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Texto Para Discussão N° 469 Isaac I. Rubin E Sua História

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Texto Para Discussão N° 469 Isaac I. Rubin E Sua História TEXTO PARA DISCUSSÃO N° 469 ISAAC I. RUBIN E SUA HISTÓRIA DO PENSAMENTO ECONÔMICO João Antonio de Paula Hugo Eduardo A. da Gama Cerqueira Abril de 2013 Ficha catalográfica P324i Paula, João Antonio de. 2013 Isaac I. Rubin e sua história do pensamento econômico / João Antônio de Paula, Hugo Eduardo A. da Gama Cerqueira. - Belo Horizonte : UFMG/CEDEPLAR, 2013. 16 p. : il. - (Texto para discussão, 469) Inclui bibliografia. 1.Rubin, Isaak Illich 2.Marx, Karl, 1818-1883. 3.Economia - História. 4.Economia marxista. I.Cerqueira, Hugo Eduardo A. da Gama. II.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional. III.Título. IV.Série. CDD: 330.15 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca da FACE/UFMG - JN 021/2013 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS CENTRO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E PLANEJAMENTO REGIONAL ISAAC I. RUBIN E SUA HISTÓRIA DO PENSAMENTO ECONÔMICO* João Antonio de Paula Professor do Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (www.cedeplar.ufmg.br/jpaula/) Hugo Eduardo A. da Gama Cerqueira Professor do Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (www.cedeplar.ufmg.br/hugo/). CEDEPLAR/FACE/UFMG BELO HORIZONTE 2013 * Esse texto foi escrito para servir de apresentação à edição brasileira do livro de Isaac Rubin, História do pensamento econômica, cujo lançamento está previsto para acontecer em 2013, pela Editora da UFRJ. Os autores agradecem a Maria Mello de Malta e ao saudoso Carlos Nelson Coutinho pelo convite para participarem desse projeto editorial. Agradecem também o apoio do CNPq à pesquisa que orientou a elaboração do texto. 3 Isaac I. Rubin e sua História do Pensamento Econômico – CEDEPLAR/UFMG – TD 469 (2013) SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. SOBRE ISAAC I. RUBIN .................................................................................................................................... 7 3. MARX E A HISTÓRIA CRÍTICA DAS TEORIAS DA MAIS VALIA ............................................................ 8 3. RUBIN E A HISTÓRIA DO PENSAMENTO ECONÔMICO ......................................................................... 12 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................................................... 16 Isaac I. Rubin e sua História do Pensamento Econômico – CEDEPLAR/UFMG – TD 469 (2013) RESUMO Esse texto apresenta o livro História do Pensamento Econômico, de Issac Rubin. Depois de uma breve exposição sobre sua biografia, o texto discute as tentativas de Karl Marx de escrever uma história crítica da economia política e, em conexão com esses esforços, analisa o sentido do esforço teórico de Rubin em sua História do Pensamento Econômico. Palavras-chave: Isaac Illich Rubin (1886-1937); Karl Marx (1818-1883); história do pensamento econômico; crítica da economia política. ABSTRACT This paper presents Isaak Rubin’s History of Economic Thought. After a brief description of his life and work, the paper discusses Karl Marx’s attempts to write a critical history of the political economy and, in connection with this, the paper analyses the meaning of Rubin’s History of Economic Thought. Keywords: Isaak Illich Rubin (1886-1937); Karl Marx (1818-1883); history of economic thought; critique of political economy. Classificação JEL / JEL classification: B14; B24; B31. 5 Isaac I. Rubin e sua História do Pensamento Econômico – CEDEPLAR/UFMG – TD 469 (2013) 1. INTRODUÇÃO Sobre a pessoa e a obra de Isaac Illich Rubin incidiram alguns dos mais dramáticos e expressivos acontecimentos do século XX. Século de extremos, como mostrou Eric Hobsbawm, que ensejou entusiasmos, grandes e luminosas expectativas, também foi tempo de barbárie, de destruição, de tragédias. Rubin esteve ligado à extraordinária experiência da Revolução Russa, que tanto mobilizou formidáveis energias coletivas no sentido da construção do mundo como liberdade, criatividade e igualdade, quanto padeceu das deletérias consequências da imposição do regime stalinista e sua longa vigência. Rubin, sujeito e representante do melhor que a Revolução Russa aportou como renovação cultural, foi uma das incontáveis vítimas da repressão stalinista. Tendo começado sua carreira política entre os mencheviques, ele foi um dos grandes nomes do pensamento econômico marxista, um dos mais criativos e consistentes intérpretes de Marx. Sua obra no campo específico da teoria do valor, seus trabalhos no campo da história do pensamento econômico são pontos altos do pensamento econômico do século XX, em qualquer latitude ou perspectiva. Junto com Preobrazhensky, outra vítima do stalinismo, Rubin fez parte do processo incrivelmente