DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylum Annelida True Coelom Present (Segmented Worms, Bristle Worms) Mesoderm on Inside of Body Wall and Outside 15,000 Species of Digestive System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylum Annelida True Coelom Present (Segmented Worms, Bristle Worms) Mesoderm on Inside of Body Wall and Outside 15,000 Species of Digestive System Phylum Annelida true coelom present (segmented worms, bristle worms) mesoderm on inside of body wall and outside 15,000 species of digestive system layers of muscles inside body wall and on outside of large successful phylum in water & on land digestive tract include earthworms, sand worms, bristle worms, clam worms, fan worms, leeches with head-body-pygidium some with bizzare forms worldwide distribution: head (prostomium & peristomium) marine, brackish, freshwater and terrestrial most annelids show some degree of Body Form cephalization with a distinct head (=prostomium) elongated wormlike body tentacles, palps and sensory structures <1mm to 3 meters peristomium behind prostomium contains the hollow tube-within-a-tube design mouth one of the most successful animal designs with pharynx and chitinous jaws à room for development of complex organs body with well developed metamerism with muscle layers (=segmentation) à allows for circulation of body fluids most prominent distinguishing feature à provides hydrostatic skeleton seen in just a few other phyla: eg arthropods, chordates segments are separated by tissue = septae Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 1 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 2 epidermis a single layer of cells (columnar epithelium) each segment has it’s own set of muscles and other organs epidermis secretes a thin flexible protective cuticle allows more efficient hydrostatic skeleton for most annelids have setae à small chitinous bristles burrowing and movement secreted by epidermis offers a way to achieve greater size: repeated on each segment (ie. “bristle worms”) rather than increasing size of each organ used as anchors while burrowing à each organ is repeated in each segment to prevent capture allows organs of each segment to become more specialized for various functions such as some used for swimming digestion, respiration, reproduction, locomotion, etc or as protection or camoflage the segmentation is both external and internal beneath epidermis is two layers of muscle tissue essential features of segmentation: thin layer of circular muscle several systems (eg. nervous, excretory) show serial repetition thick layer of longitudinal muscle (obliquely striated) segmentation is produced during embryonic development enhances use of hydrostatic skeleton NOT the same as asexual budding as in tapeworms allows for peristaltic movement for digging terminal pygidium with anus through sediment Body Wall body cavity a true coelom Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 3 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 4 lined with peritoneum (squamous epithelium) across surface lines inside of body wall & outside of digestive 3. swimming: tract mainly polychaetes and leeches also layers of muscle along digestive tract undulating body movements peritoneum also form mesenteries that hold blood vessels and the septae between parapodia help in polychaetes segments Feeding & Digestion Movement complete digestive tract “tube within a tube” design coelom is filled with fluid (except leeches) which serves as hydrostatic skeleton muscle layers allow modification of tract into various structures: annelids have 3 general types of movements: muscular pharynx- to take in food, often with 1. burrowing: eversible pharynx with jaws waves of peristaltic contractions sweep crop – food storage down body gizzard – food grinding 1st animal elongates àcontraction of circular muscle 2nd animal sortens à contraction of longitudinal muscle intestine – digestion and absorption of nutrients setae anchor hind end of body while front end pushes foreward anus – elimination of undigested wastes 2. crawling: Respiration polychaetes use parapodia alternately to move through body wall in most species Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 5 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 6 oxygen: body wall is richly supplied with capillaries to hemoglobin (Fe) red - most annelids absorb and transport oxygen hemerythrin (Fe) red chlorocruorin (Fe) green some marine forms respire through parapodia (only 4 blood pigments known in animal kingdom & annelids have 3 of them) a few species have gills blood also contains amoeboid cells which engulf Circulation foreign particles (like our WBC’s) body cavity is filled with coelomic fluid which helps annelids therefore have a double transport system for move food and wastes around foods, gasses, wastes most annelids also have a closed circulatory system fluid filled coelom that more efficiently carries nutrients and wastes circulatory system with heart & vessels several pairs of “pumping hearts” keep blood flowing à foods, wastes and respiratory gasses are carried both in blood and in coelomic fluid dorsal and ventral vessels connected by capillary network Nervous System dorsal vessel sends blood anteriorly have both CNS and PNS ventral vessel sends blood posteriorly CNS: a pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia above the dorsal vessel is main pump pharynx and ventral nerve cord several pairs of aortic arches (=”hearts”) help to with paired fused ganglia in each segment keep pressure up in ventral vessel PNS: nerves branch off fused ganglia to supply blood: body wall and body organs most with dissolved blood pigments to carry Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 7 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 