DOCSLIB.ORG

GDB QUICK REFERENCE GDB Version 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GDB QUICK REFERENCE GDB Version 4 GDB QUICK REFERENCE GDB Version 4 Breakpoints and Watchpoints Execution Control break [file:]line set breakpoint at line number [in file] continue [count] continue running; if count specified, ignore Essential Commands b [file:]line eg: break main.c:37 c [count] this breakpoint next count times gdb program [core] debug program [using coredump core] break [file:]func set breakpoint at func [in file] step [count] execute until another line reached; repeat b [file:]function set breakpoint at function [in file] break +offset set break at offset lines from current stop s [count] count times if specified break -offset run [arglist] start your program [with arglist] break *addr set breakpoint at address addr stepi [count] step by machine instructions rather than bt backtrace: display program stack break set breakpoint at next instruction si [count] source lines p expr display the value of an expression break : : : if expr break conditionally on nonzero expr c continue running your program next [count] execute next line, including any function n next line, stepping over function calls cond n [expr] new conditional expression on breakpoint n [count] calls s next line, stepping into function calls n; make unconditional if no expr tbreak : : : temporary break; disable when reached nexti [count] next machine instruction rather than rbreak regex break on all functions matching regex ni [count] source line Starting GDB watch expr set a watchpoint for expression expr gdb start GDB, with no debugging files catch event break at event, which may be catch, until [location] run until next instruction (or location) gdb program begin debugging program throw, exec, fork, vfork, load, or finish run until selected stack frame returns gdb program core debug coredump core produced by unload. return [expr] pop selected stack frame without program info break show defined breakpoints executing [setting return value] gdb --help describe command line options info watch show defined watchpoints signal num resume execution with signal s (none if 0) jump line resume execution at specified line number Stopping GDB clear delete breakpoints at next instruction jump *address or address quit exit GDB; also q or EOF (eg C-d) clear [file:]fun delete breakpoints at entry to fun() set var=expr evaluate expr without displaying it; use for altering program variables INTERRUPT (eg C-c) terminate current command, or clear [file:]line delete breakpoints on source line send to running process delete [n] delete breakpoints [or breakpoint n] Display Getting Help disable [n] disable breakpoints [or breakpoint n] print [/f ] [expr] show value of expr [or last value $] help list classes of commands p /f expr according to format f: enable [n] enable breakpoints [or breakpoint n] [ ] [ ] help class one-line descriptions for commands in x hexadecimal class enable once [n] enable breakpoints [or breakpoint n]; d signed decimal help command describe command disable again when reached u unsigned decimal enable del [n] enable breakpoints [or breakpoint n]; o octal Executing your Program delete when reached t binary ignore n count ignore breakpoint n, count times a address, absolute and relative run arglist start your program with arglist c character run start your program with current argument f floating point list commands n execute GDB command-list every time run : : : <inf >outf start your program with input, output [silent] breakpoint n is reached. [silent call [/f ] expr like print but does not display void command-list redirected suppresses default display] x [/Nuf ] expr examine memory at address expr; optional kill kill running program end end of command-list format spec follows slash N count of how many units to display tty dev use dev as stdin and stdout for next run Program Stack u unit size; one of set args arglist specify arglist for next run b individual bytes set args specify empty argument list backtrace [n] print trace of all frames in stack; or of n h halfwords (two bytes) show args display argument list bt [n] frames|innermost if n>0, outermost if w words (four bytes) n<0 g giant words (eight bytes) show env show all environment variables frame [n] select frame number n or frame at address f printing format. Any print format, or show env var show value of environment variable var n; if no n, display current frame s null-terminated string set env var string set environment variable var up n select frame n frames up i machine instructions unset env var remove var from environment down n select frame n frames down disassem [addr] display memory as machine instructions info frame [addr] describe selected frame, or frame at addr Shell Commands info args arguments of selected frame info locals local variables of selected frame Automatic Display cd dir change working directory to dir pwd Print working directory info reg [rn]: : : register values [for regs rn] in selected display [/f ] expr show value of expr each time program make : : : call \make" info all-reg [rn] frame; all-reg includes floating point stops [according to format f ] shell cmd execute arbitrary shell command string display display all enabled expressions on list undisplay n remove number(s) n from list of automatically displayed expressions [ ] surround optional arguments : : : show one or more arguments disable disp n disable display for expression(s) number n enable disp n enable display for expression(s) number n c 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permissions on back info display numbered list of display expressions Expressions Controlling GDB Source Files expr an expression in C, C++, or Modula-2 set param value