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àgma_mÜ`_mVrb ~Xbm§Mo g_mO_Zmda Imob n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmV. àgma_mÜ`_o hm { { { { AmYw ZH$ _mZdr g_mOmMm EH$ A d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo g_mO Am U Ë`mMm

EH$ ^mJ Agboë`m `m àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ñdê$nmV _wbJm_r ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo AmhoV. ho { ~Xb Zo_Ho$ H$go AmhoV `mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb { { n[aUm_ hm g§emoYZ àH$ën hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aU hr AmVm An[a MV { { { g§H$ënZm am hbobr Zmhr. OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U Ë`mgmo~VM ImgJrH$aU d CXmarH$aUmMr { { ï´> à H«$`m AmVm OJmÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mn`ªV nmohmoMbr Amho. ^maVmV Am U _hmam mVhr { { JmdmJmdm§V Ë`mMo n[aUm_ d nS>gmX Xgy bmJbo AmhoV. Aem `m OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m { à H«$`o_wio _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m AZoH$ n¡by§da Imobda n[aUm_ hmoV AmhoV. d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da { D Ë`mMo n[aUm_ ñnï> Am U Ñí`_mZ arVrZo g_moa `o bmJbo AmhoV. Aem n[apñWVrV `m n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m d JaO ^mgbr.

1.3 g§emoYZmMr Amdí`H$Vm { OmJ VH$sH$aU hm Joë`m H$mhr dfmªV nadbrMm eãX ~Zbm Amho. OJ^amV `m~Ôb { { MMm© gwê$ Amho. hr MMm© gwê$ AgVmZmM X¡Z§ XZ OrdZmVë`m AZoH$ Jmoï>tda OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo { n[aUm_ hmoV AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_o hm X¡Z§ XZ OrdZmer OmoS>bobm EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ { , { { { Amho. bmoH$m§Mr _Vo KS> dUmam bmoH$m§Zm dMmaàd¥Îm H$aUmam Am U bmoH$ ejU H$aUmam KQ>H$ { { åhUyZ Vmo deof _hÎdmMm Amho. Joë`m XeH$^amV àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo

OmoaXma _wg§S>r _mabr Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^ _mZbm Joboë`m

{ , { àgma_mÜ`_m§da OmJ VH$sH$aU H$moUVm n[aUm_ H$aVo `m~m~V g dñVa g§emoYZ hmoÊ`mMr { JaO hmoVr. àñVwV à~§YmìXmao ‘OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_’ `m { dmMH$ d { df`mdarb hm g§emoYZ àH$ën nyU© Ho$bm Amho. àojH$ `m§À`mgh _mÜ`_VÁk Am U rVo { nÌH$ma oVrb Á`oð> d loð>m§Mr _Vo `m g§emoYZ àH$ënmV dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.

1.4 g§emoYZ g_ñ`m { g§emoYZmgmR>r OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ hr g_ñ`m { ï´>r { amï´>r { { , { , ZdS>br Amho. am ` Am U Am§Va ` nmVirda KS>Umè`m d dY KS>m_moS>r Am W©H$ { , { { { { gm_m OH$ V§ÌkmZ df`H$ ~Xb Am U Ë`mMm g_mOmVrb d dY KQ>H$m§da hmoUmam n[aUm_ 15-16 { `mMm Aä`mg g§emoYH$mZo dfm©nmgyZ Ho bm$ Amho. Joë`m XeH$âmV OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr { { { { à H«$`m AË`§V J V_mZ ~Zbr Amho. Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Am U à^md AZoH$ dY joÌm§_Üò nmhm`bm { { _iV AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmVhr `m à H«$òMo gImob n[aUm_ Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m { { { { df`mda ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV g§emoYZ ìhmd`mg hdo. `m df`mÀ`m d dY n¡by§Mm gdmªJrU

Aä`mg ìhmd`mg hdm. { , `m df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo àgma_mÜ`_m§V KS>bobr pñWË`§Vao Ë`m§À`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmMr { { _m hVr ìhmdr. Ë`m_wio Pmbobo Am U g§^mì` n[aUm_m§Mo AmH$bZ H$aVm `mdo VgoM `m { n[aUm_m§Mo Anm` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm gwMdVm `mì`mV åhUyZ `m g§emoYZ df`mMr { ZdS> Ho$br Amho.

{ 1.5 g§emoYZmMr C Ôï>o 1) { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oMr _m hVr KoUo Am U Ë`m_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa { H$moUË`m g§Yr d AmìhmZo C^r am hbr AmhoV `mMm emoY KoUo. 2) { { { { _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoUo Am U OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm Ë`m§À`m d dY

A§Jm§da d H$m`©àUmbrV hmoUmam ~Xb OmUyZ KoUo. 3) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§_Ü`o Pmbobo Am W©H$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo { `m§Mr _m hVr KoUo. 4) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobo Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo `m§Mr { _m hVr KoUo. 5) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobo gm_m OH$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo { `m§Mr _m hVr KoUo. 6) { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da Pmboë`m n[aUm_m§~m~V dmMH$ lmoVo d

àojH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoUo. 7) { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm dmna H$ê$Z KoVm `mdm d Ë`mMm { \ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm Am U n`m©`mZo g_mOmbm $m`Xm ìhmdm `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m ~m~tMr { _m hVr KoUo.

1.6 J¥hrVHo$ { , gm_mÝ` df`joÌmMo ê$nm§Va Á`m g§emoYZ g_ñ`oV H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AgVo Ë`m { g§emoYZ g_ñ`oMo EH$ g§^mì` CÎma qH$dm ñnï>rH$aU åhUyZ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo dYmZ åhUOo

o hmoV H$m§ { { { { J¥hrVH . J¥hrV _wio g§emoYZmMr Xem ZYm©[aV hmoVo. g§emoYZ df`mMo nyd©kmZ Am U { H$m { { H$m _m hVr `m§À`m AmYmao J¥hrV Mr Z _©Vr Ho$br OmVo. J¥hrV _wio g§emoYH$mbm Amnë`m { { H$m AÜ``Z df`mda bj H|$ ÐV H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. nwT>rb ì`m»`m§dê$Z J¥hrV Mr g§H$ënZm { A YH$ ñnï> hmoB©b. { { bw§S>~J© `m§À`mZwgma… J¥hrVH ho EH$ gm_m OH$ Am U H$m_Mbmdy gm_mÝ`rH$aU qH$dm { , { ZîH$f© Amho H$s Á`mÀ`m gË`VoMr narjm KoUo AOyZ ~mH$s Amho. g§emoYZmÀ`m àma§ ^H$ , , { , AdñWoV J¥hrVHo$ EH$ AZw_mZ _ZmoH$pënV H$ënZmnyU© dMma ghO kmZ qH$dm AmUIr H$mhr , { Agy eH$Vo Omo H«$`m qH$dm g§emoYZmMm AmYma AgVmo.6 { H$ { , JwS> Am U h°Q> `m§À`mZwgma… J¥hrV åhUOo Ago dYmZ H$s Á`mMr gà_mUVm { R>adÊ`mgmR>r narjU Ho$bo OmVo Am U Vo nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r Cn`wº$ AgVo.7 { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mdarb g§emoYZmgmR>r J¥hrV { Imbrb H$m§Mm dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1) { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n d H$m`©nÕVr `m_Ü`o Am_ybmJ« ~Xb

Pmbo AmhoV. 2) { `m ~Xbm§Mo ñdê$n Mm§Jbo Am U dmB©Q> Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMo Amho. 3) { { Mm§Jbo ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr àJë^ d dH$ gV H$aV AmhoV. ho ~Xb

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ~bñWmZ R>aV AmhoV. 4) , , { dmB©Q> ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm dmMH$ àojH$ g_mO Am U Ë`m§À`m H$V©ì`mnmgyZ 8

Xÿa ZoV AmhoV. 5) { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Mm§Jë`m ~Xbm§Mo ñdmJV d dmB©Q> ~Xbm§Zm Xÿa H$arV _amR>r { àgma_mÜ`_o d g_mO `m§À`m hVmMo gH$g _m°So>b emoYÊ`mMr JaO Amho. 6) , , , { , `mgmR>r _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$ nÌH$ma g§nmXH$ Om hamVXma dmMH$ d , { { àojH$ emgZ VgoM àgma_mÜ`_VÁk d dMmad§V `m gdmªÀ`m EH$ ÌV à`ËZm§Mr JaO Amho. { 1.7 g§emoYZmMr ì`már Am U _`m©Xm { , , , , { { g§dmX åhUOo EH$mÀ`m S>moŠ`mVrb _m hVr H$ënZm d¥Îmr lÕm dœmg B. MÌ { { Xþgè`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV Ho$di àjo nV H$aÊ`mMr H¥$VrM Zìho Va g§~§Y àñWmnZoMo emó Am U H$bm , , { R>aVo. hoM emó d H$bm XmoZ ì`º$s dm Hw$Qy>§~ EImXm JQ> dJ© dm _`m© XV g§»`m Amobm§Sy>Z { EH$mM doir XÿaXÿaÀ`m doJdoJù`m R>H$mUÀ`m hOmamo bmoH$m§er g§dmX gmYÊ`mÀ`m doJdoJù`m

JaOm§H$aVm dmnabo OmVo Voìhm Vmo g§dmX OZg§dmX R>aVmo.8 { { -KodmU o d dY àH$maÀ`m g§Xoem§Mr XodmU H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_ hmoV. { , { `m _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _m hVr kmZ d KQ>Zm§ df`rMm Vnerb EH$mMdoir H$moQ>çdYr , , { { bmoH$m§n`ªV doJmZo nmoMdbm OmVmo. N>mnrb dV©_mZnÌo AmH$medmUr XÿaXe©Z Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m , { . ,{ , `m§À`mgmo~VM àH$me _mÜ`_o gm_m OH$ _mÜ`_o (CXm. ’o$g~yH$ B ) MÌnQ> B§Q>aZoQ> { BË`mXtMm àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m dœmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. { { Joë`m XeH$m_Ü`o OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oZo JmR>boë`m doJmÛmao OrdZmÀ`m gd©M , { { joÌm§à_mUo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m EH§$Xa ñdê$n à H«$`m Am U gmXarH$aUmV _moR>o ~Xb KS>bo

{ , { , { , AmhoV. `m ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ àgma_mÜ`_m§V Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ gm_m OH$ YmoaUmË_H$ ~m~tV { ñnï>nUo XgyZ `oVmo.

1.7.1 g§emoYZmMr ì`már { , } { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m n[aUm_m§Zm g_W©nUo Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r ñnYV Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r Am U { { ñdV…Mo ApñVËd AmUIr CR>mdXma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dV©_mZnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zr OmoaXma à`ËZ { { { { Ho$bo AmhoV. Amnbm ñdrH$ma A YH$m YH$ dmMH$ Am U lmoË`m§Zr H$amdm `mgmR>r AmZwf§ JH$

~Xbhr Ho$bo AmhoV. -àojH$m§Mr { , , { , { dmMH$ _mZ gH$Vm ^m§S>dbXma ZYrnwadR>mXma Om hamVXma `m§Mr Anojm { { \ Am U OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m aoQ>çmV VJ Yê$Z CÎm_ Z $m H$_mdÊ`mgmR>rMo `mo½` _m°So>b `m§Mm { { { { dMma H$ê$Z d¥ÎmnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m gVV à`ËZerb AmhoV. OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio { , { , { , , àgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoV Agboë`m `m Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ gm_m OH$ YmoaU Ame` d _m§S>Ur `m { { { g§~§Ym§Vrb ~Xbm§er g§~§ YV _m hVrMm Aä`mg dMmamV KoàñVwV g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

àgma_mÜ`_o `m ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZoVrb N>mnrb _amR>r dV©_mZnÌo d àH$me _mÜ`_o (d¥Îmdm{hÝ { { `m) `m XmoZM KQ>H$m§Mr ZdS> `m g§emoYZmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. doi d ZYrMr , , { , { { ï´> CnbãYVm VaVwXr gw dYm ì` º$JV _`m©Xm `m gJù`m§Mm dMma H$ê$Z _hmam >«mVrb _amR>r { ^m fH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm Aä`mg àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ï´> { { nwUo hr _hmam >«mMr gm§ñH¥$ VH$ amOYmZr Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© Am U ñdmV§Í`moÎma

H$mimVrb AZoH$ nwamoJm_r MiditMm OÝ_ `mM ^y_rV Pmbm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo

{ { , àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m Ñï>rZohr nwÊ`mbm C‚db B Vhmg Amho. bmoH$_mÝ` Q>iH$ g_mOgodH$ , ï´> { { Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a _hmam >« dYmZ n[afXoMo _mOr g^mnVr S>m°. O`§Vamd Q>iH$ { AmXtnmgyZ nÌH$marVoVrb X½JOm§Mo dmñVì` nwÊ`mbm bm^bo Amho.

nwÊ`mbm bm^boë`m nÌH$marVoÀ`m `m àXrK© d g_¥Õ na§naoMo Xe©Z AmOhr hmoVo. { , , , , gH$mi Am U bmoH$_V `m§À`mgh d¥ÎmnÌm§gh nwT>mar à^mV Ho$gar bmoH$gÎmm _hmamï>« Q>mB©åg , , , { `m _amR>r Zd^maV Zd^maV Q>mB©åg bmoH$_V g_mMma AmO H$m AmZ§X `m qhXr Am U , \ { , { { S>rEZE Q>mB©åg Am° $ B§ S>`m gH$mi Q>mB©åg `mgma»`m à V ð>V B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr H$m`m©bò , , , òWo AmhoV. VgoM Am`~rEZ bmoH$_V Pr 24 Vmg E~rnr _mPm Q>rìhr 9 `mgma»`m { { { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mr H$m`m©bòhr nwÊ`mV AmhoV. deof åhUOo hr gd© d¥ÎmnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mm

`oWrb g_mOmda Mm§Jbm à^md Amho.

H$mbmdYrMr _`m©Xm { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m 1991 À`m J°Q> H$amamZ§Va doJmZo gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mnwT>rb { H$mimV gd©M joÌmV OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm à^md _moR>çm à_mUmV OmUdy bmJbm. Ë`mZ§Va hr { { , { { à H«$`m A daVnUo àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mimV Am U Ë`mZ§Vahr hr à H«$`m gwê$M Amho. `m { { { g§emoYZmgmR>r Z üV Ho$boë`m joÌmVrb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>boë`m g. 05 { ~Xbm§Mm B. 2000 Vo 20 Agm nmM dfmªMm H$mbI§S> ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

àm_w»`mZo `m nmM dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mVrb ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm `m g§emoYZmV KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. { { { na§Vw OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m A daV gwê$ Agë`m_wio Ë`mnwT>rb H$mimVhr àË`j à~§Y 11 boIZmg gwê$dmV hmoÊ`mn`ªVMm åhUOo 2011 n`ªVÀ`m H$mbI§S>mVrb ~Xbm§Mm _mJmodmhr `m g§emoYZmV KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. { { Mma dV©_mZnÌo d XmoZ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mr ZdS>

nwÊ`mbm àXrK© d¡Mm[aH$ dmagm bm^bm Amh.o VgmM dV©_mZnÌm§Mmhr dmagm bm^bm , , Amho. àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r X¡. gH$mi X¡. bmoH$_V X¡. nwT>mar d X¡. Ho$gar `m Mma { nyduMo dV©_mZnÌm§Mr Am U Am`~rEZ bmoH$_V d E~rnr _mPm ( ñQ>ma _mPm) `m XmoZ { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mr ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. - , nwÊ`mVrb dmMH$ àojH$hr AË`§V OmJê$H$ AmhoV `mMm àË`` AmnUmg AZoH$Xm òV { amhVmo. XoemVM Zìho Va OmJ VH$ nmVirda KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mo nS>gmX nwÊ`mV C_Q>VmZm { { { -à{V{H«$ AmT>iVmV. òWrb gm_mÝ` bmoH$hr Ë`mg§~§Yr d dY _mJmªZr C_Q>Umè`m H«$`m `m§‘Üò { { - hararZo gh^mJr hmoVmV. åhUyZM nwUo Am U n[agamVrb g§doXZerb dmMH$ àojH$m § àñVwV { g§emoYZmgmR>r ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. { Amd¥Î`m§Mr ZdS> { { gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV dV©_mZnÌm§À`m ñWm ZH$ Amd¥Î`m Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. nyduhr { { d dY eham§V dV©_mZnÌm§À`m Amd¥Ë`m hmoË`m. na§Vw AmVm EH$mM ehamV doJdoJù`m ^mJm§gmR>r ( { { , doJdoJù`m Amd¥Ë`m split editions) Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. CXm. nwUo Oëhm Amd¥Îmr , -{ { { nwUo eha Amd¥Îmr qnnar M§MdS Amd¥Îmr B. ñWm ZH$ ~mVå`m d _m hVr dmMH$m§Zm { { , { { { A YH$m YH$ à_mUmV XoVm `mì`mV VgoM ñWm ZH$ Om hamVtZm A YH$ ñWmZ XoVm `mdo `mgmR>r 12

, , , hr gmo` Ho$bobr Amho. g§emoYZmÀ`m Z_yZm joÌmVrb åhUOo nwUo gmVmam H$moëhmnya gmobmnya { Am U Ah_XZJa `m eham§Vrb eha Amd¥Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm { { Amho. VgoM g§emoYZmgmR>r ZdS>boë`m d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo nwÊ`mVyZ nmhVm òUmè`m àgmaUmMr { ZdS> Aä`mgmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. { { { g§emoYZ df`mMm Zo_Ho$nUmZo Aä`mg H$aVm `mdm Am U Ë`mVyZ R>mog ZîH$f© _m§S>Vm { { { `mdoV `m Ñï>rZo g§emoYZmMr ì`már Am U _`m©Xm H$mQ>oH$moanUo Z üV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. { { nmM Oëøm§Mr ZdS> { , , { g§emoYZmH$arVm nwUo _hgybr d^mJmVrb nwUo gmVmam H$moëhmnya Am U gmobmnya ho Mma { { { { { Oëho d Zm eH$ _hgybr d^mJmVrb Ah_XZJa hm EH$ Oëhm Aem nmM Oëøm§_Yrb - dmMH$ àojH$m§H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. { - { { `m nmMhr Oëøm§_Üò dmMH$ àojH$m§_Üò g§emoYZ joÌmVrb d dY JQ>m§Mm g_mdoe { - hmoB©b `mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr. J«m_rU Am U ehar Aem XmoÝhr ^mJm§Vrb dmMH$ àojH$m§Mr , , , { , _Vo OmUyZ KoVm `mdrV Agmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `mV Vê$U Áòð> ZmJarH$ nwê$f _ hbm { { { { { dÚmWu Am U ì`mdgm `H$ `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `m ì`º$s d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m Z` _V - } { , dmMH$ àojH$$ AmhoV. `m gdjUmV d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§nmXH$s` d^mJmVrb dmVm©ha , { { { { Cng§nmXH$ EO§Q> Aem g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV d dY joÌm§Vrb ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z { { { , { { , , KoVbr Amho. Ë`mgmo~VM d dY ì`mdgm `H$ g_mOmVrb à V ð>V ZmJarH$ dH$sb S>m°ŠQ>a { { { , , `mgmaIo à V ð>V ì`mdgm `H$ `m§À`mgh eoVH$ar _Oya amoO§Xmardarb H$m_Jma `m gJù`m§Mm

g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. } { , , , , { `m gdjUmV nwUo _hgybr d^mJmVrb nwUo gmVmam gm§Jbr gmobmnya H$moëhmnya Am U { { { - Zm eH$ _hgybr d^mJmVrb Ah_XZJa `m Oëøm§Vrb EHy$U 1000 dmMH$ { àojH$m§H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mMo àñVm dV hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma 1000 àýmdbr - 1000 ì`º$s¨H$So> XoÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mVrb AZoH$m§er àË`j g§nH©$ gmYyZ Ë`m Ë`m { D OëømV Om Z `m àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Amë`m. H$mhr ì`º$s¨Zr àýmdbr { `WmdH$me ^ê$Z nmR>dyZ Xë`m. g§emoYZ à~§Y gmXa H$aon`ªV Ë`mn¡H$s 900 { àýmdbr CnbãY Pmë`m. `m 900 àýmdbtMo dûcofU H$ê$Z àñVyV g§emoYZmgmR>rMo { ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mmhr Aä`mg { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio OJ Odi Ambo Amho Am U _m hVr d kmZ doJmZo CnbãY hmoV { { Amho. h„rÀ`m H$mimV dV©_mZnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m ~mVå`m§gmR>r EH$_oH$m§Mm AmYma KoV { { { Agë`mMo MÌ XgVo. d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§da PiH$boë`m ~mV_rMm gImob emoY KoV dV©_mZnÌo Vr { ~mV_r à gÕ H$aVmV. Va `mCbQ> dV©_mZnÌmVrb _hËdmÀ`m ~mV_rMm AmYma KoV { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m Ë`mMr ~mV_r àgmarV H$aVmV. `m nañnag§~§Ym§_wioM OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§darb n[aUm_hr OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m~ÔbMo ZarjU { àñVyV à~§YmÀ`m nwT>rb àH$aUm§_Ü`o dñVmamZo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo Amho.

1.7.2 g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m g§emoYZ àH$ënmV Imbrb { _`m©Xm§Mm dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. { {  OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U àgma_mÜ`_o `m XmoÝhrhr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umè`m àË`oH$ ~XbmMm àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àË`oH$ g_yhmda , d¥Îmdm{hÝ , { N>mnrb àgma_mÜ`_o àH$me ‘mÜ`‘o ( `m) Pmboë`m n[aUm_m§Mr _m hVr } { KoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ df gImob AÜ``Z H$amdo bmJob. åhUyZM àgma_mÜ`_o Am U { { Ë`mVhr N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌo d Xÿa MÌdmUrdarb d¥Îmdm hÝ`m `m§Mm Aä`mg àñVyV

g§emoYZmV Ho$bm Amho. { {  àgma_mÜ`_o åhUOoM N>mnrb dV©_mZnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo ñdê$n H$mimZwgma doJmZo { { ~XbV Amho. Ë`m_wio àË`j Ë`m§À`mH$So> Joë`mZ§Vahr Zo_H$s _m hVr _iVoM Ago { Zmhr. JmonZr` _m hVr d ~m~r Z gm§JÊ`mH$So>M VoWrb bmoH$m§Mm OmñV H$b AgVmo. { `m_wiohr _m hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r g§emoYZmV H$mhr AS>MUr Amë`m AmhoV. { {  àgma_mÜ`_o åhUOoM N>mnrb dV©_mZnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mm ngmam _moR>m Amho. { { { Ë`m§Zr XoeâmV AZoH$ Oëho Am U VmbwŠ`m§n`ªV Amnbo Omio dUbo Amho. Ë`m_wiohr { _m hVr Jmoim H$aVmZm AZoH$ AS>MUr Amë`m AmhoV. -  àËòH$ d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_mMr Üò` YmoaU o doJdoJir AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m g§emoYZmgmR>r

{ Amdí`H$ Agbobo ZH$f gdm©Zm bmJy hmoVrbM Ago ZmhrV. - { {  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mr Üò` YmoaUo R>a dUmar A YH$mar d _mbH$ _§S>ir ghOmghOr { { CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wiohr _m hVr _idÊ`mdaM H$mhr _`m©Xm Amë`m AmhoV. - àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVmZm H$mhr dmMH$ àojH$m§Zr àýmdbr ñdV…OdiM R>odyZ { KoVë`m d Ë`m ^ê$Z Xë`mM ZmhrV. H$mhr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m Jhmi Pmë`m. - { { VgoM àýmdbr âVmZm dmMH$ àojH$m§Zr hdm Vgm à VgmX Xbm Zmhr. { 1.8 dYmZ H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m d ñnï>rH$aU { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ hm df` g§emoYZmgmR>r { { { ZdS>bm Amho. df`mMo erf©H$ N>moQ>o Am U ghO bjmV òÊ`mOmoJo Agbo Var Ë`m_mJrb { { J ^©V AW© Am U Ë`mVyZ gwMdm`Mm Agbobm AW© `m~m~V `m eãXm§À`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m { XoUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo. `m dYmZmVrb àËòH$ eãXmÀ`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. { OmJ VH$sH$aU { { OmJ VH$sH$aU hr AË`§V ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. g§nyU© OJmbm ì`mnyZ am hboë`m `m { { { g§H$ënZoMo AZoH$ H§$Jmoao Am U n¡by AmhoV. OJmVrb d dY Xoem§_Üò nañnam§Xaå`mZ _wº$ , { - { - { ì`mnma _m hVrMr XodmU KodmU Am U kmZmMo AmXmZ àXmZ `m Jmoï>tMm OmJ VH$sH$aUmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. { { àñVwV g§emoYZmMm dMma H$aVm OmJ VH$sH$aU `m g§koVrb àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m OJVmer { { { g§~§ YV A§Jm§Mm Am U ~mOy§Mm dMma àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mVhr { { { , { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>bobo Am U KS>Umao gm_m OH$ Am W©H$ Am U Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb `m§Mr _m hVr

KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gXaÀ`m g§emoYZmV Ho$bm Amho.

_amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o { { _amR>r ^mfoV à gÕ hmoUmar dV©_mZnÌo Am U _amR>r ^mfoV àgmarV hmoUmar dmVm©nÌo

åhUOo _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_o hmoV. àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m g§X^m©V _amR>r ^mfoVyZ d¥Îm åhUOoM { - ~mVå`m§Mm Am U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo _Vm§Mm A§V^m©d Agbobo N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌ dm ÑH$ ûmmì` ñdê$nmV d¥Îm d _V o àgmarV H$aUmar _mÜ`_o `m AWm©Zo hm eãX dmnaÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àgma_mÜ`_o { { { `m g§koV N>mnrb dV©_mZnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m BVH$mM _`m© XV AW© KoVbm Amho. Ë`m_mJo { { { { g§emoYZ df`mMm AZmdí`H$ dñVma Q>miyZ Vmo H|$ ÐV H$aVm `mdm Am U Ë`mVyZ Zo_Ho$nUmZo , g§emoYZ H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo Agm hoVy Amho. n[aUm_ , { H$moUVrhr _hËËdmMr Jmoï> g§H$ënZm dm à H«$`m BVa AZoH$ Jmoï>tda à^md Q>mH$V { { { { AgVo. Ë`m à^mdmMr Vrd«Vm Am U ì`már `mZwgma à^m dV Pmbobr Jmoï> à V H«$`mhr XoV { , { AgVo. `mbmM EH$ ÌVnUo Ë`m _yi Jmoï> g§H$ënZm qH$dm à H«$`m `m§Mm n[aUm_ Ago { { åhUVmV. àñVwV g§emoYZmV OmJ VH$sH$aU `m g§H$ënZoMm d à H«$`oMm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§da

Pmbobm n[aUm_ OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

1.9 g§emoYZ nÕVr { { kmZmMm emoY Am U Ë`mV KmVbobr â åhUOo g§emoYZ hmo`. g§emoYZ hr d¡km ZH$ { { { M H$ËgoMr H$bm Amho. _Zwî` hm OJmVrb gdmªV ~w Õ_mZ àmUr Amho. àËòH$ _Zwî`_mÌm_Üò

, Zdo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr Zdo kmZ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgVo. `m àoaUoVyZM g§emoYZ

ApñVËdmV Ambo Amho. { g§emoYZmMm _w»`V… XmoZ H$maUm§gmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. EH$ åhUOo Zdo kmZ g§nm XV { { { H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am U Xþgao åhUOo OwÝ`m kmZmMo narjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r. M H$Ëgm hm g§emoYZmMm { { { { nm`m Amho. `m M H$ËgoÀ`m H$gmoQ>rdaM kmZ VnmgyZ nm hbo OmVo Am U Ë`mV â KmVbr , { { OmVo Ë`mVrb CUrdm Xÿa Ho$ë`m OmVmV Am U Vo AÚ`mdV Ho$bo OmVo. ZdS>bobr g_ñ`m { { { { gmoS> dÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m nÕVera d¡km ZH$ qMVZ d M H$ËgobmM g§emoYZ Ago { , , { , åhUVmV. hr g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ df` Ë`mMr ì`már g§H$ bV H$amd`mMr VÏò { { { , { { CnbãY gmYZo AmXtMm dMma H$ê$Z d eï> V§Ìo gm§p»`H$s` nÕVr Am U dûcofU V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. { { aoS>_Z Am U _moar `m§Zr Zdo kmZ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo Z`moOZ~Õ à`ËZ åhUOo g§emoYZ hmo`.9 Aer g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. { , { nr. ìhr. `§J `m§Zr gm_m OH$ g§emoYZ EH$ emór` nÕVr AgyZ OMm CÔoe { { Vm H©$H$ Am U H«$_~Õ `m nÕVtÛmam ZdrZ VÏ`m§Mm emoY KoUo qH$dm OwÝ`m VÏ`m§Mo nwZn©arjU , { { H$aUo d Ë`m§À`mV AmT>iyZ òUmao AZwH«$_ A§V…g§~§Yr H$m`©H$maU^md Am U Ë`m§Zm g§Mm bV { { { H$aUmè`m Z¡g J©H$ Z`_m§Mo dûcofU H$aUo hm Amho.10 { , Oo. S>ãë`.w ~oñQ> `m§Zr g§emoYZ hr EH$ ì`dpñWV H«$`m hmo` Á`mÛmao emoY KoVbm

{ { { OmVmo Am U g§K Q>V kmZmÀ`m A§Jm§Mm dH$mg Ho$bm OmVmo.11 1.9.1 g§emoYZmMo àH$ma A) _wb^yV g§emoYZ { ~) Cn`mo OV g§emoYZ

अ) _wb^yV g§emoYZ { { H$moUË`mhr kmZemIoVrb _wb^yV VÎdo qH$dm gÕm§V àñWm nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m { { g§emoYZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Z¡g J©H$ emóm§er g§~§ YV g§emoYZ `m àH$mamV _moS>Vo. { { _mZdmÀ`m _wb^yV JaOm Z üV H$aÊ`mg ho g§emoYZ Cn`wº$ R>aVo. fîï>´>r { , A_o[aHo$À`m am ` dkmZ g§ñWoZwgma _wb^yV qH$dm ewÕ g§emoYZmV kmZmÀ`m { dH$mgmgmR>r g¡ÕmpÝVH$ kmZmMm emoY KoVbm OmVmo. ho g§emoYZ H$moUË`mhr g_ñòMo CÎma { emoYUo ho C Ôï> g_moa R>odV Zmhr.12 { åhUOoM _wb^yV g§emoYZmV g¡ÕmpÝVH$ kmZ _idUo hm _w»` CÔoe AgyZ Á`mMr { Cn`wº$Vm ^ dî`H$mimV hmoeH$Vo. dV©_mZH$mbrZ g_ñòÀ`m gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`m Ñï>rer Aem g§emoYZmMm g§~§Y ZgVmo. { ~) Cn`mo OV g§emoYZ { Cn`mo OV g§emoYZmMm g§~§Y gmYmaUV… ì`mdhm[aH$ g_ñ`m§À`m gmoS>dUwH$ser AgVmo. { { åhUOo `m g§emoYZmMo Üò` ñnï>V… Cn`mo JVmdmXr AgyZ g§emoYZmÀ`m ZîH$fmªZm VËH$mi

Cn`moJmV AmUbo OmVo.13 { nr. ìhr. `§J… Cn`mo OV g§emoYZmVrb g§emoYZmMm g§~§Y _mZdmÀ`m Amdí`H$Vm 19

{ { Am U _mZdr H$ë`mU `m§À`mer AgyZ Cn`mo OV g§emoYZmMm AmYma KoUmao g§emoYH$ Ago , { , { _mZVmV H$s g§nyU© kmZ _ybV… Cn`wº$ AgyZ Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo EImXr H«$`m , { { { { qH$dm ì`dhma `m§Zm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo gÕm§VmMr Z _©Vr H$aUo Am U àË`j ì`dhmamV AmUUo

`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.14 { { { Z¡g J©H$ emóo Am U gm_m OH$ emóo `m XmoÝhr kmZemIm§_Ü`o g§emoYZmÀ`m _wb^yV { { { Am U Cn`mo OV `m XmoÝhr àH$maMo g§emoYZ Cn`wº$ R>aVo. doJdoJù`m df`m§gmR>r Ë`m { df`mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma doJdoJù`m g§emoYZ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m g§emoYZ nÕVr

_w»`V… Imbrb VrZ àH$maÀ`m AmhoV.

1.9.2 g§emoYZ nÕVrMo àH$ma 1) { { Eo Vhm gH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr 2) { àm`mo JH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr 3) dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVr

1) { { Eo Vhm gH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr , , { , { { ^yVH$mimVrb KQ>Zm Zm|Xr dûcofU AW© bmdUo `m§Mm g_mdoe Eo Vhm gH$ g§emoYZ { nÕVrV hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV B VhmgH$mbrZ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ho g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw { ^yVH$mi Am U dV©_mZH$mi `m Xmohm|Mo AmH$bZ H$aUo hm `m g§emoYZ nÕVrMm hoVy Agë`mZo

AÝ` gmYZm§Mm dmnahr Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem g§emoYZmVrb gm_mÝ`rH$aUmMm { { emoY KoVë`mg Ë`mÛmao ^ dî`mVë`m KQ>Zm§ df`r A§XmO ~m§YUohr eŠ` hmoVo. 2) { àm`mo JH$ g§emoYZ nÕV 20

{ { àm`mo JH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr hr ZmdmZwgmaM Zì`m à`moJm§er g§~§ YV Amho. H$mhr Mb { { { { { KQ>H$ hoVynwag…a Am U H$miOrnyd©H$nUo Z`§ ÌV H$ê$Z ho g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. Aem Z`§ ÌV { pñWVrV H$moUVo ZîH$f© òVmV `mMo AmH$bZ `m nÕVrÛmao H$aÊ`mV òVo. hr g§emoYZ nÕV { { ^ dî`H$mimer ZJS>rV Amho. 3) dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVr { { , { dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZmMo à_wI C Ôï> AÜ``Z g_ñ`m§À`m g§~§ YV gË` à_m UV gm_J«r { , { EH$ ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo H«$_~Õ Vm H©$H$ VgoM ì`dpñWV dU©Z H$aUo ho Amho. Ooìhm EImÚm g_ñòMo AÜ``Z àW_V… Ho$bo OmVo Voìhm dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZmMm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo.

Ooìhm EImÚm g_ñòMo AÜ``Z àW_V… Ho$bo OmVo Voìhm dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZmMm AmYma { , , , { KoVbm OmVmo. `m à H«$òV g_ñòMr ì`m»`m VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ dJuH$aU dûcofU `m

Q>ßß`m§VyZ g§emoYZmMo H$m`© nyU©Ëdmg Zobo OmVo. g§nyU© g_J«mMm Aä`mg Z H$aVm g_ñ`oÀ`m { { { { d eï> n¡byMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. g§emoYZH$Vm© dñVw Zð> nÕVrZo ZarjU H$Ë`m©À`m { ^y _Ho$VyZ H$m`© H$aV AgVmo.

dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVrMo àH$ma 1) ghg§~§Y nÕV 2) Ho$g ì`º$s Aä`mg nÕV ( ñQ>S>r) 3) VwbZmË_H$ H$m`©H$maU

} dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVrVrb gdjU nÕVrMm dmna àñVyV g§emoYZmgmR>r

H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. } gdjU nÕV { } gm_m OH$ gdjUmMm dmna àmMrZV_ H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. gd©àW_ B. { { } nyd© 3000 _Üò bmoH$g§»ò~m~V Am U Am W©H$ pñWVr~m~V gdjU Ho$ë`mÀ`m Zm|Xr { { { hamoS>moQ²gÀ`m J«§WmV AmhoV. H$m¡ Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emómVhr B. nyd© Vgè`m eVH$mV emgH$s` { { } nmVirda Am W©H$ AmH$So>dmar Jmoim H$aÊ`mÀ`m Zm|Xr XgyZ òVmV. `m gdmªMm AmYma gdjU 1 hmM Amho. 5 { } { { { gm_m OH$ gdjUmMm Cn`moJ gm_m OH$ KQ>ZoMo d¡km ZH$ AÜ``Z H$ê$Z g§~§ YV { { { { { VÏ`m§Zm EH$ ÌV H$ê$Z ZîH$fm©Mr àñVwVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. `m_wio d dY gm_m OH$ { { g_ñ`m§da àH$me Q>mH$bm OmVmo. VgoM gm_m OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr { } D$ gm_m OH$ gdjU gmhmæ`^yV hmo eH$Vo. { { { } d ^Þ d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m JQ>m~ÔbMr _m hVr Jmoim H$am`Mr Agob Va gdjU { } nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV òVmo. gm_m OH$ gdjUmMm AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr

ì`m»`m§Mm nam_e© KoVm `oB©b.