8 Senses: secondary sex characteristics simple single celled photoreceptors or clusters of regeneration cells ocelli (= eyespots) Excretion a few polychaete eyes have cornea, lens, retina one pair of nephrida (=metanephridia) in each à can form images segment similar to that in molluscs (a few polychaetes have protonephridia or both) statocysts in some for balance nephric tubule: nuchal organ à ciliated pit in head area nephrostome = funnel like opening into previous segment also found in some molluscs and a few other invertebrates coiled ciliated tubule surrounded by capillaries may function in chemoreception bladder like structure tentacles & palps à well developed sense of nephridipore = opening to outside touch function: other simple chemoreceptors wastes from coelom are drawn in free nerve endings à tactile?? salts and organic wastes from blood are discharged into duct Endocrine System useful stuff is selectively reabsorbed neurosecretory cells in brain and ganglia in earthworms and leeches chlroagogue cells secrete hormones that regulate: collect NH4 or urea and deposit in blood or take directly to nephrostome reproduction Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 9 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 10 some nitrogen wastes are also excreted through body distinct head with eyes and tentacles wall segments with parapodia and lots of setae excretory organs also help in salt and water balance no clitellum Reproduction and Development Class: Clitellata (Earthworms & Leeches) Annelids have both asexual and sexual reproduction subclass: Oligochaeta (Earthworms) mainly terrestrial and freshwater quite variable within the phylum head absent Asexual fewer setae, no parapodia most can bud to some degree subclass: Branchiobdellida commensal on crayfish other spontaneously fragment no setae Sexual posterior sucker only monoecious or dioecious subclass: Hirudinea (Leeches) most annelids are hermaphrodites terrestrial, freshwater or marine larva, if present = trochophore no parapodia or setae fixed # of segments with “false segments” (=annuli) Classification of Annelida anterior and posterior suckers Class: Polychaeta (Bristle Worms) Class: Echiura (Spoon Worms) mostly marine shallow marine burrowing forms Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 11 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 12 once considered a separate phylum Class: Polychaeta (Sand Worms) means “many setae”; also called bristle worms 10,000 species; 2/3rds of all Annelid species sand worms, bristle worms, fan worms, clam worms, etc largest, most diverse and most primitive class of Annelids all are aquatic; mostly marine; worldwide distribution a few found in freshwater most 2-4” long (5-10 cm) ; some up to 10’ (3 M) often brightly colored deposit feeders, filter feeders, predators, scavengers, live in crevasses, old shells, burrows or construct tubes some have elaborate filtering structures eg feather duster worms a few are pelagic à part of the plankton Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 13 Animals: Phuylum Annelida; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.10 14 both parapodia and setae are moved by internal important in marine food chains muscle bands these parapodia have a variety of functions and Body Plan create many bizzare shapes: distinct head with mouth and sense organs & à crawling or digging in the sediment; use parapodia as as legs wormlike body or trunk with repeating segments body segments with flaplike parapodia à swimming, use parapodia as paddles Head à as gills for respiration à used as anchors while burrowing or to prevent have distinct head capture à to create feeding currents inside tubes head has retractable pharynx with chitinous jaws used to capture prey à converted into feathery appendages to filter water lots of different kinds of sense organs à as protection or camoflage 1. chemoreceptors (nuchal glands) on palps and à in some, parapodia modified into fans and mucous tentacles bags for feeding or to create water currents 2. touch receptors also on tentacles for locating food and most polychaetes are active swimmers, crawlers or shelter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conservation and Diversification of Appendage Identity Specification Mechanisms Along the Anteroposterior and Proximodistal Axes in Panarthropoda Frank W
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-23-2013 Conservation and Diversification of Appendage Identity Specification Mechanisms Along the Anteroposterior and Proximodistal Axes in Panarthropoda Frank W. Smith III University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Smith, Frank W. III, "Conservation and Diversification of Appendage Identity Specification Mechanisms Along the Anteroposterior and Proximodistal Axes in Panarthropoda" (2013). Doctoral Dissertations. 161. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/161 Conservation and Diversification of Appendage Identity Specification Mechanisms Along the Anteroposterior and Proximodistal Axes in Panarthropoda Frank Wesley Smith III, PhD University of Connecticut, 2013 A key characteristic of arthropods is their diverse serially homologous segmented appendages. This dissertation explores diversification of these appendages, and the developmental mechanisms producing them. In Chapter 1, the roles of genes that specify antennal identity in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Antenna-to-leg transformations occurred in response to RNA interference (RNAi) against homothorax, extradenticle, spineless and Distal-less. However, for homothorax/extradenticle RNAi, the extent of transformation along the proximodistal axis differed between embryogenesis and metamorphosis. This suggests that distinct mechanisms specify antennal identity during flour beetle embryogenesis and metamorphosis and leads to a model for the evolution of the Drosophila antennal identity mechanism. Homothorax/Extradenticle acquire many of their identity specification roles by acting as Hox cofactors. In chapter 2, the metamorphic roles of the Hox genes, extradenticle, and homothorax were compared in T. castaneum. homothorax/extradenticle RNAi and Hox RNAi produced similar body wall phenotypes but different appendage phenotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Skates and Rays Diversity, Exploration and Conservation – Case-Study of the Thornback Ray, Raja Clavata
