Differential Sensitivity of Human Visual Cortex to Faces, Letterstrings, and Textures: a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
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Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 V I E E W R S First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2005 I E N C N A D V A Structure and Function of Visual Area MT Richard T. Born1 and David C. Bradley2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5701; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2005. 28:157–89 extrastriate, motion perception, center-surround antagonism, doi: 10.1146/ magnocellular, structure-from-motion, aperture problem by HARVARD COLLEGE on 04/14/05. For personal use only. annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 Copyright c 2005 by Abstract Annual Reviews. All rights reserved The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in 0147-006X/05/0721- our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been 0157$20.00 historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 0.0:${article.fPage}-${article.lPage}. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fer- tile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying com- putations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship be- tween neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? www.annualreviews.org · Structure and Function of Area MT 157 AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 pathway. -
Visual Cortex in Humans 251
Author's personal copy Visual Cortex in Humans 251 Visual Cortex in Humans B A Wandell, S O Dumoulin, and A A Brewer, using fMRI, and we discuss the main features of the Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA V1 map. We then summarize the positions and proper- ties of ten additional visual field maps. This represents ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. our current understanding of human visual field maps, although this remains an active field of investigation, with more maps likely to be discovered. Finally, we Human visua l cortex comprises 4–6 billion neurons that are organ ized into more than a dozen distinct describe theories about the functional purpose and functional areas. These areas include the gray matter organizing principles of these maps. in the occi pital lobe and extend into the temporal and parietal lobes . The locations of these areas in the The Size and Location of Human Visual intact human cortex can be identified by measuring Cortex visual field maps. The neurons within these areas have a variety of different stimulus response proper- The entirety of human cortex occupies a surface area 2 ties. We descr ibe how to measure these visual field on the order of 1000 cm and ranges between 2 and maps, their locations, and their overall organization. 4 mm in thickness. Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50 000 neurons so that neo- We then consider how information about patterns, objects, color s, and motion is analyzed and repre- cortex in the two hemispheres contain on the order of sented in these maps. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
Functional Connectivity of the Angular Gyrus in Normal Reading and Dyslexia (Positron-Emission Tomography͞human͞brain͞regional͞cerebral)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 8939–8944, July 1998 Neurobiology Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia (positron-emission tomographyyhumanybrainyregionalycerebral) B. HORWITZ*†,J.M.RUMSEY‡, AND B. C. DONOHUE‡ *Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, and ‡Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Communicated by Robert H. Wurtz, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, May 14, 1998 (received for review January 19, 1998) ABSTRACT The classic neurologic model for reading, not functionally connected during a specific task. On the other based on studies of patients with acquired alexia, hypothesizes hand, if rCBF in two regions is correlated, these regions need functional linkages between the angular gyrus in the left not be anatomically linked; their activities may be correlated, hemisphere and visual association areas in the occipital and for example, because both receive inputs from a third area (for temporal lobes. The angular gyrus also is thought to have more discussion about these connectivity concepts, see refs. 8, functional links with posterior language areas (e.g., Wer- 10, and 11). nicke’s area), because it is presumed to be involved in mapping Based on lesion studies in many patients with alexia, it has visually presented inputs onto linguistic representations. Us- been proposed that the posterior portion of the neural network ing positron emission tomography , we demonstrate in normal mediating reading in the left cerebral hemisphere involves men that regional cerebral blood flow in the left angular gyrus functional links between the angular gyrus and extrastriate shows strong within-task, across-subjects correlations (i.e., areas in occipital and temporal cortex associated with the functional connectivity) with regional cerebral blood flow in visual processing of letter and word-like stimuli (12–14). -
Quantity Determination and the Distance Effect with Letters, Numbers, and Shapes: a Functional MR Imaging Study of Number Processing
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:193–200, February 2003 Quantity Determination and the Distance Effect with Letters, Numbers, and Shapes: A Functional MR Imaging Study of Number Processing Robert K. Fulbright, Stephanie C. Manson, Pawel Skudlarski, Cheryl M. Lacadie, and John C. Gore BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ability to quantify, or to determine magnitude, is an important part of number processing, and the extent to which language and other cognitive abilities are involved with number processing is an area of interest. We compared activation patterns, reaction times, and accuracy as subjects determined stimulus magnitude by ordering letters, numbers, and shapes. A second goal was to define the brain regions involved in the distance effect (the farther apart numbers are, the faster subjects are at judging which number is larger) and whether this effect depended on stimulus type. METHODS: Functional MR images were acquired in 19 healthy subjects. The order task required the subjects to judge whether three stimuli were in order according to their position in the alphabet (letters), position in the number line (numbers), or size (shapes). In the control (identify task), subjects judged whether one of the three stimuli was a particular letter, number, or shape. Each stimulus type was divided into near trials (quantity difference of three or less) and far trials (quantity difference of at least five) to assess the distance effect. RESULTS: Subjects were less accurate and slower with letters than with numbers and shapes. A distance effect was present with shapes and numbers, as subjects ordered the near trials slower than far trials. No distance effect was detected with letters. -
