DOCSLIB.ORG

Producing the First Functioning Synthetic DNA Using Click Chemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Producing the First Functioning Synthetic DNA Using Click Chemistry Physical Sciences︱Afaf El-Sagheer & Tom Brown Producing the first functioning synthetic DNA using click chemistry Click chemistry revolutionised very so often an observation, our ability to create custom experiment or discovery proteins, so could it do the same changes more than just scientific E DNA is made up of bases which match in understanding. Darwin, Copernicus, and for DNA? Professor Tom Brown pairs. These base pairs form the ‘rungs’ of at the University of Oxford and Newton’s breakthroughs, while scientific, the ladder-like structure. Professor Afaf El-Sagheer at also had significance for philosophy, Morphart Creation/Shutterstock the University of Oxford and religion and metaphysics. Suez University are performing CHEMICAL LIGATION truly groundbreaking research Perhaps Friedrich Wöhler’s 1828 finding Since 2007, Afaf El-Sagheer and El-Sagheer and Brown’s triazole into the application of ‘click − that urea can be made from potassium Tom Brown have been pioneering an linkage is a unique example of a chemistry’ bioconjugation cyanate and ammonium chloride – should alternative approach to the chemical techniques to DNA. Their also be included in this list. Urea, in his synthesis of large DNA and RNA strands. biocompatible artificial DNA linkage technique allows the creation own words an ‘animal substance’, was the Their premise is that longer oligos of DNA and RNA constructs first to be created without any biological could be created from shorter oligos formed using chemical synthesis. larger than any other chemical starting materials, signalling the end for using chemical ligation rather than Friedrich Wohler created the first biological synthetic route and is more the doctrine of vitalism. enzymatic ligation. click reaction” by Sharpless, a pioneer T-triazole-T sequence was converted to flexible than the use of enzymes. substance from purely chemical materials. of click chemistry techniques. CuAAC a single ‘T’ in the PCR product. In other This is made possible by a In the decades since Wöhler, the list But this is no mean feat: it’s not possible creates a triazole linkage – a five- words, the linkage is not a very good novel chemical linkage which of biochemicals created using purely vitamin B12 and insulin; more recently for the chemical ‘links’ to be exact membered ring of atoms containing two mimic of the phosphodiester linkage is biocompatible with DNA- chemical means has grown longer, and larger molecules have become possible, replicas of the phosphoester linkage carbon and three nitrogen atoms. Initial found in natural DNA. In addition, manipulating cellular machinery the molecules themselves have grown including chemotherapies, antibiotics, and found in natural DNA. Instead, the experiments showed that it was possible producing oligos with the correct in E coli and human cells. larger and more complex. Notable even proteins. But despite our progress, chemical links in these DNA replicas need to combine various oligomers using a precursors on each end for the ligation early advancements include glucose, there is still no effective chemical synthesis to be ‘biocompatible’ – indistinguishable version of CuAAC which joined two ‘T’ step was difficult to accomplish. of probably the most famous biomolecule to natural enzymes from the real thing. nucleotides with a triazole linkage. of them all: Long DNA. Although one base was missing, the Finding a chemical reaction which These oligomers were then ‘amplified’ remarkable achievement was that The modern technique for constructing produces a biocompatible chemical using PCR – the biochemical process the PCR process, for the first time, DNA sequences involves using linkage is a major milestone in El-Sagheer used to replicate a DNA sequence. In successfully amplified triazole-link- biological enzymes to ligate (join and Brown’s work. The researchers PCR, the oligomer molecules containing containing oligomers. together) short synthetic sections outline in their 2009 research how they the triazole linkage need to be ‘read’ by Pablo Joanidopoulos/ShutterstockPablo of DNA, called ‘oligonucleotides’ use ‘click chemistry’, a set of chemical DNA polymerase, the key enzyme in the DEVELOPING BETTER LINKAGES or ‘oligos’. Multiple oligos can be reactions known to efficiently form replication process. If the triazole linkage With the promise of biocompatibility, El- assembled into genes and plasmids. bonds between biomolecules and is biocompatible, then the PCR process Sagheer and Brown began redesigning other molecules, a process known as should produce copies of the oligomer similar linkages, applying their technique Oligos are almost always produced bioconjugation. sequence. These