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SKATES AND RAYS DIVERSITY, EXPLORATION AND CONSERVATION – CASE-STUDY OF THE THORNBACK RAY, RAJA CLAVATA Bárbara Marques Serra Pereira Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SKATES AND RAYS DIVERSITY, EXPLORATION AND CONSERVATION – CASE-STUDY OF THE THORNBACK RAY, RAJA CLAVATA Bárbara Marques Serra Pereira Tese orientada por Professor Auxiliar com Agregação Leonel Serrano Gordo e Investigadora Auxiliar Ivone Figueiredo Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar 2010 The research reported in this thesis was carried out at the Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR - INRB), Unidade de Recursos Marinhos e Sustentabilidade. This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/23777/2005) and the research project EU Data Collection/DCR (PNAB). Skates and rays diversity, exploration and conservation | Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. viii Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Intestinal Helminths of the White Sucker, Catostomus Commersoni (Lacepede), in SE Wisconsin
    OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 1, JANUARY 1974 81 Intestinal Helminths of the White Sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), in SE Wisconsin OMAR M. AMIN Science Division, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha 53140 ABSTRACT: Five species of helminths were recovered from the intestine of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), in southeastern Wisconsin. Hosts were seined in five sites in both the Root River (Milwaukee and Racine counties; autumn 1971) and the Pike River (Racine and Kenosha counties; autumn 1972). The helminths are Triganodistomum attenuatum Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932 (Trem- atoda: Lissorchiidae), new locality record; Eiacetabulum macrocephalum McCrae, 1962 (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae), new state record; Biacetabulum biloculoides Mackiewicz and McCrae, 1965 (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae), new state record; Acanthocephahis dims (Van Cleave, 1931) Van Cleave and Townsend, 1936, new host and state record; Dorylaimtis sp. (?) Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Dory- laimidae), a nonparasitie nematode reported for the first time in this fish. Distribution, structural obser- vations, and host-parasite relationships of the above species are discussed. Previous reports of fish parasites in Wis- upon recovery were placed in 70% alcohol. consin were confined to the geographical Hosts were classed in one of three size classes northeast and west (Pearse, 1924a), north according to their total length, 5-9.9, 10-14.9, (Bangham, 1946), northwest (Fischthal, 1947, and 15-37 cm. 1950, 1952), and east (Anthony, 1963). These Trematodes and cestodes were stained in reports dealt only with host records. Literature Semichon's carmine, cleared in xylene, and on the ecology or host-parasite relationship of whole-mounted in Canada balsam. Acantho- fish parasites in Wisconsin is relatively scarce cephalans were fixed in Bouin's fluid, stained (Marshall and Gilbert, 1905; Pearse, 1924b; in Harris' hematoxylin, cleared in beechwood Cross, 1938).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Invasive Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris on The
    The Effect of Invasive Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris on the Distribution of Nitrogen in Soil Profile Sarah Adelson, Christine Doman, Gillian Golembiewski, Luke Middleton University of Michigan Biological Station, Spring 2009 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if Lumbricus terrestris, an invasive earthworm in Northern Michigan, is redistributing nitrogen from the organic soil layer to the deeper, mineral soil layer. L. terrestris burrow 2 meters vertically into the ground and emerge to feed on freshly fallen leaf litter. The study included collecting of L. terrestris in 16 0.5 m square plots by method of electro-shock. Soil cores from a depth of 0-5 and 30-40 cm as well as leaf litter were taken from each plot to determine nitrogen content and nitrogen isotope ratios. Data analysis resulted in no significance between plots with earthworms and without earthworms in both nitrogen, N, isotope ratios and N content. Plots with L. terrestris showed no difference between the organic and mineral soil layer. This result suggests that L. terrestris are homogenizing soil layers. However, smaller than ideal sample sizes limit interpretive capacity of the results. Further research needs to be completed to confirm these perceived trends. The analysis of nitrogen isotope ratios suggest that there is another source of 15N other than leaf litter and L. terrestris that is contributing to soil composition and therefore the contribution of each was not conclusively determined. Introduction Invasion of an exotic species into an ecosystem is one of the leading threats to biologically diverse ecosystems throughout the world. Exotic species are initially introduced as a solution for food, farming, aesthetic purposes, or even accidentally.
