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Religionsforschung soFid Sozialwissenschaftlicher Fachinformationsdienst Religionsforschung 2009|2 Religionsforschung Sozialwissenschaftlicher Fachinformationsdienst soFid Religionsforschung Band 2009/2 bearbeitet von Sybille Frickel mit einem Beitrag von Joachim Wiemeyer GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften 2009 ISSN: 0176-4489 Herausgeber: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Abteilung Fachinformation für die Sozialwissenschaften bearbeitet von: Sybille Frickel Programmierung: Siegfried Schomisch Druck u. Vertrieb: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Lennéstr. 30, 53113 Bonn, Tel.: (0228)2281-0 Printed in Germany Die Mittel für diese Veröffentlichung wurden im Rahmen der institutionellen Förderung von GESIS durch den Bund und die Länder gemeinsam bereitgestellt. © 2009 GESIS. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Insbesondere ist die Überführung in maschinenlesbare Form sowie das Speichern in Informationssystemen, auch auszugsweise, nur mit schriftlicher Ein- willigung des Herausgebers gestattet. Inhalt Vorwort .................................................................................................................................................7 Joachim Wiemeyer Das Engagement von Christen in politischen Parteien.........................................................................9 Sachgebiete 1 Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart...................................................................................17 2 Religiöses Denken und religiöse Ausdrucksformen im Leben der Menschen........................32 3 Religion in der Gesellschaft.....................................................................................................49 4 Religion im Wirtschaftgeschehen............................................................................................83 5 Religion im Politikgeschehen..................................................................................................85 6 Organisations- und Vermittlungsformen von Religion..........................................................129 7 Säkularisierung.......................................................................................................................148 Register Hinweise zur Registerbenutzung.......................................................................................................159 Personenregister.................................................................................................................................161 Sachregister........................................................................................................................................167 Institutionenregister...........................................................................................................................181 Anhang Hinweise zur Originalbeschaffung von Literatur...............................................................................185 Zur Benutzung der Forschungsnachweise.........................................................................................185 soFid Religionsforschung 2009/2 7 Vorwort Vorwort zum soFid „Religionsforschung“ GESIS bietet mit dem „Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fachinformationsdienst“ (soFid) zweimal jähr- lich aktuelle Informationen zu einer großen Zahl spezieller Themenstellungen an. Jeder soFid hat sein eigenes, meist pragmatisch festgelegtes Profil. Gewisse Überschneidungen sind deshalb nicht zu vermeiden. Quelle der im jeweiligen soFid enthaltenen Informationen sind die von GESIS produzierten Da- tenbanken SOLIS (Sozialwissenschaftliches Literaturinformationssystem) sowie SOFIS (For- schungsinformationssystem Sozialwissenschaften – bisher FORIS). Die Datenbank SOLIS stützt sich vorwiegend auf deutschsprachige Veröffentlichungen, d.h. Zeit- schriftenaufsätze, Monographien, Beiträge in Sammelwerken sowie auf Graue Literatur in den zentralen sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen. In SOLIS ist bei einigen Hinweisen unter „Stand- ort“ eine Internet-Adresse eingetragen. Wenn Sie mit dieser Adresse im Internet suchen, finden Sie hier den vollständigen Text des Dokuments. Wesentliche Quellen zur Informationsgewinnung für SOFIS sind Erhebungen in den deutschspra- chigen Ländern bei Institutionen, die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung betreiben. Zur Meldung neuer Projekte steht unter http://www.gesis.org/SOFIS/Erhebung/ permanent ein Fragebogen zur Verfügung. Literaturhinweise sind durch ein "-L" nach der laufenden Nummer gekennzeichnet, Forschungs- nachweise durch ein "-F". Im Gegensatz zu Literaturhinweisen, die jeweils nur einmal gegeben werden, kann es vorkommen, dass ein Forschungsnachweis in mehreren aufeinander folgenden Diensten erscheint. Dies ist gerechtfertigt, weil Forschungsprojekte