Tutorial on Electromagnetic Nonreciprocity and Its Origins Viktar S
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P142 Lecture 19
P142 Lecture 19 SUMMARY Vector derivatives: Cartesian Coordinates Vector derivatives: Spherical Coordinates See Appendix A in “Introduction to Electrodynamics” by Griffiths P142 Preview; Subject Matter P142 Lecture 19 • Electric dipole • Dielectric polarization • Electric fields in dielectrics • Electric displacement field, D • Summary Dielectrics: Electric dipole The electric dipole moment p is defined as p = q d where d is the separation distance between the charges q pointing from the negative to positive charge. Lecture 5 showed that Forces on an electric dipole in E field Torque: Forces on an electric dipole in E field Translational force: Dielectric polarization: Microscopic Atomic polarization: d ~ 10-15 m Molecular polarization: d ~ 10-14 m Align polar molecules: d ~ 10-10 m Competition between alignment torque and thermal motion or elastic forces Linear dielectrics: Three mechanisms typically lead to Electrostatic precipitator Linear dielectric: Translational force: Electrostatic precipitator Extract > 99% of ash and dust from gases at power, cement, and ore-processing plants Electric field in dielectrics: Macroscopic Electric field in dielectrics: Macroscopic Polarization density P in dielectrics: Polarization density in dielectrics: Polarization density in dielectrics: The dielectric constant κe • Net field in a dielectric Enet = EExt/κe • Most dielectrics linear up to dielectric strength Volume polarization density Electric Displacement Field Electric Displacement Field Electric Displacement Field Electric Displacement Field Summary; 1 Summary; 2 Refraction of the electric field at boundaries with dielectrics Capacitance with dielectrics Capacitance with dielectrics Electric energy storage • Showed last lecture that the energy stored in a capacitor is given by where for a dielectric • Typically it is more useful to express energy in terms of magnitude of the electric field E. -
The Wetting Performance of Lead Free Alloys Have Been Found to Be Not
COMMON PROCESSES FOR PASSIVE OPTICAL COMPONENT MANUFACTURING Laurence A. Harvilchuck Project Consultant & Peter Borgesen, Ph.D. Project Manager Flip Chip & Optoelectronics Packaging SMT Laboratory Universal Instruments Corporation Binghamton, NY 13902-0825 Email: [email protected] Tel: 607-779-7343 ABSTRACT Permeation of fiber optic communication systems at the end-user level (i.e. ‘fiber- in-the-home’) is predicated on a reliable supply of individual components, both active and passive. These components will most likely have price and volume targets that can only be satisfied by full automation of the packaging processes. Polarization dependent optical isolators are examples of a typical passive optical component that is widely deployed at all levels of the network. We will use these isolators as an example for our discussion. Intelligent contemplation of the options available for isolator manufacturing requires comprehension of some basic optical principles and component functionality. It can then be seen that isolator performance is directly influenced by process variations and part tolerances. We present a discussion of issues relating to cost, ease of manufacturing, and automation, highlighting component design, materials selection, and intellectual property concerns. INTRODUCTION The nascent optoelectronic component industry will require a combination of design for manufacturing and further development of materials, processes, systems and equipment to mature into the integrated, automated state that has made microelectronic products so incredibly affordable. Economies of this systems-level transition are heavily dependent upon the cost and availability of all necessary components. With the sponsorship of an international consortium of companies from across the industry, we are researching the issues involved in nurturing this transition. -
Picosecond Time Resolved Spectroscopy Used As a Tool To
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2004 Picosecond time resolved spectroscopy used as a tool to probe excited state photophysics of biologically and environmentally relevant systems Pramit Kumar Chowdhury Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, and the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Chowdhury, Pramit Kumar, "Picosecond time resolved spectroscopy used as a tool to probe excited state photophysics of biologically and environmentally relevant systems " (2004). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 766. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/766 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Picosecond time resolved spectroscopy used as a tool to probe excited state photophysics of biologically and environmentally relevant systems by Pramit Kumar Chowdhury A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Physical Chemistry Program of Study Committee: Jacob W. Petrich, Major Professor Mark S. Gordon Mark S. Hargrove George A. Kraus Mei Hong Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2004 Copyright © Pramit Kumar Chowdhury, 2004. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 3136299 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. -