{ } { { , - { grZ nmAmo `§J… gm_m OH$ gdjU gmYmaUV… d eï> g_yhmMr aMZm AmMma Am U { { { H«$`m§À`m d dY ~m~tMm emoY hmo`.16

{ } { , { { _mH©$ A~«måg… gm_m OH$ gdjU hr Aer à H«$`m Amho H$s Á`mÛmam d eï> g_yhmMr { { { g§aMZm VgoM H«$`m§À`m gm_m OH$ g§~§Ym§~m~V n[aUm_mË_H$ VÏ`m§Zm g§H$ bV Ho$bo OmVo.17 { { { nr. ìhr. `§J… Z üV Aem ^m¡Jmo bH$ joÌmVrb g_wXm`mÀ`m OrdZmg§~§Yr EImÚm , { { { _hÎdnyU© VËH$mbrH$ dKQ>ZH$mar gm_m OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m d¡km ZH$ Ñï>rZo AmIUrgmR>r hmVr { } KoVbobr nÕVr åhUOo gm_m OH$ gdjU hmo`.18 } Z_yZm gdjU } Z_yZm gdjUmV g_J«mVrb H$mhr EH$H$m§À`m AmYmao AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. Z_yZm åhUyZ { { { { { { ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m `m EH$H$m§H$Sy>Z Or _m hVr àmá hmoVo Vr _m hVr g§nyU© g_J«mMo à V Z YËd { { { H$aUmar Amho Ago _mZyZ g§emoYZmMo ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mV `oVmV. Z_yZm ZdS> Oa d¡km ZH$ } } nÕVrZo Ho$bobr Agob Va Ago gdjU ho g§nyU© g_J«mÀ`m H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m gdjUmgmaIoM

Cn`wº$ R>aVo.19 } gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r Z_yZm gdjU nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho.

1.9.3 g§emoYZmMr H$m`©nÕVr , , `m g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYZmMr g§H$ënZm g§emoYZ nÕVr g§emoYZmMr gmYZo d V§Ìo { { { `m~m~VMr gImob _m hVr KoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. g§emoYZ gm hË` Am U nydu Pmboë`m { { g§emoYZmMm Aä`mghr H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. g§~§ YV df`m§~m~V H$moUH$moUË`m g§emoYZ nÕVr { dmnaÊ`mV Amë`m `m§Mmhr g dñVa Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va àñVwV g§emoYZ H$m`m©bm gwê$dmV

H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

, VÁkm§À`m _XVrZo _mJ©Xe©H$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Z_yZm àýmdbr V`ma H$aÊ`mV { { { { , , { Amë`m. N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo à V ZYr g§nmXH$ d[að> A YH$mar `m§À`mer { { àË`j MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr. OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r dV©_mZnÌm§V Pmboë`m ~Xbm§ df`rMr

Ë`m§Mr _Vo AmO_mdyZ KoVbr. { { , , , { VgoM `m g§emoYZ df`mgmR>r ZdS>boë`m nwUo gmVmam H$moëhmnya gmobmnya Am U { { { Ah_XZJa `m Oëøm§_Üò OmàË`j àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVë`m. d dY OZg_yhm§Mr _Vo OmUyZ { { { { KoVbr Am U g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Cn`wº$ _m hVr g§H$ bV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. { { { `m gd© _m hVrMo emór` nÕVrZo dûcofU H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao g§emoYZmMo ZîH$f© { { \ Am U e $magr _m§S>Ê`mV Amë`m AmhoV. { 1.10 _m hVr g§H$bZmMr gmYZo d V§Ìo { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`r Aä`mg H$aVmZm { { Ho$di EH$mM nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z nyU© _m hVr _iy eHo$b Ago dmQ>V Zgë`mZo EH$mnojm OmñV bm VÏ` g§H$bZ nÕVtMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Am . { { , , , { VÏ` g§H$bZmMo d dY àH$ma AmhoV. Ë`mV àýmdbr _wbmIVr AZwgyMr ZarjU { , { , , , { AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Üò ZarjU gm hË`mMo dmMZ _ZZ qMVZ g§emoYZ df`mVrb { { { AZw^dr d OmUË`m ì`º$sër dMma d Z_` `mgma»`m Jmoï>tVyZhr VÏ` g§H$bZ H$amdo bmJVo. { , , { g§H$ bV Ho$boë`m VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$amdo bmJVo. VgoM H$mhr VÏò ~m~r ì`º$s Am U

{ KQ>Zm§Mr Z_yZm ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va Z_yZm MmMUr KoVë`mda VÏ` g§H$bZmMr { Zo_H$s nÕV ZdS>mdr bmJVo.

àýmdbr { àýmdbr ho àmW _H$ òmoVm§Vrb ì`º$ser AàË`jnUo g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ { { { , Amho. deofV… Ooìhm g§emoYZmMm df` d joÌ ì`mnH$ qH$dm demb AgVo Voìhm `m gmYZmMm { { { { { , deof dmna hmoVmo. CÎma XoUmar ì`º$s gw e jV Agmo dm A e jV àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoUmè`mMr { { { { { ^y _H$m ghH$m`m©Mr Agob Va Ë`mVyZ Z üVM g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV CÎm_ àVrMr VÏ`o hmVr `oVmV.

_wbmIV { { àmW _H$ VÏ` g§H$bZmMo AmUIr EH$ à^mdr gmYZ åhUOo _wbmIV. g§~§ YV , { { ì`º$ser g§^mfU MMm© qH$dm g§dmX$ gmYyZ g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV VÏ`o Jmoim H$aUo { { { åhUOoM _wbmIV hmo`. g§emoYZ joÌmV amhUmè`m ì`º$s g§emoYZ df`mer K Zð>VoZo g§~§ YV { { { { AgVmV. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV dmñV dH$ _m hVr Ë`m§Zm AgVo. åhUyZM AJXr

Am¡nMm[aH$ _wbmIV Z KoVmhr Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z AZoH$ _hÎdmMr VÏ`o hmVr bmJy eH$VmV. { , _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV Ë`m§À`mVrb { { ñnYm© H$em arVrZo dmT>V Jobr Amho Am U Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m à VñnÜ`m©À`m AmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S> XoV { , H$em nÕVrMo ~Xb ñdrH$mabo Am U A§JrH$mabo AmhoV `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm. { , `m g§emoYZmV ZdS>H$ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo N>mnrb A§H$ Ë`m§À`m B§Q>aZoQ> Amd¥Ë`m `mVrb

{ { { _OHw$amMo dûcofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mgmo~VM `m H$mimVrb d dY emgH$s` d ImgJr { , { { { { g§ñWm§Zr à gÕ Ho$bobo Ahdmb d dY boI d dûcofUmË_H$ gm hË` `m§Mm Aä`mg àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. { { { { g§emoYZ df`mMr _m hVr àm_w»`mZo nwT>rb nmM àH$mam§Zr _idÊ`mMo R>a dÊ`mV Ambo. 1. } gdjU 2. { Ame` dûcofU 3. { VÁkm§À`m dñV¥V _wbmIVr 4. { B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m hVr 5. { { g§emoYZ df`mg§~§YrMo gm hË`

1. } gdjU { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V { { } { gm_m OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho. gm_m OH$ gdjUmV gm_m OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm emoY KoUo { { { d Ë`m§À`m ZamH$aUmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo ho A ^àoV AgVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo EH$ d¡km ZH$ nÕVr { } { { Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. gdjUmÀ`m `m d¡km ZH$ nÕVrZwgma H$mT>bobo ZîH$f© ho { { { dmñV dH$ ZarjU d narjUmda AmYmabobo AgVmV. åhUyZM Vo A Ve` Cn`wº$ g_Obo

OmVmV. { } gm_m OH$ gdjU , { } { , { H$maqbJa `m§À`m ì`m»`oZwgma gm_m OH$ gdjU hr gm_m OH$ d¡km ZH$ AÝdofUmMr , Aer EH$ emIm Amho H$s Á`m A§VJ©V ì`mnH$ qH$dm bKw AmH$mamÀ`m bmoH$g§»`oMo AÜ``Z 26

{ { Ë`mVrb ZdS> Ho$boë`m Z_wÝ`mÀ`m AmYmamda `m Ame`mZo Ho$bo OmVo H$s Á`mV ì`má gm_m OH$ , { VgoM _mZgemór` Mbm§Mo KQ>ZmH«$_ dVaU qH$dm nmañn[aH$ Am§Va g§~§Ym§À`m kmZmMr D$ CnbãYr hmo eHo$b.20 D$Z { } hr ì`m»`m bjmV Ko àñVwV g§emoYZmer g§~§ YV gdjU H$aÊ`mV Amboo.

àýmdbr { àýmdbr nÕVrV g§emoYZH$Vm© Am U CÎmaXmVm `m XmoKm§Mm nañnam§er àË`jmV g§~§Y { { { AmbmM nm hOo Ago ~§YZ Zmhr. na§Vw g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo `m à H«$`oV àý dMmabm Zmhr Va

CÎmaXmË`mbm àýmdbr ñdV…M ^ê$Z Úmdr bmJVo. { àñVwV g§emoYZmH$arVm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m { df`mda AmYmarV àýmdbr dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z ^ê$Z KoVbr Amho.

hr àýmdbr àW_ H$ÀÀ`m ñdê$nmV V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va gd©àW_ Vr { , , { { g§emoYZ df`m§Vrb VÁk nÌH$ma d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo à V ZYr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr. { { { { Ë`m§Zr Xboë`m à V H«$`m Am U gyMZm§À`m AmYmamZo `m àýmdbrVrb CUrdm Xÿa H$ê$Z àýmdbr { D AmUIr gH$g H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va A§ V_V… g§emoYZ joÌmV Om Z VoWrb dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z { { hr àýmdbr Oëhm Zhm` ^ê$Z KoVbr Amho. } { , , , , { `m gdjUmV nwUo _hgybr d^mJmVrb nwUo gmVmam gm§Jbr gmobmnya H$moëhmnya Am U { { { Zm eH$ _hgybr d^mJmVrb Ah_XZJa `m Oëøm§Vrb EHy$U 900 dmMH$ d àojH$m§H$Sy>Z { { { àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVbr. `m nmMhr Oëøm§_Ü`o dmMH$m§_Ü`o g§emoYZ joÌmVrb d dY JQ>m§Mm

{ g_mdoe hmoB©b `mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr. J«m_rU Am U ehar Aem XmoÝhr ^mJm§Vrb , , dmMH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoVm `mdrV Agmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `mV Vê$U Áòð> ZmJarH$ , { , { { { - { { nwê$f _ hbm dÚmWu Am U ì`mdgm `H$ `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `m ì`º$s d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m Z` _V } { , , dmMH$ AmhoV. `m gdjUmV d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m g§nmXH$s` d^mJmVrb dmVm©ha Cng§nmXH$ EO§Q> { { { { Aem g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV d dY joÌm§Vrb ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVbr. } { { gdjU H$aVmZm g§H$ bV VÏ`m§Mo àVrH$m§_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m à H«$òbm g§Ho$VrH$aU Ago åhUVmV. Aem arVrZo VÏ`m§Mo àVrH$m§_Üò ê$nm§Va Ho$ë`m_wio gmXarH$aU { } { { Am U JUZoMo H$m`© gmono hmoVo. gdjUmÛmao g§H$ bV Ho$bobr VÏò Am U AmH$So> `m§À`m gwì`dpñWV ñdê$nmV Ho$boë`m _m§S>Ur d gmXarH$aUmbm gmaUrH$aU Ago åhUVmV. Aem { { { gmaUr_wio AZoH$ Jmoï>r ñnï> H$aVm òVmV. g§emoYZ df`m§Vrb d dY KQ>H$m§Mm nañnam§er { Agbobm g§»`mË_H$ g§~§Yhr Ë`mVyZ ghOnUo ñnï> H$aVm òVmo. `m_wio àËòH$ ~m~rMo g dñVa { ñnï>rH$aU Am U dU©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$ï> dmMVmV. 2. { Ame` dûcofU { g_mOemór` g§emoYZmV Ame` dûcofU ho Aä`mgmMo EH$ Zdo V§Ì Amho. `m V§ÌmÀ`m { { ghmæ`mZo JwUmË_H$ VÏ`m§Mo gm§p»`H$s` Am U dñVw Zð> VÏ`m§_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aVm òVo. { { WmoS>Š`mV Ame` dûcofU åhUOo VÏ`m§À`m Ame`mMo dûcofU H$aUo hmo`.

{ { `m V§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ame` qH$dm Am§V[aH$ VÏò `m§Mohr dûcofU Ho$bo OmVo Am U { D Ë`mZ§VaM ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. dV©_mZnÌmMoM CXmhaU Ko `mV. EImÚm d¥ÎmnÌmV { { { d dY àH$maMm N>mnrb _OHy$a AgVmo. Ame` dûcofUmV Aem N>mnrb ñdê$nmÀ`m VÏ`m§Mo { { , { { dûcofU H$aÊ`mV òVo. d¥ÎmnÌmMo H$mhr Xdg _ hZo qH$dm dfmªMo A§H$ nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m ^Þ { ^Þ loUr V`ma Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda Vo d¥ÎmnÌ H«$sS>màYmZ Amho H$s dmVm©àYmZ , { { D Amho _ hbm àým§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoUmao Amho H$s Zmhr Aem àH$maMo ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm ò eH$VmV. { Ame` dûcofUmMr ì`m»`m { { { g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV VÏ` g§H$bZmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m hVr dm VÏò `m§Mo { { { dûcofU H$ê$Z Ë`mMm g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo `mo½` ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r dmna H$aUo { åhUOoM Ame` dûcofU hmo`. nwT>rb ì`m»`m§Ûmao Ë`mMo AmUIr ñnï>rH$aU hmoB©b. { , ~Zm©S©> ~oaoëgZ… g§kmnZmVrb ì`º$ qH$dm àH$Q> Ame`mÀ`m dñVw Zð> ì`dpñWV d { g§»`mË_H$ dU©ZmMo Ame` dûcofU ho EH$ V§Ì Amho.21 , , { { { nm°brZ `§J… _wbmIV àýmdbr AZwgyMr Am U BVa bpIV qH$dm _m¡pIH$ ^mfm df`H$ { , { { A ^ì`º$sÛmao àmá g§emoYZ VÏ`m§Mo H«$_~Õ dñVw Zð> Am U n[aUm_mË_H$ dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r { Cn`moJmV AmUbo OmUmao g§emoYZ V§Ì åhUOo Ame` dûcofU hmo`.22 , `m V§ÌmMm g§~§Y g§kmnZ _mÜ`_o g§kmnZ àMma qH$dm àgma_mÜ`_m§Ûmao àmá Pmboë`m

VÏ`m§À`m Ame`mer AgVmo. { - `m V§ÌmÛmao àH$Q> Pmboë`m Ame`mMo AÜ``Z d dûcofU Ho$bo OmVo. àMma 29

{ , _mÜ`_m§VyZ bpIV N>mnrb qH$dm _m¡pIH$ ñdê$nmV ì`º$ Pmboë`m VÏ`m§Mo AemàH$mao Ame` { { { dûcofU H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m Ame`mMo dûcofUmMo V§Ì dmnê$Z g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V { , { dñVw Zð> H«$_~Õ Am U n[aUm_H$maH$ dU©Z H$aUo hm `m V§Ìm_mJMm hoVy AgVmo. ho V§Ì { d¡km ZH$ AgyZ Ë`mÛmao àmá hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mr gË`Vm nmaIUo eŠ` hmoVo. { àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m gmYZm§Mo ñdê$n Am U n[aUm_ `m V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z ñnï> H$aVm { { { { òVmV. àgma_mÜ`_o Am U g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV AÝ` ~m~tMm OZVodarb à^md d¡km ZH$ nÕVrZo _moOUoXoIrb `m V§Ìm_wio eŠ` hmoVo. { , { , { `m V§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gm hË` ejU H$a_UwH$sMr gmYZo `m§À`m à^mdmMo dûcofU { H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. `m V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z EImÚm g_yhmMr _mZ gH$ àd¥Îmr OmUVm òVo VgoM , , , Ë`m_wio EImÚm g_mOgwYmaH$mMr àemgH$mMr ZoË`mMr `moOZm èñdr hmoÊ`mg H$m`©H«$_

AmIÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mdarb g§emoYZmV { { , { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>boë`m ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Am W©H$ ~Xb Vm§ ÌH$ , { { ~Xb gm_m OH$ ~Xb ho VrZ _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r ZdS>bo AmhoV. gXa g§emoYZ { { df`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r _hmamï>«mVrb nwUo _hgyb d^mJmVrb dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mr nmhUr Ho$br. 3. { VÁkm§À`m dñV¥V _wbmIVr { { Ooìhm XmoZ qH$dm A YH$ ì`º$s¨_Ü`o g§dmX hmoVmo Am U Vmo àýmoËVa ñdê$nmV AgVmo { Voìhm Ë`mbm _wbmIV Ago åhUVmV. _wbmIVrMm à_wI CÔoe nañnam§er g§nH©$ gmYyZ _m hVr

{ { _idUo hm Amho. _wbmIVr_wio _wbmIV XoUmam Am U KoUmam `m§À`mV àË`j g§nH©$ `oVmo. , , AemàH$maÀ`m àË`j g§nH$m©_wio Ë`m ì`º$s¨À`m Am`wî`mVrb Am§V[aH$ ~m~r KQ>Zm Ë`mMo -{ { { { AmMma dMmagaUr `m~m~VMr _m hVr àmá H$aVm `oVo. `m _m hVrMo AÜ``Z gm_m OH$ { g§emoYZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË`§V _mobmMo Am U Cn`wº$ R>aVo. Ë`mM hoVyZo àñVwV g§emoYZmV _wbmIV { V§ÌmMmhr dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. AZoH$ VÁk Am U Zm_d§V bmoH$m§er _wbmIVtgmR>r g§nH©$ gmYbm nU Ë`mVrb Á`m bmoH$m§Zr gXa g§emoYZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Amnbr _Vo àË`j dm boIr { - ñdê$nmV CnbãY H$ê$Z Xbr. Ë`mMm Vnerb nwT>rbà_mUo…

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g§emoYZ g_ñòMr _m§S>Ur Pmë`mda Ë`m g_ñòÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maMr { { _m hVr Amdí`H$ Amho ho bjmV KoZ_yZm ZdS> nÕVr dmnabr Amho. { gm_m OH$ emóm§V bmoH$g§»òÀ`m AÜ``ZmÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV. { A)n°am_o Q´>H$ nÕVr

~)Zm°Z n°am‘o{Q´>H$ nÕVr { अ) n°am_o Q´>H$ nÕV } g§nyU© g_yh qH$dm bmoH$g§»`m `m§Zm narjU joÌ _mZyZ g§emoYZ d gdjU Ho$bo OmVo.

{ ~) Zm°Z n°am_o Q´>H$ nÕV { { { { { { `m nÕVrV g§nyU© bmoH$g§»`o_YyZ EH$m d eï> àm V Z YH$ g_yhmMr ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`mMo , { { AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mV `oVo. `m nÕVrÛmao H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AÜ``Z gai dœgZr` Am U H$_r { IMm©Mo AgVo. Z_yZm hm `m nÕVrMm AmYma Amho. Z_yZm hm dœ qH$dm g_J« `mVyZ { ZdS>Ê`mV Ambobm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. { { { { JwS> Am U h°Q>… Z_yZm Ë`mVrb Zmdmà_mUoM EH$m dñV¥V g_yhmMo bKw à V ZYr Amho.23 { lr_Vr nm°brZ `§J… EH$ gm§p»`H$s` Z_yZm Ë`m g§nyU© g_yhmMo qH$dm g_J«mMo EH$ bKw MÌ , Amho Á`m_YyZ Z_yZm KoVbm Amho.24 { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mdarb àñVwV - { { g§emoYZmgmR>r Zm°Z n°am_o Q´>H$ nÕVrZo Z_yZm ZdS> Ho$br Amho. { , , , { { nwUo _hgyb d^mJmVrb nwUo gmVmam H$moëhmnya gmobmnya Am U Zm eH$ _hgyb { { - d^mJmVrb Ah_XZJa OëømVrb dmMH$ àojH$m§H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Amë`m. { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V Joë`m XmoZ XeH$m§V _moRo ~Xb KS>bo AmhoV. `m

{ } { ~Xbm§Mr _m hVr KoÊ`mgmR>r gdjUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Z_yZm ZdS> g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. } - `m gdjUmV 1000 dmMH$ àojH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mV Ambm. na§Vw Ë`mn¡H$s 900 { g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>boë Mm Vnerb nwT>o {Xbm Amho. dmMH$m§Zr àýmdbr ^ê$Z Xë`m. `m Z‘yÝ`m

{ { Z_yZm ZdS>rMm Vnerb Xe© dUmam Vº$m ï´> _hmam >« amÁ`

{ { { nwUo _hgyb d^mJ Zm eH$ _hgyb d^mJ

nwUo gmVmam H$moëhmnya gmobmnya Ah_XZJa

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KoVë`m AmhoV. { { { àñVwV g§emoYZmV g§^mì` ZdS> Am U Ag§^mì` ZdS> `m XmoÝhr àH$mam§Mm dmna Ho$bm , , , { { { Amho. nwUo gmVmam gmobmnya H$moëhmnya Am U Ah_XZJa `m Oëøm§À`m ehar Am U J«m_rU 00 ^mJmVyZ àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVë`m AmhoV. `m àýmdbtMr EHy$U g§»`m 9 BVH$s Amho. , , { , { , , { / `m_Ü`o Vê$U nÌH$ma _ hbm dÚmWu Á`oð> ZmJarH$ ì`mdgm `H$ ZmoH$aXma `m§Mm `mo½`

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Agohr VÁkm§Mo _V Amho. { { àñVwV g§emoYZ df`mMr ì`már Am U Ë`mMm g_J« nmhVm g_J«mÀ`m 5 Q>¸o$ BVŠ`m { { Z_wÝ`mMr ZdS> H$aUo AeŠ`àm` Amho. Ë`m_wio nmM Oëøm§VyZ àËòH$s 180 ì`º$s¨Mr _Vo 00 àýmdbrÛmao OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. Z_wÝ`mMm AmH$ma hm 9 BVH$m Agë`mZo Vmo Iyn { { { \ { H$_r qH$dm Iyn OmñVhr Zmhr. òWo àm V Z YH$ KQH$$ $ma _moR>çm joÌmV dIwabobo , , { Agë`m_wio l_ n¡gm doi `m§Mm Anì`` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Z_wÝ`mMm AmH$ma _`m© XV R>odbm Amho. { { `m _`m© XV AmH$mam_wio g§emoYZ df`mMm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m g§emoYZ df`mdarb { { { , { , , d ^Þ g_yhm§Vrb gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$ Z _ hbm dÚmWu Áòð> ZmJarH$ B. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo , , , _mbH$ ì`dñWmnH$ g§nmXH$ nÌH$ma AmXr bmoH$m§Mr _Vo àýmdbr d _wbmIVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ { OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mMo ZîH$f© ghmì`m àH$aUmV gmXa Ho$bo AmhoV.

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àH$aU Xþgao… g§emoYZmMm nydm©ä`mg

2.1 àñVmdZm { { { 2.2 g§~§ YV gm hË`mÀ`m g_mbmoMZmMr C Ôï>o

2.3 nydu Pmboë`m g§emoYZmMm AmT>mdm S>r. 2.3.1 nrEM. Mo emoYà~§Y . 2.3.2 E_. {’$b Mo bKwemoYà~§Y { 2.4 g§X^© gm hË`mMm AmT>mdm

2.5 gmam§e

àH$aU Xþgao… g§emoYZmMm nydm©ä`mg

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Aä`mg H$am`bm hdm.1

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{ emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb J«§Wmb`m§Zm ^oQ>r Xë`m d

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{ { { 2.2 g§~§ YV gm hË`mÀ`m g_mbmoMZmMr C Ôï>o { , g§emoYH$ Á`m g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m joÌmV g§emoYZ H$arV ho Ë`m { { joÌmV AmYrM g§M `V Agboë`m kmZmMm AmT>mdm Am U ghmæ` KoUo hr { { g§emoYZmÀ`m à H«$`oVrb n hbr nm`ar Amho. AemàH$mao CnbãY kmZmMm { { { AmT>mdm KoVë`mZo Am U g§~§ YV gm hË`mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZo g§emoYH$mbm { { { { g§~§ YV df`m~ÔbMr CnbãY _m hVr _iVoM. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mbm

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_hÎdmMo R>aVo.

 nyduÀ`m g§emoYH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmA§Vr AmJm_r g§emoYZmgmR>r { \ { { { e $mag Ho$boë`m g§emoYZ df`m§Mr _m hVr _idUo. { { {  g§emoYZmMm df` ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z _iUo. { {  g§emoYZ gm hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÛmao ñdV…À`m kmZmÀ`m H$jm dñVmaUo. { { {  g§emoYZ g_ñ`oMr ì`már Am U _`m©Xm Z üV H$aUo. { {  g§emoYZ g_ñ`m d J¥ hVH$mÀ`m `mo½` d AMyH$ _m§S>Ur~m~V _m hVr { _idUo. {  nyduÀ`m g§emoYZmVyZ gÕ Pmboë`m g_ñ`m d g§emoYZm§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr

Q>miUo. 50

 g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m CÎmamMr d¡YVm VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` { { gm§p»`H$s` nÕVr d V§ÌmMr _m hVr _idUo. { { { {  AmYma gm_J«r Am U ZîH$f© `m~m~V VwbZmË_H$ _m hVr _idUo. { { { J«§Wmb`mVrb gm hË`mMm AmT>mdm hr gm hË` g_mbmoMZmVrb n hbr { { nmàr Amho. J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY Agboë`m àmW _H$ Am U Xþæ`_ ómoVm§À`m D$ _mÜ`_mVyZ ho g_mbmoMZ H$aVm ò eH$Vo.3 { àmW _H$ òmoV Á`mÛmao boIH$ ñdV…Mo g§emoYZ qH$dm Aä`mg _m§S>Vmo Ë`m g§emoYZna , , , { boI nwñVHo$ Ahdmb à~§Y AmXtZm àmW _H$ òmoV Ago åhUVmV.

Xþæ`_ òmoV `m_Ü`o g§emoYH$ BVam§Zr Ho$bobo g§emoYZ qH$dm Aä`mgmA§Vr H$mT>bobo { { { { { ZîH$f© g§H$ bV qH$dm gmam§ eV ñdê$nmV _m§S>Vmo Am U `m ZîH$fmªMo { AW© Zd©MZ H$aVmo. { { g§~§ YV gm hË`mMr g_rjm { { { { { { g§emoYZ df` Z üV Ho$ë`mZ§Va gXa df`mer g§~§ YV gm hË`mMm { gImob Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. AemàH$mao gm hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm { , Ë`mMo Q>nU d Zm|Xr `mo½` arVrZo R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mV g§X^m©Mr Zm|X { , , { { Amdí`H$ _m hVr gmam§e _hÎdmMo CVmao Am U AÝ` g§~§ YV Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe

AgVmo.

nydu Pmboë`m g§emoYZmMr nwZamd¥Îmr g§emoYH$mZo hmVr KoVboë`m gXa g§emoYZmV hmoV Agob Va Ë`mg g§emoYZ åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. H$maU { { { { { g§emoYZmÛmao _mZdr OrdZ Am U ì`dhmamer g§~§ YV d dY df`m§Mm ì`mnH$ { { Am U dñV¥VnUo emoY KoÊ`mMm hoVy gmÜ` hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. { g§~§ YV g§emoYZmMr g_rjm g§emoYH$mbm Amnbr g_ñ`m `mo½` eãXm§V _m§S>Vm `mdr VgoM g_ñ`oMr { { { C Ôï>o R>adVm `mdrV Am U g§emoYZmgmR>rÀ`m gmYZm§Mr `mo½` nÕVrZo ZdS> , { H$aVm `mdr `mgmR>r Ë`mbm _mJ©Xe©H$ _m hVrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r { { { g§~§ YV gm hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmo~VM g§~§ YV g§emoYZmMm Aä`mghr AË`§V

_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. { { Aem arVrZo àñVwV g§emoYZ df`mer g§~§ YV nydu Pmboë`m g§emoYZm§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZo g§emoYH$mbm nyduÀ`m g§emoYZmMo ñdê$n g_Oy D$ eH$Vo. VgoM OwÝ`m g§emoYZmMr nwZamd¥Îmr Q>miVm `o eH$Vo. g§emoYZ { { { df`mMr ì`már d _`m©Xm AMyH$nUo R>adUo eŠ` hmoVo. d dY g§emoYZmV { dmnaboë`m H$gmoQ>çm Am U nÕVr g§emoYH$mbm g_OVmV. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m

àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$moUVr g§emoYZ nÕVr dmnamdr `mMo _mJ©Xe©Z Ë`mbm { _iVo.

{ àñVwV g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V g§emoYH$mZo nydu Pmbobo g§emoYZ { { { Am U gm hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. na§Vw àñVwV g§emoYZ df`mda `m AmYr , g§emoYZ Pmbobo Zmhr Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo.

2.3 nydu Pmboë`m g§emoYZm§Mm AmT>mdm { { CnbãY ómoVm§Mm A YH$m YH$ dmna H$ê$Z nydu Pmboë`m { { { { g§emoYZm df`r _m hVr _idÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m g§emoYZ df`mda `m AmYr g§emoYZ Pmbo { Zgë`mMo g§emoYH$mÀ`m ZXe©Zmg Ambo. S>r. 2.3.1 nrEM. Mo emoYà~§Y 1) { { { S>m°. amo hV Q>iH$ `m§Zr Amnb²`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f© H$mT>bo

AmhoV.4 { {  Q>iH$m§À`m ñdamÁ`mÀ`m dMmam_mJo AW©emómMr ^¸$_ nmœ©^y_r hmoVr. { { ,  Q>iH$m§Zr AW©H$maUmV gyú_ AW©emómH$So> bj Xbo. eoVr CÚmoJ qH$dm , { gmd©^m¡_ H$ënZm ñdXoer `m~m~V Q>iH$m§Zr gyú_ AW©emómMm Cn`moJ { Ho$bobm XgVmo. {  bmoH$_mÝ` Q>iH$m§Zr gaH$mar IMm©À`m Amdí`H$VoMmXoIrb H«$_ bmdbobm

AmT>iVmo.

{ {  Q>iH$m§À`m dMmamV ì`dhma d ì`dhmamV dmñVdVm Amho. eoVH$ar hm

^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. 2) -{Q>iH$ { S>m°. JrVmbr _moZo `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f©

H$mT>bo AmhoV.5 { {  nwÊ`mVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m N>nmB©Mm IM© Am U àË`j dH«$s qH$_V `mV àM§S> \ V $mdV Amho. { } {  OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio dmT>boë`m ñnYÀ`m nmœ©^y_rda d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm _iUmè`m { { Om hamVtda dnarV n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho.

free circulation  d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Mr g§H$ënZm nmümË` Xoem§V N>moQ>çm eham§V

ê$T> Pmbr Amho. na§Vw nwÊ`mV d Amnë`m XoemV Ë`m g§H$ënZobm AÚmn { { gH$mamË_H$ à VgmX _imbobm Zmhr. 3) { S>m°. _XZ H$moRw>io `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f© H$mT>bo

AmhoV.6 { { { , {  Om hamVtH$So> AmH$ f©V hmoUmè`m J«mhH$m§Mr Am W©H$ gm_m OH$ d { { , , , { gm§ñH¥$ VH$ à Vð>m CËnÞ ^mfm dJ© `mZwgma d^mJUr H$aVm `oVo. { { { { {  dñVw Zð> arVrZo ì` º$ Zð> Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Om hamVtZm à VgmX XoUo ho gd© { { J«mhH$m§À`m _mZ gH$VoMo _hÎdmMo d¡ eï²>` Amho.

{ { , , , {  Om hamVrVyZ XgUmar dñVy dm godoMo ê$n AmH$ma AmœmgZo Üd Z_mÜ`_ { `mVyZ Ñí` gwg§JV g§X^© Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo. {  Om hamVrVrb `mo½` d dmñVd AmdmhZm_wio dñVyH$So> J«mhH$mMo Ëdarb bj { { doYbo OmB©b Am U J«mhH$mÀ`m _ZmV dñVy~Ôb AmñWm Z_m©U hmoB©b d { { { { dñVy dH$V KoUo J«mhH$mbm lo`g d ào`g dmQ>ob Vr Om hamV Z _©Vrj_ d

à^mdr hmo`. 4) { S>m°. nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rb `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f© H$mT>bo

AmhoV.7 {  _hmamï>« amÁ`mVyZ à gÕ hmoUmè`m _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m J«§Wmb`m§Mo H$m`©

g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho. {  J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§JUH$sH$aUm_wio _m hVr g§àofUm_Ü`o àJVr Pmbr Amho. {  d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _m hVr g§àofUmV d¥ÎmnÌr` J«§Wmb`m§Mm Mm§Jbm gh^mJ Amho. 5) { S>m°. œoVm A_aOrV ~maJi `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f©

H$mT>bo AmhoV. 8 { {  X¡ ZH$m§À`m Om hamVtMo ì`dñWmnZ nydunojm ~Xbboo Amho. { { {  Om hamV d^mJmV Zì`m `wJmV AZoH$ Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb Pmbobo AmhoV.

{ {  d¥ÎmnÌo d Om hamVXma `m§À`m_Yrb Xþì`mMo H$m_ Om hamV g§ñWm H$aV

AgVmV. 6) { { { { { S>m°. d ZVm nam§Ono `m§Zr ñdmV§Í`moÎma _amR>r X¡ ZH$m§Vrb J«§W Z dï> { { AJ«boIm§Mm g§kmnZmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ M H$ËgH$ Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.9 7) { S>m°. JO|Ð OmYd `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ Imbrb ZîH$f© H$mT>bo

AmhoV.10 Jmo.  nÙlr J. OmYd `m§Zr X¡. nwT>mar_Ü`o H$ï>H$ar d gm_mÝ` OZVobm { àmYmÝ` Xbo hmoVo. { {  gm_m OH$ nÌH$m[aVogmo~VM Ë`m§Zr emoY nÌH$m[aVobmhr ~i Xbo hmoVo. {  X jU _hmamï>«mVrb AZoH$ àH$ënm§Zm X¡. nwT>marÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zr { ^¸$_ nmR>~i Xbo. -  gmÜ`m gmoß`m ^mfoV nÌH$marVm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr X¡. nwT>marMm Zmdbm¡H$sH$

dmT>dbm. 8) . S>m° _mohå_X Vmhoa `m§Zr “Newspaper as a source of Industrial { Information and Analytical Study” `m df`mda g§emoYZ Ho$bo

Amho.11

9) { { S._ rZ { S>m°. _§Joe H$í`n `m§Zr _amR>r Z`VH$m bH$m§Zr Ho$bobo dm ` Am U { { gm_m OH$ H$m`© `m df`mda g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho.12

2.3.2 E_.{’$b. Mo bKw emoYà~§Y 1) { lr. nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rb `m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m bKw emoYà~§YmV13 X jU { _hmamï>«mVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _m hVr g§àofUmV d¥ÎmnÌr` J«§Wmb`m§Mo 25 Q>¸o$ \ , { , `moJXmZ AgyZ `m J«§Wmb`m§_m ©$V H$mÌUgodm àM bV OmJê$H$Vm godm { { { ZdS>H$ _m hVrMo àgmaU AmXr godm Xë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho. 2) { _ Zfm Kami `m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m bKw emoYà~§YmV14 X¡. gH$miÀ`m { , { H$moëhmnya Amd¥ÎmrMr gwê$dmV Am U dmQ>Mmb H$moëhmnya Amd¥ÎmrMo gm_m OH$ , { { H$m`© amï>«r` AmnÎmr_Yrb H$m`© `mMr _m hVr Xbr Amho. 3) g§JrVm ZmQ>H$a `m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m bKw emoYà~§YmV15 J«§Wmb`mVrb { { _m hVr godm§_wio X¡. bmoH$_VMr dœmgmh©Vm dmT>br AgyZ Vo àW_ H«$_m§H$mMo { X¡ ZH$ Pmë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho. 4) { { lr. Zaoe Jdir `m§Zr nwUo dÚmnrR>mV d¥ÎmnÌr` a ddma nwadUrVrb { { _amR>r gm hË` `m df`mda bKw emoYà~§Y gmXa Ho$bm Amho.16

{ 2.4 g§X^©gm hË`mMm AmT>mdm { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m { df`mdarb g§emoYZ àH$ënmgmR>r g§X^©J«§Wm§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho. gXa { { , { df`mer g§~ YV _amR>r qhXr d B§J«Or ^mfoVrb J«§Wm§VyZ `m df`mÀ`m { { { g§X^m©Vrb àmW _H$ _m hVr _idbr Amho. VgoM B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

AmH$So>dmar VgoM H$mhr boIm§Mm AmYmahr KoVbm Amho.