set one of GDB's internal parameters dir names add directory names to front of source (including function calls), or: show param display current setting of parameter path addr@len an array of len elements beginning at Parameters understood by set and show: dir clear source path addr complaint limit number of messages on unusual symbols show dir show current source path file::nm a variable or function nm defined in file confirm on/off enable or disable cautionary queries list show next ten lines of source ftypegaddr read memory at addr as specified type editing on/off control readline command-line editing list - show previous ten lines $ most recent displayed value height lpp number of lines before pause in display list lines display source surrounding lines, specified $n nth displayed value language lang Language for GDB expressions (auto, c or as: $$ displayed value previous to $ modula-2) file: num line number in named file $$n nth displayed value back from $ listsize n number of lines shown by list [ ] [ ] $ last address examined with x prompt str use str as GDB prompt [file:]function beginning of function [in named file] $ value at address $ radix base octal, decimal, or hex number +off off lines after last printed $var convenience variable; assign any value representation -off off lines previous to last printed verbose on/off control messages when loading symbols *address line containing address show values [n] show last 10 values [or surrounding $n] width cpl number of characters before line folded list f,l from line f to line l show conv display all convenience variables write on/off Allow or forbid patching binary, core files info line num show starting, ending addresses of (when reopened with exec or core) compiled code for source line num history : : : groups with the following options: info source show name of current source file Symbol Table h : : : info sources list all source files in use info address s show where symbol s is stored h exp off/on disable/enable readline history expansion forw regex search following source lines for regex info func [regex] show names, types of defined functions h file filename file for recording GDB command history rev regex search preceding source lines for regex (all, or matching regex) h size size number of commands kept in history list h save off/on control use of external file for command info var [regex] show names, types of global variables (all, history GDB under GNU Emacs or matching regex) M-x gdb run GDB under Emacs print : : : groups with the following options: whatis [expr] show data type of expr [or $] without C-h m describe GDB mode p : : : ptype expr evaluating; ptype gives more detail M-s step one line (step) [ ] p address on/off print memory addresses in stacks, values ptype type describe type, struct, union, or enum M-n next line (next) p array off/on compact or attractive format for arrays M-i step one instruction (stepi) p demangl on/off source (demangled) or internal form for C-c C-f finish current stack frame (finish) GDB Scripts C++ symbols M-c continue (cont) source script read, execute GDB commands from file p asm-dem on/off demangle C++ symbols in machine- M-u up arg frames (up) script instruction output M-d down arg frames (down) p elements limit number of array elements to display C-x & copy number from point, insert at end define cmd create new GDB command cmd; execute p object on/off print C++ derived types for objects C-x SPC (in source file) set break at point command-list script defined by command-list p pretty off/on struct display: compact or indented end end of command-list p union on/off display of union members document cmd create online documentation for new GDB GDB License help-text command cmd p vtbl off/on display of C++ virtual function tables show copying Display GNU General Public License end end of help-text show commands show last 10 commands show warranty There is NO WARRANTY for GDB. show commands n show 10 commands around number n Display full no-warranty statement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Windows Command Prompt Cheatsheet
    Windows Command Prompt Cheatsheet - Command line interface (as opposed to a GUI - graphical user interface) - Used to execute programs - Commands are small programs that do something useful - There are many commands already included with Windows, but we will use a few. - A filepath is where you are in the filesystem • C: is the C drive • C:\user\Documents is the Documents folder • C:\user\Documents\hello.c is a file in the Documents folder Command What it Does Usage dir Displays a list of a folder’s files dir (shows current folder) and subfolders dir myfolder cd Displays the name of the current cd filepath chdir directory or changes the current chdir filepath folder. cd .. (goes one directory up) md Creates a folder (directory) md folder-name mkdir mkdir folder-name rm Deletes a folder (directory) rm folder-name rmdir rmdir folder-name rm /s folder-name rmdir /s folder-name Note: if the folder isn’t empty, you must add the /s. copy Copies a file from one location to copy filepath-from filepath-to another move Moves file from one folder to move folder1\file.txt folder2\ another ren Changes the name of a file ren file1 file2 rename del Deletes one or more files del filename exit Exits batch script or current exit command control echo Used to display a message or to echo message turn off/on messages in batch scripts type Displays contents of a text file type myfile.txt fc Compares two files and displays fc file1 file2 the difference between them cls Clears the screen cls help Provides more details about help (lists all commands) DOS/Command Prompt help command commands Source: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754340.aspx.