rico gerado pela Revolução Russa em seus primeiros anos nos campos artístico, científico e cultural, em que se destacam nomes e correntes importantes nos campos das artes plásticas, da música, do teatro, da dança, do cinema, da literatura e da teoria literária, da psicologia. Rubin e seus colaboradores têm lugar singular no conjunto do pensamento econômico marxista em momento particularmente criativo, que marcou o final do século XIX e início do século XX. É o período em que se destacaram as intervenções de Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg, Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, Rudolf Hilferding, Otto Bauer, Henryk Grossman, Fritz Sternberg, entre outros, que vão realizar o marxismo como arma analítica e instrumento programático e organizativo, abordando questões cruciais como a formação do mercado interno para o capital em países periféricos, o imperialismo, o capital financeiro, as crises econômicas capitalistas, as relações entre nações e as lutas de classes, a construção do socialismo. Não se esqueça que esse é também o momento da decisiva emergência do que se chamou marxismo ocidental, que reúne os nomes expressivos de Antonio Gramsci, György Lukács, Karl Korsch, Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin. Toda essa rica tradição, todos esses nomes, não esgotam o muito de significativo que merece ser lembrado, como os nomes não canônicos de membros de correntes como a dos “conselhistas”, Anton Pannekoek e Herman Gorter. Insista-se na riqueza teórica e política do marxismo no período considerado para a justa apreensão da grandeza da obra de Rubin. Seu trabalho tem tal acuidade, que só poucas vezes foi alcançada no campo do pensamento econômico marxista. Com efeito, a obra de Rubin é das poucas tentativas bem sucedidas de acrescentar, efetivamente, algo de novo ao central da teoria marxiana, que é sua teoria do valor, que se desdobra, como sabemos, em uma teoria do capital como valor que se autovaloriza, como exposição da forma de presentificação e desenvolvimento das categorias da crítica da economia política. 6 Isaac I. Rubin e sua História do Pensamento Econômico – CEDEPLAR/UFMG – TD 469 (2013) 2. SOBRE ISAAC I. RUBIN1 Nascido em 12 de junho de 1886, na cidade de Dvinsk – atualmente chamada de Daugavpils, na Letônia –, Isaac Illich Rubin foi o primogênito de uma família de judeus abastados. Ingressou como estudante na Universidade de São Petersburgo em 1906, graduando-se em Direito, em 1910. Durante esse período, já se interessava por temas de economia política. Nos anos seguintes, mudou-se para Moscou, conciliando o trabalho como advogado com estudos científicos que lhe renderam a publicação de vários artigos sobre o direito civil. Nesse período, militou no Bund, uma organização de trabalhadores judeus que se uniu ao Partido Social Democrata. Após a Revolução de 1917, colaborou com os novos órgãos do governo soviético e passou a lecionar economia política em diferentes instituições de ensino, como a Universidade de Moscou e o Instituto da Cátedra Vermelha. Nesse período, iniciou sua colaboração com David Riazanov, que o incumbiu de traduzir textos econômicos de Marx para o russo. FIGURA 1 Issac Illich Rubin (1886-1937) Em 1923, Rubin publicou a obra que lhe renderia prestígio e reconhecimento, os Ensaios sobre a teoria do valor de Marx (Rubin, 1980). Acolhido favoravelmente por estudiosos e lideranças políticas, como Bukharin, o livro lançou os fundamentos para uma releitura da teoria do valor em novas bases, livres do dogmatismo e do mecanicismo que caracterizavam outras interpretações 1 As informações biográficas apresentadas nessa seção foram extraídas, em sua maioria, do artigo de Ljudmilla Vasina (1994). 7 Isaac I. Rubin e sua História do Pensamento Econômico – CEDEPLAR/UFMG – TD 469 (2013) formuladas naquele período. A publicação desse volume coincidiu, no entanto, com a prisão de Rubin e sua condenação a três anos de detenção por “atuação anti-soviética”. Durante esse período, e apesar das condições desfavoráveis, ele conseguiu manter uma intensa atividade intelectual, trabalhando como tradutor e escrevendo textos científicos, entre os quais uma versão revista e ampliada de seu livro sobre a teoria do valor. No final de 1926, Rubin foi contratado como colaborador do Instituto Marx Engels, dirigido por Riazanov. Ali, assumiu a chefia do gabinete responsável pela edição das obras econômicas de Marx, e prosseguiu com o trabalho de tradução de textos clássicos de economia política. Paralelamente, escreveu textos em que aprofundou sua interpretação da teoria de Marx, como o artigo sobre o trabalho abstrato publicado na revista Pod Znamenem Marksizma, em 1927, e seu livro sobre a História do Pensamento Econômico (Rubin, 1978; 1979). Esse último, como era de feitio dos demais trabalhos de Rubin, está longe
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