or 61619 90 myocutaneous flap Decompression facial nerve, intratemporal; lateral to geniculate 69720 90 ganglion Total facial nerve decompression and/or repair (may include graft) 69955 90 Abdominal fat graft 20926 90 Fascia lata graft; by stripper 20920 90 Fascia lata graft; by incision and area exposure, complex or sheet 20922 90 Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring Procedure CPT Days Auditory nerve monitoring, setup 92585 90 1 RBRVS Global Days Intraoperative neurophysiology testing, hourly 95920 90 Facial nerve monitoring, setup 95925 90 Indications 1. History a) Auditory complaints • hearing loss • fullness • distorted sound perception b) Tinnitus • ringing • humming • hissing • crickets c) Disequilibrium • unsteadiness • dizziness • imbalance • vertigo d) Headache e) Fifth and seventh cranial nerve symptoms • facial pain • facial tingling, numbness • tics • weakness f) Family history of neurofibromatosis type II g) Diplopia h) Dysarthria, dysphasia, aspiration, hoarseness 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications to Occipital Headache
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 6, 2019 • 39(10):1867–1880 • 1867 Neurobiology of Disease Non-Trigeminal Nociceptive Innervation of the Posterior Dura: Implications to Occipital Headache X Rodrigo Noseda, Agustin Melo-Carrillo, Rony-Reuven Nir, Andrew M. Strassman, and XRami Burstein Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Current understanding of the origin of occipital headache falls short of distinguishing between cause and effect. Most preclinical studies involving trigeminovascular neurons sample neurons that are responsive to stimulation of dural areas in the anterior 2/3 of the cranium and the periorbital skin. Hypothesizing that occipital headache may involve activation of meningeal nociceptors that innervate the posterior 1⁄3 of the dura, we sought to map the origin and course of meningeal nociceptors that innervate the posterior dura overlying the cerebellum. Using AAV-GFP tracing and single-unit recording techniques in male rats, we found that neurons in C2–C3 DRGs innervate the dura of the posterior fossa; that nearly half originate in DRG neurons containing CGRP and TRPV1; that nerve bundles traverse suboccipital muscles before entering the cranium through bony canals and large foramens; that central neurons receiving nociceptive information from the posterior dura are located in C2–C4 spinal cord and that their cutaneous and muscle receptive fields are found around the ears, occipital skin and neck muscles; and that administration of inflammatory mediators to their dural receptive field, sensitize their responses to stimulation of the posterior dura, peri-occipital skin and neck muscles. These findings lend rationale for the common practice of attempting to alleviate migraine headaches by targeting the greater and lesser occipital nerves with anesthetics.
    [Show full text]
  • Livestock ID Product Catalog Int Ide Cover Ins Not Pr Do Table of Contents
    Livestock ID Product Catalog INSIDE COVER DO NOT PRINT Table of Contents Z Tags Z1 No-Snag-Tag® Premium Tags .........................................02 Z Tags The New Z2 No-Tear-Tag™ System .....................................04 We’ve joined forces to bring you Temple Tag Herdsman® Two Piece Tags ........................................06 the best tags in the business. Z Tags Feedlot Tags..........................................................................08 Datamars is a worldwide leader in high-performance livestock identification Temple Tag Feeder Tags ...................................................................10 systems. With its state-of-the-art global manufacturing facilities and Temple Tag Original Tag .................................................................. 12 worldwide technical expertise, Datamars has added Temple Tag® and Z Tags® Temple Tag CalfHerder™ Tag ............................................................ 13 to the company’s global portfolio of world-class brands. Temple Tag FaStocker® Tag ..............................................................14 ComfortEar® Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) ...........16 Datamars can bring you new and improved products faster than ever before. Temple Tag & Z Tags Taggers and Accessories .............................18 But one thing hasn’t changed, and that’s our unwavering commitment to America’s livestock producers. Temple Tag & Z Tags Custom Tag Decoration ..............................20 Temple Tag & Z Tags Hot Stamp Machines ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Human Sacrifice and Mortuary Treatments in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán
