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Hillsborough River Benthic Fauna

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Hillsborough River Benthic Fauna HILLSBOROUGH RIVER BENTHIC FAUNA A REVIEW OF 1991- 1992 DATA WITH RESPECT TO FRESHWATER FLOW Prepared For: SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Building #2 2379 Broad Street Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899 Submitted By: James K. Culter MOTE MARINE LABORATORY 1600 KEN THOMPSON PARKWAY Sarasota, Florida 34236 October 1997 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report Number #545 This document is printed on recycled paper. Suggested reference Culter JK. 1997. Hillsborough river benthic fauna: a review of 1991-1992 data with respect to freshwater flow. Southwest Florida Water Management District. Mote Marine Laboratory Report no 545. 10 p. Available from: Mote Marine Laboratory Library. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. TABLE OF CONTENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES . i I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 II. TIDAL RIVERS - GENERAL COMMENTS ......................... 1 III. HILLSBOROUGH RIVER BENTHOS . 2 III. 1. PHYSICAL FACTORS ...................................... 2 III.2 HILLSBOROUGH RIVER SALINITY ............................. 4 III.3 HILUBOROUGH RIVER DISSOLVED OXYGEN ...................... 5 III.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HYDROLOGIC ALTERATIONS ................ 6 IV. DISCUSSION.. ............................................ 9 V. LITERATURE CITED ....................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of sampling stations on Hillsborough River and Tampa Bypass Canal (Source: Water and Air Research, Inc. 1995) . 3 Figure 2. Location of salinity isohales based on a Hillsborough River Dam release of 60 cfs for three tidal scenarios . 7 Figure 3. Location of salinity isohales based on a release of 20 cfs from the Hillsborough River dam and 20 cfs from Sulfur Springs . 8 i I. INTRODUCTION This report is a brief review of benthic macroinfaunal data collected from the Hillsborough River from October 1991 through July 1993. The data were collected, at quarterly intervals, as part of a three year comprehensive survey of the Hillsborough River and the Tampa Bypass Canal conducted for the West Coast Regional Water Supply Authority, Clearwater, and the City of Tampa, Florida. Components of the study included; a review of previous studies, a stormwater input survey, shoreline habitat inventory for the lower Hillsborough River and Palm River, water quality monitoring, biological collections of phytoplankton, benthic macroinfauna, ichthyoplankton, juvenile fish, and development of a hydrologic model, and evaluation of a withdraw and augmentation scenario. The objectives of this review were: to determine the apparent health of the benthos with respect to salinity, dissolved oxygen and river flow. to render an opinion of the potential effects of flow (salinity) alterations on the composition and distribution of the benthos and to recommend a scenario that would contribute to the maintenance of a more natural system. II. TIDAL RIVERS - GENERAL COMMENTS Tidal rivers on the Florida peninsula contain most of the coastal oligohaline or low salinity waters, meaning that all of the wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, reefs, unconsolidated sediments, creeks, and other habitat features in the tidal river experience varying periods of freshwater, brackish water, and waters of higher salinity (Browder, 1991). Taken as a whole, this mosaic of habitats influenced by oligohaline waters comprises an important environment for the larval and juvenile developmental stages of many invertebrates and fishes of commercial, economic, or ecological importance (Edwards, 1991; Estevez et al. , 1991c; Peebles et al., 1991, Peebles and Flannery 1992). The ecological importance of the low salinity reaches of estuaries has been amply documented, and their freshwater needs currently are used as guidelines for river flow regulation (Longley, 1994). Most recently, Jassby et al. (1995) have demonstrated that the 2 part per thousand (ppt) salinity position in the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta Estuary has simple and significant relationships with phytoplankton, plankton-based detritus, molluscs, mysids and shrimps, larval fish survival, and the abundance of several fish trophic guilds. 