resulting copies would to both DNA and RNA. using the solid-phase phosphoramidite not contain the triazole linkage. method. The error rate in this method CuAAC In 2010 work, they demonstrated that is reasonably low – enough to create El-Sagheer and Brown began working on LIMITATIONS OF CuAAC a redesigned triazole linkage could be oligos typically around 100 bases long. developing a variation of the ‘copper(I)- However, this version of the CuAAC used to synthesise ribozymes, which are However, at around the 150 bases mark, catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition’ reaction had its limitations. While the a type of cellular machinery formed from errors start to become a problem. As a (CuAAC) to find a method which is DNA triazole linkage is read by DNA RNA. RNA is a similar molecule to DNA Some oligonucleotides are used as result, long segments of DNA require suitable for ligating oligomers. CuAAC polymerase in PCR, the process is slow, in many ways – it’s a polymer composed fluorescent biomarkers which can be useful in medical diagnosis. large numbers of oligos, requiring is the ‘classic’ click chemistry reaction, and results in the deletion of one of the of nucleic acids – but it does have some complex biochemical techniques. described as “the premier example of a two nucleotides around the triazole. The key differences which make long RNA www.researchoutreach.org www.researchoutreach.org chains even more difficult to synthesise Repeating the test on E. coli cells than DNA. Crucially, RNA contains an deficient in DNA repair enzymes gave extra hydroxyl group at the sugar, which a similar survival rate, demonstrating Behind the Research can lead to unwanted side reactions that the success wasn’t down to the unless it is protected during solid linkage being ‘corrected’ by E. coli. The phase synthesis and deprotection. This link is truly biocompatible with DNA- hydroxyl group is also a ‘steric hindrance’, reading enzymes. Professor Afaf Professor meaning it physically gets in the way of molecules approaching the bond MEETING THE DEMANDS OF CRISPR The team tested their method using the El-Sagheer Tom Brown formation site. bacteria E. coli. El-Sagheer and Brown’s triazole linkage is a unique example of a biocompatible As a result, RNA chains longer than artificial DNA linkage formed using E: [email protected] T: +44 1865 275175 E: [email protected] T: +44 1865 275413 http://www.browngroupnucleicacidsresearch.org.uk/ 50 nucleotides are difficult to produce new triazole linkage: the DNA was chemical synthesis. Almost 200 years W: in a pure state, which doesn’t come accurately copied, with nucleotides on on from Wöhler’s synthesis of urea, the near to the length of biologically both sides of the triazole linkage included enzyme-free synthesis of DNA – or at functional RNA constructs like in the oligomer copies. least a functional mimic of it – is now Research Objectives ribozymes and riboswitches. possible, using click chemistry. Professors El-Sagheer and Brown investigate the chemical synthesis of long DNA and RNA strands. IN VIVO STUDIES Using the CuAAC reaction, El-Sagheer However, the true test of biocompatibility One area where the technique could and Brown were able to cross-link is within cells. In a crucial collaboration excel is in the emerging and promising separate strands of oligomers together with Ali Tavassoli and Pia Sanzone at technology of CRISPR gene editing. Detail to form two RNA constructs, both Southampton University, oligomers The technique relies on creating RNA almost 100 nucleotides in length. Both were ligated using the CuAAC to form a sequences called single guide RNAs Tom Brown Bio Funding the constructs – a hairpin ribozyme triazole-containing piece of DNA known (sgRNAs). When CRISPR-Cas9 leaves Department of Chemistry Tom studied for his chemistry degree and PhD at Biotechnology and Biological with cross-links, and a hammerhead to code for antibiotic resistance, which the laboratory and enters diagnostic University of Oxford Bradford University. He was appointed as a Lecturer Sciences Research Council ribozyme with the improved linkage at was inserted into the DNA of E. coli cells. and therapeutic use, sgRNAs will Chemistry Research Laboratory then Professor at Edinburgh University before (BB/J001694/2 and BB/ the active site – functioned like their be in high demand. But current use 12 Mansfield Road moving to Southampton University in 1995 then to R008655/1) natural equivalents. Overnight incubation on agar plates of enzymes to produce a library of Oxford OX1 3TA Oxford University in 2013. He is co-founder of three containing ampicillin revealed exactly sgRNAs is both time-consuming and UK Biotech companies (Oswel, Primer Design, ATDBio). Collaborators He has published over 400 papers and patents. • Ali Tavassoli After establishing the biocompatability what the