    FAMSI © 2007: Ximena Chávez Balderas Human Sacrifice and Mortuary Treatments in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán Research Year: 2005 Culture: Mexica Chronology: Postclassic Location: México City, México Site: Tenochtitlán Table of Contents Introduction The bone collection in study Human sacrifice and mortuary treatments Methodology Osteobiography Tafonomic analysis Sacrifice by heart extraction Decapitation: Trophy skulls, Tzompantli skulls and elaboration of skull masks Skull masks Population analysis based upon DNA extraction Preliminary results Final considerations List of Figures Sources Cited Introduction The present report describes the study undertaken with the osteologic collection obtained from the Great Temple excavations in Tenochtitlán; this collection was assembled in the interval from 1978 to 2005. The financial support granted to us by FAMSI enabled the creation of four lines of research: 1) packing and preventive conservation; 2) osteobiography; 3) mortuary treatments; and 4) population genetics. Immediately, a detailed exposition of the work and its results up to the present moment will be given. Submitted 11/16/2006 by: Ximena Chávez Balderas [email protected] Figure 1. General view of the archaeological zone of the Great Temple in México City. 2 The bone collection in study For the present study the human remains found in 19 offerings in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán were analyzed. This place symbolizes the axis mundi for the Mexicas. The deposits were temporarily situated in the period comprehended between 1440 and 1502 A.D., which corresponds mostly to stage IVb (1469-1481 A.D.). The total number of bodies studied was 1071. From these, seventy-four were recovered in the context of offerings and correspond to skull masks, decapitated skulls, tzompantli skulls, isolated remains and a primary context.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge of Skull Base Anatomy and Surgical Implications of Human Sacrifice Among Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican Cultures
    See the corresponding retraction, DOI: 10.3171/2018.5.FOCUS12120r, for full details. Neurosurg Focus 33 (2):E1, 2012 Knowledge of skull base anatomy and surgical implications of human sacrifice among pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures RAUL LOPEZ-SERNA, M.D.,1 JUAN LUIS GOMEZ-AMADOR, M.D.,1 JUAN BArgES-COLL, M.D.,1 NICASIO ArrIADA-MENDICOA, M.D.,1 SAMUEL ROMERO-VArgAS, M.D., M.SC.,2 MIGUEL RAMOS-PEEK, M.D.,1 MIGUEL ANGEL CELIS-LOPEZ, M.D.,1 ROGELIO REVUELTA-GUTIErrEZ, M.D.,1 AND LESLY PORTOCArrERO-ORTIZ, M.D., M.SC.3 1Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia “Manuel Velasco Suárez;” 2Department of Spine Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación; and 3Department of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia “Manuel Velasco Suárez,” Mexico City, Mexico Human sacrifice became a common cultural trait during the advanced phases of Mesoamerican civilizations. This phenomenon, influenced by complex religious beliefs, included several practices such as decapitation, cranial deformation, and the use of human cranial bones for skull mask manufacturing. Archaeological evidence suggests that all of these practices required specialized knowledge of skull base and upper cervical anatomy. The authors con- ducted a systematic search for information on skull base anatomical and surgical knowledge among Mesoamerican civilizations. A detailed exposition of these results is presented, along with some interesting information extracted from historical documents and pictorial codices to provide a better understanding of skull base surgical practices among these cultures. Paleoforensic evidence from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan indicates that Aztec priests used a specialized decapitation technique, based on a deep anatomical knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Anatomy of the Ligamentous Attachments in the Temple and Periorbital Regions
    Cosmetic Surgical Anatomy of the Ligamentous Attachments in the Temple and Periorbital Regions Christopher J. Moss, M.B., B.S., F.R.A.C.S., Dip.Anat., Bryan C. Mendelson, F.R.C.S.(E), F.R.A.C.S., F.A.C.S., and G. Ian Taylor, F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S., M.D. Melbourne, Australia This study documents the anatomy of the deep attach- complex system of deep attachments that arise ments of the superficial fasciae within the temporal and from the underlying deep fascia/periosteum. periorbital regions. A highly organized and consistent three-dimensional connective tissue framework supports The subSMAS plane that contains these attach- the overlying skin and soft tissues in these areas. ments is therefore not always a simple cleavage The regional nerves and vessels display constant and plane. This explains why surgical dissection is predictable relationships with both the fascial planes and considerably more complicated in the midfa- their ligamentous attachments. Knowledge of these rela- tionships allows the surgeon to use the tissue planes and cial, temporal, and periorbital regions than in soft-tissue ligaments as intraoperative landmarks for the the scalp. vital neurovascular structures. This results in improved In the cheek, these deep attachments have efficiency and safety for aesthetic procedures in these been defined as the zygomatic, masseteric, and regions. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 1475, 2000.) mandibular-cutaneous ligaments.21,22 These lig- aments provide a lateral line of fixation for the mobile tissues of the medial cheek. Release of The patterns of arrangement of the layers of these retaining ligaments is fundamental to the superficial fascia in the cheek,1–9 forehead,10–13 14 15,16 extended SMAS technique of “deep-plane” sur- scalp, and temple have been well de- 18,19,23,24 scribed.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Is the Temporo-Mandibular Joint?