Modeling Optical Metamaterials with Strong Spatial Dispersion
Fakultät für Physik Institut für theoretische Festkörperphysik Modeling Optical Metamaterials with Strong Spatial Dispersion M. Sc. Karim Mnasri von der KIT-Fakultät für Physik des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29. November 2019 Referent: Prof. Dr. Carsten Rockstuhl (Institut für theoretische Festkörperphysik) Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Michael Plum (Institut für Analysis) KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Erklärung zur Selbstständigkeit Ich versichere, dass ich diese Arbeit selbstständig verfasst habe und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich über- nommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht und die Satzung des KIT zur Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis in der gültigen Fassung vom 24. Mai 2018 beachtet habe. Karlsruhe, den 21. Oktober 2019, Karim Mnasri Als Prüfungsexemplar genehmigt von Karlsruhe, den 28. Oktober 2019, Prof. Dr. Carsten Rockstuhl iv To Ouiem and Adam Thesis abstract Optical metamaterials are artificial media made from subwavelength inclusions with un- conventional properties at optical frequencies. While a response to the magnetic field of light in natural material is absent, metamaterials prompt to lift this limitation and to exhibit a response to both electric and magnetic fields at optical frequencies. Due tothe interplay of both the actual shape of the inclusions and the material from which they are made, but also from the specific details of their arrangement, the response canbe driven to one or multiple resonances within a desired frequency band. With such a high number of degrees of freedom, tedious trial-and-error simulations and costly experimen- tal essays are inefficient when considering optical metamaterials in the design of specific applications. -
A Beautiful Approach: Transformational Optics
A beautiful approach: “Transformational optics” [ several precursors, but generalized & popularized by Ward & Pendry (1996) ] warp a ray of light …by warping space(?) [ figure: J. Pendry ] Euclidean x coordinates transformed x'(x) coordinates amazing Solutions of ordinary Euclidean Maxwell equations in x' fact: = transformed solutions from x if x' uses transformed materials ε' and μ' Maxwell’s Equations constants: ε0, μ0 = vacuum permittivity/permeability = 1 –1/2 c = vacuum speed of light = (ε0 μ0 ) = 1 ! " B = 0 Gauss: constitutive ! " D = # relations: James Clerk Maxwell #D E = D – P 1864 Ampere: ! " H = + J #t H = B – M $B Faraday: ! " E = # $t electromagnetic fields: sources: J = current density E = electric field ρ = charge density D = displacement field H = magnetic field / induction material response to fields: B = magnetic field / flux density P = polarization density M = magnetization density Constitutive relations for macroscopic linear materials P = χe E ⇒ D = (1+χe) E = ε E M = χm H B = (1+χm) H = μ H where ε = 1+χe = electric permittivity or dielectric constant µ = 1+χm = magnetic permeability εµ = (refractive index)2 Transformation-mimicking materials [ Ward & Pendry (1996) ] E(x), H(x) J–TE(x(x')), J–TH(x(x')) [ figure: J. Pendry ] Euclidean x coordinates transformed x'(x) coordinates J"JT JµJT ε(x), μ(x) " ! = , µ ! = (linear materials) det J det J J = Jacobian (Jij = ∂xi’/∂xj) (isotropic, nonmagnetic [μ=1], homogeneous materials ⇒ anisotropic, magnetic, inhomogeneous materials) an elementary derivation [ Kottke (2008) ] consider× -
S-Parameters Are Complex and Frequency Dependent
RFRF EngineeringEngineering BasicBasic Concepts:Concepts: SS--ParametersParameters Fritz Caspers CAS 2010, Aarhus ContentsContents S parameters: Motivation and Introduction Definition of power Waves S-Matrix Properties of the S matrix of an N-port, Examples of: 1 Ports 2 Ports 3 Ports 4 Ports Appendix 1: Basic properties of striplines, microstrip- and slotlines Appendix 2: T-Matrices Appendix 3: Signal Flow Graph CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 2 SS--parametersparameters (1)(1) The abbreviation S has been derived from the word scattering. For high frequencies, it is convenient to describe a given network in terms of waves rather than voltages or currents. This permits an easier definition of reference planes. For practical reasons, the description in terms of in- and outgoing waves has been introduced. Now, a 4-pole network becomes a 2-port and a 2n-pole becomes an n-port. In the case of an odd pole number (e.g. 3-pole), a common reference point may be chosen, attributing one pole equally to two ports. Then a 3-pole is converted into a (3+1) pole corresponding to a 2-port. As a general conversion rule for an odd pole number one more pole is added. CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 3 SS--parametersparameters (2)(2) Fig. 1 2-port network Let us start by considering a simple 2-port network consisting of a single impedance Z connected in series (Fig. 1). The generator and load impedances are ZG and ZL, respectively. If Z = 0 and ZL = ZG (for real ZG) we have a matched load, i.e. -
Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-04-30 Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator Henrikson, Christopher Erik Henrikson, C. E. (2014). Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26572 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1461 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator by Christopher Erik Henrikson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2014 c Christopher Erik Henrikson 2014 Abstract Radio frequency isolators based on ferrite junction circulators have been the domi- nant isolator technology for the past fifty years, yet they have not been integrated practically because ferrites are generally incompatible with semiconductor processes and their size is inversely proportional to their operating frequency. Hall isolators are another approach whose operating frequency is independent of their size, are compat- ible with semiconductor processes and are thus appropriate for integration. Through simulation, this thesis demonstrates that these devices can be on the order of microns in size and have a bandwidth from DC to over a terahertz. -
Summer Undergraduate Research Expo August 8, 2013 Mcnamara
Summer Undergraduate Research Expo August 8, 2013 McNamara Alumni Center Memorial Hall 4:00-6:00pm Undergraduate Poster Presentations Listed Alphabetically by Presenting Author 1 Brandon Adams Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanical Testing of Poly(lactide-b-ethylene-co-ethylethylene) multiblock copolymer Advisor: Frank Bates Department or Program Sponsoring Summer Research: Center for Sustainable Polymers Home Institution: Virginia Commonwealth University Abstract: In order to enhance the properties of polylactide, a biodegradable and renewable polymer, it was polymerized with hydrogenated butadiene to synthesize multiblock copolymer. The synthetic reaction consisted of two steps, the first step, a ring opening polymerization producing a Triblock polymer, then a coupling reaction that bonded different Triblock chains together in order to form multiblock polymers. After both the multiblock and Triblock were obtained blends made up of various amounts of both polymers were made. Size exclusion chromatography was test on the multiblock and Triblock as well as all of the blends, the results showed that the multiblock and polymers with the most multiblock eluted first due to their large size. Tensile testing determined that increasing average block number contributed to ductility while decreasing the average number of blocks yielded brittleness. Differiential scanning calirometry showed an increase in both crystallization and melting temperature in polymers with higher multiblock amounts. 2 Nicolas Alvarado Structural Analysis of Fibronectin Ligand Proteins Advisor: Benjamin Hackel Department or Program Sponsoring Summer Research: MRSEC Home Institution: University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Abstract: This project aims to determine the three-dimensional structure of small molecules, specifically fibronectin domain-mutants using x-rays crystallography. The laboratory has previously engineered fibronectin domain-mutants that bind with high affinity and specificity to molecular targets for clinical and biotechnology utility. -
Arxiv:1905.08341V1 [Physics.App-Ph] 20 May 2019 by Discussing the Influence of the Presented Method in Not Yet Conducted for Cylindrical Metasurfaces
Illusion Mechanisms with Cylindrical Metasurfaces: A General Synthesis Approach Mahdi Safari1, Hamidreza Kazemi2, Ali Abdolali3, Mohammad Albooyeh2;∗, and Filippo Capolino2 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 2Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran corresponding author: ∗[email protected] We explore the use of cylindrical metasurfaces in providing several illusion mechanisms including scattering cancellation and creating fictitious line sources. We present the general synthesis approach that leads to such phenomena by modeling the metasurface with effective polarizability tensors and by applying boundary conditions to connect the tangential components of the desired fields to the required surface polarization current densities that generate such fields. We then use these required surface polarizations to obtain the effective polarizabilities for the synthesis of the metasurface. We demonstrate the use of this general method for the synthesis of metasurfaces that lead to scattering cancellation and illusion effects, and discuss practical scenarios by using loaded dipole antennas to realize the discretized polarization current densities. This study is the first fundamental step that may lead to interesting electromagnetic applications, like stealth technology, antenna synthesis, wireless power transfer, sensors, cylindrical absorbers, etc. I. INTRODUCTION formal metaurfaces with large radial curvatures (at the wavelength scale) [41]. However, that method was based on the analysis of planar structures with open bound- Metasurfaces are surface equivalents of bulk meta- aries while a cylindrical metasurface can be generally materials, usually realized as dense planar arrays of closed in its azimuthal plane and it involves rather differ- subwavelength-sized resonant particles [1{4]. -