Autism and the Social Brain a Visual Tour
Autism and the Social Brain A Visual Tour Charles Cartwright, M.D. Director YAI Autism Center “Social cognition refers to the fundamental abilities to perceive, categorize, remember, analyze, reason with, and behave toward other conspecifics” Pelphrey and Carter, 2008 Abbreviation Structure AMY Amygdala EBA Extrastriate body area STS Superior temporal sulcus TPJ Temporal parietal junction FFG Fusiform gyrus OFC Orbital frontal gyrus mPFC Medial prefrontal cortex IFG Inferior frontal Pelphrey and Carter 2008 gyrus Building Upon Structures and Function Pelphrey and Carter 2008 Neuroimaging technologies • Explosion of neuroimaging technology – Faster, more powerful magnets – Better resolution images showing thinner slices of brain • Visualize the brain in action • Explore relationship between brain structure, function, and human behavior. • Help identify what changes unfold in brain disorders like autism Neuroimaging in ASDs • No reliable neuroimaging marker • Imaging not recommended as part of routine work- up • Neuroimaging research can provide clues to brain structure and function and to neurodevelopmental origins Structural Brain Imaging • MRI and CT • Allows for examination of structure of the brain • Identifies abnormalities in different areas of brain • Helps understand patterns of brain development over time MRI • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high-quality two- or three dimensional images of brain structures • Large cylindrical magnet creates magnetic field around head; radio waves are -
01 05 Lateral Surface of the Brain-NOTES.Pdf
Lateral Surface of the Brain Medical Neuroscience | Tutorial Notes Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning materials, the student will: 1. Demonstrate the four paired lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe the boundaries of each. 2. Sketch the major features of each cerebral lobe, as seen from the lateral view, identifying major gyri and sulci that characterize each lobe. NARRATIVE by Leonard E. WHITE and Nell B. CANT Duke Institute for Brain Sciences Department of Neurobiology Duke University School of Medicine Overview When you view the lateral aspect of a human brain specimen (see Figures A3A and A102), three structures are usually visible: the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and part of the brainstem (although the brainstem is not visible in the specimen photographed in lateral view for Fig. 1 below). The spinal cord has usually been severed (but we’ll consider the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane. Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visible from the ventral surface of the whole brain. Over the next several tutorials, you will find video demonstrations (from the brain anatomy lab) and photographs (in the tutorial notes) of these brain surfaces, and sufficient detail in the narrative to appreciate the overall organization of the parts of the brain that are visible from each perspective. -
Network Centrality in Patients with Acute Unilateral Open Globe Injury: a Voxel‑Wise Degree Centrality Study
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 16: 8295-8300, 2017 Network centrality in patients with acute unilateral open globe injury: A voxel‑wise degree centrality study HUA WANG1, TING CHEN1, LEI YE2, QI-CHEN YANG3, RONG WEI2, YING ZHANG2, NAN JIANG2 and YI SHAO1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008; 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute and Oculopathy Research Centre, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006; 3Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China Received January 12, 2017; Accepted August 1, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7635 Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate functional Introduction networks underlying brain-activity alterations in patients with acute unilateral open globe injury (OGI) and associations with Open globe injury (OGI) is a severe eye disease that frequently their clinical features using the voxel-wise degree centrality causes unilateral visual loss. Ocular trauma is a public health (DC) method. In total, 18 patients with acute OGI (16 males and problem in developing countries (1,2). A previous study indicated 2 females), and 18 healthy subjects (16 males and 2 females), that the annual prevalence of ocular trauma was 4.9 per 100,000 closely matched in age, sex and education, participated in the in the Western Sicily Mediterranean area, which investigated a present study. Each subject underwent a resting-state functional 5 year period from January 2001 to December 2005 (3). In addi- magnetic resonance imaging scan. The DC method was used tion, the incidence of OGI is increased in men compared with to assess local features of spontaneous brain activity. -
Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates
Brain Research Reviews 32Ž. 2000 413±448 www.elsevier.comrlocaterbres Full-length review Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates Edward J. Tehovnik ), Marc A. Sommer, I-Han Chou, Warren M. Slocum, Peter H. Schiller Department of Brain and CognitiÕe Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-634, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Accepted 19 October 1999 Abstract Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortexŽ. DMFC ; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to as the frontal eye fieldŽ. FEF . This review documents the similarities and differences between these eye fields. Although the DMFC and FEF are both active during the execution of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, the FEF is more dedicated to these functions. Lesions of DMFC minimally affect the production of most types of saccadic eye movements and have no effect on the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. In contrast, lesions of the FEF produce deficits in generating saccades to briefly presented targets, in the production of saccades to two or more sequentially presented targets, in the selection of simultaneously presented targets, and in the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. For the most part, these deficits are prevalent in both monkeys and humans. Single-unit recording experiments have shown that the DMFC contains neurons that mediate both limb and eye movements, whereas the FEF seems to be involved in the execution of eye movements only. -