    TMJ Insight into causes and treatments • How does the Temporo-Mandibular Joint work? • What causes TMJ pain? • How is TMJ pain treated? Open your jaw all the way and shut it. This simple movement would not be possible without the Temporo-Mandibular Joint (TMJ). It connects the temporal bone (the bone that forms the side of the skull) and the mandible (the lower jaw). Even though it is only a small disc of cartilage, it separates the bones so that the mandible may slide easily whenever you talk, swallow, chew, kiss, etc. Therefore, damage to this complex, triangular structure in front of your ear, can cause considerable discomfort. Where is the Temporo-Mandibular Joint? You can locate this joint by putting your finger on the triangular structure in front of your ear. Then move your finger just slightly forward and press firmly while you open your jaw all the way and close it. You can also feel the joint motion in your ear canal. How does the TMJ work? When you bite down hard, you put force on the object between your teeth and on the joint. In terms of physics, the jaw is the lever and the TMJ is the fulcrum. Actually, more force is applied (per square foot) to the joint surface than to whatever is between your teeth because the cartilage between the bones provides a smooth surface, over which the joint can freely slide with minimal friction. Therefore, the forces of chewing can be distributed over a wider surface in the joint space and minimize the risk of injury.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Temple Thermometer KD-2270
    Digital Temple Thermometer INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE Please read carefully before using KD-2270 IMPORTANT! BATTERY REPLACEMENT Read instruction manual before using the thermometer Quick Start 1. Take the battery cover off in the direction shown. 1. Install batteries into the thermometer. Make sure the polarity is correct. 2. Install 2 new AAA batteries into thermometer. 2. Press and release the POWER button. Unit will beep once. Wait until it beeps again 3. Re-place the battery cover securely. twice and °F appears in the display. 3. Place and hold the thermometer probe firmly to the skin at the temple and wait Warning : several seconds for the device to beep once more. 1. Do not put used batteries in trash. 4. Read the temperature on the display. 2. Recycle or manage used batteries as hazardous waste. 3. Never dispose of batteries in fire. 4. Dispose of used batteries in recycling trash only. HOW TO USE 5. Do not recharge, put in backwards or disassemble. This may cause explosion, 1. Install 2 AAA batteries. leakage and injury. 2. Press the POWER button to turn on the unit. A beep sound follows. 6. Memory may be erased after replacing a new battery. Power On 3. The last memory is displayed . MEMORY MODE 4. You will hear 2 beeps with the measuring scale shown as following figures. Recalling Memories: Loading Ready to test 1. Turn off the unit first. 2. Press the POWER button and hold for 3 seconds until the last record is shown. 5. Put the thermometer on the temple then it beeps one time to present measurement 3.