    [Show full text]
  • (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in the Blue Sucker, Cycleptus Elongatus (Lesueur, 1817), from Illinois
    Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 12/10/01 (2002), Volume 95, #2, pp. 107 - 109 accepted 2/22/02 First Record of Rhabdochona cascadilla Wigdor, 1918 (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in the Blue Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur, 1817), from Illinois William G. Dyer and William J. Poly Department of Zoology Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501 ABSTRACT Rhabdochona cascadilla was detected in the intestine of Cycleptus elongatus from the Mississippi River in Randolph County, Illinois. This constitutes the first record of this rhabdochonid nematode in the blue sucker and the only internal helminth for this host. INTRODUCTION Nematodes of the genus Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Thelazioidea, Rhabdochonidae) are cosmopolitan in distribution as intestinal parasites of freshwater fishes (Moravec and Coy Otero, 1987; Moravec, 1994). Approximately 96 nominal species have been recognized of which 19 have been reported from North and South America (see Sanchez-Alvarez et al., 1998). Of rhabdochonid nematodes reported from North America, Rhabdochona cascadilla Wigdor, 1918 has been recorded in 13 families, 30 genera, and 53 species of freshwater fishes across Canada and the United States (Hoffman, 1999). Identification of Rhabdochona species is difficult as many of them have been inadequately or erroneously described, and as pointed out by Sanchez-Alvarez et al. (1998), a detailed taxonomic revision of all putative species in this group warrants initiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single adult female blue sucker (557 mm standard length) was collected incidentally by electrofishing on 24 October 1996 from the Mississippi River just below the mouth of the Kaskaskia River, Randolph County, Illinois and was transported alive to the laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.: Legal War Rages Over 3-Foot-Long, Spitting Worm 16:35, January 30, 2008
    U.S.: legal war rages over 3-foot-long, spitting worm 16:35, January 30, 2008 Described in 1897 by a taxonomist as "very abundant" a now rarely-found 3-foot-long worm that spits and smells like lilies is at the center of a legal dispute between conservationists and the U.S. government. When Frank Smith discovered the giant Palouse earthworm (Driloleirus americanus) in 1897, he described it as "very abundant." Nowadays, however, sightings of the worm are rare. The only recent confirmed worm sighting was made in 2005 by a University of Idaho researcher. Before that, the giant worm had not been spotted in 17 years, since 1988. It reportedly grows up to three feet long and has a peculiar flowery smell (Driloleirus is Latin for "lily-like worm"). The cream-colored or pinkish-white worm lived in permanent burrows as deep as 15 feet and spat at attackers. "This worm is the stuff that legends and fairy tales are made of. A pity we're losing it," said Steve Paulson, a board member of Friends of the Clearwater, a conservation group based in Moscow, Idaho. Unlike the European earthworms now common across the United States, the giant Palouse earthworm is native to the Americas. Specifically, the giant worm dwelled in the prairies of the Palouse, the area of the northwest United States. The Palouse has been dramatically altered by farming practices, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service noted. "The giant Palouse earthworm is extremely rare and faces substantial risk of extinction," said Noah Greenwald, a conservation biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group based in Tucson, Ariz.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthworm Annelid Dissection External Anatomy
    Name: Section: Earthworm Annelid Dissection External Anatomy Examine your preserved earthworm and determine the anterior and posterior ends in addition to its dorsal and ventral sides. The ventral side will be slightly flattened and will have two openings types of opening. Locate the worm's mouth and anus. Near the mouth will be a fleshy protruberance called the prostomium. The prostomium is located on the dorsal surface of the worm. Note the swelling of the earthworm near its anterior side - this is the clitellum. Label the clitellum on the drawing. The clitellum is active in the formation of an egg capsule, or cocoon. The openings toward the anterior of the worm are the male genital pores or sperm ducts. There are two pairs. The first pair is anterior to the second pair. The second pair is called the genital setae. They are tiny and are located just above the clitellum. They may be too small to see but may be visualized using a dissecting microscope. Sperm are produced in the testes and pass out through these pores. Just above the first pair of sperm ducts are the female genital pores. Again, these may be too small to see without a dissecting microscope. Eggs are produced in the ovaries and pass out of the body through these pores. Locate the dark line that runs down the dorsal side of the worm, this is the dorsal blood vessel. The ventral blood vessel can be seen on the underside of the worm, though it is usually not as dark. Internal Anatomy 1. Place the specimen in the dissecting pan DORSAL side up.