team was hoping for: the plates difficult to scale. Afaf El-Sagheer • Pia Sanzone of the new linkage in RNA in 2010, with the triazole DNA added contained Department of Chemistry Afaf studied chemistry at Suez Canal University • Lapatrada Taemaitree this improved linkage was used to 96.5% of the colonies; in the negative These short sections of RNA are formed University of Oxford (Egypt) and did her PhD at Southampton University • Arun Shivalingam ligate three 100-base-long oligomers control it was only 1.6%. In other words, of two parts. Firstly, a section about 80 Chemistry Research Laboratory with Professor John Mellor then moved back to • Agnes Tyburn to construct a DNA molecule of 300 E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantum Indeterminism and Evolutionary Biology Author(S): David N
    Quantum Indeterminism and Evolutionary Biology Author(s): David N. Stamos Reviewed work(s): Source: Philosophy of Science, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 164-184 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3081062 . Accessed: 31/01/2013 02:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and Philosophy of Science Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy of Science. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Thu, 31 Jan 2013 02:04:56 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions QuantumIndeterminism and EvolutionaryBiology* David N. Stamostt Departmentof Philosophy,York University In "The IndeterministicCharacter of Evolutionary Theory: No 'Hidden Variables Proof' But No Room for DeterminismEither," Brandon and Carson (1996) arguethat evolutionary theory is statistical because the processes it describesare fundamentally statistical.In "Is Indeterminismthe Source of the StatisticalCharacter of Evolutionary Theory?" Graves, Horan, and Rosenberg (1999) argue in reply that the processes of evolutionarybiology are fundamentallydeterministic and that the statisticalcharacter of evolutionary theory is explained by epistemologicalrather than ontological consid- erations.
    [Show full text]
  • View the Speaker Abstracts
    Preconference Session: NextGen Early Career Scientist Meeting Jonathan Watts Sunday, 13 October 10.05-10.35 The First Few Bases: Career and Chemical Modification Jonathan K. Watts RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA This plenary talk of the early career scientist symposium has been invited to be primarily about career trajectory and advice for trainee scientists. I will weave this information together with recent research results from my laboratory. In particular, this talk will describe some of our work on “tissue-specific medicinal chemistry” with a focus on optimization of antisense oligonucleotide chemistry for the lung and brain. Jonathan K. Watts, Ph.D. Associate Professor RNA Therapeutics Institute UMass Medical School 368 Plantation St., AS4.1051 Worcester, MA, 01609 USA [email protected] 774-455-3784 25 Preconference Session: NextGen Early Career Scientist Meeting Ysobel Baker Sunday, 13 October 10.35-10.51 Backbone-modified locked nucleic acids for therapeutic antisense applications Ysobel Baker, Jinfeng Chen, Cameron Thorpe, Pawan Kumar, Afaf El-Sagheer, Tom Brown Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oligonucleotides with artificial backbones which mimic the natural phosphodiester linkage often show enhanced stability toward nucleases and have found applications in synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and gene synthesis. Whilst the incorporation of charge neutral analogues reduces the overall negative charge, these linkages typically reduce the thermal stability of the corresponding duplex, limiting their potential as therapeutics. In contrast, incorporation of conformationally restrained locked nucleic acid (LNA) into DNA improves the thermal stability of DNA:RNA duplexes. Therefore, we sought to combine the favourable properties of charge neutral linkages with those of LNA to create a new type of antisense oligonucleotide.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Ligation of DNA, Biocompatibility and Applications of Artificial Backbones