1 III. HILLSBOROUGH RIVER BENTHOS The Hillsborough River study area was bounded upstream by the dam and Hillsborough Bay, downstream. Within this area four benthic stations numbered 3,5,7, and 9 were sampled, Figure 1. All stations were sampled at approximately the same depth (3.3, 3.3, 2.9 and 3.2 mean depth in meters). III.1. PHYSICALFACTORS The structure of the benthos is complex and dependent on many interacting factors. However, three physical factors are of primary importance in regulating species composition and abundance of the benthos: salinity, dissolved oxygen, and substratum composition. Substratum parameters such as grain size composition and organic content were not measured for the studies. Other factors can also be important or regulating in nature, such as circulation, temperature, levels of toxic contaminants, predation, etc. Circulation is important for reducing water stratification, transport of nutrients and food items, and dispersion and recruitment of fauna. Temperature maxima can be limiting under certain circumstances, such as addition of thermal wastewater, solar heating in stagnant waters, and solar heating of tidepools and shallow coastal areas, particularly in the tropics. In this area of Florida, temperature minima rarely affect benthic organisms, although intertidal communities are occasionally impacted by winter freezes during low tides. Toxic contamination, associated with heavy industry, can also be a problem, as many benthic organisms are sensitive to the presence of metals and organic chemical pollutants. However, this type of pollution is not a severe problem in the Hillsborough River, although the presence of contaminants from urban runoff have been identified by past studies. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and substratum all exhibit variation within “normal” ranges that may be stressful or lethal to benthic invertebrate species. Estuarine zonation of fauna is defined by the relative dilution of seawater by freshwater. In this respect freshwater is toxic to marine species, and conversely saltwater is toxic to freshwater species. The toxicity results from the physiologic limitations of animals to regulate the ionic balances of the body fluids. Changes in the dissolved ion concentrations (salts) present in water create physiologic stress on aquatic animals. Most species can survive within a range of salinities, which may vary, depending on the presence of other stress factors. Species which are tolerant of the mixing zone, the estuary are labeled euryhaline. Euryhaline species generally are characteristic of the upper estuary and are generally derived from the marine fauna. Freshwater fauna generally do not exhibit a wide tolerance of salinity increase. For the benthos the transitional area between estuary and freshwater is generally species poor. Florida tidal rivers can exhibit marked seasonal movement in the position of the estuary freshwater interface due to heavy seasonal rains. 2 Figure 1. Location of sampling stations on Hillsborough River and Tampa Bypass Canal (Source: Water and Air Research, Inc. 1995). 3 III.2 HILLSBOROUGH RIVER SALINITY Individual salinity measurements for the benthic stations ranged from 0.0 ppt to 26.5 ppt. The upper three stations, 3, 5, and 7 all exhibited minimum bottom salinities as low as 0.0 ppt. For station 9 a minimum salinity of 10.0 ppt was reported. These low salinities exert considerable influence on the benthic fauna. The interstitial water of the substratum offers some buffering capacity for changes in salt concentrations since porewater exchange occurs primarily through diffusion and the burrowing activity of the fauna1 community. Therefore, the duration of water column changes in salinity is nearly as important as the magnitude of the change. The duration of the 0.0 ppt salinity events at stations 3, 5, and 7 were sufficient to reduce the species and abundance of the estuarine fauna. The duration of 0.0 ppt salinity events, below station 3, varied over the three year study period and occurred over two broad time periods, July - October, and February - May. The duration of the 0.0 ppt salinity events was approximately 2 months for Year 1, 4 months for Year 2, and three months for Year 3 (WAR, 1995; volume I, page 5-6). Salinity drops within the river were dependent on the rainy season releases from the reservoir dam. During the releases there is the potential for a freshwater fauna to develop below the dam. This would depend on availability of adults to deposit eggs, for the aquatic insect larvae, and recruitment of larvae and some adults through downstream drift. Interstitial freshwater fauna such as the molluscs and annelids are less likely to be washed past the dam. Seasonal freshwater releases have the greatest effect on bottom salinities near the dam. The flow becomes largely stratified down river. For example; for Year 1, the difference in surface and bottom salinity for Station 2 was generally less than 2 ppt with many readings equal, however, for Station 10 the surface and bottom salinity became increasingly stratified with increased flow, with a surface to bottom difference of 19 ppt for September 1992. With the cessation of rainy season flows the dam serves as salinity barrier, collapsing the transition zone between fresh and saltwater. Surface salinity at the station nearest the dam was greater than 5 ppt for 7 months during Year 1, was near 5 ppt
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