    [Show full text]
  • 10. Palouse Prairie Section
    10. Palouse Prairie Section Section Description The Palouse Prairie Section, part of the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion, is located along the western border of northern Idaho, extending west into Washington (Fig. 10.1, Fig. 10.2). This section is characterized by dissected loess-covered basalt plains, undulating plateaus, and river breaks. Elevation ranges from 220 to 1,700 m (722 to 5,577 ft). Soils are generally deep, loamy to silty, and have formed in loess, alluvium, or glacial outwash. The lower reaches and confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers are major waterbodies. Climate is maritime influenced. Precipitation ranges from 25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 in) annually, falling primarily during the fall, winter, and spring, and winter precipitation falls mostly as snow. Summers are relatively dry. Average annual temperature ranges from 7 to 12 ºC (45 to 54 ºF). The growing season varies with elevation and lasts 100 to 170 days. Population centers within the Idaho portion of the section are Lewiston and Moscow, and small agricultural communities are dispersed throughout. Outdoor recreational opportunities include hunting, angling, hiking, biking, and wildlife viewing. The largest Idaho Palouse Prairie grassland remnant on Gormsen Butte, south of Department of Fish and Moscow, Idaho with cropland surrounding © 2008 Janice Hill Game (IDFG) Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Idaho, Craig Mountain WMA, is partially located within this section. The deep and highly-productive soils of the Palouse Prairie have made dryland farming the primary land use in this section. Approximately 44% of the land is used for agriculture with most farming operations occurring on private land.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxygen Equilibrium Properties of Coelomic Hemoglobin in the Polychaete Glycera Dibranchiata
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1972 Oxygen Equilibrium Properties of Coelomic Hemoglobin in the Polychaete Glycera dibranchiata Judy Ann Carhart College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Carhart, Judy Ann, "Oxygen Equilibrium Properties of Coelomic Hemoglobin in the Polychaete Glycera dibranchiata" (1972). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624765. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-sptx-je26 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OXYGEN EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF COELOMIC HEMOGLOBIN IN THE POLYCHAETE GLYCERA DIRRAN C HIAT A A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Judy Ann Ca.rhart 1972 APPROVAL SHEET -This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, December 1972 fyjtuhA ft' Charlotte P* Mangum ^ £ - £ MJc Robert E. L. Black Martin C. Mathes TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . .................. ' . i v LIST OF TABLES . ... .... v LIST OF FIGURES . ..... vi ABSTRACT . ’ . ...... v j L i INTRODUCTION ................. .V . 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................... 4 RESULTS . 10 DISCUSSION . ............... ... ................................16 REFERENCES . 22 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express deepest appreciation to Dr, Charlotte P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping and Distribution of Sabella Spallanzanii in Port Phillip Bay Final