    [Show full text]
  • Dell EMC Powerstore CLI Guide
    Dell EMC PowerStore CLI Guide May 2020 Rev. A01 Notes, cautions, and warnings NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of your product. CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates either potential damage to hardware or loss of data and tells you how to avoid the problem. WARNING: A WARNING indicates a potential for property damage, personal injury, or death. © 2020 Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Dell, EMC, and other trademarks are trademarks of Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. Other trademarks may be trademarks of their respective owners. Contents Additional Resources.......................................................................................................................4 Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................... 5 Overview.................................................................................................................................................................................5 Use PowerStore CLI in scripts.......................................................................................................................................5 Set up the PowerStore CLI client........................................................................................................................................5 Install the PowerStore CLI client..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NETSTAT Command
    NETSTAT Command | NETSTAT Command | Use the NETSTAT command to display network status of the local host. | | ┌┐────────────── | 55──NETSTAT─────6─┤ Option ├─┴──┬────────────────────────────────── ┬ ─ ─ ─ ────────────────────────────────────────5% | │┌┐───────────────────── │ | └─(──SELect───6─┤ Select_String ├─┴ ─ ┘ | Option: | ┌┐─COnn────── (1, 2) ──────────────── | ├──┼─────────────────────────── ┼ ─ ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ | ├─ALL───(2)──────────────────── ┤ | ├─ALLConn─────(1, 2) ────────────── ┤ | ├─ARp ipaddress───────────── ┤ | ├─CLients─────────────────── ┤ | ├─DEvlinks────────────────── ┤ | ├─Gate───(3)─────────────────── ┤ | ├─┬─Help─ ┬─ ───────────────── ┤ | │└┘─?──── │ | ├─HOme────────────────────── ┤ | │┌┐─2ð────── │ | ├─Interval─────(1, 2) ─┼───────── ┼─ ┤ | │└┘─seconds─ │ | ├─LEVel───────────────────── ┤ | ├─POOLsize────────────────── ┤ | ├─SOCKets─────────────────── ┤ | ├─TCp serverid───(1) ─────────── ┤ | ├─TELnet───(4)───────────────── ┤ | ├─Up──────────────────────── ┤ | └┘─┤ Command ├───(5)──────────── | Command: | ├──┬─CP cp_command───(6) ─ ┬ ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ | ├─DELarp ipaddress─ ┤ | ├─DRop conn_num──── ┤ | └─RESETPool──────── ┘ | Select_String: | ├─ ─┬─ipaddress────(3) ┬ ─ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ | ├─ldev_num─────(4) ┤ | └─userid────(2) ─── ┘ | Notes: | 1 Only ALLCON, CONN and TCP are valid with INTERVAL. | 2 The userid
    [Show full text]
  • PS TEXT EDIT Reference Manual Is Designed to Give You a Complete Is About Overview of TEDIT
    Information Management Technology Library PS TEXT EDIT™ Reference Manual Abstract This manual describes PS TEXT EDIT, a multi-screen block mode text editor. It provides a complete overview of the product and instructions for using each command. Part Number 058059 Tandem Computers Incorporated Document History Edition Part Number Product Version OS Version Date First Edition 82550 A00 TEDIT B20 GUARDIAN 90 B20 October 1985 (Preliminary) Second Edition 82550 B00 TEDIT B30 GUARDIAN 90 B30 April 1986 Update 1 82242 TEDIT C00 GUARDIAN 90 C00 November 1987 Third Edition 058059 TEDIT C00 GUARDIAN 90 C00 July 1991 Note The second edition of this manual was reformatted in July 1991; no changes were made to the manual’s content at that time. New editions incorporate any updates issued since the previous edition. Copyright All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, including photocopying or