    [Show full text]
  • TMJ (Temporo-Mandibular Joint) Syndrome
    TMJ (Temporo-Mandibular Joint) Syndrome What is the TMJ? You may not have heard of it, but you use it hundreds of times every day. It is the Temporo- Mandibular Joint (TMJ), the joint where the mandible (the lower jaw) joins the temporal bone of the skull, immediately in front of the ear on each side of the head. Each time you chew you move it. But you also move it every time you talk and every time you swallow (every 3 minutes or so). It is, therefore, one of the most frequently used of all the joints of the body. You can locate that joint by putting your finger on the triangular structure in front of your ear. Then move your finger just slightly forward and press firmly while you open your jaw all the way and shut it. The motion you feel is the TMJ. You can also feel the joint motion in your ear canal. These maneuvers can cause considerable discomfort to a patient who is having TMJ trouble, and doctors use these maneuvers with patients for diagnosis. How does the TMJ work? When you bite down hard, you put force on the object between your teeth and on the joint. In terms of physics, the jaw is the lever and the TMJ is the fulcrum. Actually, more force is applied (per square inch) to the joint surface than to whatever is between your teeth. To accommodate such forces and to prevent too much wear and tear, the joint was designed to be a sliding joint, rather than the usual ball-and-socket type joint (such as the hip and shoulder, for example).
    [Show full text]
  • TMJ INFORMATION the Jaw Meets the Upper Skull in Front of the Ear At
    TMJ INFORMATION The jaw meets the upper skull in front of the ear at a joint. This joint that connects them is called the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). A small disc of cartilage separates the bones, much like in the knee joint, so that the mandible may slide easily; each time you chew you move it. But you also move it every time you talk and each time you swallow. It is one of the most frequently used joints of the body and one of the most complex. Like any joint (hip, shoulder, wrist) the TMJ can be strained or injured. When the joint becomes injured we call it TMD (Temporomandibular Disorder). Injury can be the result of a specific trauma to the jaw area or can result from prolonged micro- trauma from oral habits. Once a joint is strained, it can be easily re-injured. How Does TMD Feel? You may experience ear pain, sore jaw muscles, temple/cheek pain, jaw popping/clicking, locking of the jaw, difficulty in opening the mouth fully, and frequent head/neck aches. What Can Be Done for TMD? 1. Apply moist heat for 20 minutes two to four times each day to the painful area. Alternate with ice for 10 minutes two to four times each day. Heat and/or ice can reduce joint or muscle inflammation and relax the muscles. 2. Eat a softer diet. Avoid hard and chewy foods such as bagels or steak. Cut food into small pieces. Chew with your back teeth rather than biting with your front teeth and chew on both sides at the same time to reduce strain on one side.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing and Solving Eyewear Fitting Complaints the Breakdown Nose
    The Breakdown • Fitting complaints Analyzing and Solving Eyewear • Vision Complaints Fitting Complaints © 2016 Alex Yoho, ABOM Alex Yoho has no financial interests to disclose. 1 2 Nose Complaints Nose Complaints • Purpose is to bear weight • Pads must rest flat on the nose • Larger pads distribute weight over greater • Three angles must be addressed surface area – Frontal angle • Smaller pads concentrate weight over a – Splay angle smaller surface area – Vertical angle • Plastic frames too 3 4 Nose Complaints • Pad placement affects comfort – Too high causes pressure over nasal bones – Too low squeezes nostrils limiting air flow • The only remedy is widening or narrowing the nose pads – This may not be the best method to raise or lower the frame itself, but may be if the frame should also move in the direction of the nose pad movement 5 6 Temple complaints Temple complaints • Shank of temples must not exert pressure on • Surface of temple that touches the head must the sides of the head in front of the ears rest flat • Touch on the side can cause slippage • To rest flat, we must look behind the ears and • Skull temples (normal temples) are designed follow all the peaks and valleys of the mastoid to exert pressure in the mastoid area • Should not use the back of the ears to keep • Library temples (sport or ½ eye) are designed frame from slipping, but should follow the to exert pressure toward the back of the skull curve of the back of the ear 7 8 Temple complaints Balance Complaints • Be sure to tilt the temple tips inward toward • Two
    [Show full text]