The Meaning of Equity

By Gayle MacDonald

Le prbent article offre un expose' sur Ia lash has taken many forms, political cor- advocates a rethinking of the concept of signification du mot N e'quite' dans le rectness is but one. What I mean by back- equality in law altogether. Her premise cadre des dispositions sur l'tgalite' lash is what William Ryan refers to as raises an interesting dilemma. How does contenues dans la Charte des droits et "blaming the victim." one resolve the inherent inconsistency liberte's. Les interprttations le'gales du For example, if a recession hits, then that may exist by claiming any concept of mot << tfgalith,en terrnesde similitude, de those hardest hit by economic downturns, equality norm? For example, the Aristote- difkrence et d'avantage, sont analystes the disabled, white women, aboriginal lian notion of absolute equality, that is, duns une perspective fgm'niste qui utilise women, women of colour, lesbians, sin- equality defined as "sameness," has le syst2mejudiciaire en (antqu'instrument gle parents and immigrants are blamed for dominated legal thinking. The problem d'tvolution sociale. monetary restrictions which have very with this concept is that it may not repre- little to do with them. We are, as the sent the lived experience of women. I The meaning of equity is fundamen- saying goes, "the last hired and the first define "lived experience" in a similar tally, I believe, about rights. The idea of fixed" when economic times get tough. fashion to Dorothy Smith (1987), as the equality on whichemploymentequityand Feminists need to examine ideas around reality of women's lives, a reality which pay equity rests, is about treating people equity to determine how to combat these often stands in contrast to patriarchal as- without discrimination. The right to be practises. Many articles in this journal sumptions, theories and hopes for wom- treated without discrimination is en- issue point to strategies on a variety of en's lives. trenched in our Charter of Rights and fronts within "the m~vement.'~ Basically, an equality of "sameness" Freedoms, section 15. That section claims The focus of this discussion, however, purports that women and men are to be that people should not be discriminated will primarily look towards definitions of treated equally [read the same] regardless against before and under the law on the equality in law, where discussions around of whether women and men have been basis of age, race, sex, religious or ethnic equity now (since the 1985 proclamation treated the same up to the point at which origin, physical or mental ability. I would of section 15) primarily involve Charter the equality standard is applied. No con- agree, as some recent legal cases have equality rights. Hopefully, thereader will sideration is given to the possibility that indicated, that discrimination on the basis be able to trace where we have "come treating people "the same" may yield un- of sexual orientation and marital status from" in ideas around equity, with some equal outcomes in a context of systemic are arguably similar enough to the desig- idea, perhaps, of where we are "going." inequality? nated grounds under section 15, to be It could initially appearthat being treated included in this list. Further, affirmative The Definition of Equality equally or the same is the goal of equality action programmes are protected under seekers: and has been so for a long time. subsection 2 of this provision. Recent writings by lawyers, sociolo- An example of this is the women's move- The reason I highlight Charter equality gists and professors of jurisprudence who ment's struggle for employment equity guarantees is that these provisions are are concerned with the impact of equality (Abella, 1984). But context is critical for legally enforceable in the public realm, decisions on women's lives include Eberts any definition. If the conditions of wom- and for many of us, section 15 represented (1985 and 1990), Miles (1985) and en's work are such that the "same" work a true beacon of hope in the search for MacKinnon (1982 and 1987). Eberts' done by women and men is treated differ- equality for all within Canadian social concern is that a guarantee of equality entially in pay rates, then clearly, the two structure. But despite the claim of those rights in law should not be treated by groups are not treated "eq~ally."