2.5 gmam§e { { { àñVwV g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m nydm©ä`mgmgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo d dY J«§Wmb`o { d B§Q>aZoQ>darb do~gmB©Q²gZm ^oQ>r XoàñVwV g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V nydu { Pmbobo g§emoYZ VgoM g§emoYZ gm hË` `m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm. Vmo { { { nydm©ä`mgmÀ`m àH$aUmV dñVmamZo _m§S>bm Amho. d¥ÎmnÌ dÚm Am U , , , - OZg§kmnZemómVrb VÁk nÌH$ma g§nmXH$ d¥Îmg_yhm§Mo _mbH$ VgoM { { { { dMmad§V Am U VÁk `m§À`mer MMm© H$ê$Z _m hVr _idbobr Amho. VgoM

B§Q>aZoQ> d AÝ` _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Zhr g§emoYZ g_ñ`oÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb { _hÎdmMr _m hVr àmá Ho$br Amho. Ë`mMm C„oIhr nydm©ä`mgmÀ`m àH$aUmV

Ho$bm Amho.

g§X^© 1. , Ama. , { { { , H$moR>mar gr. [agM© _oWm°S>m°bm°Or dbr B©ñQ>Z© b. Zdr X„r , . 1990 n¥.18 2. , { { , , AmZ§X í`m_. _mg H$å`w ZHo$eZ A±S> OZm© bO_ CnH$ma àH$meZ , , AmJ«m 2012 n¥.387. 3. , VÌ¡d n¥.387. 4. { ; { ï´> { , bmoH$_mÝ` ~mi J§JmYa Q>iH$ EH$ AW©VÁk Q>iH$ _hmam > dÚmnrR> , { { S>r gßQ>|~a 2012 S>m°. amo hV Q>iH$ `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 5. The Role of free Circulation in Optimum Newspaper { ï´> { , , Management; Q>iH$ _hmam > dÚmnrR _o 2011 S>m°. JrVmbr -{Q>iH$ S>r _moZo `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 6. { { dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m Om hamVtMo ñdê$n d dV©_mZ pñWVrV Om hamVrMo ~XbUmao ;{ ï´> { ; { , ñdê$n Q>iH$ _hmam > dÚmnrR E àb 2011 S>m°. _XZ H$moRw>io `m§Zr S>r nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y.

7. ï´> { { _hmam amÁ`mVyZ à gÕ hmoUmè`m _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _m hVr g§àofUmV ;{ ï´> { ; { ; d¥ÎmnÌr` J«§Wmb`m§Mo `moJXmZ Q>iH$ _hmam dÚmnrR> E àb 2012 S>m°. S>r nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rb `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 8. { ; { ;{ ; d¥ÎmnÌm§Vrb Om hamVtMo ~XbVo ì`dñWmnZ nwUo dÚmnrR> S>g|~a 2008 S>r S>m°. œoVm A_aOrV ~maJi `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 9. { { { ñdmV§Í`moÎma _amR>r X¡ ZH$m§Vrb J«§W Z dï> AJ«boIm§Mm g§kmnZmÀ`m { { ; ï´> { ; Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ M H$ËgH$ Aä`mg `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmam >« _wº$ dÚmnrR ; { { S>r 1999 S>m°. d ZVm nam§Ono `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 10. { nÙlr H¡$. J. OmYd `m§Mr nÌH$marVm… EH$ dûcofUmË_H$ ; { { ; ; S>r Aä`mg edmOr dÚmnrR> _o 2007 S>m°. JO|Ð OmYd `m§Zr nrEM. . gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 11. Newspaper as a source of Industrial Information and ; { ; ; . analytical study åh¡gya dÚmnrR> 1978 S>m° _mohå_X Vmhoa `m§Zr S>r nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 12. { { S._ rZ { { ; _amR>r Z`VH$m bH$m§Zr Ho$bobo dm ` Am U gm_m OH$ H$m`© { ; S>r nwUo dÚmnrR> S>m°. _§Joe H$í`n `m§Zr nrEM. .gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y. 13. { ï´> { { X jU _hmam mVyZ à gÕ hmoUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _m hVr àgmaUmV ; ï´> { ; d¥ÎmnÌr` J«§Wmb`m§Mo `moJXmZ `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmam >« _wº$ dÚmnrR>

; . . 2008 lr. nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rb `m§Zr E_ {’$b gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm bKw emoYà~§Y. 14. , { { ; X¡. gH$mi H$moëhmnya Amd¥Îmr… EH$ M H$ËgH$ Aä`mg èd§Vamd ï´> { ; 2009; { . . MìhmU _hmam _wº$ dÚmnrR> _ Zfm Kami `m§Zr E_ {’$b gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm bKw emoYà~§Y. 15. { { Am¡a§Jm~mX òWrb X¡ ZH$ bmoH$_V J«§Wmb`mVrb _m hVr godm§Mm ; ï´> g§àofUmË_H$ Ñï>rZo Aä`mg èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmam >« _wº$ { ; ; . . dÚmnrR> 2009 g§JrVm ZmQ>H$a `m§Zr E_ {’$b gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm bKw emoYà~§Y. 16. { { ; { ; d¥ÎmnÌr` a ddma nwadUrVrb _amR>r gm hË` nwUo dÚmnrR lr. . . Zaoe Jdir `m§Zr E_ {’$b gmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm bKw emoYà~§Y.

{ { { àH$aU Vgao… OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm B Vhmg

3.1 àñVmdZm íd© 3.2 nm ^y_r { 3.3 OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr dmQ>Mmb { { { 3.4 OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo d dY Am`m_

3.5 gmam§e

{ { { àH$aU Vgao… OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm B Vhmg

3.1 àñVmdZm { OmJ VH$sH$aU hm AmOÀ`m H$mimVbm nadbrMm eãX Pmbm Amho. , - { { g_H$mbrZ amOH$s` VÎdkmZ amOH$s` Am W©H$ g§ñWm d à H«$`m `m§À`m ñdê$nmV { _ybJm_r ~Xb OmJ VH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUy nmhV Amho. ObX dmhVyH$ d g§kmnZ , gmYZm§_wio OJmVrb A§Vao Zï> Pmbr d gahÔr nwgë`m Joë`m AmhoV EdT>oM Zìho Va { { AdH$mehr g§nwï>mV Ambm Amho Ago gm§ JVbo OmVo. OmJ VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm \ , Ver Zdr _wirM Zmhr. $ma àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Amåhr ‘dgwY¡d Hw$Qy>§~H$_²’ ‘ho { { , dœ M _mPo Ka’ `mgmaIr ñdßZo nmhV Ambmo AmhmoV. OJ^aÀ`m H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$ { { hmoÊ`mMo AmdmhZ H$aUmè`m H$mb© _mŠg©bmhr OmJ VH$sH$aUmMrM g§H$ënZm A ^àoV ï´> ï´> { hmoVr. am mam m§Vrb Am W©H$ g§~§Y nydm©nma MmbV Ambo AgyZ ì`mnmè`m§Zr OJ^a qhSy>Z Amnë`m _mbmgmR>r Zì`m ~mOmanoR>m emoYUohr H$mhr ZdrZ Zmhr. AmO { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V ~mobVmZm OwÝ`m H$miÀ`mM g§km dmnaë`m OmV AgVmV { { { nU Ë`m§Mo Z hV A§VñW AW© _mÌ gneob Zamio AmT>iVmV. AmOÀ`m { { , { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo ñdê$nM Ho$di Zamio Zmhr Va JVr à_mU Am U ì`márhr nyduÀ`m { { Ë`m gd© g§H$pënVm§nojm H$VrVar OmñV Amho. qH$~hþZm ho Ë`mMo ZamionU ñnï> { { H$aÊ`mgmR>rM OmJ VH$sH$aUmer g§~§ YV gd© g§km§Mo d g§H$ënZm§Mo AW© ZrQ> g_OyZ

KoUo JaOoMo Pmbo Amho.1

íd© 3.2 nm ^y_r { { { { gm hË`m_Üò H$~ram§Mr CbQ>~m§ g`m§Mr d¡ eï²>`nyU© e¡br à gÕ Amho. AJXr { , { JhZ Aer Xme© ZH$ gËò qH$dm ahñò gm§JVmZm Á`m_Üò dada doJioM H$mhr XgV , { AgVo na§Vw AmV doJioM H$mhr AgVo Aem OrdZmVë`m damoYm^mgm§Mm XmIbm Vo { XoVmV. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m gmo~VM OJmV EH$ Zdr eãXmdbr Ambr Amho. Or H$mhr { A§er H$~ram§À`m `m CbQ>~m§ g`m§gmaIrM Amho. ho eãX Aem VèhoZo dmnabo OmVmV

H$s Ë`m§À`m ê$T> AWm©À`m ~amo~a CbQ> AW© Ë`mVyZ àVrV hmoVmo. `m eãXmdbrZo { - gdaë { OJâmVrb eH$ë`m `m bmoH$m§Mr Xem^yb H$aÊ`mV H$mhr à_mUmV èhr { , { _idbo Amho. ho Oo eãX B§J«OrVyZ Ambo Ë`m§Mm ñdm^m dH$nUo Ë`mM AWm©Zo , { { { ^maVr` ^mfm§_Üò AZwdmX Ho$bm Jobm Am U CbQ> AWm©Mm hm gb gbm 2 Amnë`mH$So>hr Mmby Pmbm. { , , OmJ VH$sH$aU d¡œrH$aU ^y_§S>brH$aU ho ½bmo~bm`PoeZ `m eãXmMo doJdoJio AZwdmX AmhoV. OUyH$mhr gmao OJ EH$ hmoV Amho qH$dm AmnU gmao EH$ { OJ_` hmoV AmhmoV Ago Ë`mVyZ Üd ZV hmoV AgVo. `mgmR>rM OJmbm ½bmo~b - { { { pìhboO d¡ œH$ Jmd Aer g§kmhr Xbr Jobr. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m H$mimV { OJâmVrb g§nH©$ Am U AmXmZàXmZ dmT>bo Amho ho IaoM Amho. na§Vw ~maH$mB©Zo { , { nm hbo Va ^m§S>db d l _H$ `m§À`mdaMr ~§YZo H$m`_ AmhoV. OJmVrb ì`mnma

, { , { , dmT>bm Amho na§Vw Ë`mVrb Ag§VwbZ d dH¥$Vr dmT>ë`m AmhoV. kmZ _m hVr \ ( do) ~mVå`m d g§ñH¥$Vr `m§_Yrb XodmUKodmU Va OdiOdi EH$V $r© dZ Amho. - Ë`m_Ü`ohr noQ>§Q> d H$m°nramB©Q>À`m ê$nmZo KmbÊ`mV Amboë`m ~§YZm§_wio hr XodmU 3 KodmU gmonr H$aÊ`mEodOr CbQ> H$R>rUM Pmbr Amho. { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr hr à H«$`m gÜ`m AË`§V doJdmZ Am U Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~Zbr { { { { Agbr Var `m à H«$`oMr g dñVa d gImob _m hVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m

AJXr gwê$dmVrnmgyZÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. { 3.3 OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr dmQ>Mmb { OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm AmOÀ`m ñdê$nmV Iè`m AWm©Zo 1990 Z§Va gwê$dmV { Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmV Agbo Var Ë`mMr _wio A VàmMrZ H$mimn`ªV nmoMbobr { { { { { XgVmV. OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm B Vhmg åhUOoM dmQ>Mmb OVH$s àmMrZ VVH$sM { . amoMH$ Am U a§OH$hr Amho { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm CJ_ { , { OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm gwê$dmV H$Yr Pmbr `m~Ôb dMmad§Vm§V AZoH$ { _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. Amnë`mH$So> Va H$mhr dMmad§V Ë`mMr gwê$dmV ^maVmVrb { Am`mªÀ`m AmJ_ZmnmgyZ _mZVmV Am U F$½doXmgma»`m Amnë`m àmMrZ . dmS _`mVyZ Ë`mÀ`m g_W©ZmW© H$mhr g§X^©hr CÕ¥V H$aVmV. na§Vw AmnU { ) { , _mZd dkmZmVrb (Anthropology doJmZo hmoV Agboë`m g§emoYZm§Mm dMma Ho$bm Va { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m EH$m AWm©Zo _mUgmÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZM gwê$ Pmbobr XgVo.4

Am`mªMm H$mbI§S> - , { , àmMrZ H$mimV Am`© JQ>m JQ>mZ o ^maVmV Ambo. `m JQ>m§_Üò d¡Ú Á`mo Vf , { { emó eó Aem AZoH$ dÚm§_Üò ZîUmV Agbobo bmoH$ hmoVo. Ë`mgmo~VM { ì`mnmamMm hoVy ~miJUmao H$mhr bmoH$ Ë`mV g_m dï> hmoVo. AmOKS>rbm ì`mnma `m { { { eãXmMm Omo AW© Amho Vmo Ë`m§Zm Z üVM A ^àoV ZìhVm. AWm©V `m~m~V { { dMmad§Vm§_Üò _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. na§Vw Am`mªÀ`m `m AmJ_Zm_wio XmoZ ^Þ _mZdr , - , { g_yh Ë`m§Mo AmMma g§ñH¥$Vr _m hVr d kmZ `m§À`m AmXmZàXmZmg gwê$dmV Pmbr { `m df`r e§H$m AgÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Am`mªMo ^maVmVrb AmJ_Z ho { - ~mOmanoR> qH$dm ì`mnmamÀ`m ñdê$nmV Zgbo Var na§nam Am U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m XodmU { D$ KodmUrÀ`m ñdê$nmV gwê$dmVrMo OmJ VH$sH$aUM hmoVo Ago åhUVm ò eHo$b.

_hm^maVmMm H$mi - _hm^maVmÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` CnI§S>mV AZoH$ N>moQ>r N>moQ>r amÁò hmoVr. , , , { { hpñVZmnya A§J _JY Jm§Yma `m amÁ`m§À`m Xaå`mZ ì`mnmar dñVy§gh d dY Jmoï>tMo -àXmZ { { AmXmZ hmoV Ago. d dY Xoem§_Üò _moR>çm ehamV ~mOma âV AgV. `m { - { { ~mOmam§_Üò AZoH$ dY Jmoï>tMr XodmU KodmU hmoV Ago. `m ~mOmam§_Üò d dY , , , { , Xoem§Vrb ì`mnmar gh^mJr hmoV AgV. KmoSo> C§Q> aËZo `m§Mo ì`mnmar Á`mo Vfr d¡Ú

BË`mXr Amnë`m ì`dgm`mgmR>r EH$m XoemVyZ Xþgè`m XoemV Joë`mMo AZoH$ C„oI

àmMrZ J«§Wm§_Ü`o AmT>iVmV. 65

qgYy g§ñH¥$VrMm H$mbI§S> qgYy ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda dgbobr qgYy g§ñH¥$Vr hr OrdZmÀ`m AZoH$ joÌmV { àJV hmoVr ho AZoH$ g§emoYZm§VyZ gÕ Pmbo Amho. Ë`m H$mimV Xoem§À`m gr_onbrH$So> { { { ì`mnmar g§~§Y Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVhr `m bmoH$m§Zr `e _idbo hmoVo. qgYy g§ñH¥$Vr Am U gw_oa g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`mV ì`mnmar g§~§Y Agë`mMo nwamdo g§emoYZmVyZ gmnS>bo AmhoV. { Ë`m H$mimVhr ì`mnma qH$dm ~mOmanoR> Aem AWm©Zo OmJ VH$sH$aU Pmbo ZìhVo. na§Vw , { , , -KodmU kmZ _m hVr XiUdiU g§ñH¥$Vr Aem Jmoï>tMr XodmU Pmë`mMo nwamdo gmnS>bo AmhoV. { AWm©V da C„oI Ho$boë`m VÝhr H$mbI§S>m§_Ü`o ~mOma `m eãXmMm AmOMm , Omo AW© Amho Ë`m AWm©Zo ~mOmadmX gwê$ Pmbobm ZìhVm ho bjmV ¿`m`bm hdo. { { -àXmZ JaOoÀ`m dñVy§Mo d Z_`mÀ`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ AmXmZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. Ë`mV n¡gm \ , , hm KQ>H$ ZìhVm. AmOÀ`m H$mimVrb Z $m M§Ji Cn^moJdmX `m Jmoï>tMm g§gJ© { { `pËH§$ MVhr Zgbobr hr ~mOmanoR> Am U ~mOmadmX hmoVm.

{ { amo_Z Am U n e©`Z gm_«mÁ` { { { amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$mimV amo_ Am U n e©`m `m§À`mV ì`mnmar g§~§Y Z_m©U { - Pmbo. `m XmoZ _moR>çm gm_«mÁ`m§_Ü`o Z_m©U Pmboë`m g§~§Ym§VyZ AmgnmgMo N>moQ>o

{ N>moQ>o> Xoehr Ë`mV g_m dï> Pmbo. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimV `m n[agamV ì`mnmam~amo~aM , , { { { g§ñH¥$Vr H$bm gm hË` `m Jmoï>tMm CÎm_ àH$mao dH$mg Pmë`mMo XgyZ `oVo. { H$mob§~g Am U dmñH$mo X Jm_m g B. . 1492 _Ü`o H$mob§~g `m X`m©dXuZo A_o[aHo$Mm emoY bmdbm.

Amnë`mgmaIr _mUgo OJmÀ`m nmR>rda AmUIr Hw$R>o AmhoV `mMm emoY KoUo hm { Ë`mÀ`m gmJar _mohr_oMm àmW _H$ hoVy hmoVm. na§Vw A_o[aHo$Mm emoY bmdë`mda `m , { _mUgm§er ì`mnmar g§~§Y OmoS>Vm òVrb Ago Ë`mZo naVë`mda gm§ JVbo. g Ë`mZ§Va WmoS>çmM H$mimV åhUOo B. . 1498 _Üò dmñH$mo X Jm_m `mZo {\ { Am «$H$m I§S>mbm digm KmbyZ ^maVmMm H$Zmam JmR>bm. Ë`mÀ`m `m gmJar { _mohr_o~Ôb EH$ _hÎdmMr _m hVr bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho. Ë`mZo ^maVmbm ôQ> { oD$Z Xë`mZ§Va Vmo BWyZ ì`mnmar _mbmMm àM§S> gmR>m K naV Jobm hmoVm. `m _mbmMr { qH$_V Ë`mÀ`m gmJar _mohr_ogmR>r OVH$m IM© Pmbm hmoVm Ë`mÀ`m Vã~b 6000 nQ> ! hmoVr 5 { `mM H$mimV MrZr àdmgr dm§J Ëgo Mw§J `mZohr ^maVmbm ôQ> Xë`mMr Zm|X { B VhmgmV Amho. { BQ>brV n hë`m H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm { { _hmH$m` Am¡Úmo JH$ gm_«mÁ` Agboë`m H§$nÝ`m AmO AmnU XoemV Am U { naXoemV nmhVmo. hm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMmM n[aUm_ Amho. na§Vw Ë`mMr gwê$dmV

{ `wamonmV gmoimì`m eVH$mV Pmbr. AemàH$maMr OJmVrb gdmªV n hbr H§$nZr . . BQ>brVë`m âbmoaoÝg_Ü`o B g 1532 _Ü`o ApñVÎdmV Agë`mMr Zm|X gmnS>br

Amho.6

Jwá gm_«mÁ`mMm H$mi { ^maV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM EH$ g_¥Õ ì`mnmar H|$Ð am hbo Amho. ^maVmV Jwám§À { , nydu ( `m gm_«mÁ`mV) gmoÝ`mMm Yya ZKV hmoVm Ago AmnU EoH$bo Agob.

_moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$mimVhr ââmQ> hmoVr. hm _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm H$mi hmoVm. , Ë`m H$mimV Omdm gw_mÌm `mgma»`m ~oQ>m§dê$Z _gmë`mMo nXmW© Am`mV H$aÊ`mV , { òV AgV. VgoM ^maVmVrb H$nSo> Xm JZo d H$bmHw$garÀ`m dñVy AZoH$ Xoem§_Üò

ì`mnmamgmR>r nmR>dë`m OmV AgV. { { { ~« Q>e B©ñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZr { { g. _moJbm§À`m Z§Va ^maVmda ~« Q>em§Zr H$ãOm Ho$bm. B. 1600 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>e { { B©ñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ^maVmVyZ H$ƒm _mb naXoer ZoUo Am U { Ë`mda à H«$`m H$ê$Z n¸$m _mb nwÝhm ^maVmV AmUyZ { dH$Uo ho Ë`m§Mo YmoaU hmoVo.7 { { S>M Am U nmoVw©JrO B©ñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZr {~«{Q>e m§À`m nmR>monmR> S>M bmoH$m§Zrhr ^maVmVm ì`mnma H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo nm` . . { amodbo. B g 1602_Ü`o S>M B©ñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZr ñWmnZ Ho$br. Ë`mnmR>monmR>

. . { B g 1628_Ü`o nmoVw©JrOm§Zrhr nmoVw©JrO B©ñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZr ñWmnZ Ho$br. `mdê$Z { ^maV ho ì`mnmar H|$Ð åhUyZ H$Vr g_¥Õ hmoVo `mMr H$ënZm `oVo.8

Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§VaMm H$mi { Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV OJmMr dñH$Q>bobr KS>r nwÝhm ZrQ> ï´>r ï´> ~gdÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaam ` nmVirda à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§`wº$ am g§KQ>ZoMr { ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mM H$mimV `m _hm`wÕm_wio ~KS>bobo d ZoñVZm~yV - { { { Pmbobo ì`mnmar d XodmU KodmUrMo g§~§Y nwÝhm àñWm nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r d dY Cnm`

`moOÊ`mV Ambo.9

B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m n[aUm_mVyZ OJmbm ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Š`w~m_Yrb { { ï´> hdmZm `oWo ì`mnma Am U amoOJmam df`r n[afX Pmbr. g§`wº$ am g§KmÀ`m `m { { n[afXoV B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZÀ`m Z _©VrMm àñVmd R>odÊ`mV Ambm. ï´>r { Am , { dëS>© Am§Vaam ` ZmUo ZYr ( `E‘E’$) OmJ VH$ ~±H$ ( ~±H$) `m g§KQ>Zm§Zm

`m§Zmhr `mM H$mimV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.10

J°Q> H$ama { { O Zìhm `oWo 1947 _Ü`o Pmboë`m B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZÀ`m mï´>m§ \ J°Q>) n[afXoV 23 a Zr OZab A°J«r_|Q> Am°Z Q´>oS> A±S> Q>°[a $ ( `m H$amamMm { mï´>m§Zr { àmW _H$ _gwXm ñdrH$mabm. na§Vw AZoH$ a Ë`mbm damoY Xe©dë`mZo `m

H$amamÀ`m _gwÚmV AZoH$Xm Xþê$ñË`m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. AIoa 1995 _Üò `m { H$amamMm A§ V_ _gwXm V`ma Pmbm d Vmo ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Pmbm.11 { OmJ VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm { S>ãë wQ>rAmo OmJ VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMr ( ` ) ñWmnZm 1995 gmbr Pmbr. J°Q> , { , , { H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr OmJ VH$sH$aU CXmarH$aU ImgJrH$aU `m§À`mer g§~§ YV { { 1 ZU©`à H«$òV `m g§KQ>ZoMo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. 2 { _m hVr V§ÌkmZ H«$m§Vr { { { - OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m à H«$òÀ`m AbrH$S>À`m Q>ßß`mV gd©àW_ _m hVr V§ÌkmZ , H«$m§Vr Pmbr. ^maVmMo VËH$mbrZ n§VàYmZ ñd. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr XÿaÑï>r { { H$ënH$Vm Am U _hËdmH$m§jm `m§Mm _oi KmbV XoemV _m hVr V§ÌkmZ AmUbo. { Ë`m_wio Xÿag§Mma Am U g§JUH$ H«$m§VrMm nm`m aMbm Jobm.

~mOmadmX { Z§VaÀ`m Q>ßß`mV g§nyU© OJ ho ~mOma Amho Am U ì`mnma Ë`mMm Y_© Amho { ï´> Ago _mZyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Pmbr. EImÚm am >«mnojmhr _moR>r ï´>r CbmT>mb Agboë`m ~hþam ` H§$nÝ`m§Mm CX` `mM H$mimV åhUOo 1995 Z§Va { , { Pmbm. ì`mnmamV _Ü`ñWm§Mr ^y _H$m _hÎdmMr ~Zbr. g§ajU Z`moOZ `m§À`mgh

Odinmg gd©M joÌmV `m _Ü`ñWm§Zr doJmZo hmVnm` ngabo. 70

^m§S>dbr ~mOma { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm åhUOo ^m§S>dbr ~mOma qH$dm { , ì`mnma hmo`. OJmVë`m AZoH$ Xoem§Vrb ñQ>m°H$ EŠñM|O_Ü`o dÎm^m§S>dbmMm g§M` , gÅ>o~mOrbm àmoËgmhZ Ë`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVmV gÎmm d g§nÎmrMr gyÌo OmÊ`mMm hm H$mi hmoVm. hm H$mi AOyZhr gwê$ AgyZ `oË`m H$mimV Ë`mMm , nJS>m AmUIr dmT>ob Ago VÁkm§Mo _V Amho. { _m hVrMo `wJ { { EdT>m gJim àdmg H$ê$Z AmnU AmO OWo AmhmoV Ë`m _m hVrÀ`m `wJmn`ªV { { { \ OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo Amnë`mbm nmoMdbo Amho. _m hVrMm dñ $moQ> Ago `m `wJmMo dU©Z { Ho$bo OmV Amho. OJmVrb _m hVrMm gmR>m àM§S> à_mUmV Iwbm Pmbm Amho. { OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr H$monè`mVyZ Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr H$monè`mVë`m Jmoï>r~ÔbMr _m hVr { jUmYm©V CnbãY hmoV Amho. Hw$Umerhr H$mhr jUm§V g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr H$_`m

H$aUmar AZoH$ gmYZo XmamoXmar CnbãY AmhoV. na§Vw ho gJio hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mMo { { Xþîn[aUm_hr ^moJmdo bmJV AmhoV hr AmOÀ`m `m _m hVr `wJmMr emoH$m§ VH$mM

åhUmdr bmJob. { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo d dY Am`m_ { { { AmOMo OmJ VH$sH$aU g_OyZ KoUo Am U g_OmdyZ gm§JUo hr EH$ A Ve` { { { { O Q>b Am U VmnXm`H$ Aer g_ñ`m Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ~mOyZo Am U dê$Õ ~mOyZo { { { OJmV BVHo$ J«§W b hbo Jobo AmhoV Am U g§emoYH$m§Zr Amnë`m nmhÊ`m§Mo BVHo$

{ , { { Ahdmb à gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV H$s Ë`mVbo Iao H$moUVo Am U ImoQ>o H$moUVo `mMm ZU©` { H$aUo _hmH$R>rU H$_© ~Zbo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m J V_mZ ñdê$nm_wio Va Ë`m g§~§Yr AmO { Oo AmnU R>mog ê$nmV gm§Jy eH$Vmo Vo CÚm g§ X½Yhr R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.13 { { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m d dY Am`m_m§Mo g dñVa dûcofU B§Q>aZoQ>darb { ½bmo~bm`PoeZ14 `m boImVrb _m hVrÛmao H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ g§emoYH$mZo Ho$bm Amho.

Vo nwT>rbà_mUo… { 3.4.1 OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr g§km { OmJ VH$sH$aU hr ì`mnH$ d ~hþAm`m_r g§km (Umbrella Term) Amho. { , { , { , { { Ë`mV Am W©H$ gm_m OH$ Vm§ ÌH$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ Am U amOH$s` ~Xbm§À`m

Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m e¥§Ibm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ hOmamo _¡b Xÿa Agbobo bmoH$ { { , { { - { { Am U H§$nÝ`m `m§Mo nañnamdb§ ~Ëd EH$mË_rH$aU Am U nañna H«$`m à V H«$`m { { `m§Mm dmT>Vm AmboI `m ~Xbm§VyZ KS>VmZm XgVmo. OmJ VH$sH$aU hr g§km OJmV

gd©àW_ 1944 _Ü`o dmnaÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw AW©emókm§Zr 1981 nmgyZ `m { { { g§koMm dmna gwê$ Ho$bm. WAmoS>moa bo dQ> `m§Zr 1983 _Ü`o hm°d©S©> ~PZog [aìøy { { { { \ } `m Z`VH$m bH$mgmR>r b hboë`m ½bmo~bm`PoeZ Am° $ _mH$Q²g `m boImV { n hë`m§Xm Ë`m§À`mH$So> `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m CJ_mMo lo` OmVo. { { { OmJ VH$sH$aU hr EH$ O Q>b Am U ~hþAm`m_r g§km Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>darb { { { { _m hVrÀ`m AmYmao VMo d dY Am`m_ Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV. 72

{ { - ï´>r Q´>mÝgZ°eZbm PoeZ Am¡Úmo JH$ OmJ VH$sH$aU… `mbmM ~hþam `rH$aU ( ` ) `m mï´> { { ZmdmZohr AmoiIÊ`mV `oVo. ~hþa r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm CJ_ Am U dñVma `mMm `m_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVmo. { { - { { Am W©H$ OmJ VH$sH$aU… OmJ VH$ nmVirdarb Am W©H$ ~mOmanoR>oer `mMm g§~§Y } , ï´> { mï´> Amho. `mÛmao H$m°nmaoQ> am r` Am U Am§Vaa r` g§ñWm d H§$nÝ`m§Zm ~mø { dÎmghmæ`mMr ghO CnbãYVm hmoVo. { - ï´>m { amOH$s` OmJ VH$sH$aU… EH$mM am nwaË`m _`m© XV Agboë`m amOH$maUmMm ï´, { D$ ï´> { AZoH$ am >o àXoe `m§À`m n[aKmV dñVma `m_wio hmo bmJbm. Ë`mgmo~VM am Am U mï´> , a Zgboë`m g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m Xaå`mZ g§dmX d g§~§Ym§Zm `m_wio gwê$dmV

Pmbr. { { - { _m hVrMo OmJ VH$sH$aU… `m_wio ^m¡Jmo bH$Ñï²>`m XþJ©_ Agboë`m ^mJm§_Üò { , , , , , _m hVrMm AmoK àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>bm. OmV Y_© n§W ^mfm d§e a§J `m gJù`m§À`m nbrH$So> OmkmZmMr Xmao gdmªgmR>r Iwbr Pmbr. { { - { , { gm§ñH¥$ VH$ OmJ VH$sH$aU… XmoZ ^Þ g§ñH¥$Vt_Üò g§dmX dMma d H$ënZm `m§Mr -KodmU { XodmU `mbm `m_wio MmbZm _imbr. { 3.4.2 OmJ VH$sH$aUmVrb _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr AmoiI AZoH$ dY KQ>H$m§À`m ñdê$nmV hmoV Amho. `mVrb { { { ~hþVm§e KQ>H$m§Mm CJ_ Am U dH$mg Xþgè`m OmJ VH$ `wÕmZ§Va Pmbm Amho. `m_Üò 73

{ , , { { OmJ VH$ ñVamda H«$`dñVy n¡gm _m hVr Am U bmoH$m§Mr -Kod , , { { { Xod VgoM V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm H$m`Xo df`H$ `§ÌUm Am U nm`m^yV gw dYm§Mm { { , { { { dH$mg `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `mVrb Am W©H$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ Am U Vm§ ÌH$ `m VrZ { { { KQ>H$m§Mr g dñVa _m hVr Imbr Xbr Amho. { Am W©H$ ï´>r {  Am§Vaam ` ì`mnmamV doJmZo hmoUmar dmT>. `m dmT>rMm Xa hm OmJ VH$ { AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m XamÀ`m VwbZoV Iyn A YH$ Amho. ï´>r { \  Am§Vaam ` ñVamda dÎmnwadR>çmV d¥Õr. `mV $m°aoZ S>m`aoŠQ> BÝìhoñQ>_|Q>Mmhr

g_mdoe Amho. ï´>r { { {  Am§Vaam ` H$amam§Mr Z _©Vr. Ë`mVyZ S>ãë`wQ>rAmo Am U AmonoH$ `m§À`mgma»`m { { { Am W©H$ _hmg§ñWm§Mr Z _©Vr Pmbr. { { {  OmJ VH$ dÎm `§ÌUoMm dH$mg ï´>r { , \  Am§Vaam ` ì`dhmam§er g§~§ YV S>ãë`wQ>rAmo Am`E_E $ `m§À`mgma»`m g§ñWm§Mm { { dH$mgà H«$`oVrb dmT>Vm hñVjon ï´>r { \ {  ~hþam ` H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z AmCQ>gmo gªJ qH$dm Am° $emoA[a¨J `mgma»`m Am W©H$

CbmT>mbt_Ü`o dmT> { gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ï´>r -àXmZ  Am§Vaam ` ñVamda g§ñH¥$VrMo ì`mnH$ AmXmZ

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3.5 gmam§e { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m g§emoYZ { { { { df`mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mAmYr OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U d¥ÎmnÌo `m XmoÝhtMm B Vhmg { { { OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m Vgè`m àH$aUmV OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm B Vhmg d 75

{ Ë`mMo _hÎdmMo Am`m_ `m§Mm dñVmamZo AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gÚpñWVrMr { { B Vhmgmer VwbZm H$ê$Z OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Zo_Ho$ H$moUË`m àH$maMo ~Xb Pmbo { { { AmhoV Am U Ë`m§Mm OmJ VH$ VgoM ñWm ZH$ ~Xbm§er H$moUVm g§~§Y Amho `mMm emoY

KoÊ`mg `m_wio _XV Pmbr Amho.