Study of Extra-Visual Resting-State Networks in Pituitary Adenoma Patients with Vision Restoration
Study of Extra-visual Resting-state Networks in Pituitary Adenoma Patients With Vision Restoration Fuyu Wang ( [email protected] ) Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-2232-5423 Peng Wang PLAGH: Chinese PLA General Hospital Ze Li PLAGH: Chinese PLA General Hospital Tao Zhou Chinese PLA General Hospital Xianghui Meng Chinese PLA General Hospital Jinli Jiang Chinese PLA General Hospital Research article Keywords: cross-modal plasticity, default mode network, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, salience network, visual improvement Posted Date: December 29th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-133978/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/23 Abstract Background: Pituitary adenoma(PA) may compress the optic apparatus and cause impaired vision. Some patients can get improved vision rapidly after surgery. During the early time after surgery, however, the change of neurofunction in extra-visual cortex and higher cognitive cortex is still yet to be explored so far. Objective: Our study is focused on the changes in the extra-visual resting-state networks in PA patients after vision restoration. Methods:We recruited 14 PA patients with visual improvement after surgery. The functional connectivity (FC) of 6 seeds (auditory cortex (A1), Broca's area, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)for default mode network (DMN), right caudal anterior cingulate cortex for salience network(SN) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for excecutive control network (ECN)) were evaluated. A paired t-test was conducted to identify the differences between two groups. -
Common and Distinct Functional Brain Networks for Intuitive and Deliberate Decision Making
brain sciences Article Common and Distinct Functional Brain Networks for Intuitive and Deliberate Decision Making Burak Erdeniz 1,* and John Done 2 1 Department of Psychology, Izmir˙ University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey 2 Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL 10 9AB, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +902-324-888-379 Received: 5 June 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 20 July 2019 Abstract: Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitual choice behaviors are mediated through different fronto-striatal systems, but the evidence is less clear in humans. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected whilst participants (n = 20) performed a conditional associative learning task in which blocks of novel conditional stimuli (CS) required a deliberate choice, and blocks of familiar CS required an intuitive choice. Using standard subtraction analysis for fMRI event-related designs, activation shifted from the dorso-fronto-parietal network, which involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for deliberate choice of novel CS, to ventro-medial frontal (VMPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex for intuitive choice of familiar CS. Supporting this finding, psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, using the peak active areas within the PFC for novel and familiar CS as seed regions, showed functional coupling between caudate and DLPFC when processing novel CS and VMPFC when processing familiar CS. These findings demonstrate separable systems for deliberate and intuitive processing, which is in keeping with rodent and primate reinforcement learning studies, although in humans they operate in a dynamic, possibly synergistic, manner particularly at the level of the striatum. -
Occipital Sulci Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia and Migraine Headache Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Occipital sulci patterns in patients with schizophrenia and migraine headache using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Gorana Sulejmanpašić1, Enra Suljić2, Selma Šabanagić-Hajrić2 1Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Neurology; University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT Aim To examine the presence of morphologic variations of occi- pital sulci patternsin patients with schizophrenia and migraine he- adacheregarding gender and laterality using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MethodsThis study included 80 patients and brain scans were performed to analyze interhemispheric symmetry and the sulcal patterns of the occipital region of both hemispheres. Average total volumes of both hemispheres of the healthy population were used for comparison. Results There was statistically significant difference between su- bjects considering gender (p=0.012)with no difference regarding Corresponding author: age(p=0.1821). Parameters of parieto-occipital fissure (p=0.0314), Gorana Sulejmanpašić body of the calcarine sulcus (p=0.0213), inferior sagittal sulcus (p=0.0443), and lateral occipital sulcus (p=0.0411) showed stati- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Center stically significant difference only of left hemisphere in male pati- University of Sarajevo ents with schizophrenia with shallowerdepth of the sulcus. Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Conclusion Representation of neuroanatomical structures sugge- sts the existence of structural neuroanatomic disorders with focal Phone: +387 33 29 75 38; brain changes. Comparative analysis of occipital lobe and their Fax:+387 33 29 85 23; morphologic structures (cortical dysmorphology) in patients with E mail: [email protected] schizophreniausing MRI, according to genderindicates a signifi- cant cortical reduction in the left hemisphere only in the group of male patients compared to female patients and the control group.