~But detractors of employment equity legisla- women as an implicit understanding by would an absolute standard of equality tion (most often employers, rather than the judiciary or the legal system of the such as this work in all conditions? The 'stakeholders" ) who state that 'equity concept of equality. In other words, legis- answer is definitely not. For a rationale of legislation is not necessary, it is covered lating a legal equality guarantee may nei- absolute equality ignores the lived experi- by other legislation' or that 'employment ther ensure equality for women, nor may ence of some people's lives. For example, equity is about the needs of whi te women' it ensure a definition of equality accept- in circumstances where women's and and therefore can be dismissed, readers able to women. Eberts argues for a broad men'sresponsibilities differ significantly, need only be reminded that despite sec- interpretation of equality in law by the women, as a direct result, simply do not tion 15, and some would argue as a result judiciary to ensureequality ofresult. Miles have the same opportunities as do men in of it, there has been an unprecedented claims that the concept of equality appre- specific public, economic or political are- backlash to the concerns and the needs of ciated by the courts is based on an explicit nas. An absolute standard of equality the disadvantaged in Canada. This back- acceptance of the male norm and she would do little more than reinforce the

8 CANADIAN WOMAN STUDIESLES CAHIERS DE LA FEMME belief that equity somehow exists in the that there are some situations in which the upcoming season. All members of a team reality of women's lives. sexes should be treated differently, advo- are subject to the regulations of the On- cates of this position are reclaiming ma- tario Hockey Association. Justine was The illusion that women have achieved ternity leave for mothers and exploring denied on the basis that if she wanted to equality is almost as pervasive as the support systems for women breast-feed- play hockey, she should play with the reality of oppression (Brodsky and Day, ing at work. women's league. That league chd not af- 1989: 11). It could also be argued, however, that ford the challenge that her athletic ability giving women "special status" in law re- required. Blainey filed a complaint with Men and women are not equal, not in affirms prevailing notions that women the Ontario Human Rights Commission socio-economic status (Mies, 1986), not need protectionist policies in order to that the Ontario Hockey Association's in wage scales (McDermott, 1991),not in function in the 'public' world of men. In ruling was discriminatory. The case even- career opportunity nor advancement these instances, advocates claim that a tually reached the courts, which found in (Armstrong and Armstrong, 1983; Pask 'sex-neutral gender-specific' concept of her favour. She was 12 years old when the et al., 1985) and certainly not in the home equality could fill the desire for sameness, proceedings began, but by the time legal (Delphy, 1984;Luxton, 1- -1 proceedings were 1980; Luxton and terminated, she was Rosenberg, 1986). too old to play in the To treat "equals league. Although she equally and unequals eventually won, the .=: unequally," in the Ar- S result of the case did istotelian sense is nei- .-3 littleby the timeitwas ther accurate nor use- rendered. ful. It simply reinforces 3 Other principles in m the type of judgment .a, law have the same ef- b found in Bliss. Stella S fect. For example, the F Bliss was fired from her 2 "statute of limita- job because she was tions" in law applies pregnant and found she to the time period S within which legal was ineligible to col- * g lect either unemploy- 2 proceedings may be 3 .S ment insurance ben- 3 g, taken. Admittedly, efits (due to her preg- Q such a principle pre- nancy) or pregnancy 5 9: vents miscarriage of benefits (because she 2 g procedural justice; was unemployed). In ( g that is, there is alimit this case, the court re- I 2 to how long after an fused to invalidate a ;-0 incident one has to sector of the Unem- live with the threat of ployment Insurance mcuu 2 5 a law suit or criminal Act which set out dif- 2 3 prosecution. But this ferent rules for eligi- principle unevenly bility to unemployment insurance for and the need for differences when appro- impacts on women in cases