translation to another language, without the prior written consent of Tandem Computers Incorporated. Copyright 1991 Tandem Computers Incorporated. Contents What This Book Is About xvii Who Should Use This Book xvii How to Use This Book xvii Where to Go for More Information xix What’s New in This Update xx Section 1 Introduction to TEDIT What Is PS TEXT EDIT? 1-1 TEDIT Features 1-1 TEDIT Commands 1-2 Using TEDIT Commands 1-3 Terminals and TEDIT 1-3 Starting TEDIT 1-4 Section 2 TEDIT Topics Overview 2-1 Understanding Syntax 2-2 Note About the Examples in This Book 2-3 BALANCED-EXPRESSION 2-5 CHARACTER 2-9 058059 Tandem Computers
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 -Using the Command-Line Interface
    CHAPTER 1 Using the Command-Line Interface The command-line interface (CLI) is a line-oriented user interface that provides commands for configuring, managing, and monitoring the Cisco wireless LAN controller. This chapter contains the following topics: • CLI Command Keyboard Shortcuts, page 1-2 • Using the Interactive Help Feature, page 1-3 Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Command Reference OL-19843-02 1-1 Chapter 1 Using the Command-Line Interface CLI Command Keyboard Shortcuts CLI Command Keyboard Shortcuts Table 1-1 lists CLI keyboard shortcuts to help you enter and edit command lines on the controller. Table 1-1 CLI Command Keyboard Shortcuts Action Description Keyboard Shortcut Change The word at the cursor to lowercase. Esc I The word at the cursor to uppercase. Esc u Delete A character to the left of the cursor. Ctrl-h, Delete, or Backspace All characters from the cursor to the beginning of Ctrl-u the line. All characters from the cursor to the end of the line. Ctrl-k All characters from the cursor to the end of the Esc d word. The word to the left of the cursor. Ctrw-w or Esc Backspace Display MORE Exit from MORE output. q, Q, or Ctrl-C output Next additional screen. The default is one screen. Spacebar To display more than one screen, enter a number before pressing the Spacebar key. Next line. The default is one line. To display more Enter than one line, enter the number before pressing the Enter key. Enter an Enter or Return key character. Ctrl-m Expand the command or abbreviation.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Write Shell Script
    How to write shell script Following steps are required to write shell script: (1) Use any editor like vi or mcedit to write shell script. (2) After writing shell script set execute permission for your script as follows syntax: chmod permission your-script-name Examples: $ chmod +x your-script-name $ chmod 755 your-script-name Note: This will set read write execute(7) permission for owner, for group and other permission is read and execute only(5). (3) Execute your script as syntax: bash your-script-name sh your-script-name ./your-script-name Examples: $ bash bar $ sh bar $ ./bar NOTE In the last syntax ./ means current directory, But only . (dot) means execute given command file in current shell without starting the new copy of shell, The syntax for . (dot) command is as follows Syntax: . command-name Example: $ . foo Now you are ready to write first shell script that will print "Knowledge is Power" on screen. See the common vi command list , if you are new to vi. $ vi first # # My first shell script # clear echo "Knowledge is Power" After saving the above script, you can run the script as follows: $ ./first This will not run script since we have not set execute permission for our script first; to do this type command $ chmod 755 first $ ./first Variables in Shell To process our data/information, data must be kept in computers RAM memory. RAM memory is divided into small locations, and each location had unique number called memory location/address, which is used to hold our data. Programmer can give a unique name to this memory location/address called memory variable or variable (Its a named storage location that may take different values, but only one at a time).