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10. D { \ gm W E e`Z ZoQ>dH©$ $m°a gmoeb A±S> J«rH$ëMab So>ìhbn_|Q> { , (SANSAD), X S>ãë`wQ>rAmo, SANSAD, Zdr X„r n¥.1 11. , VÌ¡d n¥. 1 12. , VÌ¡d n¥. 1 13. , { { H$g~o amdgmho~. EH$ dgmdo eVH$ ho OmJ VH$sH$aUmMoM Agob. CÎm_ { , H$m§~io (g§nm.) OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr A[aï>o H$m°. JmoqdX nmZgao A_¥V _hmoËgd { , , , g _Vr H$moëhmnya 2010 n¥. 6 14. { { ½bmo~bm`PoeZ `m g§ko df`r B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m hVr

{ àH$aU Mm¡Wo… àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm B Vhmg

4.1 àñVmdZm { { 4.2 àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm OmJ VH$ B Vhmg

4.3 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr ^maVmVrb dmQ>Mmb

4.4 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr dmQ>Mmb { 4.5 AË`mYw ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_o

4.6 gmam§e

{ àH$aU Mm¡Wo… àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm B Vhmg

4.1 àñVmdZm { { { , AmYw ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb gdm©V n hbo _mÜ`_ åhUOo _w ÐV _mÜ`_ AWm©V , { { { { d¥ÎmnÌo Z`VH$m bHo$ BË`mXr. Ë`m§À`m AmYw ZH$ B VhmgmMr gwê$dmV n§Yamì`m

eVH$mVrb gaH$Ë`m N>mnm§À`m (‘wìho~b Q>mB©n) emoYmnmgyZ YaVm `oVo. nU Iyn , { , bmoH$m§n`ªV nmoMUmao Ë`m§À`m AJXr X¡Z§ XZ OrdZmMm ^mJ ~ZUmao EH$ Zì`m , { { àH$maÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMm AmYma ~Zy nmhUmao A ^ì`º$sÀ`m Iyn Zì`m eŠ`Vm Z_m©U -àgmamMo { H$aUmao Ago AmOÀ`mgmaIo ñdê$n àa `m`bm EH$mo Ugmdo eVH$ COmS>mdo

bmJbo. AWm©V Ago ñdê$n `oÊ`mgmR>rMr nyaH$ pñWVr Ë`mÀ`m EH$ XrS> eVH$ { { { AmYrnmgyZ Z_m©U hmoV hmoVr. Ë`m AWm©Zo AmYw ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m B VhmgmMr { AR>amì _wio WoQ> `wamonmVrb Am¡Úmo JH$ H«$m§Vrn`ªV ( `m eVH$mMm nydm©Y©)emoYVm `oVmV.1 { { 4.2 àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm OmJ VH$ B Vhmg -A{YH$ { , { H$_r à_mUmV EH$mM H$mimV hmoV Joboë`m Am¡Úmo JH$ amOH$s` Am U { { { { gm_m OH$ Aem _moR>çm pñWË`§Vam§Zm à VgmX åhUyZ àgma_mÜ`_o dH$ gV hmoV { { Jobr. `m VÝhr ì`dñWm OgOem OZml`r hmoV Joë`m VgVgo _mg H$å`w ZHo$eZ dm , { - OZg§kmnZ dmT>V Jobo An[ahm`© ~ZV Jobo. `m Zì`m Am¡Úmo JH$ ehar ì`dñWoMo { àgma_mÜ`_o EH$ A ^Þ A§J hmoV Jobo.2

{ B VhmgmMo Mma Q>ßno { { g§kmnZ joÌmVrb d»`mV dMmad§V _me©b _°H$ë`yhZ (1968) `m§Zr { g§kmnZ V§ÌmVrb ~Xb Am U Ë`m§Mm g_mOmda hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVmZm Mma :- Q>ßno H$pënbo AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo n§Yamdo Vo EH$moUrgmdo eVH$ { g§kmnZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ì`mnH$ dñVmamMm àma§^ åhUOo N>mnrb nwñVHo$. 1450 gmbr JQ>oZ~J©Zo O_©ZrV gaH$Ë`m N>mnm§Mo N>nmB©V§Ì emoYbo. Ë`m_wio nwñVH$mÀ`m { , D$ { { { hñV bpIV Amd¥Ë`m H$mT>Ê`mMo H$ï>mMo doiIm I M©H$ Am U Varhr _`m© XV , , { amhUmao H$m_ nma ~XbyZ Jobo. nwñVHo$ âmâ H$_r qH$_VrV H$_r H$ï>mV Am U D$ { _w»` åhUOo _moR>çm à_mUmda N>mnVm ò bmJbr. gmjaVm dmT>br Am U kmZg§nmXZmVrb _m¡pIH$ na§naoMo dM©ñd H$_r Pmbo. N>nmB©À`m `m àJVr_wio àW_ { { { { nwñVHo$ Am U AR>amì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Z`VH$m bHo$ d X¡ ZHo$ `m§Mm CX` Pmbm. { Ë`m§À`m ê$nmZo n hbo àgma_mÜ`_ ApñVÎdmV Ambo.3

19 ì`m eVH$mMm CÎmamY© Vo 20 ì`m eVH$mMm nydm©Y© { { `m Q>ßß`mVrb Am dîH$ma AJXr H«$m§VrH$mar dmQ>mdoV Ago AmhoV. EH$mo Ugmì`m , - , , eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Xÿag§XoeH$ (Q>o{bJ«m’$ 1836 37) XÿaÜdZr (1876) \ { { { - J«m_mo $moZ (1877) Am U Mb MÌU H° _oam d MÌXe©H$ àmoOoŠQ>a (1891 93) { { Ago AË`§V _hÎdmMo emoY bmJbo. Ë`m_wio ^m¡Jmo bH$ A§Va Am U H$mimÀ`m _`m©Xm

{ { { H$_r Pmë`m. àgmaU Am U g§kmnZ (Q´>mÝg{‘eZ Am U H$å`w ZHo$eZ) `m eãXm§Zm { ñdV§Ì AW© àmá Pmbo. d¥ÎmnÌm§Vrb ~mVå`m§Mm doJ Am U AdmH$m dmT>bm. { \ { \ `mM eVH$mÀ`m AIoarbm Wm°_g Aëdm E S>gZZo J«m_mo $moZ Am U H$m`ZoQ>moJ«m $ { { { { hr g§kmnZmer g§~§ YV `§Ìo Z_m©U Ho$br. `m `§Ìm§_wio ÜdZr Am U MÌ ho ñWi { { Am U H$mimÀ`m _`m©XoVyZ gmoS>dyZ gmR>dyZ R>odUo eŠ` Pmbo. `mVyZM EH$mo Ugmì`m { { eVH$mAIoa MÌnQ> ho nyU©V… ZdoM _mÜ`_ CX`mbm Ambo. S>moio Am U H$mZm§À`m { - { J«hU joÌmMmM EH$m AWm©Zo dH$mg Pmbm. 1920 21 À`m gw_mamg ao S>Amo

àjonUmÀ`m V§Ìmbm àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. 1936 n`ªV Q>rìhr hiyhiy { EH$ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ CX`mbm `obmJbm. Aem arVrZo dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©VM { , { { { MÌnQ> ao S>Amo Am U Q>rìhr hr VrZ _hÎdmMr àgma_mÜ`_o àñWm nV Pmbr.4

1940 Mo XeH$ Vo 1960 Mo XeH$ { { { { V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dH$mgmMm Vgam Q>ßnm BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ Am U g§JUH$ V§ÌmMm Amho. { { { { ao S>Amo Am U Q>rìhrgma»`m CnH$aUm§Mm AmH$ma Am U H$_Vr H$_r hmobmJë`m. hr { { _mÜ`_o KamKamV nmoMy bmJbr. ao S>AmoMm Iyn dñVma Pmbm. Q>rìhrXoIrb { gm_mÝ`m§À`m AdmŠ`mV `obmJbm. `wamon Am U A_o[aHo$À`m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z

^maVmgma»`m XoemV ho V§ÌkmZ nmoMÊ`mMm doJhr dmT>bm. Ë`mM H$mimV g§JUH$mV

{ { { _m hVr gmR>dUo Am U Ë`mda à H«$`m H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo. g§JUH$ ho àgma_mÜ`_ { Zgbo Var Ë`mÀ`m j_Vm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z BVa g§kmnZ j_Vm dmT>dVm òVmV Am U { BVa _mÜ`_m§À`m gmWrZo g§kmnZhr H$aVm òVo ho bjmV òbmJbo. `m Q>ßß`mV ao S>Amo { { { { Am U Q>rìhr `m _mÜ`_m§Mr Am W©H$Vm A YH$m YH$ ñnï> hmoV Jobr. hr _mÜ`_o Iyn { bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§ XZ OJÊ`mMm ^mJ hmobmJbr.5

1960 Mo XeH$ Vo 1990 { { `m Q>ßß`mÀ`m dH$mgmV g§JUH$ Am U CnJ«h `m XmoZ V§ÌkmZm§Mo _hÎdmMo { { `moJXmZ Amho. A_o[aH$m Am U a e`m `m§À`mVrb erV`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV àm_w»`mZo { { { gm_[aH$ Cn`moJmgmR>r dH$ gV H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m CnJ«h Am U g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZmZo { { H$iV ZH$iV àgma_mÜ`_o AmUIr dH$ gV hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.6 { { { { ZìdXrÀ`m XeH$mV ^maVmVhr Xÿa MÌdm hÝ`m§Mr ì`dñWm PnmQ>çmZo dH$ gV { { , { , hmobmJbr. BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ gmYZo ñdñV Pmbr. MÌrH$aU ñQw> S>Amo V§ÌkmZ àjonU D$ { `m§Zm bmJUmar `§Ìohr gwQ>gwQ>rV hmo bmJbr. _mÜ`_m§À`m dñVmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho { A Ve` Cn`wº$ R>abo.7 { { E|erÀ`m XeH$mV ng©Zb H$åß`wQ>aMr g§H$ënZm A_o[aHo$V ê$Obr. d dY Xoe

CnJ«hm§Ûmao g§kmnZ Omio V`ma H$ê$ bmJbo. Aem Omù`m§_wioM nwT>o B§Q>aZoQ>Mm CX` { { Am U dH$mg hmoC eH$bm.8

ZìdXÀ`m XeH$mZ§Va \ g§kmnZ V§ÌkmZmV 1990 Z§Va Pmboë`m A $mQ> KS>m_moS>r ~Km`bm _°H$ë`yhZ , AgVo Va Ë`m§Zr Z¸$sM `m H$mimbm nmMdm Q>ßnm åhQ>bo AgVo. g§JUH$ B§Q>aZoQ> { { D$ Am U _mo~mB©b `m VrZ à_wI V§ÌkmZm§Zr Am U Ë`mÀ`m BVa V§ÌkmZm§er hmo { eH$Umè`m EH$mË_rH$aUmÀ`m eŠ`Vm§Zr g§kmnZ Am U OZg§kmnZmMo joÌ nma T>diyZ -g§àofUmMo H$mT>bo Amho. g§kmnZ AZoH$ ê$T> g§X^© nma ~XbdyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMr Ë`mV j_Vm Amho.9

4.3 àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ^maVmVrb dmQ>Mmb { { àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m OmJ VH$ B Vhmgmer VwbZm H$aVm ^maVmVrb { àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo g§X^© doJio Agbo Var ^maVmVrb àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dñVmahr { { gd©gmYmaUnUo `mM XeoZo Am U VemM àoaUm§Zr Pmbm Ago åhUVm `oVo. { { { , , ^maVmV ~« Q>e amOdQ>r~amo~a AmYw ZH$sH$aU Ambo. añVo aoëdo Q>nmb d , - { , , - { , Vmagodm emim dÚmnrR>o ZmoH$aemhr _w§~B© MoÞB© `m§gmaIr Zdr Am¡Úmo JH$ ehao { Aem AZoH$ ê$nm§V ^maVr` OZVobm ho ~Xb OmUdy bmJbo. ^maVmVrb n hbo { { { AmYw ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_ åhUOo d¥ÎmnÌo `mM nmœ©^y_rda dH$ gV hmoV Jobr.10 d¥ÎmnÌo { { ^maVmVbo n hbo d¥ÎmnÌ åhUOo ~|Jm°b J°PoQ>. Ooåg Am°JñQ>g hH$s `mZo { 1720 gmbr Vo H$mobH$mË`mV gwê$ Ho$bo. hH$sMo ho d¥ÎmnÌ Oar ^maVmVrb VËH$mbrZ

{ { { { ~« Q>e g_wXm`mnwaVo _`m© XV Agbo Var gÎmmYmar d àñWm nV eº$s¨Zm AmìhmZ , { XoÊ`mMr MwH$m§~Ôb Ë`m§À`mda Ia_arV Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMr na§namhr `m n hë`mM d¥ÎmnÌmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr.11 { , , ~«Q>re amOdQ> Ë`mVyZ Amboë`m Zì`m àemgH$s` d H$m`Xoera ì`dñWm Zdr { AmYw ZH$ _yë`ì`dñWm `m gJù`mÀ`m nmœ©^y_rda ^maVr` g_mOmV _§WZ gwê$

Pmbo. EH$m AWm©Zo ^maVmMm à~moYZH$mi Agboë`m `m H$mbI§S>mV gwYmaH$m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌ `m Zì`m àgma_mÜ`_mMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna Ho$bm. ^maVmVrb nÌH$m[aVoMo { { -Cb- OZH$ amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr g§dmXH$m¡_wXr Am U _amV AI~ma Va { { bmoH$_mÝ` Q>iH$ d àpÝgnb AmJaH$am§Zr _amR>m d Ho$gar hr d¥ÎmnÌo Mmbdbr. \ , , { Ë`mgmo~VM _hmË_m w$bo _hmXod JmoqdX amZSo> bmoH$ hVdmXr Jmonmi har Xoe_wI { AmXtZr Amnë`m H$m`m©À`m àgmamgmR>r _w ÐV _mÜ`_m§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna

Ho$bm.12

4.4 _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mr dmQ>Mmb { _amR>rVbo n hbo dV©_mZnÌ Xn©U ~miemór Om§^oH$a `m§Zr 1832 gmbr gwê$ { { - Ho$bo. gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV ñdmV§Í`àmár Am U gm_m OH$ gwYmaUm ho d¥ÎmnÌ { { MmbdÊ`m_mJMo _w»` C Ôï> hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va ho C Ôï> hiyhiy ~XbV Jobo. { D$ gÎmoÀ`m amOH$maUmer g§~§ YV ì`º$s dm eoR> bmoH$m§H$So> d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbH$s Om { { { bmJbr. E|erÀ`m XeH$mZ§Va ho MÌ nmbQy> bmJbo. ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>r A YH$m YH$

{ { ì`mdgm `H$ hmoV Jobr. Q>rìhrÀ`m dmT>Ë`m dñVmamZo `m CÚmoJmnwT>o AmìhmZ C^o Ho$bo { { Am U Zì`m g§Yrhr Z_m©U Ho$ë`m.13

ZìdXrÀ`m XeH$mV EH$ehar EH$H|$Ðr d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr OmJm ~hþehar ~hþAmd¥Îmr d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr ¿`m`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br. nÌH$marVm hm ì`dgm` _mZyZ `m joÌmV `oUmè`m§Mr { g§»`m dmT>br. d¥ÎmnÌm§Vrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>br. Om hamVXmam§Mm daMî_m dmTy> bmJbm. { { g§nmXH$s` d^mJ Am U _yë`m§Mo ñWmZ H$_r hmoV Jobo. 1985 Vo 2000 `m H$mimV , { { d¥ÎmnÌ hm EH$ ì`dgm` Y§Xm Am U CÚmoJ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo A§VJ©V Am U

~mø ~Xb d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rV hmoV Jobo.14 { { 1999 À`m Z§Va AË`§V J V_mZ gm_m OH$ dm amOH$s` n[apñWVrMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZwgma Amnbo _V ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zm _mÜ`_m§Mr JaO ^mgy { bmJbr. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimV XoemVrb ZwgVr _w ÐV _mÜ`_oM Zìho Va BVa _mÜ`_ohr , { { doJmZo dmT>br dñVmabr Am U _moR>çm à_mUmda ~Xbbr.15 { gZ 1720 Vo 2012 Agm OdiOdi 290 dfmªMm B Vhmg ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rg bm^bm Amho.16

Z^modmUr { \ ^maVmV ao S>Amo àjonU $ma bdH$a åhUOo 1921 _Ü`o gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`mMo { { ñdê$n hm¡er Šb~gmaIo Agë`mZo Vo bdH$aM ~§X nS>bo. ~« Q>e gaH$maZo ho { { _mÜ`_ Vmã`mV ¿`m`Mo R>adbo Am U 1930 gmbr ‘B§ S>`Z ñQ>oQ> ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>§J

{ { gpìh©g’ `m ZmdmZo ^maVmV ao S>Amo àjonU gwê$ Pmbo. 1936 gmbr ao S>Amobm { { AmVmMo ‘Am°b B§ S>`m ao S>Amo’ ho Zmd nS>bo.17 { Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV ao S>Amo gm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmoMbm ZìhVm Var XoemVrb , { , { H$mhr lr_§V ehar Hw$Qy>§~m§V Vo _m hVr _Zmoa§OZ d à Vð>oMo EH$ gmYZ ~Zbo hmoVo.18 { { 1957 Z§Va CÎma ^maVmVrb h[aVH«$m§Vr~amo~a ao S>AmoZo H¥$fr dH$mgmV _mobmMr { , , { H$m_ Jar ~Omdbr. hdm_mZmMm A§XmO eoV_mbmMm ~mOma^md eoVr df`H$ g„m , { , nwadÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va gmjaVm àgma _ hbm d ~mbH$ë`mU { amï>«r` EH$mË_Vm Aem AZoH$ CÔoem§gmR>r ao S>AmoMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm. ~mVå`m§Mo

àgmaUhr dmT>bo.19 { { { { , , nwT>À`m H$mimV d dY^maVr dm hZr gwê$ Pmbr. MÌnQ>JrVo emór` g§JrV bmoH$g§JrV `m gdmªgmR>r Vo CÎm_ _mÜ`_ ~Zbo. ZìdXrÀ`m XeH$mV Q>rìhrÀ`m { PnmQ>çm_wio ao S>Amo ho _mÜ`_ PmH$moibo Jobo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV àgma^maVr ho

ñdm`Îm _hm_§S>i ñWmnZ H$ê$Z AmH$medmUr d XÿaXe©ZMm H$ma^ma `m _hm_§S>imH$So> gmondÊ`mV Ambm.20 { { \ { 1995 gmbr H«$Ho$Q> Agmo gEeZ Am° $ ~§Jmb dê$Õ ^maV gaH$ma } { { `m§À`mVrb IQ>ë`mV gdmƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo EH$ _hÎdnyU© ZH$mb Xbm. Ë`mZwgma { -bhar { { { ao S>Amo hr gmd©O ZH$ _mb_Îmm AgyZ Ë`m§Mm d eï> nadmÝ`mA§VJ©V gaH$maoVa

ImgJr KQ>H$m§Zmhr dmna H$ê$ XoÊ`mV `mdm Ago ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wio { , { ao S>Amo ho _mÜ`_ ImgJr _mbH$sgmR>r Iwbo Pmbo. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>rMr H$m`Xoera Am U { } { àemgH$s` à H«$`m nyU© hmoÊ`mg H$mhr df bmJbr Am U Owb¡ 2001 _Üò ~§Jbmoa { { { \ { òWo ao S>Amo gQ>r ho XoemVrb n hbo ImgJr E $E_ ao S>Amo H|$Ð gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`mZ§Va { { , { { ao S>Amo _Mu ao S>Amo aoS> `m§gmaIr H|$Ðohr gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ ao S>Amo Om°H$s hm { H$bmd§Vm§Mm EH$ ZdmM àH$ma `m H|$Ðm§Zr bmoH$ à` Ho$bm.21 { { `m IoarO H$å`w ZQ>r ao S>Amo g|Q>ahr AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV gwê$ Pmbr AmhoV. { { Ë`mV VmbwH$m nmVirdarb ao S>Amo H|$Ðm§Mmhr g_mdoe Amho. nwUo dÚmnrR>mMo { { { dÚmdmUr ho AemM H$å`w ZQ>r ao S>AmoMo EH$ CXmhaU Amho.22 { Xÿa MÌdmUr { ^maVmVrb Q>rìhrÀ`m B VhmgmMm gd©gmYmaUnUo Mma Q>ßno _mZVm òVmV. { n hbm Q>ßnm { \ 1959 gmbr ^maVmV Xÿa MÌdmUrMo àjonU gwê$ Pmbo. AWm©V Vo $maM { { { { àm`mo JH$ ñdê$nmMo Am U _`m© XV hmoVo. nU `m Zì`m _mÜ`_mMm Cn`moJ ejU d { dH$mgH$m_m§gmR>r hmoeH$Vmo ho bjmV Amë`mZo gaH$maZo Ë`mÀ`m àgmamgmR>r à`ËZ { { gwê$ Ho$bo. nU n hë`m 15 dfmªV hm àgma _§X am hbm.

{ 1972 _Ü`o XÿaXe©Z àW_ X„r~mhoa nS>bo. _w§~B© XÿaXe©Z H|$Ð gwê$ Pmbo. { 1975 n`ªV XoemVë`m BVa AZoH$ eham§_Ü`o XÿaXe©ZMo H$m`©H«$_ Xgy bmJbo. { 1976 gmbr Q>rìhrda Om hamVr XmIdÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.23

Xþgam Q>ßnm { 1982 À`m Am e`mB© IoimnmgyZ `m Q>ßß`mMr gwê$dmV Pmbr. `m Ioim§Mo { àjonU Am§Vaamï>«r` XOm©Mo ìhmdo `mgmR>r deof à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mM H$mimV

^maVmZo CnJ«h V§ÌkmZmV ^amar KoV ñdV…À`m VmH$Xrda CnJ«h ~ZdÊ`mg gwê$dmV

Ho$br hmoVr. 1983 gmbr BòmoZo ~Zdboë`m BÝg°Q> `m CnJ«hmMm Q>rìhr àjonUmgmR>r dmna gwê$ Pmbm. 1983 Vo 1986 `m H$mimV AË`§V doJmZo XoemV Q>rìhrMo Omio { { { { , dUÊ`mV Ambo. _m hVr d ejUmgmo~V _Zmoa§OZmbmhr _hÎd _iy bmJbo. Zw¸$S> { , , { { ~w Z`mX am_m`U _hm^maV Aem _m bH$m bmoH$ à` Pmë`m. Q>rìhrdarb ~mV_rnÌohr { { bmoH$ à` hmobmJbr. nU gaH$mar hñVjon d Z`§ÌU dmTy> bmJbo.24 { Vgam Q>ßnm { 1990 Mm eodQ> Am U 1991 Mm àma§^ `m H$mimV grEZEZ `m A_o[aH$s { dm hZrZo AmImVr `wÕmMo WoQ> `wÕ^y_rdê$Z àgmaU Ho$bo. `m_wio Q>rìhr ~mV_rXmarÀ`m { { joÌmV OmJ VH$ ñVamda EH$ _moR>m ~Xb Ambm. Ë`mgmo~VM S>e A±Q>oZm d Ho$~bÀ`m { { { gmhmæ`mZo naXoer CnJ«h dm hÝ`m XoemV Xgy bmJë`m. CnJ«h dm hÝ`m§Mo Omio

- { XoemVë`m N>moQ>çm ‘moR>çm eham§V ngabo. Ë`mVyZ Ho$~bdmë`m§Mm ñWm ZH$ N>moQ>m Va { ï´>r CnJ«h dm hÝ`m§Mm am ` nmVirdarb _moR>m CÚmoJ gwê$ Pmbm. 1990 n`ªV XÿaXe©Z { { EHo$ XÿaXe©Z Am U XdgmVrb H$mhr VmgM àjonU nmhÊ`mMr gd` Pmboë`m -nmM -gÎma { { àojH$m§Zm Mma dfmªV gmR> dm hÝ`m Am U Mmodrg Vmg àjonU Ago Q>rìhrMo { { { , { dœ AZw^dm`bm _imbo. Ë`mgmo~V nm ü_mË` deofV… A_o[aH$s Q>rìhrdarb

H$m`©H«$_m§Mm n[aM` hmoV Jobm.25

Mm¡Wm Q>ßnm 2000 Vo 2010 hm Joë`m Xhm EH$ dfmªMm H$mi åhUOo Q>rìhrÀ`m àdmgmVrb

Mm¡Wm Q>ßnm. Ë`mVrb AZoH$ KS>m_moS>r Amnë`m Ajae… S>moù`mXoIV KS>ë`m AmhoV. , { , àM§S> dmT>bobr ñnYm© Om hamVtMm dmT>bobm AmoK ZdZì`m Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Mo , { { { , ì`dgm`mVrb AmJ_Z deof df`m§Zm dmhÿZ KoVboë`m dm hÝ`m§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m { { , àmXo eH$ ^mfm§_Yrb dm hÝ`m§Mr dmT>Vr ~mOmanoR> S>rQ>rEMgmaIo Zdo V§ÌkmZ ho

Joë`m XeH$âmVrb _w»` ~Xb AmhoV. , , `mM H$mimV H$m¡Z ~ZoJm H$amoS>nVr E_Q>rìhr ~H$am Š`y± H$s gmg ^r H$^r , { ~hÿ Wr gmaoJ_ngma»`m H$m`©H«$_m§Zr Q>rìhrda ^bo~waonUmMo Zdo ~|M_mH©$ àñWm nV { Ho$bo. Am`nrEbÀ`m ê$nmZo Q>rìhrZo H«$Ho$Q> `m IoimMmM EH$ A^yVnyd© _mÜ`_moËgd ({ { ) _ S>`m ñnoŠQ>H b âdbm`. { 2008 AIoa XoemV Q>rìhrÀ`m gw_mao Mmaeo dm hÝ`m hmoË`m. Ë`mV â nSy>Z -VrZ òË`m XmoZ dfmªV hr g§»`m nmMeon`ªV OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr.26 90

Z^modmUr { { , { Z^modmUr AWm©V ao S>AmoZo _amR>r gm hË` g§ñH¥$Vr Am U g_mOmÀ`m { OS>UKS>UrV _mobmMr ^y _H$m ~Omdbr Amho. JrVam_m`UmgmaIo AOam_a H$m`©H«$_ hr Z^modmUrMr XoUJrM åhUmdr bmJob. { ^maVmV ao S>Amo àjonU 1921 gmbr gwê$ Pmbo. gwê$dmVrbm hm¡er nmVirda { { Agboë`m `m godoMo ñdê$n ~« Q>e gaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mV Joë`mda ~Xbbo. 1936 { { { { gmbr ao S>Amobm AmVmMo Am°b B§ S>`m ao S>Amo ho Zmd _imbo.27

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va àgmamda â { { Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmbm Ë`mdoir XoemV ao S>AmoMm àgma _`m© XV hmoVm. AJXr { gm§p»`H$s ^mfoV gm§Jm`Mo Pmbo Va 12500 bmoH$m§_Üò EH$ ao S>Amo goQ>. nU { { ZajaVoMo Am U J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$g§»òMo àM§S> à_mU bjmV KoVm BVa { { { H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_m§nojm ao S>AmoÀ`m dñVmamda gaH$maZo OmñV â Xbm.28 { { d dY ^maVrMr gwê$dmV { { { d dY ^maVr hm ^maVmVrb Z^modmUrÀ`m dH$mgmVrb EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm { { { { Q>ßnm Amho. d dY^maVrZo gd©M ^m fH$ bmoH$m§Mr A ^ê$Mr g§nÞ H$aÊ`m~amo~aM { Ë`m§À`m gm§ñH¥$ VH$ MoVZm§Zm OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bo.

{ , nÞmgÀ`m XeH$mV qhXr MÌnQ> g§JrV ~hamV Ambo hmoVo. _mÌ { \ { AmH$medmUrda MÌnQ>JrVm§Zm ~§Xr hmoVr. Ë`mMm AMyH$ $m`Xm CR>dV ao S>Amo { { gbmoZZo Ë`m§À`m H|$Ðmda MÌnQ>JrVm§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV àgmaU H$ê$Z ^maVr` { { lmoË`m§Mr ~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$am`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br. gbmoZ ao S>AmoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Zm { { , , { { _moR>m à VgmX _iy bmJbm. JmUr ^maVr` lmoVo ^maVr` Om hamVXma Am U } , { { { { { nwañH$V ^maVr` nU Ë`mVyZ _iUmam n¡gm _mÌ gbmoZ ao S>Amobm Ago MÌ Z_m©U { Pmbo. AIoa AmH$medmUrZohr Ë`mMr XIb KoVbr Am U hbŠ`m’w$bŠ`m , { { { { { H$a_UwH$sÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mbm deofV… qhXr MÌnQ>JrVm§Zm dm hbobr d dY^maVr { dm hZr gwê$ Ho$br.29 { , , , Ho$di MÌnQ>M Zìho Va emór` g§JrV Cnemór` g§JrV ZmQ>çg§JrV { , -àH$mam§Mr { { { ^ º$g§JrV bmoH$g§JrV Aem AZoH$ g§JrV AmH$medmUr Am U d dY { ^maVrZo CÎm_ OnUyH$ Am U g§dY©Z Ho$bo.30

_amR>r H$m`©H«$_ - § { ^maVmVrb H$moUË`mhr g§JrV n«H$mamÀ`m dH$mgmV AmH$medmUrMo `moJXmZ { _hÎdnyU©M am hbo Amho. AJXr ‘hmamï´>mMo CXmhaU ¿`m`Mo Pmbo Va JrV { am_m`UmgmaIm H$m`©H«$_ Z_m©U Pmbm (1955) Vmo AmH$medmUrÀ`mM { { nwT>mH$mamVyZ. AmH$medmUr nwÊ`mMo VËH$mbrZ A YH$mar grVmH$m§V bmS> `m§Zr J. X. { \ { _mS>JwiH$a Am U gwYra $S>Ho$ `m XmoZ à V^md§Vm§Zm EH$Ì AmUyZ JrV am_m`UmMm { { , hm H$m`©H«$_ gmXa Ho$bm. `m H$m`©H«$_mZo bmoH$ à`VoMo Zdo eIa Va JmR>boM nU 92

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`m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm Ambo. _amR>rÀ`mM g§X^m©V ~mobm`Mo Pmë`mg nw. b. , { { Xoenm§So> ~m. ^. ~moaH$a Agm AZoH$ à V^mdmZ gm hpË`H$m§Zrhr AmH$medmUrMo { H$m`©H«$_ g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mV `moJXmZ Xbo Amho.31 { AmYw ZH$ H$mimZwê$n ~Xb gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimer ñnYm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmH$medmUr AZoH$ ZdZdo ~Xb \ { } { ñdrH$maV Amho. ImgJr E $. E_. dm hÝ`m§À`m ñnYV Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r AmH$medmUrZo { { { { Amnë`m d dY^maVr godoMm dñVma Ho$bm AgyZ AZoH$ H|$Ðm§dê$Z ñWm ZH$ { { , { nmVù`m§da Ë`m§Mo àgmaU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mV ñWm ZH$ _hÎdmMo df` ñWm ZH$ { { { ~mVå`m Am U ñWm ZH$ _wX²Úm§er g§~§ YV H$m`©H«$_m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. lmoË`m§Mm gh^mJ AgUmè`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m ho H$mimZwê$n ~XbmMo CXmhaU Amho. { { { `mIoarO AZoH$ R>H$mUr H$å`w ZQ>r ao S>Amo H|$Ðm§Zmhr gwê$dmV Pmbr Amho. `m { { { , H|$Ðm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ EH$m d eï> g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r CXm. dÚmWu eoVH$ar

`m§À`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ H$m`©H«$_ àgmarV Ho$bo OmVmV. { Xÿa MÌdmUr Z^modmUrÀ`m nmR>rbm nmR> bmdyZ Zìho Ë`mMo ~moQ> Yê$Z am§JV am§JV _moR>o Pmbobo { _mÜ`_ åhUOo Xÿa MÌdmUr. `m _mÜ`_mZo Va AmO gJio OJ ì`mnbo Amho Ago

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àgmamgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo.32

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{ dm hÝ`m§Mo nrH$ 2000 Vo 2010 hm Joë`m Xhm EH$ dfmªMm H$mi åhUOo Q>rìhrÀ`m

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^maVmbm Pmbr.39

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100

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41. , VÌ¡d n¥. 561. 42. , VÌ¡d n¥. 562.

103

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VÏ`m§Mo _hÎd bjmV `oUma Zmhr. 105

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òUma Zmhr. [ [ [ 5.2.1 dûcofU Am U Zd©MZ [ [ [ dûcofU d Zd©MZ hr g§emoYZmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr nmàr Amho. dûcofU d [ [ [ [ [ Zd©MZ à H«$òg XmoZ ^mJmV d^m OV Ho$bo OmVo. Omoh°Z J°ëQw>§J `m§Zr dûcofU d [ [ Zd©MZ `m§Mo nwT>rb ^mJmV d^mOZ Ho$bo Amho. 1) - [ [ [ VÏ`m§Mo g§ñH$aU… VÏ`m§Mo g§ñH$aU H$aUo hm dûcofU d Zd©MZmMm n hbm [ ^mJ hmo`. `m_Üò VÏ`m§Mo dûcofU H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo åhUyZ VÏ`m§À`m Ame`mMo [ [ g§ járH$aU Am U VÏ`m§Mo nwZK©S>U BË`mXr H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. 2) [ - VÏ`m§Mo dûcofU… J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§À`m dm g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m qH$dm EImÚm [ [ [ [ gÕm§Vm~m~V g§H$ bV VÏ`m§da dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo dûcofU Ho$bo OmVo. VÏ`m§Mo [ [ [ d eï> àH$mao g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z gÕm§VmMr qH$dm J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$aVm `mdr [ [ qH$dm ZdrZ gÕm§V _m§S>Vm `mdm `mH$[aVm dûcofU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

106

[ 5.2.2 Zd©MZ [ emór` ZîH$fm©H$[aVm VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ AgVo. VwbZm [ [ Ho$ë`m_wio ^Þ VÏò Am U n[apñWVrMo ñnï>rH$aU hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Mo [ VwbZmË_H$ _hÎdXoIrb ñnï> hmoVo. VÏ`m§Mo VwbZmË_H$ dûcofUm~amo~a Ë`m [ [ [ [ [ AmYmamda ZîH$f© H$mT>mdo bmJVmV Am U Ë`m§Mr Cn`mo JVm Vm H©$H$ AmYmamda gÕ [ [ [ H$amdr bmJVo. Aem àH$mao g§H$ bV VÏ`m§Mo dûcofU H$ê$Z H$miOrnyd©H$ ZîH$f© [ [ [ [ H$mT>Uo Am U Ë`m§Mr Cn`mo JVm gm§JÊ`mÀ`m H«$òg Zd©MZ Ago åhUVmV. , [ [ WmoS>Š`mV g§emoYZmMo ZîH$f© ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo emoYyZ H$mT>Uo åhUOo Zd©MZ hmo`. } [ [ 5.2.3 gdjUmVrb _m hVrMo dûcofU [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mda , , , [ g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àñVwV g§emoYH$mZo nwUo gmVmam gmobmnya H$moëhmnya Am U [ Ah_XZJa `m nmM Oëøm§VyZ àËòH$ 180 ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z àýmdbr ^ê$Z KoVbr. [ `m_Üò J«m_rU d ehar ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm `mo½` à_mUmV ñWmZ _iob `mMr XjVm [ , [ , , [ [ g§emoYH$mZo KoVbr. VgoM _ hbm dÚmWu Áòð> ZmJarH$ ì`mdgm `H$ Am U } nÌH$ma `m g_yhm§À`mhr nwµaoem ì`º$s¨Mm g_mdoe `m gdjUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. [ [ [ , [ [ , , , Ë`mMà_mUo d dY ì`mdgm `H$ à V ð>V ZmJ[aH$ dH$sb S>m°ŠQ>a àmÜ`mnH$ AmXr

107

} [ _§S>itMmhr `mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m gdjUmMo dûcofU H$ê$Z [ gm§p»`H$s` _m hVr AmboIm§À`m ê$nmV nwT>rb nmZm§_Ü`o _m§S>br Amho. - 5.2.3.1… gd}jUmVrb ì`º$s¨Mm ór nwê$f [Zhm` gh^mJ - gmaUr H«$.5.1… gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo ór nwê$f [Zhm` à_mU qbJ g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar _[hbm 378 42 nwê$f 522 58 - AmboI H«$. 5.1 gd}jUmVrb ór nwê$f [Zhm` gh^mJ

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r nwUo, gmVmam, H$moëhmnya, gmobmnya Am[U Ah_XZJa `m nmM [Oëøm§VyZ `m [df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V EHy$U 1000 bmoH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMo - R>a[dbo hmoVo. Ë`mVrb 900 bmoH$m§À`m àýmdbr àmá Pmë`m. Ë`mMo ór nwê$f

[Zhm` à_mU darb gmaUr d AmboImV [Xbo Amho.

108

AW©[Zd©MZ àñVwV g§emoYZ [df`mgmR>r [ZdS>boë`m Z_yÝ`mVrb 90 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr `m gdjUmbm} à[VgmX [Xbm AgyZ Ë`mV [ó`m d nwê$f `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Zm C[MV ñWmZ

XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

5.2.3.2… gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo CËnÞ gmaUr H«$.5.2… gdjUmVrb} gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo CËnÞ

CËnÞ g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar EH$ bmImn`ªV 477 53 180 20 1 Vo 2.5 bmI

135 15 2.5 bmIm§nojm OmñV

AmboI H«$.5.2 gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo CËnÞ

gXa g§emoYZ ho OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMm àgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ OmUyZ

KoÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb Amho. Ë`m[df`r OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm `m gdjUmV} gh^mJr

109

Pmboë`m ì`º$s¨À`m Am[W©H$ pñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `mVrb

53 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo dm[f©H$ CËnÞ 1 bmI qH$dm Ë`mhÿZ H$_r Agë`mMo AmT>ibo.

20 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ 1 Vo 2.5 bmImÀ`m Xaå`mZ Va 15 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ

2.5 bmImhÿZ A[YH$ hmoVo. 12 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr CËnÞmMr Zm|X àýmdbrV Ho$br

Zmhr. AW©[Zd©MZ `mVyZ ho ñnï> hmoVr H$s gdjUmgmR} >r [ZdS>boë`m ì`º$s¨Mr Am[W©H$ pñWVr

àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mBVnV Mm§Jbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§MmH$Sy>Z gd}jUmg§~§Yr

Cn`wº$ _m[hVr àmá Pmbr.