of incest. women who had just given birth toachild. priate. For example, the situation cited Often a women reaches at least the age of Judicial reasoning such as this formed the above regarding maternity leave couldbe majority before she can report the crime. basis for the inclusion of thephrase"every argued simultaneously with a policy on A charge of sexual assault, however, if individual... has the right to the equal parenting leave forboth sexes. This would proceeded with as a summary conviction protection of the law and to equal benefits be consistent with the 'sex-neutral gen- offence, needs to be filed in a period of six under the law" in section 15 (Atcheson et der-specific' position, protecting women months after the alleged assault (C.C.Cs. al., 1984).6Clearly,Bliss was denied ben- when necessary, and allowing both sexes 785). If the victim wishes to obtain dam- efits under the law. The decision in this to fully participate in responsibilities that ages in a civil lawsuit, she must bring her case wouldcontravenetheequality provi- should be shared. To state equality as a action within two years of the assault. If sion as it now reads in the Charter of fundamental principle of law, however, the incest was a single act, and if the Rights and Freedoms. does not guarantee equality of result, as woman was a very young child when the Some initial suggestions that take us the Blainey case would illustrate. act occurred or if she only recovers the beyondthe 'absoluteequality' frame-work Justine Blainey is a young woman who memory after years of therapy, it is rea- look to a 'sex-specific' theory of equality. wanted to play hockey on a boy 'S team in sonable to assume that neither six months Essentially the sex-specific concept of September, 1985. She had practised with (the limitation period on a summary con- equality offers a way out of the rigidity of the team for a year, and she and the team's viction), nor two years (the limitation the absolute equality theory. By stating coach agreed she should play in the period on a civil suit) may reflect the

VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3 9 are framed in patriarchal discourse de- reality of most women's e~perience.~As drycleaning clothes, or packing groceries serve the study and attention of feminist Golding states: "there is little point in and who are simply tm busy putting food devising standards or rules of fair pme- scholars wanting to advance the positions on the table to have the leisure to "write" dure unless following them results in just of women in society by using law as a about equity? In what legislation can I decisions or outcomes" (Golding, mechanism of social change? Can law be find guaranteesfor those women that their usedatall?Judy Fudge(l99l) is skeptical. 1975: 120). jobs will be secure tomorrow, that they The case of Schacter is yet another She claims: will not be surreptitiously slipped into example where a legislative guarantee "casual" categories, or temporary con- The problem with an approach that may not always result in just outcomes. tracts simply because they may have, in requires us to litigate our way to gender Mr. Schacter argued that biological and the best case scenario, asked to be pro- neutrality is that litigation favours a adoptive fathers who want to share the moted, or in the worst case scenario, tried few at the expense of the many. Only responsibilities of child-rearing should to start a union? receive the same benefits under the law as large, wellfinanced,women-dominated Those who do this work, as well as do biological mothers. The difficulty in unions can fiord, both politically and those who act on behalf of clients, those this case was not his objective, but the economically, to litigate. (75) who struggle for equity in the workplace, arguments by which he hoped to achieve those who are underpaid and exploited, Despite the dangers of litigating equal- his objective. He was arguing that bio- are engaged in the process of formulating logical fathers should get a share of bio- ity, organizations such as the Women's equality praxis in this country.'O However, Legal Education and Ac tion Fund (LEAF) logical mother's maternity leave benefits. the process of the shaping of law and what have taken cases on equality rights since This argument greatly endangers hard- equality looks like on an everyday level 1985. Indeed, the