häufig ihren Zuschnitt verän- dern, sei es, dass das Projekt eingeengt, erweitert, auf ein anderes Thema verlagert oder ganz ab- gebrochen wird. Es handelt sich also bei einem erneuten Nachweis in jedem Falle um eine aktuali- sierte Fassung, die Rückschlüsse auf den Fortgang der Arbeiten an einem Projekt zulässt. * * * Im soFid „Religionsforschung“ sind Veröffentlichungen und Forschungsprojekte zusammenge- stellt, die sich mit Religion und sozialem und sozialgeschichtlichem Phänomen beschäftigen - ohne Einschränkung auf bestimmte Religionen, Regionen oder historische Epochen. Eventuelle Schwerpunkte oder blinde Flecken können sich als Reflex auf die reale Forschungssituation erge- ben. Fachlich werden nur Arbeiten aus den Sozialwissenschaften berücksichtigt. Einzelne Beiträge aus benachbarten Wissenschaften werden ebenfalls einbezogen, sind aber die Ausnahme. 8 soFid Religionsforschung 2009/2 Vorwort In dieser soFid-Ausgabe erscheint der Beitrag: „Das Engagement von Christen in politischen Par- teien“ von Dr. Joachim Wiemeyer. Wir bedanken uns herzlich beim Autor und der Redaktion „Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte“ für die Veröffentlichungserlaubnis. Das Engagement von Christen in politischen Parteien1 Joachim Wiemeyer Einleitung Von einem Parteienwesen im modernen Verständnis kann erst die Rede sein, wenn es ansatzweise demokratische Strukturen mit einem Wahlrecht für große Teile der Bevölkerung gibt. Dies war im Deutschen Reich kontinuierlich seit 1871 der Fall, seit der Einführung des gleichen Stimmrechts für Männer bei Reichstagswahlen. Erst nach der Abdankung des Kaisers und mit Beginn der Republik erhielten auch Frauen und Fürsorgeempfänger 1919 das Stimmrecht, ebenso wurde das in Bundes- staaten wie Preußen bestehende Dreiklassenwahlrecht abgeschafft. Vom selben Jahr an bestimmten Parteien bzw. ihre Parlamentsfraktionen und nicht mehr der Monarch die Zusammensetzung der Regierungen. Mit der Entstehung von politischen Parteien mussten sich christliche Kirchen, ihre Amtsträger wie Bischöfe, Priester oder Pastoren, sowie einzelne Christen entscheiden, ob sie selbst Parteien gründen oder in ihnen mitarbeiten und durch diese vermittelte Aufgaben wie Parlamentsmandate übernehmen wollten. Bis dahin hatte die katholische Kirche versucht, durch Vereinbarungen zwischen dem Papst und den monarchischen Regierungen sowie zwischen Bischöfen und Staat ihr Verhältnis zur Politik zu bestimmen. Seit der als Unrecht empfundenen Säkularisierung von 1803 gab es im 19. Jahrhun- dert heftige Konflikte zwischen der katholischen Kirche und dem Staat in Deutschland. Aufgrund dieser Konfliktlage, die kurz nach der Reichsgründung 1871 im „Kulturkampf“ eskalierte, organisierte sich die katholische Bevölkerungsminderheit politisch in der Zentrumspartei. Da in protestantischen Territorien wie Preußen der König oberster Repräsentant der evangelischen Kirche war, wurde diese eng an den Staatsapparat gebunden. Da ein politischer Zusammenschluss zur Verteidigung kirchlicher Rechte in der protestantischen Mehrheitsbevölkerung nicht notwendig war, die Lockerung der kirchlichen Bindungen von Kirchenmitgliedern im Protestantismus eher als bei Katholiken einsetzte und dieser stärker die Gewissensfreiheit betonte, gab es im politischen Raum einen stärkeren Pluralismus politischen Engagements als unter Katholiken. Dieses konnte in traditionell konservativen, häufig ländlich geprägten Parteien ebenso stattfinden wie in eher libe- ral-bürgerlichen Parteien. Der Versuch des Hofpredigers Adolf Stoecker, 1878 eine mit der evangelischen Arbeiterschaft verbundene christlich-soziale Partei zu gründen, scheiterte an mangelnder Resonanz. Die schrittweise Entwicklung zur Demokratie und dem dazugehörigen Parteienwesen hatte Konse- quenzen für die kirchliche Verkündigung und die Theologie. Um gesellschaftlich handelnden Katho- liken und katholischen Wählern Orientierung zu geben, wurde vom kirchlichen Lehramt mit der ers- ten Sozialenzyklika „Rerum Novarum“ Papst Leos XIII. von 1891 eine neue Form der kirchlichen 1 Erstmals erschienen in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung DAS PARLAMENT 14/2009, 27-32. 10 soFid Religionsforschung 2009/2 Das Engagement von Christen in politischen Parteien Sozialverkündigung entwickelt.2 Ein wichtiger Gegenstand der Sozialenzykliken war die Auseinan- dersetzung mit weltanschaulich geprägten politischen Parteien wie der Sozialdemokratie und den Li- beralen, vor denen gewarnt wurde. In der Theologie bildete sich eine eigenständige Disziplin heraus, zumeist Christliche Gesellschaftslehre genannt, welche die normative Gestaltung der relativ autono- men Kulturbereiche moderner Gesellschaften, der Wirtschaft und des Staates aus christlicher Sicht reflektierte. In der evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland wurde seit 1962 versucht, über „Denkschrif- ten“ auf die
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