    Oligo 2017 Oxford Chemical ligation of DNA, biocompatibility and applications of artificial backbones Tom Brown Click Chemistry: DNA strand ligation Azides and alkynes can be easily attached to nucleic acids They are unreactive towards the functional groups in nature; they react only with each other The CuAAC click reaction works well in water The CuAAC reaction can be switched on after annealing DNA strands by the addition of Cu I The resultant triazole unit is extremely stable, and is not toxic Applications of artificial DNA linkages The DNA ligase enzyme repairs single- stranded discontinuities in double stranded DNA molecules DNA ligases have evolved to assist in DNA repair and DNA replication Chemical ligation? A. H. El-Sagheer and T. Brown, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 2009, 131, 3958-3964. Alternative to phosphodiester-triazole linkage For chemically modified O B O DNA to have maximum utility it should behave like O normal DNA As in normal DNA PCR N Can a triazole linker be designed to resemble a N normal phosphodiester? N B O As in normal DNA i.e. be tolerated by DNA polymerase enzymes? O triazole DNA template 4 Ligation of DNA Strands – Applications Chemically modified gene synthesis e.g. epigenetics PCR amplification of triazole DNA is successful Lane 1: DNA ladder Lane 2: PCR product peakdale .com PCR reads through triazole linkages correctly TGTCC TGG TGCC GCG also C-tz-T gives C-p-T and T-tz-T gives T-p-T peakdale .com Rolling circle amplification Reversed- Cyclisation phase mass HPLC of spectrum and RCA of cyclic 100- of cyclic 5’-azide-3’- mer 100-mer 3’-alkyne 100-mer lanes 2 and 3; RCA of cyclic triazole ODN-31 and cyclic normal DNA using phi29 polymerase El-Sagheer AH et.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS About This Strategy ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 The Greater Portland Story ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Regional Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Infrastructure Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Multi-modal Transportation .................................................................................................................................. 4 Exports ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ............................................................................................................................. 9 Tourism ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10 State Economic Impact ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Collagen Cross-Link Modified Fluorescence Excitation
    III International Symposium TOPICAL PROBLEMS OF BIOPHOTONICS NANOBIOPHOTONICS 123 Chairs Juergen Popp, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Institute for Photonic Technology, Germany Konstantin (Kostia) Sokolov, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas at Austin, USA Elena Zagaynova, Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Russia Program Committee Tom Brown, University of St. Andrews, UK Colin Campbell, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, UK Volker Deckert, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Germany Sergey Deev, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Russia Wolfgang Fritzsche, Institute for Photonic Technology, Germany Stefan Hell, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Germany Sergey Lukyanov, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Russia Dennis Matthews, NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, USA Alexander Savitsky, Institute of Biochemistry RAS, Russia Victor Timoshenko, Moscow State University, Russia Andrey Vasiliev, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russia Alexey Zheltikov, Moscow State University, Russia 124 OXIDATIVE PHOTOCONVERSION OF GFPs IN VITRO AND IN VIVO A.M. Bogdanov1, A.V. Titelmaer1, and K.A. Lukyanov1 1 M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia [email protected] The last 15 years in bioimaging can be characterized as the GFP era. Unusual properties of fluorescent proteins made them usual instruments for almost all branches of cellular and molecular biology and even biomedical researches. For a long time GFPs have been considered to be the passive light absorbers/emitters not involved in intermolecular biochemical interactions. Recently we showed that some members of GFP family can play a role of electron donors in redox-photoreactions with different compounds, including biologically relevant ones (Bogdanov et al., 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Optimising DNA-Coated Gold Nanoparticles to Enrich Skeletal Stem Cells From
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882563; this version posted December 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Optimising DNA-Coated Gold Nanoparticles to Enrich Skeletal Stem Cells from Human Bone Marrow Samples S.A. Lanham1*§, M. Xavier1*, M.E. Kyriazi2, K. Alexaki2, A.H. El-Sagheer3, T. Brown3, A.G. Kanaras2§ and R.O.C. Oreffo1§. * S.A. Lanham and M. Xavier contributed equally to this work. 1 Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK 2 Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK Article Type: Original Article. Running Title: Nanoprobes to Isolate Human Bone Marrow Cells bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882563; this version posted December 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Author’s Email: S. Lanham [email protected] M. Xavier [email protected] M.E. Kyriazi [email protected] K. Alexaki [email protected] A.H. El-Sagheer [email protected] T.