issue may have now won maternity benefits for women in law. must not be lost to legal and academic become whether or not to put all the To achieve his objective, the argument arguments based on results. The manner proverbial "eggs" in the litigation basket. would be more accurately an argument by which feminists reach towards equal- As recently as February, 1992, key strat- for increased parenting leave, rather than ity is just as critical as the point when we egists within LEAF, such as Mary Eberts, one for decreased maternity leave. Al- have reached it. If this were not the case, were publically stating that political ac- though Justice Strayer of the Trial Divi- the ontology of feminist struggle would tion is as necessary to feminist advances sion of the Federal Court accepted the be a temporal one. We would define the intervenor'ss arguments and extended around equality as is litigation? effectiveness of feminist work only by parental benefits for both parents while In order to assess the utility of legisla- outcomes, when we readily acknowledge protecting maternity leave, it still leaves tion, however, feminist researchers need that much of the important work of femi- open the possibility that his decision can to analyse, expand and influence defini- nism occurs in the process of reaching be challenged at a later date; in fact, the tions of equality in law. For if the terms on towards result, those points at which which equality rights are based are not federal government is appealing the Fed- women realize their feminism." We need eral Court decision. contested by feminists, then the theory to be attentive to our struggle as much as and vision of the "results" of a legal equal- It appears that the focus for a researcher we are attentive to the outcome of strug- ity rights challenge may look very similar interested in examining what equality ac- gle. That attentiveness needs to be turned to every other liberal democratic process. tually means in Canadian law needs to to the process of the guarantee of equality, Simply put, neither the guarantee of look beyond definitions of equality in the struggles around formulation, defini- equality rights in law nor debates over law, beyond the fact that equality is a tion and argument that lie in the words of which definition of equality is most effec- legislated guarantee, in order to deter- those who perform those tasks daily. tive in court will ensure that equality mine on what basis decisions and argu- Hence, we need a systematic analysis ments around the concept of equality are rights in practise resemble the intent of of equality rights to determine the contri- made. said equality rights as legislated. butions of traditional philosophical rea- These argumentsconcerningdefinitions To analyze the concept of equality, soning in the formation of a definition of of equality tend to obfuscate a critical then, feminists need to address not only equality, as well as the contributions to point for feminist work, however. Argu- the intent of law, but the process of work- equality theory that schools of thought ments that are concerned with which defi- ing through law to formulate socialchange. specifically interested in the ability of law nitions of equality are to be utilized effec- Any analysis which does not reveal this to affect social change-which means the tively in a court of law do not point up the process denies the experiences of those contributions of the feminist movement. inherent contradiction of using any con- who are actively engaged in the struggle cept of equality fixed in a liberal demo- for equality. To deny the voices of women Future Directions cratic/male dominated tradition. Equal- is, I would argue, akin to denying the very ity, by definition, comes from a liberal struggle upon which definitions of equal- Recent, alternative definitions around humanisttraditionwhichbegins with Jean- ity are based. Such denial ultimately begs equity in law are primarily practised, at Jacques Rousseau and ends up in the the question. Where are all of those the time of this writing, by the Women's legislation of aliberal democratic state, of women, those sisters of mine, who are not Legal Education and Action Fund. Theo- which the Charter ofRightsand Freedoms writing about equity today because they ries around equality have moved and is part. The inconsistency resurfaces; that are cleaning houses, or scrubbing toilets shifted from the "sameness/difference" is, do the study of equality rights which or looking after someone else's children, debates to concepts that capture the idea

