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Exploring Nonprofits in the Social Economy: the Social Enterprise Phenomena Kofi .S Adimado James Madison University

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Exploring Nonprofits in the Social Economy: the Social Enterprise Phenomena Kofi .S Adimado James Madison University James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Dissertations The Graduate School Summer 2015 Exploring nonprofits in the social economy: The social enterprise phenomena Kofi .S Adimado James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019 Part of the Leadership Studies Commons Recommended Citation Adimado, Kofi .,S "Exploring nonprofits in the ocs ial economy: The ocs ial enterprise phenomena" (2015). Dissertations. 30. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019/30 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exploring nonprofits in the social economy: The social enterprises phenomena Kofi Selasi Adimado A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Strategic Leadership August 2015 Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents who by dint of hard work instilled in me the value of education. ii Acknowledgements I would never have been able to finish my dissertation without the guidance of my committee members, help from friends, and support from my family. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Karen Ford, for her excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research. I would like to thank Dr. Bill Ritchie, who in diverse ways helped in shaping my research with thought provoking questions and additional material. I would also like to thank Dr. Margaret Sloan who has been instrumental in shaping my research interests. Special thanks goes to J.P Morgan for providing the additional support required to finish this project. I would like to thank Dr. Merrit and Dr. Korn who were always willing to help and support me through the period. Many thanks to Joyce Krech, Jody Keenan and Betty Hoge all of the SBDC for their support and the opportunity to intern and study the SBDC. My research would not have been complete without them. I would also like to thank my parents, my siblings and friend Kwadwo Osei-Asibe for their support and encouragement throughout the process. Finally, I would like to thank my wife and kids for cheering me through the process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………. .......... ii Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Table ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction and overview ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Nonprofit dichotomy .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Social economy dilemma ........................................................................................ 2 1.3 The role of the SBDC .................................................................................................... 7 1.4 The role of the social economy ...................................................................................... 9 1.5 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Research Questions & Hypothesis ............................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 18 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18 2.2 Social economy and the nonprofit sector ................................................................... 21 2.3 Nonprofits and Social enterprises .............................................................................. 24 2.4 Trends, Models and Typologies of social entrepreneurship ...................................... 29 2.4.1 Models..................................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Corporate Philanthropies ........................................................................................ 36 iv Chapter 2: 2.4.3 Social purpose organizations .............................................................................. 36 2.4.4 Hybrids ............................................................................................................... 37 2.4.5 Choice of corporate form ................................................................................... 38 2.5 Typology ............................................................................................................... 41 2.6 Operational models of social enterprises .............................................................. 44 2.6.1 Entrepreneur support model ............................................................................... 44 2.6.2 Market Intermediary model ............................................................................... 45 2.6.3 Employment model ............................................................................................ 46 2.6.4 Fee-for-service model ........................................................................................ 47 2.6.5 Low-income client as a market model ............................................................... 47 2.6.6 Cooperative model ............................................................................................. 48 2.6.7 Market linkage model ........................................................................................ 49 2.6.8 Service subsidization model .............................................................................. 50 2.6.9 Organizational support model ............................................................................ 52 2.6.10 Combining models ........................................................................................... 52 2.6.11 Complex model ................................................................................................ 53 2.6.12 Mixed model .................................................................................................... 54 2.6.13 Enhancing model ............................................................................................. 54 2.7 Institutional support .............................................................................................. 55 2.8 Underlying Theoretical constructs ........................................................................ 57 v Chapter 2: 2.8.1 Institutional theory ............................................................................................. 58 2.8.2 Structuration theory ........................................................................................... 60 2.8.3 Network theory .................................................................................................. 61 2.8.4 Resource dependency theory ............................................................................. 62 2.8.5 Stakeholder theory ............................................................................................. 65 2.8.6 Santos positive theory of social entrepreneurship ............................................. 66 2.9 Legal structures for social enterprises................................................................... 67 2.9.1 Low-income Limited Liability Company .......................................................... 68 2.9.2 The Benefit Corporation .................................................................................... 69 2.9.3 The Flexible Purpose Corporation ..................................................................... 70 2.10 Research Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 72 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 77 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 77 3.2 Ontological position .................................................................................................. 78 3.3 Epistemological position ........................................................................................... 79 3.4 Research design ........................................................................................................ 79 3.4.1 Research Instrument............................................................................................... 81 3.5 Research Questions & Hypothesis ............................................................................ 82 3.6 Sample....................................................................................................................... 83 3.7 Data Analysis and Analytical Framework ...............................................................
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