    Mapping and distribution of Sabellaspallanzanii in Port Phillip Bay Final Report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC Project 94/164) G..D. Parry, M.M. Lockett, D.P. Crookes, N. Coleman and M.A. Sinclair May 1996 Mapping and distribution of Sabellaspallanzanii in Port Phillip Bay Final Report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC Project 94/164) G.D. Parry1, M. Lockett1, D. P. Crookes1, N. Coleman1 and M. Sinclair2 May 1996 1Victorian Fisheries Research Institute Departmentof Conservation and Natural Resources PO Box 114, Queenscliff,Victoria 3225 2Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3068 Contents Page Technical and non-technical summary 2 Introduction 3 Background 3 Need 4 Objectives 4 Methods 5 Results 5 Benefits 5 Intellectual Property 6 Further Development 6 Staff 6 Final cost 7 Distribution 7 Acknow ledgments 8 References 8 Technical and Non-technical Summary • The sabellid polychaete Sabella spallanzanii, a native to the Mediterranean, established in Port Phillip Bay in the late 1980s. Initially it was found only in Corio Bay, but during the past fiveyears it has spread so that it now occurs throughout the western half of Port Phillip Bay. • Densities of Sabella in many parts of the bay remain low but densities are usually higher (up to 13/m2 ) in deeper water and they extend into shallower depths in calmer regions. • Sabella larvae probably require a 'hard' surface (shell fragment, rock, seaweed, mollusc or sea squirt) for initial attachment, but subsequently they may use their own tube as an anchor in soft sediment . • Changes to fish communities following the establishment of Sabella were analysed using multidimensional scaling and BACI (Before, After, Control, Impact) design analyses of variance.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilizing Soil Characteristics, Tissue Residues, Invertebrate Exposures
    Utilizing soil characteristics, tissue residues, invertebrate exposures and invertebrate community analyses to evaluate a lead-contaminated site: A shooting range case study Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sarah R. Bowman, M.S. Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Roman Lanno, Advisor Nicholas Basta Susan Fisher Copyright by Sarah R. Bowman 2015 Abstract With over 4,000 military shooting ranges, and approximately 9,000 non-military shooting ranges within the United States, the Department of Defense and private shooting range owners are challenged with management of these sites. Ammunition used at shooting ranges is comprised mostly of lead (Pb). Shooting ranges result in high soil metal concentrations in small areas and present unique challenges for ecological risk assessment and management. Mean natural background soil Pb is about 32 mg/kg in the eastern United States, but organisms that live in soil or in close association with soil may be at risk from elevated levels of Pb at shooting ranges. Previous shooting range studies on the ecotoxicological impacts of Pb, with few exceptions, used total soil Pb levels as a measure of exposure. However, total soil Pb levels are often not well correlated with Pb toxicity or bioaccumulation. This is a result of differences in Pb bioavailability, or the amount of Pb taken up by an organism that causes a biological response, depending on soil physical/chemical characteristics and species-specific uptake, metabolism, and elimination mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism
    Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism Ryutaro Goto1,2*, Tomoko Okamoto2, Hiroshi Ishikawa3, Yoichi Hamamura4, Makoto Kato2 1 Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan, 2 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 3 Uwajima, Ehime, Japan, 4 Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Abstract The Echiura, or spoon worms, are a group of marine worms, most of which live in burrows in soft sediments. This annelid- like animal group was once considered as a separate phylum because of the absence of segmentation, although recent molecular analyses have placed it within the annelids. In this study, we elucidate the interfamily relationships of echiuran worms and their evolutionary pattern of feeding mode and sexual dimorphism, by performing molecular phylogenetic analyses using four genes (18S, 28S, H3, and COI) of representatives of all extant echiuran families. Our results suggest that Echiura is monophyletic and comprises two unexpected groups: [Echiuridae+Urechidae+Thalassematidae] and [Bone- lliidae+Ikedidae]. This grouping agrees with the presence/absence of marked sexual dimorphism involving dwarf males and the paired/non-paired configuration of the gonoducts (genital sacs). Furthermore, the data supports the sister group relationship of Echiuridae and Urechidae. These two families share the character of having anal chaetae rings around the posterior trunk as a synapomorphy. The analyses also suggest that deposit feeding is a basal feeding mode in echiurans and that filter feeding originated once in the common ancestor of Urechidae. Overall, our results contradict the currently accepted order-level classification, especially in that Echiuroinea is polyphyletic, and provide novel insights into the evolution of echiuran worms.
    [Show full text]