10 CANADIAN WOMAN STUDIESLES CAHIERS DE LA FEMME of "disad~antage."'~What this shift does The problem with informality is that it ferred to as "absolute equality" (Charter is to capture the nature of women's reality has never protected the disadvantaged of Rights Education Fund, 1985), and as in the courtroom. Women are not "equal" (Williams, 1991). Formal rules and pro- "formal equality" (Greene, 1989). This to men at the door of the courtroom; cedures, clearly defined categories that contrasts with the attempts to categorize women are not even equal to each other. It have some relationship to reality, such as "equality before the law" as refemng to was clear to feminist litigants that a defi- concepts that get at why so called "tar- only procedural guarantees of equality nition to capture this idea, to build on the geted" groups are leaving employment, or (Brodsky and Day, 1989:14) or "facial critical Andrews decision (which effec- disability defined as more than wearing discrimination" (on the face of the law tively erased the need to "similarly situ- glasses, end up making equity possible in only) (Canadian Advisory Council on the ate" groups to each other to prove dis- recessionary times. Status of Women, 1985) andUsubstantive crimination, and which was detrimental The possibility of equity in a recession equality" or equality of results meaning to arguing women's inequality without a is a point which any systemic analysis of the intent or actual equality interpretation comparison group), to illustrate women's equality rights reveals, and it is an argu- necessary for section 15 (Women's Legal inequity as it exists, rather than as it ap- ment that needs to be made on the basis of Education and Action Fund, 1986). pears, was critical. Theconcept of "disad- the price paid when issues of equity are See Razack, 1991for a historical discus- vantage" is used by LEAF to capture the ignored. The idea that equity "costs" is, in sion of the development of the phrase idea that women, due to differences based my mind, a ridiculous idea. Let me make "equality seekers" (49). on sex, as well as differences based on that point another way. Inequity costs. See the LEAF publication Litigation class, race and ethnic origin, age, sexual Unequal opportunities in the job market, Works 1987for a more complete discus- orientation and physical or mental ability, deceptive categories and job descriptions sion on how employment law affects differ not only from men, but from each which cover gross inequities in wage dis- equality legal cases. other; and that these differences may parities, forced termination of work, all See Brodsky and Day, One Step For- largely disadvantage women within legal represent increased costs to employers, ward: Two Steps Back, Canadian Advi- definitions that are based on male privi- governments and people. The economic sory Council on the Status of Women, lege. costs of not advancing employees, of de- Ottawa: 1989,ll-17 for a more complete This departure is a critical point in the nying wages on the basis of highly spuri- argument on the inclusion of the phrases utility of legislative ends to meet feminist ous categories andreasoning,costs money "before and under the law" "equal benefit concerns. For a concept such as "disad- to employers, insurance companies and and protection" of the law in the wording vantage" to be used in legal circles, while the state in terms of worker health, emo- of section 15. not entirely new, is relatively novel in tional stability, productivity and effi- 'LEAF is involved in a Charter challenge terms of work around the specific situa- cienc y. based on that very premise. LEAF has tions encountered by women in equality It is a productive, stable, healthy, ad- agreed in principle to assist two B.C. cases. To argue that women'sdiscrimina- equately payinglpromoting and hu-mane women who are challenging the two-year tion exists in its own right, and not in work environs, free from sexual harass- limitation period 'for filing civil suits for opposition to standards set by men ment, to which equity work is dedicated. damages in cases of sexual assault ... (MacKinnon, 1989) is new. But this dis- The right for any