    [Show full text]
  • Scorpion Primers and the Advance of Medical Diagnostics 1
    Impact case study (REF3b) Institution: University of Southampton Unit of Assessment: 08 Chemistry Title of case study: 08-02 Scorpion Primers and the Advance of Medical Diagnostics 1. Summary of the impact Research from Professor Tom Brown’s group in Chemistry at Southampton has made a major contribution towards tackling the issue of ineffective drug therapies using Scorpion Primer Technology. Originally commercialised through DxS Ltd., the major impacts derived since 2008 include: • DxS launching, in 2008, its first companion diagnostic product to allow European sales of Amgen’s colorectal cancer drug, Vectibix®; • The acquisition of DxS by QIAGEN N.V. for US$120 million in 2009; • FDA approval in 2012 of the KRAS kit for use with the colorectal cancer drug, Erbitux®; • FDA approval in 2013 of the EFGR kit for use with the non-small cell lung cancer drug, Afatinib; • A 230% increase in QIAGEN staff based at the Manchester site between 2009 and 2012; • Current annual sales of Scorpion Primer diagnostics are around US$100 million. 2. Underpinning research The prescription of ineffectual drug therapies is a recurring problem in global healthcare, putting patients’ lives at risk and wasting vast sums of health service money. Around 90% of drugs are effective on only 30-50% of individuals and inappropriate drug treatments can lead to distressing side effects. A colossal US$350bn of the US$770bn global annual drugs sales in 2008 was spent on ineffective medicines. Rapid and accurate analysis of specific DNA sequences can identify groups of patients that are most likely to respond positively to a particular drug, thereby enabling improved and cost-effective care.
    [Show full text]
  • Science & Technology
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DAY Poster Exhibition 19 April 2018 Biotechnology & Systems Biology Chemical Molecular Systems: Biology Modeling & Synthesis Process Materials Infrastucture & Production Health Nanoscience Nutrition & & Nanotechnology Food Science Energy & Enviroment Chalmers University of Technology: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Gothenburg: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology FÖRORD Detta häfte innehåller sammanfattningar av de posters som visas vid 2018 års Science and Technology Day på institutionerna för Kemi och kemiteknik samt Biologi och bioteknik vid Chalmers tekniska högskola, och Kemi och molekylärbiologi vid Göteborgs Universitet. Posterutställningen har blivit en etablerad och uppskattad tradition med många deltagare. Målsättningen är att levandegöra den verksamhet som bedrivs vid institutionerna och presentera den för forskare, doktorander samt industrirepresentanter. Detta är ett unikt tillfälle att belysa den vision, vetenskapliga kompetenser och experimentella utrustning som finns inom de olika ämnesområdena, styrkeområdessatsningarna samt vid kompetenscentra. Dessutom kommer de öppna infrastrukturenheterna att presentera sina verksamheter. Postrarna kommer att visas i foajén i Kemihuset på Chalmers, från onsdagen den 18 april till och med fredagen den 20 april. Kl. 14-16 på torsdagen den 19 april kommer deltagarna att finnas tillgängliga för att presentera sina arbeten och svara på frågor. Under första timmen, Kl. 14-15, kommer postrar med ojämna nummer presenteras och under den andra timmen, kl. 15-16, kommer följaktligen postrar med jämna nummer presenteras. Institutionerna bjuder då på tilltugg och dryck. En jury kommer att bedöma postrarna med avseende på innehåll och design. Priser till de vinnande bidragen kommer att delas ut vid en liten ceremoni i samband med vårfesten senare under dagen den 19 april.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adenine.Guanine Mismatch in B-DNA
    Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 18, No. 19 5617 Structural and thermodynamic studies on the adenine.guanine mismatch in B-DNA Gordon A.Leonard, Ewan D.Booth and Tom Brown Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK Received August 8, 1990; Revised and Accepted September 7, 1990 ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The structure of the synthetic dodecamer d(CGCAAA- Chemical synthesis TTGGCG) has been shown by single crystal X-ray The self-complementary dodecanucleotide d(CGCAAATTGG- diffraction methods to be that of a B-DNA helix CG) was synthesised on an ABI 380B DNA synthesiser by the containing two A(anti).G(syn) base pairs. The phosphoramidite method (6 x 1,umole preps) and purified by ion- refinement, based on data to a resolution of 2.25 A exchange HPLC followed by reversed-phase HPLC and Sephadex shows that the mismatch base pairs are held together gel filtration. This protocol yielded lOmgs ofproduct which eluted by two hydrogen bonds. The syn-conformation of the as a single peak when injected on analytical reversed-phase guanine base of the mismatch is stabilised by hydrogen HPLC. (Ion-exchange gradient; 0.04M to 0.67M potassium bonding to a network of solvent molecules in both the phosphate buffer pH 6.4, in 20% acetonitrile, 30 minutes. major and minor grooves. A pH-dependent ultraviolet Reversed-phase gradient; 0. IM ammonium acetate buffer, 3% melting study indicates that the duplex is stabilised by to 14% acetonitrile, 30 minutes). protonation, suggesting that the bases of the A.G mispair are present in their most common tautomeric Ultraviolet melting studies forms and that the N(1)-atom of adenine is protonated.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrichment of Skeletal Stem Cells from Human Bone Marrow
