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Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y. -
Stick Insects Fact Sheet
Stick Insects Fact Sheet Female Titan Stick Insect. Image: QM, Jeff Wright. Introduction Biology Stick and leaf insects, scientifically known as phasmids, Females lay eggs one at a time, often with a flick of their are among the largest of all insects in the world. At 26 cm, abdomens to throw the egg some distance. An individual the Titan Stick Insect (Acrophylla titan) is the longest of female drops eggs at a rate of one to several per day and all Australian insects. Phasmids have perfected the art of she can produce between 100 and 1,300 eggs in her life- camouflage. Some resemble sticks and foliage so closely time. They fall to the ground and lie in the leaf litter. they even feature false buds, thorns and ragged leaf-like flanges. Small wonder they are rarely seen except after storms when they are blown out of threes and shrubs. Phasmids are sometimes confused with a different group of insects, the mantids. Also called Praying Mantids, these are predators with large, spiny front legs, held folded ready to strike and grasp prey. In contrast, Phasmids are herbivores (plant-eaters) with simple front legs that are similar in size and structure to their other legs. A variety of insect eggs. (on left). An ant carrying a stick insect egg (on right). Images: QM, Jeff Wright. All stick insects feed on fresh leaves. Some browse on a wide variety of trees and shrubs but others are fussy, eating only a limited range of host plants that are often closely Stick insect eggs are generally oval, and superficially seed- related to each other. -
MSG NL 27 (October 2007).Pdf
ISSN 1364-3193 Mantis Study Group Newsletter 27 October 2007 Editorial – P.E. Bragg. Welcome to the final MSG Newsletter – at least the final one of this series. The previous Newsletter, volume 26, was issued in August 2003. No more articles were received for publication after that date and with no Newsletters being produced, the Mantis Study Group effectively ceased to exist. In producing this Newsletter, I am not attempting a revival: the opposite is closer to the truth. This issue is intended to update a few previously published items, and to bring the publication to a conclusion by issuing an index to all the previous Newsletters. My thanks go to the 48 contributors to the Newsletters. There is a larger interest in mantids than ever before, judging by the numbers sold at exhibitions in the UK. A much wider range of species is available than when the MSG started in 1996. Over the past four years several people have raised the possibility of re-launching the MSG. A common theme in the suggestions has been to use the internet as a platform. That is rather ironic because, to some extent, the spread of the internet and availability of information on the net was responsible for the demise of the Newsletter; as information became more readily available there was less incentive for people to join the MSG, and less incentive for people to write articles for the Newsletter. The cost of printing and postage means that any revitalisation of the MSG will undoubtedly be internet based. The Newsletter was always short of illustrations, because it could only accommodate black and white drawings, but the internet, coupled with easy access to digital cameras, means that colour photographs can be issued, effectively at zero cost. -
Stick Insects Feed on Common Garden Leaves, Like Eucalyptus (Gum) and Only Require a Quick Mist with Water Daily
Care Sheet Easily Handled Absolutely harmless, but delicate. Quite at home crawling on their new owners, gently exploring Great First Pets Stick Insects feed on common garden leaves, like Eucalyptus (gum) and only require a quick mist with water daily between 16degC to 28degC. Avoid direct sunlight as this can become too hot, also avoid draughty locations. Do not use Stick Insect insecticide or other chemicals anywhere near your insect. Crowned - Onchestus Rentzi You should clean your enclosure on a regular basis, checking Goliath - Eurycnema goliath for eggs if you wish to keep them. Spiny Leaf - Extatosoma tiaratum (pictured) Feeding/ Diet Strong - Anchiale briareus Stick Insect eat any types of Eucalypt (Gum) leaves and Titan - Acrophylla titan Acadia (Wattle) species. Small braches with fresh clean leaves should be placed in your enclosure in a container of General Information water. Your stick insect can drown so it is best to have a lid Stick Insects hatch from a small egg and grow by undergoing on the container and have small holes for the branches to be put through. Check that your insects are eating; look to see if a series of moults (shedding their outer skeleton) and moults the leaves are being eaten and if there are droppings in your into an adult at about 6 months of age. Stick Insects generally enclosure. If the aren't eating, try a different type of eucalypt. live from eight to eighteen months. This age variation is due Braches should be changed once or twice a week or as soon to many factors, including species type, temperature and sex as they start drying out. -