woman to work, to live LEAF says that the two-year limitation cussion around which definition in law and to grow in such a space, is ultimately, period for bringing civil action for dam- obfuscates another, is a critical point. the true meaning of equity. ages for sexual assault in childhood does Have feminists decided, in the end, to not take into account the profound physi- use the legal arena to affect change? One See the excerpts of briefs presented to * cal and psychological injury caused by could argue that given the recent interest theEmployment Equity Commissioner in such assault (Leaf Lines, 3.2, February, by women's groups in the Employment this issue. Equity Consultation Hearings of the NDP 1990:4). government in Ontario that there is some The intervenor I refer to here is the agreement on this point.* 'National Action Committee Brief to the Women's Legal Education and Action One thing is clear. Judging from the Ontario Employment Equity Consul- Fund. response" to the Hearings, it is safe to say tations, January, 1992. 9Thesewere commentsreleased by media that most groups concerned with equity I use quotations here to inlcate my coverage of a LEAF conference held in agree that legislated employment equity skepticism around this term. The idea the Ottawa, February 12-15,1992. is an absolute necessity. Without legis- there is but one "movement" within femi- " Ann Oakley, Taking It Like a Woman lation, without mandatory reporting on nist work has effectively denied the con- London: Flamingo, Fontana Paperbacks, the part of both the private and public tributions of many women who do not 1985. For a more complete analysis of the sector, without clearly defined scales that actually "write" about feminism or "do" importance of consciousness raising as take into account gender divisions of spe- activist work. It is critical that feminist method, see Catherine MacKinnon, cific groups (aboriginals as a category is researchers (I include myself in this cat- Feminism Unmodified 1987a. not enough, for example), without man- egory) keep this in mind. IZ The use of the "disadvantage" concept datory goals and timetables set for the Theconcept of "sarneness,"as it evolves may have ontological problems all its achievement of equity, informal rules will in jurisprudence, appears under various own. There are claims that this concept become the order of the day. guises in the literature. It has been re- has existed in human rights legislation for

VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3 11 years, and perhaps the concept is being 1986:255-267. Heidensohn, Frances. "Models of appropriated by white feminists. Further, Canadian Advisory Council on the Justice: Portia or Persephone? Some some who are not entirely comfortable Status of Women "Brief on the Full Thoughts on Equality, Fairness and with the idea of having their discrimina- Implementation of Equality Presented Gender in the Field of Criminal tion described in terms of their own inher- to the Parliamentary Sub-Committee Justice." International Journal of the ent "disadvantage." (From a conversation on Equality Rights," April 18, 1985. Sociology of Law, 14.314, AugustJ with the national Public Education Com- deJong, Katharine. "Sex and Equality November, 1986, "Special Issue: mittee of LEAF, August, 199 1). Rights" in Anne Bayefsky and Mary Feminist Perspectives on Law," 287- l3 AS reported in The Kingston Whig Eberts. Equality Rights and the 298. Standard "Excerpts from hearings on Charter ofRights. Toronto: The Hughes, Patricia. "Feminist Equality Employment Equity," February 7, 1992. Carswell Company Limited, 1985. and the Charter: Conflict with Delphy, Christine. Close to Home: A Reality?" The Windsor Yearbook of Materialist Analysis of Women's Access to Justice, 5, 1986. References Oppression. London: Hutchinson & Legal Education and Action Fund (New Co. Ltd., 1984. Brunswick). Women and Work in Abella, Judge Rosalie. Report of the Eberts, Mary. "Defining Equality New Brunswick, June, 1986. Commission on Equality in Employ- Rights" in Bayefsky, Anne and Mary Luxton, Meg. More Than a Labour of ment, October, 1984. Eberts. Equality Rights and the Love. Toronto: The Women's Press, Armstrong, Pat and Hugh Armstrong. Charter of Rights. Toronto: The 1980. "A Working Majority: What Women Carswell Company Limited, 1985a. Luxton, Meg and Harriet Rosenberg. must do for