    [Show full text]
  • Traceroute Help
    Introducing Traceroute Traceroute displays the route that data packets take to a host computer. Data is rarely delivered directly between source and destination computers, but often takes a series of hops through intermediary machines. This delivery process is called routing, and it is normally transparent. Each packet contains receiver and sender addresses, as well as other information that makes routing possible. Traceroute is primarily a diagnostic tool for system administrators. Related Topics Tracing the Route to a Host Setting Tracing Options Tracing the Route to a Host To trace a route to a host: 1. On the File menu, click Traceroute. The Traceroute Destination dialog box opens. 2. In the Host box, type the name or IP address of the host. 3. Click OK. The routing information appears in the display area. Related Topics Setting Tracing Options Selecting a Display Mode Selecting a Display Mode You can display routing information in a table or as a diagram. To specify a display mode: 1. On the File menu, click Display. 2. Select the appropriate option: To display routing information in a series of columns, select Traditional. To display routing information as an annotated diagram of computers with links, select Graphical. Setting Tracing Options To set tracing options: 1. On the File menu, click Options. The Options dialog box opens. 2. Specify the appropriate options: Lookup Names—Select this check box to display the host name during tracing. Clear this check box to display IP addresses. Number of Probes—Specify the number of times Traceroute will attempt to reach the destination host.
    [Show full text]
  • CS 314 Principles of Programming Languages Lecture 5: Syntax Analysis (Parsing)
    CS 314 Principles of Programming Languages Lecture 5: Syntax Analysis (Parsing) Zheng (Eddy) Zhang Rutgers University January 31, 2018 Class Information • Homework 1 is being graded now. The sample solution will be posted soon. • Homework 2 posted. Due in one week. 2 Review: Context Free Grammars (CFGs) • A formalism to for describing languages • A CFG G = < T, N, P, S >: 1. A set T of terminal symbols (tokens). 2. A set N of nonterminal symbols. 3. A set P production (rewrite) rules. 4. A special start symbol S. • The language L(G) is the set of sentences of terminal symbols in T* that can be derived from the start symbol S: L(G) = {w ∈ T* | S ⇒* w} 3 Review: Context Free Grammar … Rule 1 $1 ⇒ 1& Rule 2 $0 0$ <if-stmt> ::= if <expr> then <stmt> ⇒ <expr> ::= id <= id Rule 3 &1 ⇒ 1$ <stmt> ::= id := num Rule 4 &0 ⇒ 0& … Rule 5 $# ⇒ →A Rule 6 &# ⇒ →B Context free grammar Not a context free grammar CFGs are rewrite systems with restrictions on the form of rewrite (production) rules that can be used. The left hand side of a production rule can only be one non-terminal symbol. 4 A Language May Have Many Grammars Consider G’: The Original Grammar G: 1. < letter > ::= A | B | C | … | Z 1. < letter > ::= A | B | C | … | Z 2. < digit > ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | … | 9 2. < digit > ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | … | 9 3. < ident > ::= < letter > | 3. < identifier > ::= < letter > | 4. < ident > < letterordigit > 4. < identifier > < letter > | 5. < stmt > ::= < ident > := 0 5. < identifier > < digit > 6. < letterordigit > ::= < letter > | < digit > 6. < stmt > ::= < identifier > := 0 <stmt> X2 := 0 <stmt> <ident> 0 := <identifier> := 0 <ident> <letterordigit> <identifier> <digit> <letter> <digit> <letter> 2 X 2 X 5 Review: Grammars and Programming Languages Many grammars may correspond to one programming language.