5.2.3.3… gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo d` gmaUr H«$. 5.3… gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo d` d`moJQ> g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar 18 Vo 25 225 25 25 Vo 40 315 35 40 Vo 60 225 25 60 + 135 15

110

AmboI H«$. 5.3 gd}jUmVrb gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo d`

àñVwV g§emoYZmV gd© d`moJQ>mVrb ì`º$s¨Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§Mo d`mZwgma à_mU darb gmaUr Am[U AmboImdê$Z [XgyZ `oVo. AW©[Zd©MZ

OmJ[VH$sH$aU hr Aer à[H«$`m Amho H$s Or àË`oH$ ì`º$sda à^md Q>mH$Vo.

Ë`mVM àgma_mÜ`_o hm X¡Z§[XZ OrdZmMm EH$ A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbr AmhoV. `m

~m~r bjmV KoV [d[dY d`moJQ>mVrb ì`º$s¨À`m àñVwV g§emoYZ [df`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb

à[V[H«$`m OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

111

5.2.3.4 XaamoO dmMë`m OmUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m gmaUr H«$. 5.4 XaamoO dmMë`m OmUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m dJ©dmar ehar J«m_rU _{hbm 2 1 {dÚmWu 5 3 ì`mdgm{`H$ 3 2 Á`oð> ZmJarH$ 4 3 nÌH$ma 10 6

AmboI H«$. 5.4 XaamoO dmMë`m OmUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m

Vwåhr XaamoO H$moUVr d {H$Vr dV©_mZnÌo dmMVm Ago ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVyZ gdjUmV} gh^mJr Pmbobo gd© bmoH$ XaamoO {H$_mZ EH$ Va H$_mb Xhm d¥ÎmnÌo dmMV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo.

112

AW©{Zd©MZ d¥ÎmnÌ dmMÊ`m_Ü`o J«m_rU _{hbm gdm©V ImbÀ`m H«$_m§H$mda AgyZ Ë`m gamgar 1 d¥ÎmnÌ dmMVmV. Va ehar nÌH$ma `m~m~V gdm©V daÀ`m H«$_m§H$mda AgyZ Vo XaamoO 10 d¥ÎmnÌo dmMVmV. Ë`m§À`m ImbmoImb J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nÌH$ma XaamoO gamgar ghm d¥ÎmnÌo dmMVmV. 5.2.3.5 lmoVo, àojH$ d BVa d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o gmaUr H«$. 5.5 lmoVo, àojH$ d BVa d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o àgma_mÜ`_ g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m 255 85 AmH$medmUr 285 95 XÿaXe©Z 255 85 BVa 105 35

AmboI H«$. 5.5 lmoVo, àojH$ d BVa d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o

113

gd}jUmV gh^mJr Pmbobo bmoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§IoarO AÝ` H$moUË`m àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aVmV ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mV d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Z Am{U B§Q>aZoQ>gmaIr AÝ` _mÜ`_o `m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m dma§dmaVoMm emoY KoÊ`mV Ambm. AW©{Zd©MZ `m gdjUmV} gh^mJr Pmboë`m ì`º$s XÿaXe©Z (85 Q>¸o$) AmH$medmUr (95 Q>¸o$) d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m (85 Q>¸o$)`m§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aVmV ho AmT>ibo. na§Vw B§Q>aZoQ>gma»`m BVa àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMo à_mU `m ì`º$s¨_Ü`o 35 Q>¸o$ BVHo$ H$_r AmT>ibo. Ë`mVyZ J«m_rU ^mJmV AÚmn B§Q>aZoQ>Mm àgma Pmbo Zgë`mMo AmT>iVo. 5.2.3.6 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZo{df`r _m{hVr gmaUr H«$. 5.6 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZo{df`r _m{hVr kmZ g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar Amho 291 97 Zmhr 09 3 AmboI H«$. 5.6 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZo{df`r _m{hVr

114

OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m g§H$ënZo{df`r gd}jUmV gh^mJr bmoH$ {H$Vr OmJ¥V AmhoV `mMr nmhUr `mVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mdoir 97 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr hr g§H$ënZm R>mD$H$ Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo. AW©{Zd©MZ `mVyZ Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm àË`oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmda n[aUm_ H$aV Amho. Ë`m_wio ehar d J«m_rU ^mJmVë`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§_Ü`o Ë`m{df`r _m{hVr d OmJê$H$Vm Amho. 5.2.3.7 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m ~m~r gmaUr H«$. 5.7 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m ~m~r ~m~r g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar _wº$ ì`mnma 189 63 _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm 66 22 ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm h¸$ 09 03 WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ 27 09 {dÎm^m§S>dbmMm g§M` 09 03 AmboI H«$. 5.2.3.7 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m ~m~r

115

gd}jUmV gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Zm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~r g_m{dï> hmoVmV Ago {dMmabo AgVm Ë`m§Zr {Xboë`m CÎmam§Mm Vnerb gmaUr H«$. 5. 7 d AmboI H«$. 5.7 _Üò {Xbm Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ `mVyZ Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMr `m ì`º$s¨Zm Mm§Jbr _m{hVr Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVrb {d{dY g§H$ënZm Ë`mM emór` ZmdmZo bmoH$ AmoiIV Zgbo Var Ë`m à{H«$`m§~Ôb Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr Amho Ago `mVyZ {XgyZ Ambo. 5.2.3.8 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ gmaUr H«$. 5.8 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ _V g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar hmo` 243 81 Zmhr 39 13 gm§JVm òV Zmhr 18 06 AmboI H«$. 5.2.3.8 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_

116

OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m à{H«$`oMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo H$s Zmhr ho `mVyZ OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mV 81 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago _V Zm|Xdbo Amho. Va 13 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr Agm H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zgë`mMo gm§{JVbo. Ë`mVrb gw_mao 8 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo åhUUo Ago hmoVo H$s H$moUr ñdV…da n[aUm_ H$adyZ KoV Zmhr, Vmo ñdrH$ma H$aV AgVmo. Va 6 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zm Agm n[aUm_ hmoVmo qH$dm Zmhr `m~m~V R>m_nUo gm§JVm Ambo Zmhr. AW©{Zd©MZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ hmoV AgyZ Vo n[aUm_ Ë`m§Zm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV nmhm`bm {_iV AmhoV. H$mhr bmoH$m§Mo `m n[aUm_m§H$So> \$mago bj Zmhr Va H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm ho n[aUm_ H$iV AgyZ Ë`mMm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmer Agbobm g§~§Y Ë`m§Zm H$iV Zmhr Agohr `mVyZ AmT>ibo. 5.2.3.9 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio à^m{dV KQ>H$ gmaUr H«$. 5.9 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio à^m{dV KQ>H$ KQ>H$ g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar dmVmªH$Z 36 12 g§nmXZ 27 09 _wÐU 66 22 Om{hamV 84 28 gmXarH$aU 48 16 àgmaU 27 09 ì`dñWmnZ 12 04

117

AmboI H«$. 5.9 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio à^m{dV KQ>H$

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio à^m{dV Pmbobo àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb {d{dY KQ>H$ `m{df`rMo gh^mJr ì`º$s¨Mo _V OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo. {d{dY KQ>H$m§darb n[aUm_m§Mr Q>¸o$dmar `oWo Xe©dbr Amho. Om{hamV (28 Q>¸o$) _wÐU (22 Q>¸o$) Am{U gmXarH$aU (16 Q>¸o$)`m KQ>H$m§da gdm©{YH$ n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago _V `mV ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AW©{Zd©MZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm àgma_mÜ`_m§er {ZJS>rV gd© KQ>H$m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo, Ago _V gdjUmV} ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. dmVmªH$Z, g§nmXZ, _wÐU, Om{hamV, gmXarH$aU, àgmaU d ì`dñWmnZ Aem gd©M KQ>H$m§da OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago _V bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§~m~VMr _Vo nwT>rb àým§À`m AmYmao OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§{df`rMr bmoH$m§Mr _Vo d à{V{H«$`m WoQ> OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `mVrb ~hþVm§e àým§VyZ Mm§Jbo AWdm dmB©Q> Am{U hmo AWdm Zmhr `mn¡H$s CÎma Ano{jV hmoVo. Ë`mMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

118

5.2.3.10 Am{W©H$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V gmaUr H«$. 5.10 Am{W©H$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V ~Xbm§Mm Vnerb Q>¸o$dmar hmoH$mamWu ‘Vo Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUwH$sV doJmZo hmoUmar dmT> 270 90 m g§» oVrb dmT> 276 92 àgma‘mÜ`‘m§À` ` 297 99 Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m§Mr CnbãYVm KQ>Zm- mMr gw{dYm 291 97 ~mV‘r WoQ> nmhÊ` 255 85 MM}V WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm `oÊ`mMr gw{dYm 225 75 àgma‘mÜ`‘m§Vrb O~aXñV ñnYm© V§ÌkmZ d gmXarH$aUmVrb ~Xb 285 95 ^m§S>dbemhr àd¥ÎmrMo dM©ñd 03 01 Om{ 45 15 hamVXmam§Mr ‘ºo$Xmar 72 24 ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVr OmUmao ì`dñWmnZ { {Z~ªY gyQ> 75 25 àgma‘mÜ`‘m§Zm ‘imbobr A mMr d¥Îmr 06 02 dmÅ>ob Vo ‘mWr ‘maÊ`

119

AmboI H«$. 5.10 Am{W©H$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V

{ { {df OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am W©H$ ~Xbm `rMo ‘V OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm AgVm Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m§Mr CnbãYVm (99 Q>¸o$)Am{U KQ>Zm dm ~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr gw{dYm (97 Q>¸o$) hm gdmªV Mm§Jbm ~Xb AgyZ ^m§S>dbemhrMo dM©ñd (99 Q>¸o$)Am{U dmÅ>ob Vo _mWr _maÊ`mMr d¥Îmr (98 Q>¸o$) ho ~Xb gdm©V dmB©Q> AmhoV Ago _V bmoH$m§Zr Zm|Xdbo. AW©{Zd©MZ Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m CnbãY AgUo Am{U WoQ> ~mV_r nmhVm `oUo `mo Jmoï>t_wio _m{hVr d kmZmMm gVVMm AmoK gwê$ amhVmo Am{U ì`{º$JV kmZmV gVV ^a nS>V amhVo, AmgnmgÀ`m KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr hmoV amhVo. Va ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m dM©ñdm_wio àgma_mÜ`_o hm n¡em§Mm Ioi ~Zbm AgyZ dmÅ>ob Vo _mWr _maÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmB©Q>M Zìho KmVH$hr Agë`mMo bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho.

120

5.2.3.11 Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V gmaUr H«$. 5.11 Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V

~XbmMm Vnerb hmoH$mamWu ‘Vo Q>¸o$dmar 285 _mÜ`_m§Mr AmH$f©H$ N>nmB©/gmXarH$aU 95 276 KQ>Zm/~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr gw{dYm 92 285 MMV} WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm `oÊ`mMr gw{dYm 95 288 AmH$f©H$ J«m{\$ŠgMm dmna 96 273 Am°Z-bmB©Z g§nH$m©Mr gw{dYm 91 201 Nw>ß`m H°$‘oè`m§Mm dmna 67 294 S>m`aoŠQ> Qy> hmo_ gw{dYm 98 00 V§ÌkmZmMm J¡admna 00 246 AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ-dmT>Vm IM©- 82 Om{hamVXmam§Mm dmT>Vm A§_b 141 gm_m{OH$ g§dmX H$_Hw$dV hmoÊ`mMr 47 à{H«$`m

121

AmboI H«$. 5.11 Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V

Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§{df`r bmoH$m§Zr AmH$f©H$ J«m{\$ŠgMm dmna (96 Q>¸o$)`mbm gdm©V Mm§Jbm ~Xb _mZbm Amho. Ë`m ImbmoImb AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU (95 Q>¸o$) Am{U MMV} WoQ> gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr gw{dYm (95 Q>¸o$)`m XmoZ Jmoï>tZm Mm§Jbo _mZbo Amho. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m J¡admnambm _mÌ gagH$Q> gdmªZrM dmB©Q> _mZbo Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ V§ÌkmZmMm _moR>çm à_mUmda J¡admna hmoV Amho ho _mÝ` H$ê$Z Ë`mbm bmoH$m§Zm gagH$Q> Zmng§Vr Xe©dbr Amho. J«m{\$Šg, AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU `mVyZ ~mV_r d _m{hVr gw§Xa nÕVrZo, AÚ`mdV ê$nmV g_moa `oVo hr ~m~ bmoH$m§Zm AmdS>V Agë`mMo `mVyZ {XgVo. VgoM Amnbo _V _m§S>Ê`mMr d Vo {dMmamV KoVbo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agboë`m MMV} WoQ> gh^mJr hmoÊ`mÀ`m ~Xbmbmhr bmoH$m§Zr ng§Vr {Xbr Amho.

122

5.2.3.12 gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V gmaUr H«$. 5.12 gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V ~XbmMm Vnerb Q>¸o$dmar hmoH$mamWu _Vo 95 285 Mm§Jëm KQ>ZoMm g‘mOmdarb à^md dmB©Q> KQ>ZoMm g_mOmdarb à^md 00 00 dmMH$/ àojH$ Cn^moº$m ~ZÊ`mÀ`m d¥ÎmrV dmT> 14 42 dmMH$/ àojH$ Cn^moÁ` dñVy ~ZdÊ`mMr 17 51 à{H«$`m Aûcrb Om{hamVtMm g_mOmdarb n[aUm_ 31 93 H$m_yH$ Ñí`m§Mm g_mOmdarb n[aUm_ 26 78 A§YlÕm§Mo CXmÎmrH$aU 62 186 JwÝhoJmarMo CXmÎmrH$aU 12 36 à{gÕr d n¡gm ho Ü`o` 16 48 Cno{jVm§Mr d§MZm 14 42 ~S>çm§Zm PwH$Vo _mn 11 33 {hVH$maH$ ^y{_Ho$nmgyZ Xþamdm 09 27

123

AmboI H«$. 5.12 gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm§~m~VMo _V

EImÚm ^mJmVrb Mm§Jë`m KQ>ZoMm àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr àgma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm Xþgè`m EImÚm ^mJmV hmoUmam Mm§Jbm à^md hm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm gdm©V Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ Agë`mMo _V (95 Q>¸o$)Zm|Xdbo. Va dmB©Q> KQ>ZoMm AgmM n[aUm_ gdm©V dmB©Q> Agë`mMo bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ H$m_yH$ d Aûcrb Ñí`m§Mm n[aUm_ Am{U JwÝhoJmar, A§YlÕm§Mo CXmÎmrH$aU `m~m~V g_mOmVM BVHo$ dmB©Q> KS>Vo Amho H$s àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr Vgo H$mhr XmIdbo Zmhr Var dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoVrb, Ago _V AZwH«$_o 26, 31, 12 d 62 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. A§YlXm§Mo CXmÎmrH$aUm~m~V àgma_mÜ`_o , , Xod-Y‘m©MoM XmIdVmV lÕm ~iH$Q> H$aVmV Vo H$mhr Hw$Umbm J§So>Xmoao KoÊ`mMm g„m XoV ZmhrV, Aer à{V{H«$`m bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho.

124

5.2.3.13 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hadV Mmbbobr _yëò gmaUr H«$. 5.13 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hadV Mmbbobr _yëò _yëò/~m~r Q>¸o$dmar _Vo {OH$ ~m§{YbH$s 12 36 gm‘m gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd 15 45 Mm¡Ï`m ñV§^mMr ^y{_H$m 22 66 Cno{jVm§Mo {hV 41 123 21 63 {hVH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZoVrb `moJXmZ _mÜ`_m§Mr Apñ_Vm 09 27 ñdV…Mr AmoiI 07 21 {dœmgmh©Vm 13 39 amÁ`ì`dñWodarb dMH$ 03 09 {Z…njnmVrnUm 07 21 g§`_ 05 15 Zm{dÝ` 09 27 n[adV©ZerbVm 06 18 08 24 dmVm©‘yë`

125

AmboI H«$. 5.13 OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hadV Mmbbobr _yë`o

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§_wio àgma_mÜ`_o H$moUVr gm_m{OH$ _yë`o hadV Mmbbr AmhoV Ago {dMmabo AgVm Cno{jVm§Mo {hV (41 Q>¸o$)`mbm gdm©{YH$ _Vo {_imbr. BVa _yë`m§Mm àgma_mÜ`_m§_wio èhmg hmoV Zmhr, Ago _V bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo. AW©{Zd©MZ AZoH$ bmoH$m§Mo _V Ago Amho H$s _yë`o Aem H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>t_wio hadV dm Zme nmdV ZgVmV. Vr {nT>çmZ{nT>çm§À`m g§ñH$mam§_wio {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV. Ë`mV àgma_mÜ`_m§_wio Agm H$moUVmhr èhmg \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmZm {XgV Zmhr. _mÌ { { { { Cno jVm§À`m hVmÀ`m ^y _Ho$nmgyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm_wio àgma_mÜ`‘o Xÿa OmV AmhoV, Ago _V gdm©{YH$ (41 Q>¸o$)bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo. 5.2.3.14 Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n gmaUr H«$. 5.14 Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n _V Q>¸o$dmar g§»`m Mm§Jbo 53 159 dmB©Q> 47 141

126

AmboI H«$. 5.14 Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n

Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n Mm§Jbo Amho H$s dmB©Q> Agm àý {dMmabm AgVm 53 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr Mm§Jbo Agë`mMo _V ì`º$ Ho$bo Va Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n dmB©Q> Agë`mMo _V 47 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr _m§S>bo. AW©{Zd©MZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n Mm§Jbo Agë`mMo _mZUmè`m bmoH$m§Zr Ë`mVrb gmXarH$aU, ^mdZm, Zo_Š`m J«mhH$mbm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mMr hmVmoQ>r, g§JrV, eãX `m Jmoï>r AmdS>ë`m Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo. Va hm ~Xb dmB©Q> Agë`mMo gm§JUmè`m§Zm Ë`mVrb ^§nH$nUm, AdmñVd Xmdo, ór nmÌm§Mm {dZmH$maU d Cn^mo½` dñVy åhUyZ Cn`moJ AmXr Jmoï>r AmdS>ë`m Zgë`mMo _V ì`º$ Ho$bo. m ì dgm mV Om{ hÎd 5.2.3.15 àgma‘mÜ`‘m§À` ` ` hamVtMo ‘ m ì dgm mV Om{ gmaUr H«$. 5.15 àgma‘mÜ`‘m§À` ` ` hamVtMo ‘hÎd Q>¸o$dmar g§» m ‘V ` 88 264 hmo` Zmhr 12 36

127

AmboI H«$. 5.15 àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dgm`mV Om{hamVtMo _hËd

àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dgm`mV AmOÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV Om{hamVr _hÎdmÀ`m Agë`mMo _V 88 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVr ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. Ë`m_wioM Amnë`mbm H$_r {H$_VrV d¥ÎmnÌo dm d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§Mm AmñdmX KoVm `oVmo åhUyZ 88 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr Om{hamVtMo ho _hÎd _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. Va Caboë`m 12 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mmhr Om{hamVtZm {damoY Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`mMo H$mhr à_mU d Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU Agmdo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho.

128

5.2.3.16 Om{hamVt~m~VMo _V gmaUr H«$. 5.16 Om{hamVt~m~VMo _V { { / Q>¸o$dmaro d dY ~m~r KQ>H$ hmoH$mamWu ‘Vo Om{ 82 246 hamVtMo dmT>Vo à‘mU doJmZo ~XbUmao ñdê$n 83 249 `m ñdê$nmMm g_mOmdarb {dn[aV n[aUm_ 24 72 gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mr nm`_„r 23 69 Cn^moJdmXmbm àmoËgmhZ 19 57 Om{hamVXmam§Mr _ºo$Xmar 09 27 {dH¥$V hmoUmao ñdê$n 11 33 àojH$ d ~mbH$m§da gImob n[aUm_ 29 87 Om{hamXma,^m§S>dbXma,amOH$maUr EH$M 07 21 d¥Îmr àgma_mÜ`_o d dmMH$ `m§Mo jrU hmoUmao 16 48 ZmVo _mÜ`_o d Om{hamVXma `m§Mo KÅ> hmoUmao ZmVo 15 45

129

AmboI H«$. 5.16 Om{hamVt~m~VMo _V

Om{hamVt~m~VMr _Vo `m àýmÛmao bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVtMo à_mU doJmZo dmT>Vo Amho Ago 82 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. Va Om{hamVrMo ñdê$n doJmZo ~XbV Agë`mMo 83 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zm _mÝ` Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVtMo à_mU Am{U ñdê$n doJmZo ~XbVo Amho. ho ñdê$n g_mOmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ H$aUmao Amho (24 Q>¸o$)Ago bmoH$ _mZVmV. Om{hamVt_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mr nm`_„r hmoVo (23 Q>¸o$)Am{U {deofV… bhmZ½`m§da Ë`m§Mm Imob n[aUm_ hmoVmo (29 Q>¸o$)Ago bmoH$ _mZVmV. Om{hamVXmam§er àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ZmVo KÅ> hmoV Mmbbo AgyZ (15 Q>¸o$) Vo dmMH$ d àojH$m§À`m ~m~VrV jrU hmoV Mmbë`mMo (16 Q>¸o$) bmoH$m§Zm \$mago _mÝ` Zmhr. ZH$mamWu _V ì`º$ H$aUmao bmoH$ Om{hamVr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm{dZmhr AemM Pmë`m AgË`m Am{U g_mOmV KS>Umao dmñVd Om{hamVtnojm ^`mZH$ Amho Ë`m_wio Om{hamVtMm à^md Ë`mÀ`m VwbZoV H$_r Amho, Ago _mZVmV.

130

5.2.3.17 àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àdmgmMr {Xem gmaUr H«$. 5.17 àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àdmgmMr {Xem Q>¸o$dmar _V g§»`m MwH$sMr Amho 87 261 `mo½` Amho 13 39

AmboI H«$. 5.17 àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àdmgmMr {Xem

àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm hm àdmg MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbm Amho H$m` `m àým~m~V bmoH$m§Mr _Vo `m gmaUr d AmboImVyZ _m§S>br AmhoV. `mV 87 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ Ago _mZVmV H$s àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm hm àdmg MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbm Amho Va 13 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§À`m _Vo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àdmgmMr {Xem `mo½` Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ AmVmn`ªVÀ`m àým§VyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Am{W©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ d gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ OmUyZ KoVë`mZ§Va `m gd© n[aUm_m§À`m AmYmao bmoH$m§Zr ho _V ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm_wio àgma_mÜ`_o Amnë`m _yi _mJm©nmgyZ Xÿa Am{U MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo OmV AmhoV Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

131

5.2.3.18 à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm gmaUr H«$. 5.18 à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm KQ>H$ hmoH$mamWu _Vo Q>¸o$dmar _mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$ 62 186 nÌH$ma/g§nmXH$ 76 228 Om{hamVXma 24 72 dmMH$/àojH$ 29 87 emgZ 11 33 _mÜ`_VÁk/{dMmad§V 21 63

AmboI H«$. 5.18 à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm

àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm hm àdmg MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo gwê$ Amho Ago _mJrb àýmÀ`m CÎmamV 87 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr åhQ>bo. Ë`mdê$Z hm MwH$sMm àdmg Q>miÊ`mgmR>r H$moUr à`ËZ H$am`bm hdoV `m~m~VMr Ë`m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`Ë Ho$bm. nÌH$ma/

132 g§nmXH$ `m§Zr gdm©{YH$ à`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV Ago 76 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`mImbmoImb _mÜ`_ ì`dñWmnH$m§da 62 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr hr O~m~Xmar Q>mH$br Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ nÌH$ma/g§nmXH$ Am{U _mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm hm MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbobm àdmg amoIÊ`m _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$Vrb Ago bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`mgmo~VM Om{hamVXma, dmMH$ d _mÜ`_VÁk Ë`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV hmV^ma bmdy eH$Vrb, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. emgZmZo `mV hñVjon H$amdm Ago Ho$di 11 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. H$maU nÌH$maVm hm bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm ñV§^ Agë`mZo Vmo ñdm`Îm d ñdV§ÌM amhmdm, Ago `m bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. 5.2.3.19 _mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dñWmnH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.19 _mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dñWmnH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb Q>¸o$dmar hmoH$mamWu _Vo Amnë 11 33 `m ‘mÜ`‘mMr AmoiI H$m`‘ amImdr OZ{hVmMo ^mZ amImdo 20 60 Mm¡Ï`m ñV§^mÀ`m O~m~XmarMr OmUrd 21 63 Cno{jVm§Zm `mo½` ñWmZ 19 57 Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU 27 81 `mda {Z`§ÌU ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVMo IoiUo hmoÊ`mg 08 24 {damoY {dYm`H$ OZ_VmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ 07 21 A{YH$m{YH$ OZVm{^_wI hmoÊ`mMo à`ËZ 13 39

133

AmboI H«$. 5.19 _mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dñWmnH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

àgma_mÜ`_mdarb OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo n[aUm_, Ë`m§Mm MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbobm àdmg `mda {Z`§ÌU {_idyZ àgma_mÜ`_o AmUIr gj_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mÜ`_ ì`dñWmnH$m§Zr H$moUVo à`ËZ H$am`bm hdoV `m{df`rMo _V ì`º$ H$aVmZm Om{hamVtda {Z`§ÌU gdm©V _hÎdmMo Agë`mMo 27 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr åhQ>bo. Ë`mImbmoImb bmoH$emhrÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ñV§^mMr ^y{_H$m (21 Q>¸o$) OZ{hVmÀ`m C{Ôï>mMo ^mZ (20 Q>¸o$)Am{U Cno{jVm§Zm ñWmZ (19 Q>¸o$)`m§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ darb {dûcofUmVyZ Ago {XgVo H$s bmoH$ AmOhr àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm bmoH$emhrMm ajH$, Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^ _mZVmV d Ë`mM ^y{_Ho$VyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbo H$m`© H$arV amhmdo, { \ D$ , Aer Ë`m§Mr ^mdZm Amho. Ë`mgmo~VM Ë`m§Zr Om hamVtÀ`m $ma Amhmar Om Z`o Aerhr Anojm Ë`m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bobr {XgVo. `m_Ü`o _mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$ _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

134

5.2.3.20 g§nmXH$/nÌH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.20 g§nmXH$/nÌH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ Q>¸o$dmar à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb hmoH$mamWu ‘Vo 11 33 Amnëm ‘mÜ`‘mMr AmoiI H$m`‘ amImdr OZ{hVmMo ^mZ amImdo 20 60 Mm¡Ï`m ñV§^mÀ`m O~m~XmarMr OmUrd 21 63 Cno{jVm§Zm `mo½` ñWmZ 19 57 _m{hVrÀ`m dmñVdmer VS>OmoS> Q>miUo 23 69 EImÚm ì`º$sg PwH$Vo _mn Z XoUo 17 51 {dYm`H$ OZ_VmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ 13 39 OZVm{^_wI hmoÊ`mMo à`ËZ 13 39

AmboI H«$. 5.20 g§nmXH$/nÌH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

135

`mgmR>r g§nmXH$/nÌH$mam§H$Sy>Z H$moUË`m à`ËZm§Mr Anojm Amho Ago {dMmabo AgVm _m{hVrÀ`m dmñVdmer VS>OmoS> H$ê$ Z`o Ago _V 23 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo. Ë`mImbmoImb bmoH$emhrÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ñV§^mMr ^y{_H$m (21 Q>¸o$) OZ{hVmÀ`m C{Ôï>mMo ^mZ (20 Q>¸o$)Am{U Cno{jVm§Zm ñWmZ (19 Q>¸o$) `m§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr gj_ ~ZdÊ`mV g§nmXH$/nÌH$ma ho XoIrb qghmMm dmQ>m CMby eH$VmV, Ago bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. Ame` d _m{hVrÀ`m dmñVdmer VS>OmoS> Z H$aÊ`mMo _V gdm©{YH$ bmoH$ ì`º$ H$aVmV `mMm AW© Ë`m§Zm {dœgZr`, ImÌrera Am{U Zo_H$s ~mV_r d _m{hVr hdr Amho. nÌH$marVoVrb _hËdmMm AmYmañV§^ Agbobo nÌH$ma/g§nmXH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm ñV§^, OZ{hV Am{U Cno{jV, d§{MVm§Zm `mo½` ñWmZmMr Anojm bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. 5.2.3.21 Om{hamVXmam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.21 Om{hamVXmam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ Q>¸o$dmar à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb hmoH$mamWu ‘Vo {OH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ 26 78 gm‘m MwH$sMm g§Xoe OmUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm 24 72 Aûcrb, ~r^ËgnUm H$mQ>oH$moanUo Q>miUo 54 162 _{hbm d AÝ` KQ>H$m§Mo Ad_yë`Z Q>miUo 51 153 Om{hamVtMm Ame` d gmXarH$aUmda 23 69 {Z`§ÌU _mÜ`_m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVoda XS>nU `oUma 21 63 Zmhr `mMr XjVm

136

g_mO_Zmda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoD$ Z`o 11 33 `m~m~V XjVm OZ_VmMm C{MV AmXa 25 75 AmboI H«$. 5.21 Om{hamVXmam§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

{dûcofU `mgmR>r Om{hamVXmam§H$Sy>Z AûcrbVm d ~r^ËgnUm Q>miÊ`mMr Anojm gdm©{YH$ (54 Q>¸o$)bmoH$m§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mIoarO _{hbm§Mo Ad_yë`Z Q>mimdo (51 Q>¸o$) gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ H$amdo (26 Q>¸o$) OZ_VmMm AmXa H$amdm (25 Q>¸o$)Am{U { D$ Om hamVrVyZ MwH$sMo g§Xoe Xo Z`o (24 Q>¸o$)Ago _V bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ Om{hamVXma hm KQ>H$ OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio IynM ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJV Amho. EH$sH$So> Vmo ~mOmamgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho Va XþgarH$So> àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo CËnÞhr Ë`mÀ`mda Adb§~yZ Amho, Ago bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio Om{hamVXma `m XmoÝhtMm dmna Amnë`m ì`{º$JV ñdmWmgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVmo Ago bmoH$m§Zr åhQ>bo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mda H$mQ>oH$moa {Z~ªY KmbmdoV Ago bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho.

137

5.2.3.22 dmMH$/àojH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.22 dmMH$/àojH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ Q>¸o$dmar hmoH à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb $mamWu ‘Vo X~mdJQ>mMr {Z{ 09 27 ‘©Vr _mÜ`_m§Zm OZ{hVmgmR>r 07 21 àmoËgmhZ _mÜ`_m§Zm O~m~XmarMr 04 12 OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo Cno{jVm§Zm C{MV ñWmZ 11 33 { mgmR>r ‘iÊ` à`ËZ Om{hamVtda {Z`§ÌU 02 06 _mÜ`_m§Mm ^m§S>dbXmam§nmgyZ 03 09 ~Mmd `mo½` YmoaUmMr {Z{_©Vr 03 09 _mÜ`_m§Zm OZVm{^_wI 07 21 ~ZdUo

138

AmboI H«$. 5.22 dmMH$/àojH$m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m `wJmV dmMH$ d àojH$m§H$Sy>Z àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr gj_ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m à`ËZm§Mr Anojm Amho `m~m~VMr _Vo OmUyZ KoVbr. Ë`mV Cno{jVm§Zm ñWmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZm§Mr Anojm gdm©{YH$ (11 Q>¸o$)bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br. Va Om{hamVtÀ`m {Z`§ÌUm~m~V gdm©V H$_r (03) Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr Anojm ì`º$ Ho$br. AW©{Zd©MZ dmMH$ dm àojH$ àgma_mÜ`_o Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m à{H«$`oV \$maer ^y{_H$m {Z^meH$V ZmhrV, Ago bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. ho _V àW_Xe©Zr ZH$mamË_H$ dmQ>bo Var ~mOma, ^m§S>db `m§Mm àgma_mÜ`_m§daMm à^md nmhVm dmMH$ dm àojH$m§À`m _Vmbm dm AmdmOmbm \$mago _hÎd {_iy eH$V Zmhr, Ago _V bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho.

139

5.2.3.23 emgZmH$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.23 emgZmH$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb Q>¸o$dmar hmoH$mamWu _Vo AmMmag§{hVog§~§Yr YmoaUmMr AmIUr 10 30 dmMH$m§àVr CÎmaXm{`ËdmMo ~§YZ 08 24 bmoH$emhrMo gj_rH$aUmMr XjVm 13 39 ñdm`ÎmVoMo ajU 42 126 gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$V, H$m`Xo `m~m~V XjVm 12 36 Om{hamVtda {Z`§ÌU 31 93 _mÜ`_m§Ûmao OZ{hV g§ajUmgmR>r YmoaU 12 36 _mÜ`_m§Vrb naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda {Z`§ÌU 27 81 AmboI H«$. 5.23 emgZmH$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m `wJmV àgma_mÜ`_o AmUIr gj_ ìhmdrV `mgmR>r emgZmH$Sy>Z H$moUË`m à`ËZm§Mr Anojm Amho Ago {dMmabo AgVm _mÜ`_m§À`m

140

ñdm`ÎmVoMo ajU (42 Q>¸o$)Am{U _mÜ`_m§Vrb naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda {Z`§ÌU (27 Q>¸o$)`m XmoZ Jmoï>tMr Amdí`H$Vm bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br. AW©{Zd©MZ _mÜ`_m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVoMo ajU emgZmZo H$amdo Ago _V Zm|Xdë`mMm AW© _mÜ`_m§Zm ñdV§Ì R>odyZ Ë`m§À`m {ZU©`m§_Ü`o hñVjon H$ê$ Z`o Agm J{^©V BemamM bmoH$m§Zr {Xbm Amho. Ë`m~amo~aM OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo AmìhmZ AmUIr JS>X H$aUmè`m naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda {Z`§ÌUmMr Anojm bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br. 5.2.3.24 _mÜ`_VÁk/ {dMmad§Vm§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ gmaUr H«$. 5.24 _mÜ`_VÁk/ {dMmad§Vm§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ à`ËZm§Mm Vnerb Q>¸o$dmar hmoH$mamWu _Vo àgma gmR>r {dUo 51 153 _mÜ`_m§ `mo½` ‘m°S>ob gwM g§emoYZ d _mJ©Xe©Z 27 81 _mÜ`_m§À`m ^y{_Ho$Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z 22 66 Cno{jVm§gmR>r _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna `m~m~V 21 63 g§emoYZ bmoH$m{^_wI Om{hamVtgmR>r Cnm` 29 87 _mÜ`_m§Mr emœVVm 11 33 _mÜ`_o d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr gm§JS> 17 51 OZVm{^_wIVogmR>r Cnm` 19 57

141

AmboI H«$. 5.24 _mÜ`_VÁk/ {dMmad§Vm§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ

_mÜ`_VÁk Am{U {dMmad§V `m§À`mH$Sy>Zhr bmoH$m§Zm àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V Anojm AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m AmìhmZmMo g§YrV ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr gj_, XOXma} d bmoH$emhr{^_wI ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr `mo½` Ago _m°So>b gwMdmdo Aer Anojm 51 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. Om{hamVr Am{U OZ{hV `m§À`m~m~VrVhr Ë`m§Zr g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Zdo _mJ© gwMdmdoV Aer Anojm bmoH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. AW©{Zd©MZ _mÜ`_VÁk Am{U {dMmad§Vm§Mo `moJXmZ àgma_mÜ`_m§V Amdí`H$ Amho Ago bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. `mMo H$maU OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m O{Q>b n[apñWVrVyZ {dMma_§WZ H$ê$ZM _mJ© H$mT>Uo eŠ` Agë`mMo bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§gmR>r ^{dî`mVrb AmìhmZo d g§Yr, VgoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo {d{dY n¡by `m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Vo XO}Xma Cnm`, gyMZm, {Z`moOZ d A§_b~OmdUrMo _mJ© gwMdy eH$VmV, Ago bmoH$m§Mo _V Amho.