Pay." Ottawa: Canadian Eberts, Mary. "The Equality Provisions Through the Kitchen Window: The Advisory Council on the Status of of the Charter of Rights and Politics of Home and Family. To- Women, 1983. Freedoms and Government Institu- ronto: Garamond Press, 1986. Armstrong, Pat and Hugh Armstrong. tions" from Becton, Clare F. and A. MacKay, Wayne A. "Judging and Theorizing Women's Work. Toronto: Wayne MacKay (research co- Equality: For Whom does the Charter Garamond Press, 1990. ordinators). The Courts and the Toll?" in Charterwatch-Reflections Atcheson, Elizabeth M., Mary Eberts Charter. Toronto: University of on Equality. Boyle, MacKay and and Beth Symes. Women and Legal Toronto Press, 1985b. McBride and Yogis (eds.). Toronto: Action-Precedent, Resources arid Eberts, Mary. "Making Use of the Carswell, 1986:35-105. Strategies for the Future. Canadian Charter of Rights" in Pask et al. MacKinnon, Catherine. "Feminism, Advisory Council on the Status of (eds.). Women, The Law and the Marxism, Method and the State: An Women, October, 1984. Economy. Toronto: Butterworths, Agenda for Theory" Part I. Signs, 7.3, Bayefsky, Anne F. "Sexual Equality: 198%: 327-348. Spring, 1982,515-44. Interpretation Section 28" in Eberts, Mary. "New Facts for Old: MacKinnon, Catherine A. Feminism Bayefsky, Anne and Mary Eberts. Observations on the Judicial Proc- Unmodified-Discourses on Life and Equality Rights and the Charter of ess," May, 1990 (Unpublished, Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvart Rights. Toronto: The Carswell obtained from the author). University Pres, 1987a. Company Limited, 1985. Fogarty, Kenneth K. Equality Rights MacKinnon, Catherine A. "Feminism, Becton, Clare F. and A. Wayne and their Limitations on the Charter. Marxism, Method, and The State- MacKay (research co-ordinators). The Toronto: Carswell, 1987. Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Part Courts and the Charter. Toronto: Fudge, Judy. "The publiclprivate I1 in Feminism and Methodology. University of Toronto Press, 1985. distinction: possibilities and limita- Sandra Harding, ed. Indiana Univer- Boyle, Christine L.M., A. Wayne tions to the use of Charter litigation to sity Press: Bloomington, Indiana, MacKay, Edward J. McBride and further feminist struggles." Osgoode 1987b. John A. Yogis (eds.). Charterwatch: Hall Law Journal, 25, 1987. MacKinnon, Catherine A. Toward a Reflections on Equality. Toronto: Fudge, Judy. "Litigating our way to Feminist Theory of the State. Carn- Carswell, 1986. gender neutrality: Mission Impossi- bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Brodsky, Gwen and Shelagh Day. ble?" in Just Wages:A Feminist Press, 1989. Candian Charter Equality Rights for Assessment of Pay Equity, Judy Mandel, Michael. The Charter of Rights Women: One Step Forward or Two Fudge and Patricia McDermott (eds.). and the Legalization of Politics in Steps Back? Canadian Advisory Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Canada. Toronto: Thompson Educa- Council on the Status of Women, 1991: 60-77. tional Publishing Inc., 1989. September, 1989. Greene, Ian. The Charter of Rights. McDermott, Patricia. "Pay Equity in Cain, Maureen. "Realism, Feminism, Toronto: James Lorimer Publishers, Canada: Assessing the Commitment Methodology and Law" International 1989. to Reducing the Wage Gap" in Just Journal of the Sociology of Law Golding, Martin. Philosophy of Law. Wages: A Feminist Assessment of Pay "Special issue: Feminist Perspectives Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Equity, Judy Fudge and Patricia on Law," 14.314, AugusVNovember, Brentice-Hall Inc., 1975. McDermott (eds.) Toronto: Univer-

12 CANADIAN WOMAN STUDIESLES CAHIERS DE LA FEMME sity of Toronto Press, 1991: 21-32. Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumula- tion on a World Scale: Women In the International Division of Labour. London: Zed Books, 1986. Miles, Angela R. "Feminism, Equality, and Liberation." Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. "Women and Equality," 1.1, 1985. Pask, E. Diane, Kathleen E. Mahoney LABOURILETRAVAIL and Catherine A. Brown. Women, the JOURNAL OF CANADIAN REVUED~~TUDES Law and the Economy. Toronto: LABOURSTUDIES OUVRI~RESCANADIENNES Butterworths, 1985. Labour/Le Travail is the official publication Pub& par de Cornid canadien sur l'histoire ch~ Razack, Sherene. Canadian Feminism of the Canadian Committee on Labour His- travail la revue LabourlLe Tmmil a fait paraitre and the Law: the Women's Legal tory. Since it began publishing in 1976, it has depuis 1976 plusieurs articles miuquants dans le Education and Action Fund and the carried many important articles in the field of domaine de l'histoire de la classe owritxe, de la working-class history, industrial sociology, sociologieindus&lle,del'hmie&~vailet Pursuit of Equality. Toronto: Second labour economics, and labour relations. Al- desrelationsw-&lles.Bienqu'ellesepropse Story Press, 1991. though primarily interested in a historical d'abord d'itudier les travailleurs et les Reasons, Charles E. and Robert M. perspective on Canadian workers, the journal travailleuses du Canada dans une perspective Rich. The Sociology of Law -A is interdisciplinary in scope. In addition to historique, la revue est aussi ouverte aux articles, the journal features documents, con- spkialistes d'autres disciplines. En plus des arti- Conflict Perspective. Toronto: ference reports, an annual bibliography of cles, la revue publie des des rapports Butterworths, 1978. materials in Canadian labour studies, review de cod&-, une biblbgraphie annuelle, des Sharpe, Robert J. (ed.). Charter Litiga- essays, and reviews. While the main focus of notes critiques et des comptesrendusdevolurnes. tion. Toronto: Butterworths, 1987. the journal's articles is Canadian, the review Si la plupart des articles touchent le Canada, les Sheppard, N. Colleen. "Equality, essays and reviews consider international notes critiques et les wmptes rendus poawt sur work of interest to Canadian labour studies. des kavaux d'envergure interdonale powant Ideology and Oppression: Women Many of Labour's articles are illustrated. intiresser les chercheurs canadiens. Des and the Charter." 10 Dalhousie Law illustrations aaxmpagneJlt plusienls articles de Journal, 195-223,1986. LabowILe Travail. Smith, Dorothy E. The Everyday World Subscribers for 1992 will receivehs abonnks pour 1992 recevront: as Problematic: A Feminist Sociol- Lobour1L.e Travail 29 (SpringJPrintemps 1992) - articles by Barry Wright, David Bright. ogy. Toronto: University of Toronto Daniel Benedict, Lucie Pichi and Dufferin Sutherland. LabourlLe Tmvail30 (FaWAutomne 1992) - articles de David Akers, David Frank, and Press, 1987. John Manley. Smith, Dorothy E. The Conceptual SPECIALINTRODUCTORY OFFER/OFFRE SPECIALE Practices of Power: A Feminist While the supply lasts, new subscribers may purchase sets of the journal at a special bargain Sociology of Knowledge. Toronto: rate of $250.00 (28 issues, 9082 pp., reg. $338). University of Toronto Press, 1990. Avec tout nouvel abonnement, l'abonni peut aussi acquirir la sine compkte de la revue Smith, Lynn (ed.). Righting the Bal- pour le prix modique de 250$ aussi longtemps que nos risewes de numhos anciens ne sont pas ipuis&s (28 revues. 9082 pp., reg. 338$). ance: Canada's New Equality Rights. Canada Foreign/Etranger Saskatoon: Canadian Human Rights Individual/iidividuel $20.00 $25.00 (vsfiv) Reporter Inc., 1986. Institutional/institution $25.00 $30.00 (vs/ev) Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Student/itudiant(e) Retiredtretraid $15.00 $20.00 (US7Ev) Race and Rights (Cambridge: Unemployed/sans-travail Harvard University Press, 1991.) (GST exempt / exempte du TPS) MASTERCARDaccepted or make cheque payable to: CanadianCommitteeon Labour History, History Dept., Memorial University, St. John's, NF, Canada, A1C 5S7 Carte MASTERCARDaccept6e ou cyque vsB l'ordre de: Cornit6 canadien sur l'histoire du travail, Dipartement d'histoire, Universit6 Memorial, St. John's, NF, Canada, A1C SS7

Articles are abstracted and indexedlk articles sont rbpertori6s dans: America: History and Life; AlterMtive Press Index; Arts and Humunities Citation IndexTM; Gayle MacDonald is an Assistant Profes- Canadian Magazine Index; Camdian Periodical Index; Current Contents / Arts and sor of Sociology at Queen's University. Humanities; Historical Abstracts; Human Resource Abstracts; PAIS Bulletin; PAIS Foreign Her research areas of interest include Language Index; Sage Public Administration Abstracts. feminist jurisprudence, sociology of law, criminology and women's studies. Equity is an ongoing interest for Gayle, and employment equity her most immediate concern, as she is currently searching for a job!

VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3