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Special Master Report No. 134, Original ================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States ---------------------------------♦ --------------------------------- STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff, v. STATE OF DELAWARE, Defendant. ---------------------------------♦ --------------------------------- REPORT OF THE SPECIAL MASTER ---------------------------------♦ --------------------------------- RALPH I. LANCASTER, JR. Special Master April 12, 2007 ================================================================ COCKLE LAW BRIEF PRINTING CO. (800) 225-6964 OR CALL COLLECT (402) 342-2831 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES........................................... vi BACKGROUND ............................................................. 1 I. New Jersey v. Delaware I ................................... 2 II. The Compact of 1905 Between New Jersey and Delaware ............................................................. 6 III. New Jersey v. Delaware II.................................. 14 IV. The Present Controversy ................................... 17 PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT IN THIS ACTION ...................................................................... 22 PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE SPECIAL MASTER IN THIS ACTION....................................................... 25 I. Preliminary Issues ............................................. 25 II. Record Before the Special Master...................... 27 ISSUES PRESENTED................................................... 29 ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 32 I. The Riparian Lands and Riparian Rights Issues................................................................... 33 A. Delaware’s Ownership Up to the Low Wa­ ter Mark on the New Jersey Side of the Delaware River............................................ 34 B. The Impact of the Boundary Resolution on the Authority of Each State Under the Compact ....................................................... 35 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued Page C. Riparian Lands: New Jersey’s Authority to Make Grants, Leases, and Conveyances of Riparian Lands on the Eastern Side of the River............................................................. 40 D. Riparian Rights: New Jersey’s Authority to Make Grants, Leases, and Conveyances of Riparian Rights on the Eastern Side of the River ...................................................... 46 Conclusion: The Riparian Lands Issue and the Ripar­ ian Rights Issue.......................................................... 51 New Jersey has the authority to make grants, leases, and conveyances of riparian lands on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River within the twelve-mile circle only down to the low water mark. Consistent with New Jersey’s law of riparian rights, New Jersey riparian owners may construct, maintain and use improvements appurtenant to the New Jersey shore extending outshore of the eastern low water mark of the Delaware River within the twelve-mile circle. II. The Riparian Jurisdiction Issue ........................ 52 A. Construing “Riparian Jurisdiction of Every Kind and Nature” in the Context of the Compact as a Whole and Extrinsic Circumstances ............................................. 53 1. The Scope of New Jersey’s Riparian Jurisdiction.......................................... 54 2. New Jersey’s Claim of Exclusive Ri­ parian Jurisdiction .............................. 61 a. The 1905 Compact ......................... 61 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued Page b. The New Jersey-New York Com­ pact of 1834.................................... 65 B. Construing “Riparian Jurisdiction” in Light of the States’ Course of Conduct Since Ratification of the Compact ............ 68 1. D elaware’s Common Law Riparian Oversight................................................ 69 2. Delaware’s Subaqueous Land Statutes .. 70 3. Delaware’s Coastal Zone Statutes........... 71 4. Delaware’s Regulation of Projects On and Outward from the New Jersey Shore Within the Twelve-Mile Circle.... 74 5. New Jersey’s Consent to Delaware’s Involvement in Regulating Projects On and Outward from the New Jersey Shore Within the Twelve-Mile Circle.... 77 Conclusion: The Riparian Jurisdiction Issue................ 84 The preservation of “riparian jurisdiction” con­ tained in Article VII of the Compact does not be­ stow upon New Jersey regulatory jurisdiction over all aspects of riparian improvements appurtenant to the New Jersey shore extending outshore of the eastern low water mark within the twelve-mile circle of the Delaware River; rather, New Jersey’s jurisdiction outshore of that low water mark is lim­ ited to regulation of riparian rights associated with improvements extending onto Delaware’s territory. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued Page Delaware, as the sovereign owner of the land outshore of the low water mark on the eastern shore of the Delaware River within the twelve-mile circle, is entitled to exercise police power jurisdic­ tion over improvements extending onto its territory, and accordingly New Jersey’s riparian jurisdiction over such improvements is not exclusive. III. The Estoppel Issue ............................................. 86 Conclusion: The Estoppel Issue..................................... 91 Delaware is not estopped from challenging New Jersey’s assertion of exclusive jurisdiction to regu­ late riparian improvements appurtenant to the New Jersey shore extending outshore of the eastern low water mark of the Delaware River within the twelve-mile circle. IV. The Prescription Issue ....................................... 92 Conclusion: The Prescription Issue............................... 98 New Jersey has not acquired exclusive regulatory jurisdiction over riparian improvements appurte­ nant to its shore extending outshore of the eastern low water mark of the Delaware River within the twelve-mile circle pursuant to the doctrine of pre­ scription and acquiescence. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. 99 APPENDICES (separate volume) APPENDIX A: Proposed Decree .......................................A-1 APPENDIX B: Compact of 1905.......................................B-1 APPENDIX C: Joint Statement of Facts .........................C-1 v TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued Page APPENDIX D: Order on New Jersey’s Motion to Strike Proposed Issues of Fact .................................... D-1 APPENDIX E: New Jersey’s Index of Evidentiary Materials........................................................................E-1 APPENDIX F: Delaware’s Index of Evidentiary Materials........................................................................F-1 APPENDIX G: New Jersey’s Proposed Decree ............... G-1 APPENDIX H: Delaware’s Proposed Form of Judgment ...................................................................... H-1 APPENDIX I: Table of Actions by Delaware and New Jersey Reflecting an Assertion of Jurisdic­ tion or Authority Over the Eastern Shore of the Delaware River...............................................................I-1 APPENDIX J: Table Comparing Similar Provisions in the New Jersey-New York Compact of 1834 and the New Jersey-Delaware Compact of 1905 ......... J-1 APPENDIX K: Docket of Proceedings Before the Special Master .............................................................. K-1 vi TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page FEDERAL CASES Anjelino v. New York Times Co., 200 F.3d 73 (3d Cir. 1999)................................................................................ 88 Arizona v. California, 292 U.S. 341 (1934) ....................... 68 Arkansas v. Tennessee, 310 U.S. 563 (1940)...................... 93 Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991) ............ 51 Bell v. New Jersey, 461 U.S. 773 (1983) ............................ 69 California v. Nevada, 447 U.S. 125 (1980)........................ 93 Cummings v. City of Chicago, 188 U.S. 410 (1903) .......... 49 Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs v. Rasmussen, 440 U.S. 29 (1979).................................. 85 Dutton v. Strong, 66 U.S. 23 (1861)............................. 49, 50 Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Services, Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 125 S. Ct. 2611 (2005) .................................... 55 Georgia v. South Carolina, 497 U.S. 376 (1990)......... 93, 95 Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 113 U.S. 9 (1885) .............................................................................. 49 Henderson Bridge Co. v. City of Henderson, 173 U.S. 592 (1899) ............................................................... 34 Illinois v. Kentucky, 500 U.S. 380 (1991) .................... 92, 97 Louisiana v. Mississippi, 202 U.S. 1 (1906) ...................... 93 Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725 (2002) .................... 26 Massachusetts v. New York, 271 U.S. 65 (1926)................ 43 Mississippi v. Louisiana, 506 U.S. 73 (1992) .................... 26 Nebraska v. Wyoming, 507 U.S. 584 (1993) ...................... 93 New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742 (2001) .......... 87, 91 vii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES – Continued Page New Jersey v. Delaware, 205 U.S. 550 (1907)....2, 6, 12, 13, 39 New Jersey v. Delaware, 279 U.S. 825 (1929)........................ 14 New Jersey v. Delaware, 280 U.S. 529 (1930)........................ 14 New Jersey v. Delaware, 55 S. Ct. 934 (1933)........................ 14 New Jersey v. Delaware, 291 U.S. 361 (1934)......... 1 & passim New Jersey v. Delaware,
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