    [Show full text]
  • Freebsd Command Reference
    FreeBSD command reference Command structure Each line you type at the Unix shell consists of a command optionally followed by some arguments , e.g. ls -l /etc/passwd | | | cmd arg1 arg2 Almost all commands are just programs in the filesystem, e.g. "ls" is actually /bin/ls. A few are built- in to the shell. All commands and filenames are case-sensitive. Unless told otherwise, the command will run in the "foreground" - that is, you won't be returned to the shell prompt until it has finished. You can press Ctrl + C to terminate it. Colour code command [args...] Command which shows information command [args...] Command which modifies your current session or system settings, but changes will be lost when you exit your shell or reboot command [args...] Command which permanently affects the state of your system Getting out of trouble ^C (Ctrl-C) Terminate the current command ^U (Ctrl-U) Clear to start of line reset Reset terminal settings. If in xterm, try Ctrl+Middle mouse button stty sane and select "Do Full Reset" exit Exit from the shell logout ESC :q! ENTER Quit from vi without saving Finding documentation man cmd Show manual page for command "cmd". If a page with the same man 5 cmd name exists in multiple sections, you can give the section number, man -a cmd or -a to show pages from all sections. man -k str Search for string"str" in the manual index man hier Description of directory structure cd /usr/share/doc; ls Browse system documentation and examples. Note especially cd /usr/share/examples; ls /usr/share/doc/en/books/handbook/index.html cd /usr/local/share/doc; ls Browse package documentation and examples cd /usr/local/share/examples On the web: www.freebsd.org Includes handbook, searchable mailing list archives System status Alt-F1 ..
    [Show full text]
  • Networking TCP/IP Troubleshooting 7.1
    IBM IBM i Networking TCP/IP troubleshooting 7.1 IBM IBM i Networking TCP/IP troubleshooting 7.1 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices,” on page 79. This edition applies to IBM i 7.1 (product number 5770-SS1) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This version does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1997, 2008. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents TCP/IP troubleshooting ........ 1 Server table ............ 34 PDF file for TCP/IP troubleshooting ...... 1 Checking jobs, job logs, and message logs .. 63 Troubleshooting tools and techniques ...... 1 Verifying that necessary jobs exist .... 64 Tools to verify your network structure ..... 1 Checking the job logs for error messages Netstat .............. 1 and other indication of problems .... 65 Using Netstat from a character-based Changing the message logging level on job interface ............. 2 descriptions and active jobs ...... 65 Using Netstat from System i Navigator .. 4 Other job considerations ....... 66 Ping ............... 7 Checking for active filter rules ...... 67 Using Ping from a character-based interface 7 Verifying system startup considerations for Using Ping from System i Navigator ... 10 networking ............ 68 Common error messages ....... 13 Starting subsystems ........ 68 PING parameters ......... 14 Starting TCP/IP .......... 68 Trace route ............ 14 Starting interfaces ......... 69 Using trace route from a character-based Starting servers .......... 69 interface ............ 15 Timing considerations ........ 70 Using trace route from System i Navigator 15 Varying on lines, controllers, and devices .
    [Show full text]
  • Sentential Form
    Some definitions Recall For a grammar G, with start symbol S, any string α such that S ⇒∗ α is called a sentential form α ∗ α • If ∈ Vt , then is called a sentence in L(G) • Otherwise it is just a sentential form (not a sentence in L(G)) A left-sentential form is a sentential form that occurs in the leftmost derivation of some sentence. A right-sentential form is a sentential form that occurs in the rightmost derivation of some sentence. 1 Bottom-up parsing Goal: Given an input string w and a grammar G, construct a parse tree by starting at the leaves and working to the root. The parser repeatedly matches a right-sentential form from the language against the tree’s upper frontier. At each match, it applies a reduction to build on the frontier: • each reduction matches an upper frontier of the partially built tree to the RHS of some production • each reduction adds a node on top of the frontier The final result is a rightmost derivation, in reverse. 2 Example Consider the grammar 1 S → aABe 2 A → Abc 3 | b 4 B → d and the input string abbcde Prod’n. Sentential Form 3 a b bcde 2 a Abc de 4 aA d e 1 aABe – S The trick appears to be scanning the input and finding valid sentential forms. 3 Handles What are we trying to find? A substring α of the tree’s upper frontier that matches some production A → α where reducing α to A is one step in the reverse of a rightmost derivation We call such a string a handle.
    [Show full text]
  • Gnu Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 5.93, 2 November 2005
    gnu Coreutils Core GNU utilities for version 5.93, 2 November 2005 David MacKenzie et al. This manual documents version 5.93 of the gnu core utilities, including the standard pro- grams for text and file manipulation. Copyright c 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire gnu community will benefit. The gnu utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to [email protected]. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section “Bugs” in Using and Porting GNU CC. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering.
    [Show full text]