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882563; this version posted January 14, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Enrichment of Skeletal Stem Cells from Human 2 Bone Marrow Using Spherical Nucleic Acids 3 Miguel Xavier,a Maria-Eleni Kyriazi,b Stuart A. Lanham,a Konstantina Alexaki,b Afaf H. El- 4 Sagheer,d,e Tom Brown,d Antonios G. Kanarasb,c,* and Richard O.C. Oreffo.a,c,* 5 a Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and 6 Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of 7 Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. 8 b School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of 9 Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. 10 c Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. 11 d Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield 12 Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK. 13 e Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining 14 Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt. 15 16 KEYWORDS. Gold Nanoparticles, DNA, Human Bone Marrow, mRNA, spherical nucleic acid, 17 skeletal stem cell 18 19 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882563; this version posted January 14, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2012 Newsletter
    May 2012 Introducing the Agilent Cary 630 FTIR: DISTINCTLY BETTER (AND SMALLER) ROUTINE FTIR The world's smallest, lightest, most robust benchtop FTIR is here. The NEW Agilent Cary 630 FTIR doesn't compromise on performance or precision. Instead, it proves that big things come in small packages. With 21 CFR compliance, revolutionary sampling accessories for liquid analysis, and permanently aligned optics, reliable testing is in your hands. FACSS AND THE COBLENTZ SOCIETY ANNOUNCE THAT PROFESSOR DUNCAN GRAHAM HAS BEEN NAMED THE RECIPIENT OF THE COBLENTZ SOCIETY’s 2012 CRAVER AWARD The Coblentz Society and the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) are pleased to announce that Professor Duncan Graham, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, has been selected as the recipient of the Coblentz Society’s 2012 Craver Award. This award is presented to Professor Graham in recognition of his pioneering work in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to generate ultra‐sensitive and highly selective methods of detection for a range of analytes, especially bio‐analytical targets. In 2006, the Coblentz Society created an award to recognize the efforts of young professional spectroscopists that have made significant contributions in applied analytical vibrational spectroscopy. The Coblentz Society has named this award for Clara D. Craver in recognition of her pioneering efforts in promoting the practice of infrared vibrational spectroscopy and her many years of service to the Coblentz Society. Further, the Craver Award is the Coblentz Society’s complement of its prestigious 'Coblentz Award' that recognizes young spectroscopists for efforts in fundamental aspects of vibrational spectroscopy. Duncan Graham obtained his BSc Honors in Chemistry from the University of Edinburgh in 1992 and his PhD in Bioorganic Chemistry in 1996 under the direction of Professor Tom Brown investigating the use of modified oligonucleotides to inhibit HIV.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Different PCR Assay Formats for Sensitive and Specific
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.168013; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Evaluation of Different PCR Assay Formats for Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Jeremy Ratcliff1, Dung Nguyen1, Monique Andersson2, Peter Simmonds1* 1Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; 2Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Running Title: PCR assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +44 1865 281 233 Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.168013; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 2 ABSTRACT Accurate identification of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for efforts to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays are the gold standard for detecting viral RNA in patient samples and are used extensively in clinical settings. Most currently used quantitative PCR (RT-qPCRs) rely upon real-time detection of PCR product using specialized laboratory equipment.
    [Show full text]