142

[ 5.3 g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _hÎdmMr _m hVr [ [ , gXa g§emoYZ df`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r `m joÌmVrb AZoH$ dMmad§V VÁk [ `m§Mr Cn`wº$ Am U _hÎdmMr nwñVHo$ hmVmibr. `m nwñVH$m§VyZ Ë`m§Zr [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V AZoH$ [ , [ [ [ _hÎdmMr dYmZo _Vo d dMma _m§Sbo AmhoV. hr dYmZo Agbobo n[aÀN>oX Am U [ Ë`m§Mo g§X^m©gh WmoS>Š`mV ñnï>rH$aU òWo Xbo Amho. 1) [ [ dmMH$m§Mr A ^ê$Mr OgOer ~Xbbr VgVer dV©_mZnÌmV òUmè`m df`m§Mr [ ì`mnH$Vmhr dmT>V Jobr. gmjaVmàgma d dmT>Vo Am¡Úmo JH$sH$aU `m_wio d¥ÎmnÌmMm [ [ dmMH$hr ~Xbë`mMo XgVo. H$mbMm dmMH$ Am U AmOMm dmMH$ `m_Üò Amnë`mbm \ [ [ [ $aH$ XgVmo. AmOMm dmMH$ d¥ÎmnÌmMm Cn`wº$VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo A YH$ dMma H$aUmam [ [ [ Amho. d¥ÎmnÌ hr EH$ dH«$sMr dñVy (H$_mo S>Q>r) Agë`m_wio Amnë`m X¡Z§ XZ [ [ OrdZmer g§~§ YV AgUmè`m Jmoï>t~m~V Cn`wº$ ì`mdhm[aH$ Aer _m hVr [ [ [ dV©_mZnÌmV Amho H$s Zmhr `mMm dmMH$ dMma H$ê$ bmJbm. Vê$U nT>r Am U OwZr [ [ [ nT>r `mVrb ho nT>rMo A§Va d¥ÎmnÌ df`H$ dmMH$m§À`m nmhUrVyZhr ñnï> Pmbo Amho.1 [ [ dûcofU… darb n[aÀN>oXmV S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma `m§Zr OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm WoQ> C„oI [ Ho$bobm Zgbm Var Vo Vê$U nT>r åhUOo ~XbË`m H$mimMm C„oI H$aVmV ho Z¸$s. [ [ [ [ d¥ÎmnÌ ho EH$ dH«$sMr dñVy (H$_mo S>Q>r) ~Zë`mZo X¡Z§ XZ OrdZmer g§~§ YV [ [ Jmoï>t~m~V Cn`wº$ ì`mdhm[aH$ _m hVr dV©_mZnÌmV Amho H$s Zmhr `mMm dMma dmMH$ 143

, [ [ H$ê$ bmJbm Amho ho dYmZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm àgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_M

AYmoaopIV H$aVo. 2) [ AmMmaY_© Am U ZrVremó g_mOmVM ApñVÎdmV `oVo åhUyZ g_mOmMr Or

ZrVr_Îmm Vr g§nmXH$mMr ZrVr_Îmm An[ahm`©nUo R>aV AgVo. nma§nm[aH$ ZrVr_ÎmoÀ`m

H$ënZm g_mOmV Oem ~XbV OmVmV Vem g§nmXH$mghr ~Xbmì`m bmJVmV. EdT>oM

Zìho Va g_mOmbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmarhr g§nmXH$mdaM Agë`mZo Zì`m [ OrdZ_yë`m§Mm à^md nmS>Ê`mMo H$m`©hr g§nmXH$mH$Sy>Z Ano jV AgVo. Aemdoir [ -[ gm_m OH$ g§X^m©VM ì`º$s åhUyZ Mm§Jë`m ZU©` g§nmXH$mg ¿`mdm bmJVmo. VoWoM [ Ë`mMr H$gmoQ>r bmJVo. AmoboVrMo MÌ _wIn¥ð>mda N>mnUmam g§nmXH$ Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV [ Ii~i CS>dyZ XoUmam qH$dm H«$m§VrH$maH$ R>aVmo. nU AmOÀ`m ~Xbboë`m gm_m OH$ [ n[apñWVrÀ`m g§X^m©V Ë`mMo H$mhr deof _hÎdhr CaV Zmhr. åhUyZM d¥ÎmnÌ [ [ , [ ì`dgm`mMr ZrVr hr g§nmXH$ Zð> amhUo `mo½` R>aVo. VWm n `m ì` º$JV [ [ _yë`ñdmV§Í`mMm J¡admna H$ê$Z ñdmW© gmYUo AWdm AÝ` g_mO hV damoYr hoVy gmÜ` H$aUo d¥ÎmnÌr` ZrVremómV ~gV Zmhr.2 [ [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio ~XbV Mmbboë`m ZrVr_yë`m§À`m ~m~VrV ho dYmZ [ AË`§V MnIb R>aVo. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mMr ZrVr g§nmXH$ Zð> , [ [ Cabobr ZgyZ Vr ~mOma ^m§S>db Am U _mbH$ Zð> ~Zbr Amho. Ë`m_wio EImXr Jmoï> g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo A`mo½` Agbr Var Vr ~mOmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` Agë`mg nwT>o 144

[ , [ Xm_Q>br OmVo. nU gm_m OH$ g§X^m©VM g§nmXH$mZo (àgma_mÜ`_mMo _mbH$ Z_m©Vo -dmB©Q>mMm [ [ , `m§Zr) Mm§Jë`m ZU©` KoVbm nm hOo Agm gyMZmdOm g„m S>m°. gwYmH$a [ ndma `oWo XoVmV. nU Ë`mMdoir OwÝ`m H$mimV _wIn¥ð>mda AmoboVrM§ MÌ N>mnÊ`mM§

YmS>g H$aUmam g§nmXH$ Ë`m H$mimV H«$m§VrH$maH$ R>abm Agbm Var AmOÀ`m H$mimV , Ë`m H«$m§Vrbm AJXrM VwÀN> R>adÊ`mBVH$s nmVir àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr JmR>br Amho [ [ Agohr Ë`m§Zr _íH$sbnUo gwM dbo Amho. 3) , [ ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV Ooìhm Xoe^º$ gm_m OH$ d amOH$s` ZoVoM g§nmXH$ d g§MmbH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m ZmdmZoM Vo nÌ AmoiIbo OmB© d Ë`m nÌmMr ( gd© O~m~Xmar g§nmXH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mdaM Ago. na§Vw EH$ ì`dgm` àmo’o$eZ) [ åhUyZ d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rMr dmT> hmoVmM g§nmXH$mMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo Am U d¥ÎmnÌ ho EH$ [ gm§ YH$ H$m`© R>abo.3 [ dûcofU… d¥ÎmnÌo hr ì`dgm` ~Zë`m_wio g§nmXH$m§Mo Ë`mVrb _hÎd H$_r Pmbo. [ [ [ Ë`m_wio d¥ÎmnÌ ho EH$ gm§ YH$ H$m`© R>abo Ago `oWo boIH$mZo b hbo Amho. `mMm AW© , [ [ [ [ d¡Mm[aH$ ~m¡ ÕH$ Am U g_mOmMr _Vo KS> dÊ`mMr d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr ^y _H$m ~mOybm nS>V [ , [ , OmHo$di _m hVr N>m`m MÌo KQ>Zm `m§Zm gm§YyZ N>mnrb ñdê$nmVrb EH$ dñVy V`ma , H$aUo EdT>oM d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo H$m_ ~ZyZ Jobo Ago S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma `m§Zm åhUm`Mo Amho. 4) d¥ÎmnÌr` XOm© hm Ë`m d¥ÎmnÌmH$Sy>Z AmMaë`m OmUmè`m _yë`g§H$ënZm§da R>aV , [ [ , [ AgVmo. ^S>H$ A Va§ OV gZgZmQ>rnyU© d dH¥$V d¥Îm XoUmar qH$dm ñQ>§Q>~mOr

145

H$aUmar d¥ÎmnÌo OZ_mZgmV AmXamg nmÌ R>aV ZmhrV Vr `m_wioM. N>mnÊ`mgmaIo D$ [ gd© d¥Îm Xo Aer d¥ÎmnÌmMr Ooìhm à Vkm AgVo Voìhm N>mnÊ`mgmaIo H$m` Amho ho [ [ , [ } Z üV H$aVmZm g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr d gä`Vm `m§Mm dMma An[ahm`©nUo XOXma d¥ÎmnÌmH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVmo. AMyH$Vm d Ý`m`r d¥Îmr Aem d¥ÎmnÌm§H$Sy>Z AmMabr OmVo. [ [ [ bmoH$ à`Vm Am U gZgZmQ>r `mEodOr d¡ eï²>`nyU© d _hÎdmMo ho Aem d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo [ nadbrMo eãX AgVmV Am U d¥Îm XoVmZm Ë`mMo ^mZ H$go amImdo ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>rM [ d¥ÎmnÌmMr AmMmag§ hVm Ë`mg Cn`moJr nSy> eH$Vo.4 [ [ [ dûcofU… bmoH$ à`Vm Am U gZgZmQ>r ho AmOÀ`m H$mimV àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo nadbrMo [ eãX ~Zbo AmhoV. åhUyZ AmOÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r AmMmag§ hVm Cn`moJr nSy> , [ eH$Vo Ago boIH$ `m R>H$mUr åhUVmo. `m eãXm§Mm Y_© nmiVmZm Amnbr Ü`o`o [ [ , Am U C Ôï>o `m§À`mH$So>hr Ë`m§Mo Xþb©j hmoV Amho Ago S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma `m§Zm gwMdm`Mo Amho.

5) [ [ ^mS>moÌr Am U ImoQ>r nÌH$marVm `m AJ«boImV X¡ ZH$ _amR>dmS>çmMo g§nmXH$ [ [ , [ [ AZ§Vamd ^mboamd b hVmV H$s nwîH$i Mm§Jbo d¥ÎmnÌm§ df`r bhÿZ ñdV…Mr nmR> [ WmonQy>Z KoVm òB©b na§Vw AmYw ZH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m OrdZmV Mm§Jë`m à_mUoM dmB©Q>hr [ ânya eabo Amho. Ago gm§JyZ g_mOmV ^«ï>mMma Agbm Var d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mV Vmo , [ òZò Ago _V _m§S>VmZm Ë`m§Zr nwT>o åhQ>bo H$s _mUgmMo ~mH$s gd© dH$bo Jobo Va [ [ Mmbob na§Vw Ë`mMr XmZV ~mOmamV dH«$sgmR>r òZò d Ë`mMm ddoH$ n¡emH$So> JhmU

146

[ nSy> Z`.o Ago Pmbo VaM bmoH$emhrVrb dhrV H$V©ì`o d¥ÎmnÌo nma nmSy> eH$Vrb na§Vw [ , , [ Zo_Ho$ KmoSo> n|S> ImVo Vo `mM R>H$mUr ^«ï>Vobm gÎmobm Am U H$sS>boë`m g_mOmVrb [ [ ~mOmê$ d¥Îmrbm ~ir nS>Umao qH$~hÿZm dH$V _iUmao nÌH$ma d d¥ÎmnÌo g§»`oZo dmTy> [ [ \ bmJbr AmhoV. bmoH$emhr Am U Z_©i g_mOOrdZ `m§Zm Aem bmoH$m§H$Sy>ZM $ma

_moR>m YmoH$m g§^dy eH$Vmo.5 [ [ [ dûcofU… d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm` (Am U àgma_mÜ`_m§Vhr) dmB©Q> Jmoï>rhr ânya eaë`m [ AmhoV. Ë`mMo OmJ VH$sH$aU ho EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU Amho. `mMm gdm©V _moR>m YmoH$m [ Áòð> nÌH$ma Xd§JV AZ§Vamd ^mboamd `m§À`m eãXm§V S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma `m§Zr òWo [ , [ [ gm§ JVbm Amho. ^«ï>mMma gÎmm `mbm ~ir nS>Umao Am U dH$bo OmUmao nÌH$ma d [ [ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr hr dmT>Vr g§»`m bmoH$emhr Am U Z_©i g_mOOrdZ `mgmR>r YmoH$mXm`H$ , [ [ [ Amho Ago Vo b hVmV. AmOÀ`m doJmZo ngaUmè`m OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV hm [ YmoŠ`mMm Bemam AË`§V _mobmMm Am U J§^ra Amho `mV e§H$m Zmhr. 6) , [ lr. Aê$U em¡ar `m§Zr åhQ>bo H$s nÌH$mam§gmR>r AmMmag§ hVm V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m [ , [ H$ënZobm Amnbm EHo$H$mir damoY hmoVm H$maU `m AmMmag§ hVoMm J¡admna amOH$maÊ`m§H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmB©b Ago _mPo _V hmoVo. na§Vw nÌH$marVoMm gÜ`mMm [ , Kgabobm XOm© bjmV KoVm Aer AmMmag§ hVm Amdí`H$ Amho Agë`mMo _mPo _V

AmVm ~Zbo Amho.6

147

[ dûcofU… `oWo S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma Aê$U em¡ar `m§À`m eãXm§V nÌH$marVoMm XOm© , Kgabobm Amho ho AYmoaopIV H$aVmV. hm XOm© KgaÊ`mbm AZoH$ H$maUo Agbr [ [ , Var Ë`mVrb OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo hmoUmao ì`mdgm `H$aU Ë`m§Mo H«$`dñVy_Ü`o [ [ [ [ [ [ (H$_mo S>Q>r) Pmbobo ê$nm§Va Am U Ë`mVyZ Z_m©U Pmbobo d dY hVg§~§Y ho _hÎdmMo

H$maU Amho. `mMm C„oI `m boIH$mZo `m nwñVH$mV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m nmœ©^y_rda [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m à H«$ò_wio nÌH$marVoMm XOm© KgaVmo Amho Ago åhUVm òVo. 7) XþX£dmZo AmO Amnë`mH$So> àËòH$ XoemVrb OZVobm O~m~Xma Agob Ago [ ï´>r [ ï´>r OmJ VH$ gaH$ma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio am `rH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òbm Ogo am ` gaH$ma [ [ _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$ eH$Vo Vgo AmOÀ`m OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmao OmJ VH$ [ [ [ gaH$ma ApñVÎdmV Zmhr. AmO Oo Amho Ë`mbm OmJ VH$ gaH$ma dZm OmJ VH$ [ hþHy$_V (½bmo~b JìhZ©Ýg dXAmCQ> ½bmo~b JìhZ©_|Q>)Ago Zmd XoVm òB©b.7 [ [ [ dûcofU… S>m°. amdgmho~ H$g~o `m§Zr b hboë`m boImVrb hm n[aÀN>oX Amho. `m [ [ [ n[aÀN>oXmVyZ Ë`m§Zr OmJ VH$sH$aUm df`r AË`§V _hÎdmMo dYmZ Ho$bo Amho. [ [ , OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmao OmJ VH$ gaH$ma ApñVÎdmV Zmhr Ago Vo , [ [ [ , åhUVmV. _mÌ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òbm JVr XoÊ`mgmR>r OmJ VH$ ~±H$ ï´>r [ Am§Vaam ` ZmUo ZYr `m§À`mgma»`m g§ñWm ApñVÎdmV AmhoV. AWm©VM Ë`m§À`mda ï´>m§ [ nmümË` am §Mm _moR>m nJS>m Am U à^md Amho. Ë`m_wio nmümË`m§Zm Ogo hdo Amho Vgo

148

[ [ OmJ VH$sH$aU gJirH$So> KS>VmZm XgVo. àgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ hoXoIrb [ Ë`mM OmJ VH$ gaH$maÀ`m AZwnpñWVrV ~bmT>ç nmümË` Xoe KS>dyZ AmUV [ , Agboë`m à H«$`oMm n[anmH$ AmhoV Ago åhUVm `oVo. 8) [ \ AmOÀ`m `m OmJ VH$sH$aUmV Ë`m§À`m gd© $m`Úm§Mm bm^ CR>dV Ë`m§À`m [ , [ VmoQ>çm§ dê$Õ gVV g§Kf©aV amhUo Amnbr VÎdàUmbr bmoH$m ^_wI ~ZdyZ Vr [ [ Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mMm EH$ A d^mÁ` ^mJ ~ZdUo Am U Ë`m§À`mM OZmYmamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo [ , [ [ OmJ VH$ Am W©H$ g§ñWm§Zm Amnë`mbm A ^àoV Agbobo diU bmdUo AemàH$maMr [ ì`yhZrVr AmIbr nm hOo.8 [ dûcofU… hm n[aÀN>oXhr S>m°. amdgmho~ H$g~o `m§À`m boImVyZM KoVbm Amho. `mV [ \ [ [ Ë`m§Zr OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m $m`Úm§Mm bm^ CR>dÊ`mMm Am U Ë`mÀ`m VmoQ>çm§ dê$Õ [ [ \ [ gVV g§Kf©aV amhÊ`mMo gwM dbo Amho. åhUOoM OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo $m`Xo Am U VmoQ>o [ [ AWm©V Mm§Jbo Am U dmB©Q> n[aUm_ AmhoV ho Ë`m§Zm A ^àoV Amho. Ë`m nbrH$So> Om`m [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm Amnë`mbm A ^àoV Agbobo diU bmdÊ`mgmR>rMr ì`yhZrVr

AmIÊ`mMr gyMZmhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$br Amho. 9) Or _mÜ`_o ImgJr ì`º$s¨À`m d g_yhmÀ`m hmVmV hmoVr Ë`m§Zm nQ>dUo gmono hmoVo.

H$maU ^m§S>dbemhr Ë`m§Zm _§Oya hmoVr. Zdr ^m§S>dbemhr Zì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~moQ>mbm [ Yê$Z Ambobr. VZo Ag§»` Jmoï>r ~XbyZ Q>mH$boë`m. Va OwÝ`m Jmoï>r CISy>Z [ , Q>mH$boë`m. gmh OH$M _mÜ`_m§À`m _mbH$m§Zm nÌH$mam§À`m g§KQ>Zm nÌH$mam§gmR>r

149

, [ , Ho$bobo doVZ Am`moJ l _H$ nÌH$ma H$m`Xm g§KQ>Zm§À`m X~mdm_wio ñdrH$mamdr , , [ bmJbobr OwZr `§ÌUm OmñV _mUgm§da Adb§~yZ Agbobr H$m`©àUmbr I M©H$ [ H$m`©nÕVr Aem H¡$H$ Jmoï>r AS>MUrÀ`m dmQ>V hmoË`m. deof åhUOo nÌH$mam§Mo , [ ñdmV§Í` g§nmXH$m§Mm eãX A§ V_ hr VÎdo OmMH$ dmQy> bmJbr hmoVr. Zì`m - - , V§ÌkmZmgh åhUOoM g§JUH$ B§Q>aZoQ> H$_r Pmbobo Q>ßno d H$m¡eë`o H$ï>mMr H$m_o [ bwá hmoÊ`mMo dmT>Vo à_mU AmXr Jmoï>r damO_mZ hmoVmM _mbH$ bmoH$m§Mr VmH$X dmMy bmJbr. Ë`m§Zr _J g§nmXZ Ame` `m Jmoï>r_Ü`o bj Úm`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br. D$ ? _mbH$M g§nmXH$ hmo bmJbm. _J ZmoH$aXma nÌH$mam§Mr H$m` em_V Zm H$am`Mr 9 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… àm. O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr b hboë`m boImV Ë`m§Zr WoQ>nUo OmJ VH$sH$aU [ hm eãX dmnabm Zgbm Var Zdr ^m§S>dbemhr Am U Zdo V§ÌkmZ ho eãX dmnabo [ [ [ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ho dYmZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmerM g§~§ YV Amho `mV e§H$m Zmhr. [ [ D$ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio nÌH$ma Am U g§nmXH$m§Mo ñWmZ H$_Hw$dV hmo bmJbo. Ë`m§Mm [ D$ _mbH$m§Zm AS>ga hmobmJbm Am U Ë`mVyZ _mbH$M g§nmXH$ hmo bmJbo hm [ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V KS>bobm EH$ _moR>m ~Xb Ë`m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmVyZ

_m§S>bm Amho.

10) \ Joë`m drg dfm©V $aH$ Agm Pmbm H$s ~mOmamMm ñd^md bjmV KoUmao [ bmoH$ nÌH$marVoV Am U _mÜ`_m§V _hÎdmÀ`m OmJm nQ>H$mdy bmJbo. EH$Q>çm A_o[aHo$V \ Aem bmoH$m§Mm Omo JamS>m _mÜ`_m§^modVr nS>bobm hmoVm Vmo $ma doJmV OJ^a ngabm. 150

, , [ \ [ \ ñdmV§Í` bmoH$emhr ~mOma Am U Z $m `m§Mm AË`§V AmH$f©H$ _bm $ A_o[aHo$Vrb [ _mÜ`_m§_Üò ~Km`bm _iVmo. ^maVmVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _mbH$ d Ë`m§Mr _wbo Zoh_r ï´>r [ A_o[aHo$V Xm¡ao H$mTy>Z VoWrb am ` d ñWm ZH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm H$ma^ma nmhÿZ òVmV. b¥ßË , [ VoWrb `m AQ>H$ir ^maVmV bmJy H$aVmV Am U Y§Xm Mmby R>odVmV. Varhr Omo , , , [ X~md dm°qe½Q>Z nmoñQ> Ý`y`m°H©$ Q>mB©åg ~moñQ>Z ½bmo~ bm°g E§Oo bg Q>mB©åg AmXr nÌm§Zm Amho Vmo ^maVr` nÌm§Zm Zmhr.10 [ [ [ dûcofU… àm. O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr b hboë`m boImVrbM hm n[aÀN>oXhr Amho. [ [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio ~mOmambm àgma_mÜ`_m§V H$Vr _hÎd Z_m©U Pmbo Vo òWo [ boIH$mZo gm§ JVbo Amho. ~mOmadmXmMm ñdrH$mahr ^maVmVrb àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr Ho$bm. , [ na§Vw dm°qe½Q>Z nmoñQ> Ý`w`m°H©$ Q>mB©åg `mgma»`m nmümË` d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Omo X~md Z_m©U [ , Ho$bm Vmo ^maVmVë`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Z_m©U H$aVm Ambm Zmhr Ago boIH$ åhUVmo. , [ `mMmM AW© Agm H$s ~mOmadmXm_wio Ambobo AW©H$maU V§ÌkmZ Am U

àñVwVrH$aUmgmaIo dadaMo ~Xb BWë`m _mÜ`_m§Zr ñdrH$mabo. na§Vw àgma_mÜ`_ [ \ åhUyZ Amnë`m ^y _Ho$V `m Zì`m ~Xbm§er gwg§JV Ago ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Vo $mago , `eñdr hmoV ZmhrV Ago boIH$mbm gwMdmd`Mo Amho. 11) gJim IQ>mQ>mon H$moUË`m Var amOH$s` AW©ì`dñWogmR>r Mmbbm Amho. [ [ Vr ì`dñWm MaH$mb Q>H$mdr `mgmR>r Or _yë`ì`dñWm CËnÞ H$amdr bmJVo VrV [ , , , [ _mÜ`_m§Mm dmQ>m _moR>m AgVmo. ejU Y_© MmbrarVr gm_m OH$ CƒZrMVm AmXr

151

Jmoï>r Ë`mgmR>r _hÎdmÀ`m. Ë`m gdmªMo gma _mÜ`_m§_YyZ àH$Q>V AgVo. AË`§V , AmH$f©H$ à^mdr d Zo_Š`m ê$nmV. åhUyZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _hÎd. Va OgOgo [ OmJ VH$sH$aU hmoV Mmbbo VgVgo _mÜ`_m§Mo àgmaUhr dmT>V Mmbbo H$maU Or [ AW©ì`dñWm CËnÞ hmoV hmoVr Vbm _yë`ì`dñWoMr OmoS> hdr hmoVr. H$moUVrhr [ ì`dñWm _yë`m edm` OJy eH$V Zmhr.11 [ [ [ dûcofU… àm.O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr b hboë`m boImVyZM hm n[aÀN>oX KoVbm Amho. [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V Zdr AW©ì`dñWm Z_m©U Pmbr. na§Vw [ [ , Vbm Amdí`H$ Ë`m _yë`ì`dñWoMr OmoS> _imbr Zmhr Ago boIH$ `oWo gwMdVmo. 12) [ ^maVmVrb gd© _moR>çm amOH$s` njm§gmR>r H$m_ H$aUmè`m dm hÝ`m Oem [ AmhoV Vem AZoH$ amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§À`m _mbH$sÀ`m dm hÝ`mhr AmhoV. d¥ÎmnÌo nydunmgyZ hmoVrM. nU Q>rìhrMm dmT>Vm à^md ~KyZ amOH$s` _§S>ir `mhr _mÜ`_m§V O b[bVm , XS>m© CVabr. OoOoQ>rìhr ( ` ) gZ Q>rìhr (‘maZ ~§Yy) Am`~rEZ bmoH$_V ( ndma - ~§Yy) gm_ Q>rìhr ( ~§Yy) ghmam Q>rìhr (‘wbm`‘ qgh A_a qgh) H¡$ambr g©dmXr [ [ ^mOn , VobJy (‘mŠ H$å`w ZñQ> nj) B§ S>`m Q>rìhr ( ) B Q>rìhr ( Xog_) Ago [ - [ H$VrVar _mbH$s ‘¡Ìr àH$ma XgyZ `oVmV. _w»` åhUOo ~hþVoH$ ehamVrb Ho$~b

Am°naoeZ H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m amOH$s` njm§À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m Vmã`mV AmhoV. - BVH$s OdirH$ amOH$maU `m§Mr AgVmZm Ë`mnmgyZ amOH$s` AW©ì`dñWm Xÿa H$er ? amhÿ eHo$b 12 152

[ [ [ dûcofU… àm. O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr b hboë`m boImVyZM hm n[aÀN>oXhr Amho. [ [ amOH$maU Am U _mÜ`_o `m§À`mV Zì`m AW©H$maUm_wio Z_m©U Pmbobr OdirH$ `m

_wÚmH$So> `m n[aÀN>oXmV boIH$mZo bj doYbo Amho. Q>rìhrMm dmT>Vm à^md ~KyZ [ amOH$s` _§S>ir `m hr _mÜ`_m§V CVabr Ago boIH$ åhUVmo. ho Ë`mMo dûcofU [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_m~m~V Amho Ago åhUVm `oVo `mMo H$maU [ Q>rìhrMm dmT>Vm à^md hm ~Xb OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wioM KSy>Z Ambm Amho. 13) [ [ qhXr _m bH$m§_Yrb _ hbm nmÌo gX¡d Q>mnQ>rn d ZQy>ZWQy>Z amhVmV. [\ [ [ Ë`m~Ôb EH$Vm H$nya `m ~mbmOr Q>obr $ë_À`m _mbH$sUrg dMmabo AgVm VMo , [ , [ åhUUo Ago H$s J¥ hUr KamVXoIrb gOboë`m ZQ>boë`m amhÿ bmJë`m Va ~KS>bo ? ? [ Hw$R>o N>mZN>m¡H$sZo amhÊ`mV dmB©Q> Vo H$m` åhUOo J¥ hUtMr AdñWm Jwbm_mgmaIr [ , dm Xþæ`_ XOm©Mr H$m AgoZm VZo H$m`_ ñdmJVerb àgÞ d Cn^mo½` Agm`bm hdo [ [ hmM g§Xoe gmè`m _m bH$m§Zr XoQ>mH$bm Amho. Ag§»` _m bH$m§Mr _hÎdmMr nmÌo , , [ ì`mnmar^Hw$Qy>§~mVrb AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm Y§Xm Zoh_r ñnYm© H$mañWmZo S>mdnoM d AZ¡ VH$

H$madm`m§_YyZ XmIdbm OmVmo. Zì`m ~mOmamÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm Zo_Ho$ hoM Va hdo [ [ Amho. AdVr^dVr AmYw ZH$VoMm ~So>Omd _m§S>bobm AgVmZm nmÌo d Ë`m§Mr _Zo H$Vr [ [ nma§nm[aH$ d `w`wËgy AmhoV `mMm _mam gmè`m _m bH$m Am U Ë`m§À`m AmJo_mJo [ , AgUmè`m Om hamVr H$arV AgVmV. Q>rìhr _mo~mB©b dmnam`bm gm§JVmo _mo~mB©b_Ü`o [ Q>rìhr Xgy bmJbm Amho Va B§Q>aZoQ>bm `m XmoÝhr ñH«$sZMm dmna H$am`M Amho.

153

[ ~Mmar d¥ÎmnÌo `m gdmªÀ`m Vm|S>mH$So> nmhÿZ doSo>dmH$So> Mmio H$aV gwQ>br AmhoV. nU , ! gdmªMm hoVy EH$… Amåhmbm Xÿa bmoQy> ZH$m bmoQ>mb Va OJmbm _wH$mb nU H$moUË`m ? OJmbm 13 [ [ [ dûcofU… S>m°. O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr b hboë`m boImVyZM hm n[aÀN>oXhr Amho. `m [ [ n[aÀN>oXmV Ë`m§Zr Q>rìhrdarb _m bH$m§ df`r ^mî` Ho$bo Amho. Zì`m ~mOmamÀ`m

AW©ì`dñWobm Oo hdo Amho Vo XmIdÊ`mMr MT>mAmoT> àgma_mÜ`_m§_Üò bmJë`mMo [ [ [ boIH$ gm§JVmo. deof åhUOo Aem _m bH$m§Zm _ hbm àojH$m§Mm bmÛmam àM§S> [ à VgmX ho ~mOma ì`dñWoMo ho _m°So>b AË`§V èñdr Pmë`mMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. 14) [ [ , [ OmJ VH$sH$aU ZwgVo Am W©H$M Zmhr Vo amOH$s` gm_m OH$ d [ gm§ñH¥$ VH$gwÕm Amho. Ë`mbm OZVoÀ`m g§_VrMr Ver Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. Varhr [ [ Ë`m§À`m eº$sembr g§Mma `§ÌUm§_YyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_mJÀ`m eº$s Ë`mMm gm§ñH¥$ VH$ [ [ àgma H$arV AgVmV. gm§ñH¥$ VH$ _mJmªZr bmoH$m§da Z`§ÌU JmOdUo hm emgH$ [ [ [ [ dJm©gmR>r B Vhmg gÕ Am U gdm©V H$_r IMm©Mm n`m©` AgVmo. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m [ [ gdmªJrU A[aï>mÀ`m OmUrdoMm A^md qH$dm EH§$XarV Ë`m dê$Õ gm_yhrH$ à VamoYmMm [ A^md hm ~hþVm§er Ë`mÀ`m `m gm§ñH¥$ VH$ àhmam§MmM à^md Amho.14 [ [ [ dûcofU… S>m°. AmZ§X VobVw§~So> `m§Zr n[aÀN>oXmVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo EH$ dXmaH$ [ , [ [ , dmñVd _mS>bo Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aU ho amOH$s` gm_m OH$ d gm§ñH¥$ VH$hr AgVo

Ë`mbm OZVoÀ`m g§_VrMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. Ë`mhÿZ _hÎdmMo åhUOo 154

[ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm A[aï> Ago g§~moYyZ `m A[aï>mMr gdmªJrU OmUrd Z hmoUo qH$dm [ [ [ [ [ Ë`m dê$Õ gm_y hH$ à VamoY Z hmoUo hmXoIrb OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m gm§ñH¥$ VH$ , àhmam§MmM à^md Amho Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. 15) [ - [ OmJ VH$sH$aU ho _ybV… ^m§S>dbemhr Amho. _ºo$Xma ^m§S>dbmoÎma _m hVr [ ! [ d g§Mma V§ÌkmZmda AmYmarV Am^mgr` dÎmmMr _ºo$Xma ^m§S>dbemhr gm_m OH$ [ Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm Oar `wamonmVrb CXma_VdmXmMr CÎnÎmr Agbr Am U Ë`m [ CXma_VdmXmZo CX`moÝ_wI ^m§S>dbemhrbm Omonmgbo Agbo Var gm_m OH$ Ý`m`mMr [ ^m§S>dbemhrer gm§JS> KmbUo qH$dm Ë`m§À`mV O¡ dH$ g§~§Y nmhUo ~amo~a Zmhr.

^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m CX`H$mbmV Vr Oê$a EH$ H«$m§VrH$mar àUmbr hmoVr H$maU Vr OrU© [ [ gm_§VemhrMm nam^d H$ê$Z da Ambr hmoVr. nU VMm O_ ~gë`mZ§Va VZo Amnbo [ [ ~r^Ëg ê$n XmIdm`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br ho gwÕm EH$ Eo Vhm gH$ gË` Amho.15 [ [ dûcofU… S>m°. AmZ§X VobVw§~So> `m n[aÀN>oXmV OmJ VH$sH$aU ho _ybV… ^m§S>dbemhr [ Amho Ago åhUVmV. gm_m OH$ Ý`m`mMr Ë`mÀ`mer gm§JS> KmbUo `mo½` Zmhr Ago [ [ gm§JV VMm O_ ~gë`mZ§Va VZo Amnbo ~r^Ëg ê$n XmIdm`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br ho [ [ gË`hr Vo dfX H$aVmV. ho ~r^Ëg ê$n gd©M joÌm§V XgV Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m [ [ ^mfoV ~mobm`Mo Va `m joÌmVrb dmB©Q> àd¥ÎmtMm eaH$md Am U `m joÌmMo [S>[ H«$`dñVyH$aU (H$‘mo ’$Ho$eZ) Aem dmB©Q> Jmoï>tMm `m ~r^Ëg ê$nmV g_mdoe

H$amdm bmJob.

155

16) [ [ [ [ Ia§ Va gm hË` Am U OmJ VH$sH$aU `m XmoZ nañna damoYr Jmoï>r AmhoV [ Ag§ åhUVm òB©b. AJXr AbrH$So> dgmhVdmX gwê$ Pmë`mda gm hË`mbm ï´> [ , , Am§Vaam r` XOm© _idÊ`mMo à`ËZ hoVynyd©H$ gwê$ Pmbo. nyduhr n§MV§Ì am_mÙ [ [ ï´> _hm^maV ho Z _©VrñWimÀ`m ~mhoa XoemoXoer ngabo. nU Ë`m_mJo Am§Vaam r`VoMo [ VÎd Zgo. Mm°ga qH$dm eoŠg nà ho qhXþñWmZr Jmoï>r Hw$Ry>ZVar qhXÿñWmZmVyZ [ [ Hw$Ry>ZVar `wamonmV ^mfm§VarV hmoV hmoV Joë`m Ë`m Amnë`mem H$ê$Z ~Z X¸$V

ñdV…À`m nwñVH$m§_Üò dmnaV AgV. EH$m g§ñH¥$VrZo Xþgè`m g§ñH¥$Vrda H$mhrVar ï´> bmXë`mM§ Am§Vaam r`Ëd Ë`m_mJo ZìhV§.16 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… Áòð> gm hpË`H$ S>m°. ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m n[aÀN>oXmV gm hË` Am U [ [ , OmJ VH$sH$aU `m nañna damoYr Jmoï>r AmhoV Ag§ åhUVmV. nyduÀ`m H$mir n§MV§Ì [ am_mÙ _hm^maV ho ~mhoaÀ`m XoemVhr ngabo. na§Vw OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio AmVmÀ`m

H$mimV EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Xþgè`m g§ñH¥$Vrda H$mhr Jmoï>r bmXV AmhoV Ago Vo åhUVmV.

àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vrda nmümË` g§ñH¥$Vr AZoH$ Jmoï>r bmXVo , Amho ho dmñVd Ë`mVyZ AYmoaopIV hmoVo.

17) [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m JaOoVyZ `oUmè`m `m _m hVrÀ`m H$Mè`m_wio Amnë`m [ [ OdiÀ`m Jmoï>rMo kmZ Agm`Mr JaO Cabr Zmhr. VH$S>À`m deofV… A_o[aHo$Vë`m

156

, , [ ? ’$°eÝg, ’$°S>, gd`r g§JrV [aVr[admO `m Jmoï>r H$emgmR>r _m hVr hì`mV [ CXmhaUmW© `wamo S>m°baMr _m hVr AemgmR>r hdr H$s Amnë`m ê$n`mMo øm ZmÊ`mer [ [ H$m` _mob Amho EdT>çmgmR>rM. Amnë`m Jmoï>tÀ`m g§X^m©VM VH$S>À`m Jmoï>r _m hV [ AgUo OmñV Amdí`H$ Amho. gmam§e `m gJù`m _m hVrÀ`m H$Mè`mZ§ AmnU

Amnë`m ^y_rVyZ namJ§Xm hmoVmo Ag§ n[aUm_V… H$mhrVar KS>V§. `mVyZM _J ImoQ>r ï´> [ am r`Vm OmñV _adÊ`mMo àH$ma gwê$ hmoVmV. AmnU gmoSy>Z Xþgao g_mO amï>«ào_mV [ H$_r nS>VmV Agm ^«_ dma§dma Z_m©U H$aU§ ^mJ nS>V§.17 [ [ dûcofU… Á`oð> boIH$ S>m°. ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m n[aÀN>oXmV OmJ VH$sH$aU AZoH$ [ [ Adm§pÀN>V JaOm Z_m©U hmoVmV Ago åhUVmV. _m hVrÀ`m H$Mè`m_wio Amnë`m

OdiÀ`m Jmoï>rMo kmZ AgÊ`mMr JaO CaV Zmhr. AmnU Amnë`m ^y_rV namJ§Xm [ [ [ hmoVmo Am U ImoQ>r amï>«r`Vm _adÊ`mMo àH$ma gwé hmoVmV. hm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm

EHy$U g_mOmda hmoUmam dmB©Q> n[aUm_ Amho.