Insects, Extatosoma Tiaratum (Macleay, 1826) by David S
The Phasmid Study Group JUNE 2013 NEWSLETTER No 130 ISSN 0268-3806 Extatosoma tiaratum © Paul Brock See Page 11. INDEX Page Content Page Content 2. The Colour Page 9. Phasmid Books – Gray 1833 3. Editorial 10. My Little Friends 3. PSG Membership Details 11. PSG Winter Meeting 19.1.13 3. The PSG Committee 12. Sticks go to School 4. PSG Website Update 13. Development of Phasmid Species List Part 5 4. Contributions to the Newsletter 15. A New Leaf Insect Rearer’s Book 4. Diary Dates 16. X-Bugs 5. PSG Summer Meeting Agenda 16. Dad! It’s Raining Stick Insects 6. PSG Summer Meeting 17. BIAZA Big Bug Bonanza 6. Livestock Report 17. Stick Talk 7. PSG Merchandise Update 18. Holiday to Colombia 7. Newsletter Survey Results 19. Questions 8. National Insect Week @ Bristol Zoo Gardens 20. Macleay’s Spectre It is to be directly understood that all views, opinions or theories, expressed in the pages of "The Newsletter“ are those of the author(s) concerned. All announcements of meetings, and requests for help or information, are accepted as bona fide. Neither the Editor, nor Officers of "The Phasmid Study Group", can be held responsible for any loss, embarrassment or injury that might be sustained by reliance thereon. THE COLOUR PAGE! Acrophylla titan female. Picture on left, becomes picture on right. Unknown species. See page 18. See page 9. Ctenomorpha Acanthoxyla spp, brown version. See page 8. Acanthoxyla spp, green version. See page 8. marginipennis. See page 10. Pictures on the left are from when Sir David Attenborough went to Bristol Zoo Gardens on 21st May 2013 to film for his “Natural Curiosities” series, where he focused on butterflies (regarding metamorphosis) with a short piece on parthenogenesis – hence the Phyllium giganteum he is holding in the photo. -
VKM Rapportmal
VKM Report 2016: 36 Assessment of the risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of terrestrial arachnids and insects Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2016: Assessment of risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of terrestrial arachnids and insects Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 29.06.2016 ISBN: 978-82-8259-226-0 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Suggested citation: VKM (2016). Assessment of risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of terrestrial arachnids and insects. Scientific Opinion on the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, ISBN: 978-82-8259-226-0, Oslo, Norway VKM Report 2016: 36 Assessment of risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of terrestrial arachnids and insects Authors preparing the draft opinion Anders Nielsen (chair), Merethe Aasmo Finne (VKM staff), Maria Asmyhr (VKM staff), Jan Ove Gjershaug, Lawrence R. Kirkendall, Vigdis Vandvik, Gaute Velle (Authors in alphabetical order after chair of the working group) Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Members of the panel are: Vigdis Vandvik (chair), Hugo de Boer, Jan Ove Gjershaug, Kjetil Hindar, Lawrence R. -
ZSL Whipsnade Zoo - Stocklist January 2017
ZSL Whipsnade Zoo - Stocklist January 2017 Status at 01.01.2017 Male Female Unknown Invertebrata Partula rosea Partula snail 0 0 265 Partula suturalis vexillum Partula snail 0 0 24 Pandinus imperator Common emperor scorpion 3 7 36 Brachypelma smithi Red-kneed tarantula 0 0 1 Lasiodora parahybana Brazilian salmon tarantula 0 1 0 Gromphadorhina portentosa Madagascar hissing cockroach 37 37 87 Phyllocrania paradoxa African deadleaf mantis 0 0 7 Phaeophilacris bredoides Cricket 25 0 623 Schistocerca gregaria Desert locust 0 0 40 Carausius morosus Walkingstick 0 0 8 Eurycantha sp. Giant stick insect 0 0 15 Extatosoma tiaratum Giant prickly stick insect 0 0 31 Platymeris biguttata Two-spotted assassin bug 0 0 14 Dynastes hercules Western hercules beetle 2 0 75 Pachnoda sinuata Garden fruit chafer 0 0 143 Polposipus herculeanus Fregate Island giant beetle 0 39 158 Graphium agamemnon Tailed jay swallowtail 0 0 10 Pachliopta kotzebuea Pink rose butterfly 0 0 15 Papilio demoleus Checkered lime swallowtail 0 0 15 Papilio lowi Great yellow mormon swallowtail 0 0 20 Papilio polytes Common mormon swallowtail 0 0 10 Parides arcas Cattleheart butterfly 0 0 10 Greta oto Costa Rica clearwing butterfly 0 0 30 Danaus chrysippus Lesser wanderer butterfly 0 0 1 Idea leuconoe Chinese kite butterfly 0 0 25 Caligo eurilochus Owl butterfly 0 0 25 Morpho peleides Morpho butterfly 0 0 30 Dryadula phaetusa Halloween longwing 0 0 4 Dryas iulia Julia butterfly 0 0 20 Heliconius charithonia Zebrawing butterfly 0 0 15 Heliconius hecale Golden helicon butterfly 0 0 35 Heliconius melpomene Postman butterfly 0 0 35 Cethosia biblis Ruby-red butterfly 0 0 2 Hypolimnas bolina Great egg fly butterfly 0 0 10 Kallima paralekta Indian leaf butterfly 0 0 25 Parthenos sylvia Brown clipper 0 0 10 Siproeta stelenes Malachite butterfly 0 0 30 Attacus atlas Atlas moth 0 0 1 Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant (colony) 0 0 1 Spirobolidae sp. -