Faraday Rotation Measurement Using a Lock-In Amplifier Sidney Malak, Itsuko S
Faraday rotation measurement using a lock-in amplifier Sidney Malak, Itsuko S. Suzuki, and Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, State University of New York at Binghamton (Date: May 14, 2011) Abstract: This experiment is designed to measure the Verdet constant v through Faraday effect rotation of a polarized laser beam as it passes through different mediums, flint Glass and water, parallel to the magnetic field B. As the B varies, the plane of polarization rotates and the transmitted beam intensity is observed. The angle through which it rotates is proportional to B and the proportionality constant is the Verdet constant times the optical path length. The optical rotation of the polarized light can be understood circular birefringence, the existence of different indices of refraction for the left-circularly and right-circularly polarized light components. The linearly polarized light is equivalent to a combination of the right- and left circularly polarized components. Each component is affected differently by the applied magnetic field and traverse the system with a different velocity, since the refractive index is different for the two components. The end result consists of left- and right-circular components that are out of phase and whose superposition, upon emerging from the Faraday rotation, is linearly polarized light with its plane of polarization rotated relative to its original orientation. ________________________________________________________________________ Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current. -
Dielectric Cylinder That Rotates in a Uniform Magnetic Field Kirk T
Dielectric Cylinder That Rotates in a Uniform Magnetic Field Kirk T. McDonald Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (Mar. 12, 2003) 1Problem A cylinder of relative dielectric constant εr rotates with constant angular velocity ω about its axis. A uniform magnetic field B is parallel to the axis, in the same sense as ω.Find the resulting dielectric polarization P in the cylinder and the surface and volume charge densities σ and ρ, neglecting terms of order (ωa/c)2,wherea is the radius of the cylinder. This problem can be conveniently analyzed by starting in the rotating frame, in which P = P and E = E+v×B,when(v/c)2 corrections are neglected. Consider also the electric displacement D. 2Solution The v × B force on an atom in the rotating cylinder is radially outwards, and increas- ing linearly with radius, so we expect a positive radial polarization P = Pˆr in cylindrical coordinates. There will be an electric field E inside the dielectric associated with this polarization. We now have a “chicken-and-egg” problem: the magnetic field induces some polarization in the rotating cylinder, which induces some electric field, which induces some more polarization, etc. One way to proceed is to follow this line of thought to develop an iterative solution for the polarization. This is done somewhat later in the solution. Or, we can avoid the iterative approach by going to the rotating frame, where there is no interaction between the medium and the magnetic field, but where there is an effective electric field E. -
Role of Circulator, Isolator and Power Divider in the C-Band Microwave Front End System
Role of Circulator, Isolator and Power Divider in the C-Band Microwave Front End System C. Chandrasekharan, S. Raghavendran & Sumi Sunny VSSC/ISRO, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering E-mail : [email protected] dividers, attenuators and crystal detectors are Abstract - In space communications, the transponder aids in tracking the launch vehicle. Microwave Front End characterized and selected. System is designed for testing the onboard transponder. Those selected devices are inter-connected and Microwave front end unit acts as an interface to connect tested. Next step is the complete integration including the high power onboard transponder to the ground RF RF cables routing and device fixation to chassis. Then checkout system with suitable isolation between them. Microwave front end unit basically consists of microwave integrated level testing is performed and finally it is devices like circulator, isolator, attenuator, power divider deployed in the test bed. and crystal detector with RF cables and adaptors interconnecting them. In this paper, the devices like II. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF MICROWAVE circulator, isolator and power divider are characterized FRONT END SYSTEM based on the study of performance of each device in tandem with the theoretical specification of the devices in Based on the studies of characteristics and the designated frequency range and design procedure of performance analysis, various microwave devices are microwave front end unit is also explained. characterized and the required devices like circulators, Keywords - Circulator, Isolator, Microwave Front End Unit, isolators, power dividers and attenuators suitable for the Transponder. desired application are selected. Those selected devices are inter-connected and tested. Next step is the complete I.