18) \ \ _mÜ`_m§Mm IM© A $mQ> AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vo $ma _moR>çm à_mUmda [ - [ Om hamVtda Adb§~yZ AgVo. VgoM Vo ÑH$ Agë`mZo d AmYw ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm \ $m`Xm KoV Agë`mZo Ë`mMm ì`mn OJS²ì`mi AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mdarb H$m`©H«$_m§Mr

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[ gm [ bmoEñQ> [ [ ZdS> d AmIUr ho XmoÝhrhr nyU©nUo b. . d. ( H$m°_Z S>Zm° _ZoQ>a) [ Adb§~yZ gmd© ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m gmMo~§X ~ÏWS> _mJm©Zo OmUo ^mJ AgVo. _moR>çmV _moR>r [ àojH$g§»`m hm EH$_od ZH$f Ë`m_mJo AgVmo. `mbm n`m©`M ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio [ [ , [ [ H$m`©H«$_mV àojH$m§à_mUo d dYVm d dY Imobr B. eŠ`M ZgVo.18 [ [ [ dûcofU… gwà gÕ a§JH$_u _H$a§X gmR>o `m n[aÀN>oXmV OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio

àgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobm ~Xb WoQ> _m§S>bm Amho. _moR>çmV _moR>r àojH$g§»`m hmM b. gm [ [ [ . d. _mZyZ gmMo~§X ~ÏWS>nUmVyZ _mÜ`_m§darb H$m`©H«$_m§Mr ZdS> Am U

AmIUr H$amdr bmJVo Ago Vo åhUVmV. 19) [ [ [ [ _mÜ`_m§À`m d eï> àH$maÀ`m àgmaU à H«$`oVyZ Z_m©U hmoUmao H$mhr ^mJ [ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ A§Và©dmhmda gyú_nUo nU _hÎdmMo n[aUm_ H$aVmV. CXm. Xa AÜ`m©

Vmgm§Zr ~mVå`m AgVmV. Ë`m AgVmV åhUyZ AZoH$ _§S>ir IamoIaM Xa AÜ`m© [ [ VmgmZo Ë`m ~KVmV. Ago Xa AÜ`m© VmgmZo ~mVå`m EoH$Uo AZoH$ ì`m _l ^md ZH$ [ d gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ~Xb KS>dUmao AgVo. (~r~rgr qH$dm grEZEZ qH$dm Amnbo XÿaXe©Z - H$em nÕVrZo XoVmV B.gd©lyV AmhoM.) na§Vw ho AÜ`m© VmgmZo qPJë`mgmaIo ~KUo [ [ doJimM àH$ma Amho. Ë`mVyZ OmUrdm Am U g§doXZj_Vm A YH$ Vrd« hmoÊ`mEodOr

EH$ ~ÏWS> gyÞVm `oVo.19

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[ [ dûcofU… _H$a§X gmR>o `m n[aÀN>oXmVhr OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_mda [ WoQ> ~moQ> R>odVmV. Xa AÜ`m© VmgmZo ~mVå`m ~KÊ`m_wio OmUrdm Am U g§doXZj_Vm [ , Vrd« hmoÊ`mEodOr EH$ gyÞVm Z_m©U hmoVo Ago Vo åhUVmV. `mMm AZw^d AmOÀ`m

H$mimV AmnU KoVmo.

20) [ ~hþVoH$ Jmoï>tZm M_ËH$magÑí` ê$n Xbm OmVo. Ë`m ZOa~§Xr H$aUmè`m , àojUr` (ñnoŠQH$b) Ho$ë`m OmVmV. _J Vr Jmoï> åhUOo `wÕ Agmo AH$am gßQ>|~aMm , [ [ [ hmXam Agmo Q>obrßbo Agmo dm B VhmgmdaMm _m hVrnQ>. `mVyZ Am U da

C„oIboë`m _wÔ`mVyZ EH$ namË_^md V`ma hmoVmo. AmnU (àojH$)doJù`mM J«hmda [ , AmhmoV. AmnU nmhV AgUmè`m KQ>Zm Amnë`mer OUy g§~§ YV ZmhrV Ago dmQy> , , , , [ , bmJVo. _Z [aPdUo H$bm ZmQ>H$ qhgm amOH$maU B Vhmg `wÕ B. Amnë`m , \ [ ì`m»`m Ë`m§À`mH$So> nmhÊ`mMm Amnbm Ñï>rH$moZ `mVM $aH$ nS>Vmo Am U naV Vmo

Amnë`m ZH$iV nS>Vmo.20 [ , [ dûcofU… Q>rìhrÀ`m nS>Úmda AmnU Oo H$mhr nmhmV AmhmoV Vo Am U AmnU Oo , OJVmo Vo OrdZ `m XmoÝhtV H$moUVmhr g§~§Y Zmhr Aer EH$ ^mdZm àojH$m§À`m _ZmV [ , [ Z_m©U hmoVo Ago _H$a§X gmR>o `m n[aÀN>oXmV åhUVmV. B VhmgmnmgyZ EImÚm

XheVdmXr h„²`mMo H$aÊ`mV Ambobo àojUr` d M_ËH¥$VrnyU© gmXarH$aU ho `mMo

H$maU Amho Ago gmR>o `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. 159

21) [ [ H«$Ho$Q> Agmo d AW©emómer g§~§ YV ~OoQ>gmaIr KQ>Zm Agmo. àË`oH$ [ [ df`mVbo VÁk àË`oH$ àojH$mer d¡` º$H$nUo ~mobë`mgmaIo ~mobVmV Ago ^mgVo. [ nU Vo d¡` º$H$nUo ~mobV ZgVmV ho bjmV R>odUo ^mJ Amho. Ë`m§À`m ~mobÊ`mbm da [ - C„oIboë`m gmd© ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m _moR>çm _`m©Xm AgVmV. ho XodmU KodmUrMo (B§Qa

A°pŠQ>ìh) _mÜ`_ Zmhr. AmnU ZwgVo Ë`mg_moa ~ÏWS>nUo ~gyZ AgVmo. Aem [ [ [ [ ZwgË`m ~gÊ`mVyZ Oo kmZ _iVo Vo d eï> àH$maMo _`m© XV AgVo ho CKS> Amho. \ [ [ [ Ago kmZhr $m`Xoera AgVo. Amnë`m dMmam§Zm MmbZm XoUmao AgVo. Ë`m d eï> [ df`mVbm Amnbm ag OmJ¥V hmoVmo d AmnU Ë`mMm OmñV Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg CÚwº$ hmoVmo. nU ~hþVoH$doim hm gd© àdmg Z hmoVm AY©dQ> kmZmMo VmoQ>o ghZ H$amdo bmJVmV d Vo Amnë`m ZH$iV hmoV AgVo ho _hÎdmMo.21 [ dûcofU… `m n[aÀN>oXmV _mÜ`_o B§Q>a°pŠQ>ìh ZmhrV Ago _H$a§X gmR>o åhUVmV. [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm hm n[aUm_ åhUOo da C„oI Ho$boë`m ~ÏWS> gyÞVogmo~V EImÚm [ , df`mMo AY©dQ> kmZ Agbobo AY©kmZr KS>dUmam R>aVmo Ago gmR>o `m§Zr åhQ>bo

Amho. 22) [ [ CÚm Á`mMm ZH$mb bmJUma Amho Ë`m df`r AmOM MMm© KS>dyZ àM§S> [ H¥$VH$ CËgmh (hmBn) V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. AZmdí`H$ Vrd«VoZo MMm© KS> dë`m OmVmV. [ [ [ _mÜ`_mVrb IQ>bo (_r S>`m Q´>m`ëg) KS> dë`m OmVmV. `m df`r ~aoM ~mobbo OmV

160

[ [ AgVo. na§Vy ho H$Vr _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV AgVo d Ë`mMo n[aUm_ H$Vr _ybJm_r

AgVmV Ë`mMo nwaogo ^mZ Amnë`mbm g_mO åhUyZ Ambo Amho Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.

åhUyZ `m d Aem _wÚm§Mr naV AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.22 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… ^ dî`mV KS>Umè`m Jmoï>r~m~V H¥$ Ì_ CËgmh _mÜ`_o Z_m©U H$aVmV. [ _r S>`m Q´>m`ëg KS>dyZ AmUVmV `mH$So> _H$a§X gmR>o `m n[aÀN>oXmV bj doYVmV. ho [ , Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo Am U Ë`mMo n[aUm_ AË`§V _ybJm_r AgVmV Agohr Vo

åhUVmV. 23) [ `m gdmª_mJrb hoVy n¡go _idUo hmM AgVmo. `mVyZ Oo _Zmoa§OZ hmoVo dm [ [ [ [ Oo kmZ Xbo OmVo Ë`mÀ`m g§aMZoÀ`m d eï> YmQ>Ur d _`m©Xo_wio Vo XmoÝhrhr ZXmZ

H$mhr à_mUmV Amnë`m ZH$iV M§JidmXmÀ`m _mJm©da ZoVo. kmZmMm M§JidmX (H$ÝÂ \ \ \ , `w‘[aO‘ Am° $ Zm°boO) $mo $mdÊ`mbm hmV^ma bmdV AgVo. g§nH©$_mÜ`_o [ V§ÌkmZ ho df` gmYZm§Mr gmYZo Aem ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. Voìhm Ë`m§À`mH$So>

S>moignUo Z nmhÊ`mÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mo _hÎd bjmV `oB©b.23 [ dûcofU… `m n[aÀN>oXmV _H$a§X gmR>o `m§Zr VrZ _hÎdmÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm [ [ Amho. n hbm åhUOo _mÜ`_m§Mm hoVy n¡go _idUo hm AgVmo. Xþgao åhUOo `mVrb kmZmVyZ àojH$m§Zm M§JidmXmÀ`m _mJm©da Zobo OmVo. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo kmZmMm

161

[ M§JidmX hm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm AË`§V J§^ra n[aUm_ Amho Ago `m n[aÀN>oXmV gmR>o gm§JVmV. 24) , [ gH$minmgyZ AZoH$doim XmIdyZ Pmbobr EImXr ~mV_r Xdg^amVrb

_hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUyZ àmB©_ Q>mB©__Üò naV EH$Xm XmIdbr OmVo. Ë`mMdoir [ nS>Úmda Imbr ~«oqH$J Ý`yOMr Ajao Xgy bmJV AgVmZmM AMmZH$ Ambobr Zdr [ [ ~mV_r _moR>r H$aÊ`mMm ZU©` hmoVmo Am U n°ZbdaMm ZyaM ~XbVmo. A±H$abm nQ>H$Z \ [ H$erVar KS>bobr KS>m_moS> Bà $moZ_Üò EoH$dbr OmVo Am U ~mV_r gm§Jm`bm [ [ \ gm§ JVbo OmVo. Ë`mM doir nQ>mnQ> g§~§ YV H$moUmH$moUmbm $moZ bmdyZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z [ [ [ _m hVr dm à V H«$`m KoÊ`mMm gnmQ>m bmdbm OmVmo. AZoH$ doim A±H$a Va gmoSy>ZM [ [ [ [ Úm nU Á`m§Zr H$moUr _m hVr dm à V H«$`m XoUo Ano jV AgVo Ë`m§Zmhr nyU© KQ>Zm [ [ [ ZrQ> _m hVr Pmbobr ZgVo. Ë`mVyZM _J AË`§V Jmob_Jmob àý Am U VVH$sM [ [ [ Jmob_Jmob CÎmao Agm gb gbm gwê$ hmoVmo. na§Vw AmVm _mÌ AZoH$ doim `mV Zînmn [ [ Jmob_JmobnUm AgVmo Ago XgV Zmhr. ^maVmVrb BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _mÜ`_o AmVm Q>_© [ \ S>ŠQ>oQ> H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV. AO|S>m goQ> H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV. bmoH$m§Mr bmB $ñQ>mB©b , R>ady bmJbr AmhoV. H$mhr doim AOmUVm nU AZoH$ doim OmUyZ~wOyZ g_OyZ- [ gdê$Z amO R>mH$ao àH$aUmV BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _mÜ`_mMo ho A§J Iyn àH$fm©Zo nwT>o Ambo.24

162

[ [ [ dûcofU… Á`oð> nÌH$ma Am U _mÜ`_VÁk _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§À`m `m boImbm [ [ VËH$mbrZ g§X^© Agbm Var Ë`mVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _mÜ`_m§V eaboë`m

Anàd¥Îmtda Zo_Ho$nUmZo ~moQ> R>odÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

25) [ qH$dm BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _mÜ`_m§Mm gÜ`m Vmob gwQ>bm Amho ( Iao Va Ë`mZo [ VmiV§Ì gmoS>bo Amho) Aer AZoH$m§Mr ^mdZm Pmbr Amho Am U Vmo Ho$di gZgZmQ>r , dmX§J g§Kf© `mM ~m~VrV gwQ>bm Amho Ago Zmhr Va AZoH$ ~m~VrV gwQ>bm Amho. [ [ [ , AJXr H$moUVo df` hmVmim`Mo òWnmgyZ Vo EImXm df` H$Vr doi hmVmim`Mm , H$gm hmVmim`Mm òWn`ªV M°Zbdmë`m§À`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo ho gd© H$amdo bmJV Amho àojH$ [ Vo OmñVrV OmñV Am`~m°ëg ( åhUOoM Q>rAmanr) _idÊ`mH$[aVm. Ë`m_mJMo [ [ Am W©H$ J UV gmono Amho. AmnU Ho$~bdmë`mbm XoV Agboë`m n¡emVyZ M°ZbMm [ [ [ I M©H$ H$ma^ma MmbUo eŠ`M Zmhr. Ë`mH$[aVm hì`mV Om hamVr Am U àm`moOH$. [ Vo _idm`Mo Va hdoV `mo½` àH$maMo (åhUOoM ânya IM© H$ê$ eH$Umao)OmñVrV

OmñV àojH$.25 [ [ , , dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aU AW©H$maU M§JidmX `mMo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V [ [ _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV dûcofU Ho$bo Amho. `m gJù`m Anàd¥ÎmtÀ`m [ [ eaH$mdm_mJMo J UVhr Ë`m§Zr `oWo _m§S>bo Amho.

163

26) [ [ Am[U EH$m ~mOyZo ^anya àojH$ _i dÊ`mMm ( Vo H$m`_ amIÊ`mMm) VmU Va XþgarH$So> Mmodrg Vmg MmbUmè`m `m ^ñ_mgyambm gVV H$mhrVar XoV amhÊ`mMm -B§J«Or [ [ [ [ [ VmU. `m~m~V qhXr dm hÝ`m§nojm ^m fH$ dm hÝ`m§Mr n[apñWVr A YH$M ~H$Q> , [ Amho H$maU Ë`m§Zm _w»`V… ~mVå`m Úmì`m bmJVmV Ë`m Ë`m§À`m amÁ`mVrb Am U [ ? -B§J«Ordmë §Mo VoWo amoO Ago Xdg^a KSy>Z KSy>Z H$m` KS>Uma qhXr `m ~ao Amho. [ amoO Hw$R>À`m Zm Hw$R>À`m amÁ`mV WmoSo>go H$mhrVar KS>bo Va Ë`m§Mr doi ZKyZ OmVo. [ nU Varhr H$mhr S´>m` So> AgVmVM. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ doim AmXë`m Xder g§Ü`mH$mir [ H$b H$gHo$ Cna Iob|Jo ho AmYrM R>adyZ R>odbo OmVo. Ë`mV _J ehamV CÚm nmUr

H$_r `oUma Amho BWnmgyZ _oJm ãbm°H$_wio JmS>çm H$_r AmhoV `oWn`ªV H$moUVmhr [ [ df` MmbVmo. Ë`mÀ`mda gmYmaU H$Vr doi IoMm`Mm hohr _J R>aVo. Ë`mZwgma , [ [ Amo~r ìh°Z Hw$R>o Cä`m H$am`À`m gnmo Qª>J Ñí` Am U ñQ>moè`m H$moUË`m Mmbdm`À`m [ hohr R>aVo. Agm EImXm df` _J JaOoZwgma VmgZVmg IoMbm OmVmo.26 [ [ dûcofU… `m n[aÀN>oXmVhr _qbX H$moH$Oo àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb dmB©Q> Jmoï>tda ~moQ> [ R>odVmV. Mmodrg Vmg d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§À`m ^ñ_mgwambm gVV H$mhr Zm H$mhr XoÊ`mgmR>r wº$ [ [ H$moUH$moUË`m Šc¥ßË`m qH$dm ` `m Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`mMr M H$Ëgm WoQ> Ho$br Amho. 27) [ - Mmodrg Vmgm§À`m d¥Îmdm hZrda XþnmaMm H$mhr doi gmoSy>Z nhmQ>o 5 6 Vo - H$mhr amÌr 11 12 n`ªV Zdm _OHy$a XmIdm`Mm AgVmo. Ë`mZ§Va ( _hÎdmMr

~mV_r amÌr Ambr Zmhr Va) ~hþVoH$ gd© nwZ…àjonUo AgVmV. AmVm BVŠ`m doi

164

Zì`m ~mVå`m XmIdm`À`m åhQ>ë`m Va àË`oH$ ~mV_r gmYmaUnUo XrS> Vo XmoZ [ [ [ [ _ ZQ>m§Mr AgVo åhQ>ë`mda H$Vr ~mVå`m bmJVrb `mMm heo~ H$am. EdT>çm [ , [ ~mVå`m AmUm`À`m åhQ>ë`m Va H$Vr ~mV_rXma bmJVrb H$Vr Cng§nmXH$ , [ , [ [ , [ [ bmJVrb H$Vr H°_oao bmJVrb H$Vr E S>Q>tJ _erÝg bmJVrb EHy$UmVM d dY [ àH$maMr H$Vr g§gmYZo bmJVrb ho bjmV ¿`m. Ë`m_wio doi ^aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© dmnabo OmVmV. EH$ åhUOo VrM ~mV_r naV naV OmñVrV OmñV doim XmIdUo [ qH$dm EImXm df` CMbyZ Vmo Ia§M _hÎdmMm Agmo dm Zgmo Xm_Qy>Z nwT>o ZoUo. _J

Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$mhrhr hmodmo.27 [ dûcofU… `m n[aÀN>oXmVhr nwÝhm Mmodrg Vmg H$mhr Zm H$mhr ñH«$sZda XmIdÊ`mÀ`m [ [ [ An[ahm`©VoVyZ Z_m©U Pmbobr AJ VH$Vm _qbX H$moH$Oo _m§S>VmV. Ë`mVyZ [ \ \ , _hÎdmÀ`m Zgboë`m qH$dm H$_r _hÎdmÀ`m Agboë`m df`m§Mo ^m½` $i $iVo Ago

Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. 28) [ XoemÀ`m EH$m ^mJmV KS>bobr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m nwVù`mMr dQ>§~Zm [ [ dma§dma XmIdë`mZo Ë`mMr àjmo^H$ à V H«$`m XoemÀ`m Xþgè`m ^mJmV H$er C_Q>br [ Vohr Amnë`mbm ~Km`bm _imbo. hr KQ>Zm àË`j KS>br Var hmoVr. nU

Ë`mnbrH$So> OmZ KS>bobr KQ>Zm XmIdUo qH$dm KQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUUo Aem àH$maMr [ [ BìhoÝQ> _°ZoO_|Q> H$mhr dm hÝ`m H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV. EImXm H«$Ho$Q>nQy> dmB©Q> Ioibm [ , [ [ Va Ë`mMm bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmUmam ZfoY H$moUmÀ`m Var AS>MUrÀ`m doir d dY

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[ R>H$mUr Ho$bo OmUmao `k ho Ago AZoH$ doim ñQ>oO _°ZoÁS> AgVmV. Zo_Š`m [ , , R>H$mUr Zo_Š`m doir H°_oao nmoMVmV H$go hm àý AZoH$Xm _ZmV `oVmo. ImoQ>r Jmoï> [ [ [ dma§dma gm§ JVë`mZo AIoa Iar dmQy> bmJVo Agm gÕm§VM hQ>baMm àMma_§Ìr [ [ Jmo~oëgZo _m§S>bm hmoVm. Vmo Iam H$aÊ`mMm dS>mM OUy dm hÝ`m§Zr CMbbm Amho.28 [ - , dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr XmIdboë`m Jmoï>tMm Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ H$gm hmoVmo `mMo [ [ dûcofU `m n[aÀN>oXmVyZ _qbX H$moH$Oo H$aVmV. Ë`mVë`m eodQ>À`m AmoirV [ [ , Jmo~oëgMm gÕm§V Iam H$aÊ`mMm dS>m àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr OUy CMbbm Amho ho dmŠ` [ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr gÜ`mMr nmVir H$Vr Imbmdbr Amho `mMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. 29) [ Am` dªJ dm°bog `m§À`m Am°b_mBQ>r H$mX§~arMm Zm`H$ Amnë`m [ [ dV©_mZnÌmMm In dmT> dÊ`mH$[aVm KQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUVmo Am U Ë`mdoir Amnbm dmVm©ha VoWo hOa Agob Ago ~KVmo. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$ doir Ë`mÀ`m dV©_mZnÌmbm [ [ AË`§V _moR>çm KQ>ZoMr EŠgŠbw Od ~mV_r _iyZ Ë`mMm In dmT>V amhVmo. hr Zem [ Ë`mbm BVH$s MT>Vo H$s eodQ>r Vmo EH$m OnmZr d¡_m ZH$mbm A_o[aH$Z amï>«mÜ`jm§À`m [ [ [ d_mZmda Amnbo d_mZ AmXiÊ`mMr gwnmar XoVmo. AmO AZoH$ dm hÝ`m§Mo MmbH$ , D$ Ago Am°b_mBQ>r Pmbo AmhoV hmo nhmV AmhoV.29 [ } - dûcofU… g~go VoO À`m ñnYV àgma_mÜ`_o H$iV dmB©Q>mH$So> dmQ>Mmb H$aV , , [ AmhoV MwH$sÀ`m Jmoï>tMo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aV AmhoV Ago _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m [ R>H$mUr _m§S>bo Amho.

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30) [ A ^foH$ ~ƒZÀ`m b¾mÀ`m doir Ë`mÀ`m Kamg_moa AmË_hËòMm à`ËZ Pmbr d [ [ H$aUmè`m OmÝhdrbm AQ>H$ Om_rZ _imbm. nU VÀ`mH$So> Om_rZ [ [ XoÊ`mH$arVm n¡go ZmhrV ho H$ië`mda EH$m dm hZrZo gwQ>H$m Pmë`mda VZo gd©àW_ [ [ Amnë`m ñQw> S>`moV ò_wbmIV Úmdr `m AQ>rda VÀ`m Om_rZmMo n¡go âbo.30 [ [ , [ dûcofU… ñnYm© hr ZH$mon Agmdr Ago _mZbo OmVo. na§Vw AZoH$ dm hÝ`m§À`m [ } [ , Omù`m_wio ñdV…M Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ñnYV `m d¥Îmdm hÝ`m H$moUVo Q>moH$ JmRy> eH$VmV [ `mMo CXmhaU _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. 31) [ , , ò pìhÁ`wAb _r S>`_ h¡ ^mB© pìhÁ`wAëg MbmAmo pìhÁ`wAëg [ [ XImAmo ho dm hÝ`m§darb AZw^dr g§nmXH$m§Mo ~«rXdmŠ` Pmbo Amho. MMm© dJ¡ao [ XmIdë`m Var pìhÁ`wAbr Ë`m H§$Q>midmÊ`m hmoVmV Agm EH$ gÕm§V _m§S>V Ë`mV [ _Üò _Üò gVV Ñí` qH$dm df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ho$boë`m ~mVå`m XmIdë`m OmVmV. [ \ Ë`m_wio AZoH$Xm MMm© H$_r Am U BVa $mnQ>ngmam OmñV Aer AdñWm hmoVo. } [ n[aUm_r MMH$[aVm ~mobmdboë`m nmhþÊ`m§Zm BVH$m H$_r doi _iVmo H$s Ë`mVbo AZoH$

Iao VÁk `m _mÜ`_mMo ZmdM Q>mH$VmV. Iè`m VÁkm§Zm Amnbo Zmd hmoÊ`mH$aVm \ [ Ë`mMr JaO dmQ>V Zmhr. Q>mB©åg Am° $ B§ S>`mMo _mOr Wmoa g§nmXH$ í`m_ bmb [ [ `m§À`m _¥Ë`yMr ~mV_r Q>rìhrZo Z Xë`m~Ôb qH$dm ZrQ> Z Xë`m~Ôb EH$m _amR>r g§nmXH$m§Zr VH«$ma Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§À`mnwT>ohr hmM pìhÁ`wAëgMm _wÔm _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. , Voìhm Vo g§nmXH$ åhUmbo hmoVo Vwåhmbm pìhÁ`wAëg hdrV Zm _J í`m_ bmb `m§À`m [ [ [ nwñVH$m§Mm g§J«h Oar XmIdbm AgVm Var Vo H$Vr dÛmZ Am U ì`mg§Jr g§nmXH$ 167

[ [ hmoVo Vo H$ibo AgVo Am U Q>rìhrÀ`m Z`_mZwgma pìhÁ`wAëghr XoVm Ambr

AgVr.31 [ [ [ dûcofU… H$moUVmhr ì`dgm` dH$ gV hmoV OmVmo VgVgo Ë`mMo h_Img `emgmR>rMo [ , , , [ [ H$mhr Z`_ A§XmO AmS>mIo _m°So>ëg Z_m©U hmoV OmVmV. na§Vw _mÜ`_m§Zr Z_m©U [ [ , [ Ho$bobo Ago Z`_ ho VH$bmXÿ Am U Ho$di danm§Jr AmhoV Ago _qbX H$moH$Oo `m n[aÀN>oXmV gwMdVmV. 32) ? ~ao AZw^dr g§nmXH$m§À`m `m pìhÁ`wAëg~m~VÀ`m _Vmbm AmYma H$m` \ [ [ } , Va H$mhr Zmhr. $maM ¹$ MV EImÚm dm hZrZo ì`dpñWV gdjU nmhUr H$ê$Z , H$mhr A§XmO ~m§Ybo AgVrb ~mH$s gJio A§XmO R>moH$n§Mr. EH$ åhUVmo åhUyZ

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33) [ Á bm AbrH$So>M AË`§V VH©$hrZ Am U AVŠ`© Jmoï>r ( `m ~mV_r åhUUo [ } eŠ` Zmhr) XmIdV EH$m dm hZrZo Q>rAmanrÀ`m ñnYV Xþgao ñWmZ nQ>H$mdbo. Ago , [ åhQ>bo OmVo H$s Ë`mZ§Va Xþgè`m EH$m dm hZrÀ`m AË`§V AZw^dg§nÞ Aem [ , g§nmXH$m§Zr ZmoH$ar gmoS>br. Vo Ago åhUmë`mMo gm§ JVbo OmVo H$s _r nÌH$ma Amho. , Mm§Jë`m Mm§Jë`m ~mVå`m AmUyZ Mm§Jbm H§$Q>|Q> XoñnYm© H$ê$ eH$Vmo. nU Aem } AVŠ`© Jmoï>r Zmhr XmIdy eH$V. nU ñnYV nwT>o amhÊ`mH$[aVm AmVm ho H$amdo bmJUma Agob Va Vo _mÂ`mÀ`mZo eŠ` Zmhr.33 [ [ dûcofU… AmOÀ`m KS>rbm eoH$S>çm§Zr Agbobr d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mr g§»`m ho OrdKoÊ`m } } , [ , [ ñnYMo H$maU Amho. nU ñnYV nwT>o amhÊ`mgmR>r H§$Q>oÝQ> Mm§Jbm dœmgmh© A YH¥$V [ [ [ [ AgbmM nm hOo Ago _mZUo AZoH$ dm hÝ`m§Zr gÜ`m gmoSy>Z Xbo Amho. _qbX

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[ [ VnmgVm dbmgamd Xoe_wIm§À`m EodOr gwerbHw$_mam§Mo Zmd _w»`_§Ìr åhUyZ Kmo fV \ Ho$bo OmVo qH$dm Hw$R>o Var YaU w$Q>ë`mMr ~mV_r XoV Jm|Yi _mOdbm OmVmo.34 [ } dûcofU… g~go VoOÀ`m ñnYV gdm©V AmYr ~mV_r XoAmnU ehoZehm ~Zm`Mo Ago [ [ [ [ [ [ dm hÝ`m§Zr Z_m©U Ho$bobo _WH$ H$go MwH$sMo Amho Am U Ë`mVyZ H$Vr MwH$sMr _m hVr [ [ àojH$m§g_moa OmVo `mMo dûcofU _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV Ho$bo Amho. 35) [ EH$m ~mOybm Q>moH$mMm ~oO~m~XmanUm Am U ~ondm©B© Va Xþgè`m ~mOybm [ [ H$_mbrMr AZ ^kVm. Ë`mbm OmoSy>ZM AmnU Q>rìhr nÌH$ma Agë`mMm Ah§J§S> Am U [ [ , Ë`mVyZ Ambobr d¥Îmr. AZ ^kVm H$Vr Va AbrH$So> eoAa ~mOma H$mogië`mda [ [ EH$m dm hZrÀ`m d[að>mZo dmVm©hambm hf©X _ohVmMm ~mB©Q> AmUÊ`mg gm§ JVë`mMr [ [ [ [ MMm© Amho. AZ ^kVoMo Ago AZoH$ H$ñgo gm§ JVbo OmVmV. hmVmV _mB©H$ Am U , , H°_oam Agë`mMm J§S> BVH$m AgVmo H$s AZoH$ doim g_moa H$moU _mUyg Amho Ë`mMm , , [ [ XOm© H$m` ñWmZ H$m` d` H$m` ho Z ~KVm ~Z X¸$VnUo H$m` dmQ>ob Vo dmQ>ob [ Ë`m nÕVrZo dMmabo OmVo.35 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… nÌH$marVoMr nX dH$m Am U d¥Îmdm hZrMm bmoJmo Agbobm _mB©H$ Agob Va , AmnU OJmVrb gdm©V loð> ì`º$s AmhmoV Ago Vê$U nÌH$ma _mZy bmJVmV. nU [ [ [ Ë`mVyZ nÌH$marVm Am U _mÜ`_m§Mr C§Mr Am U JwUdÎmm H$er H$_r hmoVo ho _qbX

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VQ>ñWnUo Vo ~mV_r H$ìha H$aV AgVmV. EH$m A_o[aH$Z Q>rìhr H$m`©H«$_mV XmoZ [ , _moR>çm nÌH$mam§Zm àý dMmaÊ`mV Ambm H$s eÌyÀ`m g¡Ý`m~amo~a Vwåhr `wÕ H$ìha [ [ [ H$aV AgVmZm g_moê$Z Vw_À`m XoemMo g¡ ZH$ `oVmZm Xgbo Am U Ë`m§Zm Vwåhmbm gmdY H$aUo eŠ` Agob Va Vo Vwåhr H$amb H$s Vw_Mo H$ìhaoO gwê$ R>odmb. Ë`m [ , nÌH$mam§Zr (Ë`mV nrQ>a OoqZJgmaIm Wmoa Q>rìhr nÌH$ma hmoVm) ñnï> CÎma Xbo H$s , [ Am_Mo H m_ `wÕ H$ìha H$aUo Amho Amåhr H$ê$. Amnë`m g¡ ZH$m§Zm gmdY H$aUo [ Am_Mo H$m_ Zmhr. Ë`mM H$m`©H«$_mV hOa Agboë`m d[að> bîH$ar A YH$mè`m§Zm [ [ [ , `mda Ë`m§Mr à V H«$`m dMmabr AgVm Vo åhUmbo hoM nÌH$ma Ooìhm eÌyÀ`m [ JamS>çmV AS>H$Vrb Voìhm _mPo g¡ ZH$ àg§Jr ñdV…Mm Ord YmoŠ`mV KmbyZ Ë`m§Zm dmMdVrb. H$maU Vo _mÂ`m XoemMo ZmJ[aH$ AmhoV. nU Ë`m nÌH$mam§H$[aVm _mÌ \ ZOaog_moa $º$ EH$ ~mV_r AgVo. ~mH$s Amnbo Xoe~m§Yd dJ¡ao H$mhr Zmhr. , Ë`m§À`mH$[aVm BQ²g dW© WQ>u goH§$S²g Am°Z X BpìhqZJ Ý`yO A°O Am°nmoÁS> Qy> gopìh§J

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åhUVmV.