Insects of the Lolldaiga Hills Conservation Landscape¹
Insects of the Lolldaiga Hills Conservation Landscape¹ Family and scientific name² Common name² N³ L E J Threat Comments ODONATA DAMSELFLIES & DRAGONFLIES Aeshinidae Hawkers Anax imperator Blue emperor √ Gomphidae Clubtails Ictinogomphus ferox Common tigertail √ Libellulidea Perchers / Skimmers Brachythemis impartita Northern banded groundling √ Crocothemis erythraea Broad scarlet √ Orthetrum caffrum Two-striped skimmer √ Pantala flavescens Wandering glider √ MANTODEA MANTIDS Hymenopodidae Flower Mantids Phyllocrania paradoxa. Leaf mantid √ Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi Eyed-flower mantid √ Mantidae Common Mantids Sphodromantis gastrica Common green mantid / Giant mantid √ Tarachodes sp. Bark mantid √ Thespidae Hoplocoryphella sp. √ Empusidae Cone-headed Mantids Hemiempusa capensis Giant cone-headed mantid √ ORTHOPTERA GRASSHOPPERS & CRICKETS Gryllatalpidae Mole Crickets Gryllotalpa africana Mole cricket √ 1 Pyrgomorphidae Foam & Lubber Grasshoppers Phymateus viridipes Green milkweed locust √ Acrididae Short-horned Grasshoppers Acanthacris ruficornis Garden locust √ PHASMATODEA STICK INSECTS Phasmatidae Leptinia graminea Grass stick insect √ HEMIPTERA BUGS Pyrrhocoridae Cotton Stainers Dysdercus nigrofasciatus Cotton stainer √ AUCHENORRHYNCHA Cicadidae Cicadas Platypleura haglundi Orange-wing √ NEUROPTERA LACEWINGS & ANTLIONS Myrmeleontidae Antlions Cymothales spectabilis Tree-hole antlion √ Palpares sp. Dotted antlion √ COLEOPTERA BEETLES Carabidae Ground Beetles Cypholoba tenuicollis √ Tefflus kilimanus √ Staphylinidae Rove Beetles Paederus -
10 Fascinating Praying Mantis Facts
10 Fascinating Praying Mantis facts 1. Praying Mantises live in the tropics Of approximately 2,000 species of mantids described to date, almost all are tropical creatures. Just 18 native species are known from the entire North American continent. About 80% of all members of the order Mantodea belong to a single family, the Mantidae. 2. The Mantises We See Most Often in the U.S. Are Exotic Species You're more likely to find an introduced mantid species than you are to find a native praying mantis. The Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia) was introduced near Philadelphia, PA about 80 years ago. This large mantid can measure up to 100 mm in length. The European mantid, Mantis religiosa, is pale green and about half the size of the Chinese mantid. European mantids were introduced near Rochester, NY nearly a century ago. Both the Chinese and Europeanmantids are common in the northeastern U.S. today. 3. Mantises Can Turn Their Heads a Full 180 Degrees Try to sneak up on a praying mantis, and you may be startled when it looks over its shoulder at you. No other insect can do so. Praying mantids have a flexible joint between the head and prothorax that enables them to swivel their heads. This ability, along with their rather humanoid faces and long, grasping forelegs, endears them to even the most entomophobic people among us. 1 4. Mantises Are Closely Related to Cockroaches and Termites These three seemingly different insects – mantids, termites, and cockroaches – are believed to descend from a common ancestor. In fact, some entomologists group these insects in a superorder (Dictyoptera), due to their close evolutionary relationships. -
Some Interesting Insects (And a Few Other Things) in Madagascar
Some Interesting Insects (and a few other things) in Madagascar Lemur-free Madagascar is located off the southeast coast of Africa The closest point to the mainland, in eastern Mozambique, is 425 km (266 miles) to the west Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world Madagascan Sunset Moth Chrysiridia (= Urania) rhipheus Madagascar broke off from Gondwana, along with the India, about 135 mya Madagascar later separated from India about 88 mya and has since been an isolated island Most of the trip centered on the main highway (RN7) in Madagascar, running between the capital, Antananarivo (Tana) and Toliara Plague notices in the airports Rice Rice consumption is about 120 kg/year per person Zebu (omby) Bos taurus indicus Over 300 described species Likely 100s undescribed 99% endemic Tomato Frog Dyscophagus antongili Frog Camouflage Frog Camouflage Over ½ of the world’s species Chameleon Rock Geckos! Leaftailed Geckos Uroplatus spp. Forest Leeches!! Haemadipsid leeches Egg of an elephant bird Between 5 and 8 species in 3 genera The most common species ranged between 350-500 kg and over 3 m in height All elephant birds were thought to have been killed off by the 17th Century – but egg shell fragments remain today Eggs weighed about 10 kg Photograph by Dimus/Wikipedia In bowling when you get three consecutive strikes it is called a “turkey” 3 strikes Photograph by D. Haskard/OEH 4 strikes = “emu” 5 strikes = moa 6 strikes = giant elephant bird Male Giraffe Weevil Trachelophorus giraffa Coleoptera: Attelabidae Female Photograph courtesy of Axel Straub The most iconic insect of Madagascar Females carefully roll and fold leaves of the host plants to produce a nidus, within which the egg is laid Nidus Egg Nidus The insect group Crane flies most often seen in the forested areas Eumenid wasps Insect hunting wasps were among the most commonly seen insects most everywhere Vespid wasps Hunting wasps Termite nests were common Carton nests in trees are usually produced by ants (Crematogaster spp.) Antlions Palpares spp. -
Neuronal Innervation of the Exocrine Defence Glands in Stick Insects Konrad Stolz1†, Christoph-Rüdiger Von Bredow1†, Yvette M
Stolz et al. Frontiers in Zoology (2015) 12:29 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0122-0 RESEARCH Open Access Neurons of self-defence: neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects Konrad Stolz1†, Christoph-Rüdiger von Bredow1†, Yvette M. von Bredow1†, Reinhard Lakes-Harlan2, Tina E. Trenczek1* and Johannes Strauß2* Abstract Background: Stick insects (Phasmatodea) use repellent chemical substances (allomones) for defence which are released from so-called defence glands in the prothorax. These glands differ in size between species, and are under neuronal control from the CNS. The detailed neural innervation and possible differences between species are not studied so far. Using axonal tracing, the neuronal innervation is investigated comparing four species. The aim is to document the complexity of defence gland innervation in peripheral nerves and central motoneurons in stick insects. Results: In the species studied here, the defence gland is innervated by the intersegmental nerve complex (ISN) which is formed by three nerves from the prothoracic (T1) and suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), as well as a distinct suboesophageal nerve (Nervus anterior of the suboesophageal ganglion). In Carausius morosus and Sipyloidea sipylus, axonal tracing confirmed an innervation of the defence glands by this N. anterior SOG as well as N. anterior T1 and N. posterior SOG from the intersegmental nerve complex. In Peruphasma schultei, which has rather large defence glands, only the innervation by the N. anterior SOG was documented by axonal tracing. In the central nervous system of all species, 3-4 neuron types are identified by axonal tracing which send axons in the N. anterior SOG likely innervating the defence gland as well as adjacent muscles. -
Mantis Study Group Newsletter, 1 (August 1996)
ISSN 1364-3193 Mantis Study Group Newsletter 1 August 1996 Editorial Welcome to the first MSG Newsletter. Some of you will be aware of how the group was formed; others may not, so here is a bit of the background. My main interest is in phasmids but I also collect a few mantids and cockroaches on my visits to Borneo, and I rear a few other species at home. Over the past few years I have been getting an increasing number of letters and phone calls from people requesting advice or information about mantids. Requests varied from basic care information to detailed questions on identification and natural history. Eventually I decided that there was sufficient interest to make it worthwhile forming a group to try to make information more widely available. Several people I have spoken to have said they had also been thinking about forming a group, so there seemed to be sufficient interest! The MSG was founded on 18th May 1996 at a meeting at Dudley Zoo, the meeting was held in conjunction with the Blattodea Culture Group. At the meeting people were appointed to take responsibility for four areas: Newsletter Editor Livestock co-ordination Phil Bragg Steve Clark 51, Longfield Lane. 41B Macbean Street I1keston, Woolwich Derbyshire. London DE74DX. SEl86LW U.K. U.K. Tel: 0115-9305010 Tel: 0181-854-1159 Newsletter, printing & distribution Membership Secretary & Treasurer Kieren Pitts Paul Taylor 17 Priory Road 24, Forge Road, Exeter Shustoke, Devon Coleshill, EX47AW Birmingham. U.K. B462AU. Tel: 01392-427919 U.K. Tel: 01675-481578 David Yager (Maryland, USA) supplied a long list of people that he knew to had an interest in mantids so, combining this with my own list, over 100 membership forms were sent out with in the first two weeks of the group being formed.