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37) [ , Á`m XoemV _mÜ`_o VwbZoZo IynM A YH$ àJë^ Pmbr AmhoV Vo dmQ>ob , [ [ Vgm qhgmMma àoV dJ¡ao XmIdV ZmhrV. Ë`m XoemVyZ hr à V H«$`m Ambr Amho ho [ } bjmV KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Jobr H$ËòH$ df E~rgr Q>rìhrda amoO amÌr ZmB©Q>bmB©Z hm \ CËH¥$ï> H$a§Q> A o$Aa H$m`©H«$_ gmXa H$aUmao Q>oS> H$monob `m§À`m _Vo dmVm©ham§Zm gVV bmB©ìhH$[aVm Cô H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZo_wio Q>rìhr [anmoQ>vJMr dmQ> bmJbr Amho. Vo [ dmVm©ha bmB©ìh XoÊ`mH$[aVm Amo~rbm gVV ~m§Ybobo AgVmV Am U Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Iao , [ H$m` KS>Vo Amho Vo ~Km`bm Om`bm Ë`mda ~mVå`m H$am`bm _iVM Zmhr.37 [ [ [ dûcofU… nÌH$marVoVbm EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm Am U KmVH$ ~Xb _qbX H$moH$Oo òWo [ } [ _m§S>VmV. dm hÝ`m§À`m ñnYV nÌH$mam§Mr nÌH$marVm _aV OmVo Am U Ë`mVbm , nÌH$ma H$mbm§VamZo ~moWQ> hmoOmVmo Agm `m n[aÀN>oXmMm Ame` Amho. 38) \ [ WmoSo> $ma H$moQ>r ê$nò pIemV Agbo Va bJoM àËòH$mbm dm hZr H$mT>m`Mr , [ [ , [ Amho. H$maU Ë`mVyZ amOH$s` gm_m OH$ à Vð>m _mÝ`Vm _iVo. _hÎdmÀ`m , [ [ [ À [\ ì`º$s¨~amo~a KgQ> A°Šgo g ~ bQ>r dmT>Vo. (‘w»`‘§Í`m `m Am° $gH$Sy>Z bJoM [ , [ \ \ ôQ>rMr doi _iV BVa àH$ën _mJu bmJVmV B. _J Am W©H$ $m`Xm $ma Pmbm [ Zmhr Var Mmbob. Ë`m_wio Vo dm hZr ì`dpñWV MmbÊ`m~m~V J§^ra ZmhrV. n[aUm_r gdmªZm IMm©bm H$mÌr bmdbr OmVo. Amdí`H$ gmYZo JaOoÀ`m à_mUmV [ Xbr OmV ZmhrV. Amho Ë`mV ^mJdm hm _yb_§Ì AgVmo. nÌH$mam§Zm gj_ H$aÊ`mMo

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H$moUVohr S>moig à`ËZ ì`dñWmnZmH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmV ZmhrV. EH$Xm ì`º$s ZmoH$arV [ } , , XmIb Pmbr H$s Ë`mMo ejU g§nVo. gd© H§$nÝ`m Amnë`m _mH$qQ>J gŠ`w©boeZ [ [ EM. Ama. À`m A YH$mè`m§Zm Amnmnë`m joÌmVrb Zì`m KS>m_moS>tMr _m hVr [ , \ KoÊ`mH$[aVm àM§S> IM© H$ê$Z go _Zmg© dH©$em°ßg `m§Zm nmR>dVmV. $º$ Á`m§À`m [ eamda `m ì`dgm`mMm _w»` ^ma Amho Ë`m nÌH$mam§Zm _mÌ Á`m nÕVrZo IM© H$ê$Z [ AndmXmË_H$[aË`m Zì`m ejUmH$[aVm nmR>dbo OmVo.38 [ [ [ dûcofU… `oWo _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr XmoZ _hÎdmMo _wÔo _m§S>bo AmhoV. n hbm åhUOo

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[ \ [ } CÚmoJmMo Z`§ÌU Q>oŠZmoH«°$Q²gH$Sy>Z $m`ZmÝg Am U _mH$qQ>JÀ`m bmoH$m§H$So> XoÊ`mV } , , , Ambo. Ë`m_wio Mm§Jbr _moQ>ma ~ZdÊ`mEodOr _mH$Q> eoAa àmB©g H$Q> H$m°ñQ> H$Q> [\ àm° $Q> `mbm à_mUm~mhoa _hÎd Ambo. gwX¡dmZo Am°Q>mo CÚmoJmÀ`m hr Jmoï> bjmV [ [ [ Ambr. Ë`m§Zr naV EH$Xm Z`§ÌU Q>oŠZmoH«°$Q²gH$So> Xbo Am U n[apñWVr ~Xbbr. [ _mÜ`_m§Zr _mÌ VrM MyH$ AOyZhr nwT>o gwê$ R>odbr Amho Am U Ë`m_wioM _mÜ`_m§Mr

AmOMr hr AdñWm Pmbr Amho.39 [ dûcofU… EHo$H$mir g§nmXH$m§À`m ZmdmZo d¥ÎmnÌo AmoiIbr Om`Mr. nU AmVm

àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ g§nmXH$m§H$Sy>Z AÝ` joÌmVë`m bmoH$m§À`m hmVr Jobo Amho. dmB©Q> [ Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_m§Mr AmOMr hr ( ) AdñWm Pmë`mMo _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV åhQ>bo Amho. 40) - } ^maVmVë`m Q>rìhr d¥Îm_mÜ`_mMo d` Ho$di 10 12 df Amho. Ë`m_wio } Ë`m§Zm d`mV òOam O~m~XmarZo dmJm`bm AOyZ H$mhr df OmVrb. Xaå`mZÀ`m [ , H$mimV Á`m â_gmQ> dm hÝ`m Amë`m AmhoV òKmVë`m AmhoV Ë`mVë`m AZoH$ _O© , [ [ hmoVrb ~§X hmoVrb Am U eodQ>r Iao ßbo`g© ~mOmanoR>oV CaVrb Am U Ë`mVyZ ñnYm© [ H$_r Pmbr H$s O~m~XmarZo dmJVrb Aer EH$ WAarhr _m§S>br OmVo. nU Vo , KS>m`bm Iyn doi bmJob. Vo KS>m`Mo Voìhm KSo>b nU Vmon`ªV n[apñWVrV ~Xb

KS>dyZ AmUm`Mm Agob Va bmo bmoH$m§ZmMm KS>dyZ AmUmdm bmJob.40

174

[ [ } dûcofU… _mÜ`_m§Vë`m dmB©Q> àd¥Îmr Zï> hmo_mÜ`_o A YH$ O~m~Xma d XOXma Ho$ìhm [ [ ~ZVrb `m~m~V _m§S>ë`m OmUmè`m gÕm§VmMm C„oI _qbX H$moH$Oo `oWo H$aVmV. [ [ nU Vo KS>m`bm Iyn doi bmJob Am U hm ~Xb KS>dÊ`mV bmoH$m§Mr _hÎdmMr ^y _H$m , Agob Ago H$moH$Oo `m n[aÀN>oXmV gm§JVmV. 41) [ [ AmOhr Amnë`mH$So> AË`§V J§^ranUo _r S>`m _m° ZQ>[a¨J H$aUmè`m g§ñWm [ \ [ \ ZmhrV. X„rV g|Q>a $m°a _r S>`m ñQ>S>rOgmaIr EImXr g§ñWm `m àH$maMo WmoSo> $ma

H$m_ H$aVo. nU Vohr gm_mÝ` àojH$m§n`ªV nmoMV Zmhr. Oa Cnm` emoYm`Mo AgVrb [ Va àW_ emór` ñdê$nmZo àý g_OmdyZ KoVbm nm hOo. A_o[aH$Z g|Q>aÀ`m [ [ [ [ [ [ [ J«§Wmb`mV Oa ~ KVbo Va _r S>`m _r S>`m _m° ZQ>[a¨J Am U A°Z° b gg `m [ [ , df`mdaMr I§S>r^a nwñVHo$ ~Km`bm _iVrb. AZoH$ nÌH$ma Aä`mgH$ gVV , [ [ Hw$R>À`m Var dV©_mZnÌmMm dm hZrMm Aä`mg H$aV ZîH$f© _m§S>V AgVmV. H$m [ Amnë`mH$S>À`m gpìhb gmogm`Q>r g§KQ>Zm§Zm Agm Aä`mg H$amdmgm dmQy> Z`.o 41 [ [ dûcofU… H$moUË`mhr joÌmÀ`m dH$mgmV Ë`mVrb g§emoYZmMm _moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo. [ na§Vw ^maVmV _mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV Aem g§emoYZ g§ñWm§Mm Am U g§emoYZmMm _moR>m [ A^md Agë`mMr I§V _qbX H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. 42) [ npãbH$ ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>§J gñQ>r_ hm à`moJ A_o[aHo$V `eñdr[aË`m am~dbm [ [ Amho. `m nr~rEg dm hÝ`m Om hamVrda Adb§~yZ ZgVmV. Ë`m§Zm H$mhr n¡gm [ , gaH$maH$Sy>Z _iVmo. nU _w»`V… Á`m bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo H$s Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m ~mVå`m 175

[ [ [ H$m`©H«$_ ~Km`bm _imdoV Ago bmoH$ `m dm hÝ`m§Zm Xa_hm H$mhr XoUJr XoVmV Am U [ Ë`mV Ë`m§Mm IM© ^mJdbm OmVmo. Amnë`mH$So> H$Vr bmoH$ Aem àH$mao IM© H$am`bm , [ V`ma hmoVrb hm àý ñdV…bmM dMmê$Z nmhmdm.42 [ [ dûcofU… A_o[aHo$V `eñdr Pmboë`m npãbH$ ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>§J gñQ>r_ `m à`moJm~Ôb [ , [ gm§JVmZmM Amnë`mH$So> hm à`moJ H$VnV `eñdr hmoeHo$b Aer e§H$mXoIrb _qbX

H$moH$Oo `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. 43) [ [ Q>rìhrgmaIo EH$ O~aXñV n[aUm_H$maH$ _mÜ`_ Xë`m~Ôb Am U [ , , [ MmbdUmè`m§H$Sy>Z Vo VVŠ`mM n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m Mm§Jë`m H$maUmH$[aVm gm_m OH$ [ [ O~m~XmarMo ^mZ R>odyZ Mmbdë`mZo Amdí`H$ Vmo n[aUm_ Xgë`mZo XodmMo (Am U [ ? dm hÝ`mdmë`m§Mohr) Am^ma _mZÊ`mMr doi ^maVr` àojH$m§da Ho$ìhm `oUma 43 [ , [ , dûcofU… Q>rìhr ho O~aXñV n[aUm_H$maH$ _mÜ`_ VVŠ`mM n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m [ Mm§Jë`m H$maUmgmR>r d gm_m OH$ O~m~XmarMo ^mZ R>odyZ Mmbdmdo Aer Anojm [ _qbX H$moH$Oo `oWo ì`º$ H$aVmV. åhUOoM gÜ`m ho _mÜ`_ `m H$maUm§gmR>r Mmbdbo [ OmV Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Zr gwMdbo AgyZ Ë`mV ^ dî`mV gwYmaUm hmoB©b Agm

AmemdmXhr Ë`m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho. 44) [ [ [ [ _r S>`mamO ho Zìdi _r S>`mbmM nS>bob§ ñdßZ Amho. _r S>`mÀ`mM , [ [ H$ënZoVb§ gË` dñVypñWVr CKS>çm S>moù`m§Zr nm hbr H$s gma§ H$mhr ñnï> XgV§. [ [ , [ [ _r S>`m hm ~PZog Amho _r S>`mamO ho _WH$. amO åhUOoM ñQ>oQ> AgÊ`mgmR>r - , , [ Mma à_wI KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AgVmV bmoH$g§»`m ^y^mJ gmd©^m¡_Îd Am U gaH$ma.

176

[ ? / [ _r S>`mH$So> `mVb§ H$m` Amho àojH$ dm Am U dmMH$g§»`m hr bmoH$g§»`m _mZVm [ [ [ òB©b. ^mfoZwgma àXoehr T>mo~i_mZmZo Z üV H$aVm òVrb. na§Vw gmd©^m¡_Îd Am U , gaH$ma ho XmoZ KQ>H$ amhVmVM. OZH$ë`mU ho gaH$maMo H$V©ì` AgVo BWo Ver [ [ nyd©AQ> Zmhr. _wÔm EdT>mM H$s _r S>`mamO ho _r S>`mÀ`mM H$ënZoVb§ gË` Amho.44 [ [ [ dûcofU… ^maVHw$_ma am`m n[aÀN>oXmV _r S>`m hm ~PZog Amho ho _m§S>VmZmM [ gmd©^m¡_Ëd Am U gaH$ma `m Jmoï>r Ë`mÀ`mH$So> ZmhrV. VgoM OZH$ë`mUmMr , nyd©AQ>hr Ë`mbm bmJy Zmhr Ago _m§S>VmV. 45) gË`mgË`VoMm Ambmn H$aV Mmodrg Vmg H$mhrVar àojH$m§À`m _mWr [ [ [ R>moH$V amhÊ`mMr ñnYm© Amnë`mbm deofV… BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§_Üò XgVo. , [ } [ , , [ g~go VoO g~go A YH$ amhÊ`mÀ`m `m ñnYV dœmgmh©Vm gË` dñVy Zð>Vm ho [ [ gmao eãX ZaW©H$ R>abo AmhoV. `mVhr deof H$ê$Z A_amR>r _mÜ`_m§H$So> ~moQ>

XmIdVm `oB©b. amO R>mH$ao `m§À`m dº²$`ì`mdê$Z ZwH$VmM _mÜ`_m§H$Sy>Z Omo JXmamoi , [ Pmbm Ë`mV hrM ~m~ AYmoaopIV Pmbr. Amnë`m A§J^yV AS>mUrnUm_wio _r S>`m [ BWohr nma CVmUm nS>bm. _w§~B©_Yb§ ^`mH$mar dmVmdaU Am U àM§S> VUmd `mMr [ [ ~mV_rnÌ Am U VrM VrM pŠbqn½O Xdg^a eoH$S>mo doim XmIdbr Jobr. àË`jmV , , [ XmXa R>mUo Zm eH$ dJ¡ao ehamVrb H$mhr ^mJ dJiVm gma§ H$mhr gwairV hmoV§.

177

[ , , , _w§~B©V Va gd© MÌnQ>J¥ho XþH$mZ§ dmhVyH$ AÝ` H$m`©H«$_ ì`dpñWV nma nS>V hmoVo. [ nU _r S>`mZ§ a§Jdbob§ dmVmdaU nmhÿZ _w§~B©H$aM W¸$ Pmbo.45 [ , [ } [ , , dûcofU… g~go VoO g~go A YH$ amhÊ`mÀ`m `m ñnYV dœmgmh©Vm gË` [ [ , dñVy Zð>Vm ho gmao eãX ZaW©H$ R>abo AmhoV ho `m n[aÀN>oXmVrb ^maVHw$_ma am`m§Mo [ [ [ dYmZ _r S>`mVrb KgaË`m XOm© Am U JwUdÎmobm AYmoaopIV H$aUmao Amho. 46) [ [ hm A§J^yV AS>mUrnUm ho _r S>`mM§ EH$ d¡ eï²>`M åhUmd§ bmJob. [ [ , åhUOo ! , à e jV gwg§ñH¥$V `§ÌUm ( _mUg§ ) Omoda _mÜ`_m§_Ü`o V`ma hmoV Zmhr

Vmoda àojH$m§Zm Agë`m AS>mUrnUmbm Vm|S> Úmd§ bmJUma Amho. Hw$R>ë`mhr [ , [ , [ [ gË`mgË`VoÀ`m nS>Vmù`m edm J¥hnmR>m edm` dm hÝ`m§Mo nÌH$ma R>moHw$ Z XoVmo [ EogmOo nÕVrZo YS>mH$m bmdVmV. H$maU àË`oH$ dm hZrbm g~go VoO amhm`M§ AgV§. [ [ \ , - _r S>`m dma§dma CKS>m nS>V AgVmo. hr H$mhr n hbr doi Zmhr. $ma Zmhr ~mam [ dfmªnydu _r S>`mZ§ bmbyàgmX `mXd `m§Zm OmoH$a R>adb§ hmoV§. Z§Va Mmam KmoQ>mù`mV [ Ë`m§Mr `WoÀN> N>r Wy Ho$br. Voìhm bmby dê$Õ H$m±J«og Ag§ g_rH$aU hmoV§. A»Im [ [ [ _r S>`m damoYmV hmoVm Voìhm bmby VrZ ZdS>UwH$m qOHy$Z Ambo. nU nwT>o amï>«r` [ [ ! bmoH$emhr AmKmS>rÀ`m H$mimV _r S>`mZ§ bmby§Zm S>moŠ`mda KoVb§ Am U bmby nS>bo [ , Am§Y«mV M§Ðm~m~y Zm`Sy§>Zm ñQ>oQ> grB©Amo åhUyZ _r S>`mZ§ CMbyZ Yab§. gm`~am~mX [ AmYw ZH$sH$aUmMo Ðï>o ZoV¥Îd åhUyZ Vo H$mhr H$mi Am`H$m°Z R>abo. nU Ë`mM H$mimV

178

, [ Am§Y«mV Cî_mKmVmZo XmoZ hOma ~ir Jobo Ë`mH$So> Hw$Ur Tw>§Hy$ZgwÕm nm hb§ Zmhr. , [ n[aUm_r M§Ðm~m~y nm`CVma Pmbo. CÎma àXoemV _m`mdVtZr gmoeb B§ OZr`[a¨J , [ , H$aV gÎmm H$m~rO Ho$br Ë`mMr _r S>`mbm nwgQ>er J§YdmVm© bmJbr Zmhr JwOamVoV [ [ [ Za|Ð _moXtZr gd© _r S>`mbm ImoQ>§ R>adV dO` hm gb Ho$bm. `m gJù`mVyZ H$m` [ ? J«mC§S> OmUyZ Ko [ XgV§ dmñVd ( [aAqbJ) Ê`mMr j_VmM _r S>`mH$So> Cabobr Zmhr. [ , [ åhUyZM dœmgmh©VmXoIrb Cabobr Zmhr hm H$mhr _mg _r S>`m åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. [ [ qH$~hþZm _mg déÕ _r S>`m Ag§ `mM§ dU©Z H$aU§ ^mJ Amho.46 [ [ dûcofU… _r S>`m hm dmñVdmnmgyZ Xÿa OmV Amho ho dmñVd ^maVHw$_ma am`oVo , [ , [ [ _m§S>VmV. bmoH$m§À`m Anojm gm_m OH$ dmñVd _mÜ`_m§Mr dœmgmh©Vm Am U [ [ H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMo dmñVddmXr MÌU `mnmgyZ _r S>`m gÜ`m Xÿa OmV Amho. åhUyZM [ [ [ [ Ë`m§Zr hm _mg _r S>`m ZgyZ _mg déÕ _r S>`m Amho Ag§ dYmZ Ho$b§ Amho. 47) [ , _r S>`m AË`§V n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoV Mmbbm Amho `mV e§H$m Zmhr. _mÌ ho [ [ [ [ gmYZ dmnaUmè`m§M§ gm_m OH$ ^mZ Am U Om Udmhr _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. _r S>`m [ [ [ [ [ Amo n ZAZ _oH$a Amho. _mÌ _r S>`m MmbdUmao MwH$sM§ Amo n ZAZ V`ma H$aV [ AmhoV. Ë`m§MmM Ñï>rH$moZ ñnï> Zmhr. VoM bmoH$m§Mr Xem^yb H$ê$ bmJbo Va H$m` ? H$aUma 47

179

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Agbr Var Vo MmbdUmao åhUOo Ë`mÀ`m _mbH$m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ ñnï> Zmhr. VoM bmoH$m§Mr [ ? [ Xem^yb H$ê$ bmJbo Va H$m` H$aUma Agm ZameoMm gyahr _mÜ`_m§À`m gÜ`mÀ`m pñWVr~m~V Ë`m§Zr bmdbm Amho. 48) , [ [ [ OmVr` ^m fH$ qH$dm Ym _©H$ Apñ_VoÀ`m amOH$maUmMo Xdg AmVm Jobo. , Amnb§ bm°q~J H$aÊ`mV H$mhrM J¡a ZgV§ Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr nwT>o ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ [ \ ñVwË`M AgVmo. _mÌ bm°q~J Am U Apñ_VoÀ`m amOH$maUmV $aH$ Amho. ZmoH$è`m [ [ [ Am U ì`dgm` `m ~m~VrV Amnë`m _mUgm§M§ ^b§ H$aU§ Am U ^md ZH$ Am§XmobZmMm \ [ [ ^ma S>moŠ`mda R>odyZ qhgoda CVaU§ `mVbm Vmo $aH$ Amho. Am U Oa _r S>`m Aem [ [ ^md ZH$ Am§XmobZmMm ^mJ ~ZV Agob Va Ë`m§M§hr MwH$V§` ho R>UH$mdyZ gm§ JVb§ [ nm hOo.48 [ [ \ dûcofU… bm°q~J Am U Apñ_VoÀ`m amOH$maUmV $aH$ Amho Ago gm§JV _mÜ`_o [ [ [ ^md ZH$ Am§XmobZm§Mm ^mJ ~ZVmV ho dmñVd ZIrb dmJio _mÝ` H$aVmV. _m S>`mZo , Aem Am§XmobZm§Mm ^mJ Z ~ZVm VQ>ñWnUo dmñVd _m§S>mdo Aer Anojm dmJio `oWo

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Ë`mMm Ñí` n[aUm_ bJoM OmUdV Zgob qH$dm ^bo bmoH$ _mÜ`_m§À`m AmYmao _V§ , ~XbVhr ZgVrb nU Ë`m§Mr _V V`ma H$aÊ`mV _mÜ`_m§Mm _moR>mM dmQ>m AgVmo ho 180

} [ _mÝ` H$amd§M bmJob. Am°naoeZ Xþ`mYZM§M CXmhaU ¿`m. àý dMmaÊ`mgmR>r [ [ bmoH$à V ZYr n¡go KoVmV ho KÅ> _V Ë`m_wio V`ma Pmb§. Ë`m_wio dñVypñWVrMr [ [ [ _moR>rM OmUrd bmoH$m§_Ü`o XgyZ `oVo. qH$dm noQ´>mo bA_ ^«ï>mMmam damoYmV Or AmKmS>r [ [ [ [ B§ S>`Z EŠgàogZo CKS>br hmoVr Ë`mMm bmoH$m§Mr _mZ gH$Vm dH$ gV H$aÊ`mg

Z¸$sM Cn`moJ Pmbm.49 [ [ dûcofU… _mÜ`_o bmoH$_V V`ma H$aÊ`mV _hÎdmMr ^y _H$m ~OmdVmV Ago R>mog [ à VnmXZ òWo amOrd Im§So>H$a `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. 50) [ [ bmoH$m§Zm Zo_H$s Xem XoÊ`mMm AdmH$m H$Xm MV _mÜ`_m§H$So> AOyZ Ambm [ [ Zgob _mÌ _V KS>dÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV _mÌ _r S>`m Amnbr H$m_ Jar MmoI ~OmdVmo. , [ \ } [ [ EÊQ>aQ>oÝ_|Q> EÁ`wHo$eZ Am U BÝ $m°_eZ Aem _r S>`mÀ`m VrZ _w»` ^y _H$m AmhoV. [ _r S>`mV H$m_ H$aUmao Amnë`m Hw$dVrZwgma `mVë`m KQ>H$m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoV Amnb§ [ [ `moJXmZ XoV AgVmV. `mVbm EÁ`wHo$eZ hm KQ>H$ Va Z¸$sM Amo n ZAZgmR>r [ [ nyaH$ AgVmo. _r S>`m Ë`mV H$VnV èñdr hmoVmo hr gmnoj Jmoï> Amho. _mÌ [ Amnë`m àËòH$ _VmgmR>r _r S>`m H$m` åhUVmo` ho bjmV KobmoH$ Amnbm Ñï>rH$moZ

R>adVmV.50 [ [ dûcofU… bmoH$m§Zm Xem XmIdÊ`mMm AdmH$m AÚmn _mÜ`_m§Zm Ambm Zgbm Var

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181

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`oWo _m§S>VmV. 51) [ , _r S>`m ~m`g Agë`mMm Amamon Za|Ð _moXtZrhr Ho$bm hmoVm Mmam

KmoQ>mù`mÀ`m doir bmby àgmX `mXd `m§Zrhr Ho$bm hmoVm. _m`mdVtZrhr Ho$bm hmoVm. gJioM Hw$R>o Zm Hw$R>o hm Amamon H$aV AgVmV. njnmVrnUmMm Amamon ~è`mMXm

H$aUmè`mÀ`m gmo`rZo AgVmo. _mÌ Amåhr Á`m boìhbda H$m_ H$aV AgVmo Vo hr [ VodT>§M _hÎdmM§ AgV§. H$mí_ra~m~V [anmo Qª>J H$aÊ`mMr doi òVo Voìhm ~r~rgr [ [ [ ï´>r [ \ Am U am°`Q>a `m§M§ [anmo Qª>J Am U ^maVr` am ` _mÜ`_m§M§ [anmo Qª>J `m§À`mV $aH$ \ ï´>r [ [ [ òVmoM.VmoM $aH$ am ` M°Zob Am U ñWm ZH$ _mÜ`_o `m§À`mV òU§ gmh OH$ Amho.51 [ dûcofU… _mÜ`_m§da njnmVrnUmMm Amamon Zoh_r Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw hm Amamon Iam \ , [ [ ZgyZ Ñï>rH$moZmVbm $aH$ åhUOo njnmV Zmhr Ago R>m_ à VnmXZ gm hb Omoer [ `m§Zr `m boImV Am U `m n[aÀN>oXmV Ho$bo Amho. 52) [ , OmJ VH$sH$aUmV _ZmnmgyZ dñVyn`ªV VËdkmZmnmgyZ amOH$maUmn`ªV [ [ gmao H$mhr ~XbV OmVo Am U ho gmao ~Xb ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m hVmMo hmoVrb `mMr [ H$miOr KoVbr OmVo. _mUgmMr OrdZe¡brM ~XbyZ OmVo. _§ XamV OmÊ`mEodOr Vmo g§JUH$mÀ`m ñH«$sZgoìha_Üò AS>H$dboë`m XodmMr nyOm H$am`bm bmJVmo. [ [ _mo~mB©bÀ`m dm°bnonaÀ`m OmJr âboë`m àòÀ`m N>m`m MÌmMo Mw§~Z ¿`m`bm bmJVmo.

182

- _mo~mB©bdê$ZM Mw§~ZmMr XodmU KodmU ìhm`bm bmJVo. _mUgmÀ`m ^mdZm§Zm Ago diU XoV Ë`mV V§ÌkmZmda pñWa H$aÊ`mV ^m§S>dbemhrbm `e `m`bm bmJVo.52 [ [ dûcofU… `m nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoV CÎm_ H$m§~io `m§Zr OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm g_«J [ , , , n[aUm_ _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _Z dñVy VÎdkmZ [ [ amOH$maU `m gJù`m Jmoï>tda n[aUm_ hmoVmo Am U Ë`m_wio OrdZ H$go `m§ ÌH$ ~ZVo [ `mMo ddoMZ H$m§~io `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV Ho$bo Amho. 53) [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm gdm©V A YH$ n[aUm_ ^mfm§da ìhm`bm bmJVmo.

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^mfm§Zm Iyn bT>mB© H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mVyZhr ^mfm _aÊ`mMm doJ àM§S> Amho. EH$m

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183

[ [ , , , Zmhr. VÀ`mV B Vhmg AgVmo g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo VÎdkmZo AgVmV ZrVr_yë`o

AgVmV. ^mfm _obr H$s ho gmaoM _aVo. ^mfm _aVm Xoehr _aVmo Ago kmZnrR> [ nwañH$ma dOoVo H$dr Hw$gy_mJ«O `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.53 [ [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm ^mfoda gdm© YH$ n[aUm_ hmoV Agë`mMo _m§S>V CÎm_ \ [ , [ H$m§~io `m§Zr 2300 gmbmn`ªV OJmV $º$ B§J«Or e„H$ amhrb `m ^m H$VmMm

C„oI Ho$bm Amho. VgoM Hw$gy_mJ«Om§À`m ^mfm _obr H$s Xoehr _aVmo `m dmŠ`mMm [ g§X^©hr `m n[aUm_m§Mo Jm§^r`© AYmoaopIV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xbm Amho. 54) [ gÜ`m AmnU OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m O_mÝ`m_Ü`o dmdaV AmhmoV. ^maVr` [ [ [ AW©ì`dñWoMr OmJ VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer gm§JS> KmVbr nm hOo. VÀ`mnmgyZ doJù`m

Aem ñdê$nmV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm AmnU R>ody eH$V Zmhr. Vgo Ho$bo Zmhr Va [ , ^maVmMr _moR>r Am W©H$ hmZr hmoB©b Ago ^maVr`m§À`m _Zmda gd©M àgma_mÜ`_m§Ûmao [ R>gdbo OmV Amho. `mbmM OmJ VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMo KS>dyZ

AmUbobo EH$mË_rH$aU Ago g§~moYbo OmV Amho.54 [ [ [ dûcofU… _mOr Zm¡Xbà_wI A°S> _ab dîUy ^mJdV `m n[aÀN>oXmV ^maVr` [ [ , AW©ì`dñWoMr OmJ VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer gm§JS> KmVbr nm hOo hr Jmoï> ZmH$maVmV. hr [ Jmoï> R>gdÊ`m~m~VÀ`m àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ^y _Ho$~Ôbhr Vo ZmamOr ì`º$ H$aVmV. nU

184

[ Ë`mMdoir hm ~Xb A Zdm`©nUo KS>V AgyZ Vmo Adm§pÀN>V Agbm Var hmZrH$maH$ , Amho Agohr Ë`m§Zm gwMdm`Mo Amho. 55) [ [ ^maVmVrb eoAa ~mOma Am U ZmUo ~mOma `m§Mr hr gm§JS> OmJ VH$ [ [ AW©ì`dñWoer Am U dÎmg§ñWm§À`m YmoaUmer KmVbr OmVo Amho. hr ~m~hr An[ahm`© [ [ åhUyZ gm§ JVbr OmVo Amho. na§Vw ho gmao H$mhr ^maVmÀ`m OZVobm dXoer eº$sÀ`m [ [ hmVr JhmU R>odUmao Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U CXmarH$aU `mÀ`m Zmdmda AmnU , [ OodT>o H$mhr ~Xb AXÿaÑï>rZo KS>dyZ AmUV AmhmoV `m gJù`m§Mm A§ V_ n[aUm_ hm [ [ [ ^maVmMo Am W©H$ gmd©^m¡_Îd Am U ñdmV§Í` ho dXoer eº$s¨À`m hmVr JhmU R>odÊ`mV hmoUma Amho.55 [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Zmdmda XÿaÑï>r Z R>odVm KS>dyZ AmUV Agboë`m [ [ [ ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ ^maVmMo Am W©H$ gmd©^m¡_Îd Am U ñdmV§Í` dXoer eº$s¨À`m hmVr , [ [ JhmU R>odÊ`mV hmoUma Amho Ago A°S> _ab dîUy ^mJdV `oWo _m§S>VmV. AWm©VM `m [ JhmUdQ>rV Ë`m§Zm àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm C„oIhr A ^àoV Amho Ago åhUVm `oVo. 56) [ g§JUH$ H«$m§Vr AZ BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _mÜ`_o `m§Zr ~S>çm§Mr VmH$X AdmT>ì`nUo , , dmT>dbr Amho. `m gJù`m§da ~ìh§er _moR>çm gÎmm§Mm Vm~m Amho. AmnU H$m` H$go [ , [ H$Vr ~Km`Mo dmMm`Mo dm emoYm`Mo `mMm dMma H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$VmM g§nob Aer [ , [ ^`mZH$ n[apñWVr Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. g§^«_mdñWm Hw§$ R>VmdñWm Aem eãXm§Mo [ AW©M ~XbV Mmbbo AmhoV. gm_mÝ` _mUgmZo H$mhrhr dMma H$am`Mm Zmhr. Vr

185

, [ O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Umao doJio bmoH$ AmhoV. Vo XoVrb Vo ¿`m`M§ Ë`m§Zr Z_m©U

Ho$boë`m ^«m_H$ dmñVdmV Ioim`M§. ho ^«m_H$ dmñVd ñdV…À`m OJÊ`mda bmXÿZ - VwH$So> ìhm`M§. Ë`mbm BbmO Zmhr.56 [ , , [ , [ [ dûcofU… AmnU H$m` H$go H$Vr ~Km`Mo dmMm`Mo Am U emoYm`Mo `mMm dMma [ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm g§nob Aer ^`mZH$ n[apñWVr Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mH$So> Á`oð> [ gm hpË`H$ a§JZmW nR>mao `m n[aÀN>oXmVyZ bj doYVmV. ho àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm bmJy nS>Vo.

`m_wio ^«m_H$ dmñVdmV OJmd§ bmJÊ`mMr I§Vhr Vo ì`º$ H$aVmV. 57) [ [ , [ V_m_ Xþ ZòZo A_o[aHo$Mo `m Zm Ë`m àH$mao JèhmB©H$ ìhmdo Xþ ZòVë`m [ ? _mUgm§Zr VÀ`m Vmbmda ZmMyZ Jwbm_ ìhmdo ho ñdrH$mamMo H$m Vo ZH$mo Agob Va [ [ ~hþOZ Xoer`Vm ho EH$ à^mdr Aó AmnU bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`mVyZ gÕ Ho$bo nm hOo. , Ë`m§Zr XoerdmXr hmoUo H«$_àmá Amho. XoerdmXr AgUo åhUOo à^md ZmH$maUo Zìho [ naH$s _yëò ZmH$maUo Zìho. Xoer ~hþOZm§Zm Vo eŠ`hr Zmhr. naH$s _yëò Am U [ , à^md `m§À`mVbo ddoH$mZo ñdrH$maUo `m ñdrH$mamgmR>rMo Am§V[aH$ ~i Amnë`m [ [ [ _yë`ì`dñWoVyZ Cô H$aUo d naH$s à^mdmVyZ _imbobo A YH$ ~i KoV A YH$ [ geº$nUo Cô amhUo EdT>m EH$_od n`m©` Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r ~hþOZm§Zm Iwbm Amho.57 [ [ dûcofU… a§JZmW nR>mao `>oWo OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mMm Cnm` gm§JVmV. [ [ , naH$s _yëò Am U à^md ddoH$mZo ñdrH$maUo _yë`ì`dñWoVyZ Am§V[aH$ ~i C^maUo

186

[ [ Am U A YH$ geº$nUo C^o amhUo hm n`m©` Agë`mMo Vo _m§S>VmV. Ë`m§Zr hm n`m©`

~hþOZm§gmR>r _m§S>bm Agbm Var Vmo g§nyU© g_mOmbm bmJy Amho. 58) [ naH$s` ^mfm Am U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mr XheV ~miJm`Mo H$maU Zmhr. , Ë`m§À`mImbr X~yZ Om`Mo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm AmË_gmV H$arV Amnë`m ^mfobm [ _yë`ì`dñWobm Q>H$dyZ R>odUo d Ë`m ~imda naŠ`m g§ñH¥$Vrbm ~amo~arÀ`m ZmË`mZo

Iwë`m g§dmXmMr g§Yr R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho.58 [ dûcofU… `oWohr a§JZmW nR>mao AmUIr EH$ Cnm` gwMdV AmhoV. naH$s ^mfm , [ g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV H$ê$Z _yë`ì`dñWm Q>H$dUo d naH$s g§ñH¥$Vrbm ~amo~arÀ`m

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H$ê$Z A_o[aH$Zm§Zr Vmo Mm¡H$moZr Ho$bm`. CÚm Ë`m§Zm Ag§ dmQ>b§ H$s Am§~m [ , [ ~ZH$mo`rMm Agmdm Ë`mV H$mS>r IwngyZ Ë`mMm ag gwb^VoZo nVm `mdm Va Vgmhr

Vo V`ma H$aVrb.59 [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo dmñVd òWo a§JZmW nR>mao `m§Zr _m§S>bo - , Amho. A_o[aH$Z bmoH$m§_Üò Amnë`m gmo`r gJio OJ ~XbÊ`mMr _hÎdmH$m§jm Amho [ Ago Ë`m§Zr òWo gà_mU gÕ Ho$bo Amho. 187

60) [ , _mÜ`_ hr _hËdmH$m§jr eº$s Amho. Vr n hë`m§Xm S>moù`m§da Z§Va _Zmda [ [ [ , Am U gaVoeodQ>r Ë`m g_mOmda gÎmm JmO dVo. åhUyZM VMr gyÌo g_§Og [ - g_mO hV¡fr ì`º$s¨H$So> Agm`bm hdrV. _°H$bwhmZ60 [ dûcofU… Áòð> nÌH$ma `_mOr _mbH$a `m§Zr `m boImÀ`m gwê$dmVrbmM _°H$bwhmZ [ [ [ `m _mÜ`_ joÌmVrb dMmad§VmMo ho dYmZ Xbo Amho. _mÜ`_ hr _hÎdmH$m§jr eº$s , [ [ AgyZ Vr S>moio _Z Am U g_mOmda gÎmm JmOdVo. åhUy VMr gyÌo g_§Og d [ g_mO hV¡fr bmoH$m§À`m hmVr Agm`bm hdrV Ago Vo åhUVmV. `m Ë`m§À`m [ [ , [ dYmZm_mJo nwT>À`m H$mimV ho MÌ Ago amhUma Zmhr Aem XÿaÑï>rVyZ Xbobm [ [ YmoŠ`mMm Bemam Aer ^y _H$m Agbr nm hOo. 61) , [ [ [ [ døm nwñVHo$ Am U H$mJXm§darb Zm|Xr Am U hiydma b hbobr Ajao [ Am_À`m Ñï>rZo IynM _hÎdmMr hmoVr. Ë`m Zm|XtMo _hÎdhr OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m doJmZo [ [ [ hamdyZ KoVbo Amho. Ajam§Üò XS>boë`m `m ^md dœmbm Agwa jV H$aÊ`mV [ , [ OmJ VH$sH$aU èñdr Pmbo Amho. H$Yr H$Yr Ago dmQ>Vo H$s hr Vê$U nT>rMm [ [ OwÝ`m nT>rdarb h„m Amho. EH$ àH$mao hm XmoZ nT>çm§Vrb g§Kf© Amho. `m g§Kfm©Mo [ [ , [ à Vq~~ g_mOmV XgVo Amho VgoM Vo _mÜ`_m§_Üò Xgy bmJbo Amho.61 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… Ajam§V XS>boë`m ^md dœmbm Agwa jV H$aÊ`mV OmJ VH$sH$aU èñdr [ R>abo Amho Ago gm§JV `_mOr _mbH$a ho hm EH$àH$mao XmoZ nT>çm§Vbm g§Kf©

188

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AmUIr EH$ nadbrMo dmŠ` Ago Amho _mÜ`_m§nwT>rb AmìhmZo OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r [ [ [ [ Amnë`m nwT>rb nT>çm§H$So> nmhmdo bmJob. Vo H$moRy>Z _m hVr _idVmV `mMm dMma -[ H$amdm bmJob. A_o[aH$m ~«Q>Z‘Üò AmJm_r nmM dfmªV nÞmg Q>¸o$ Ame` H$ÝQ>oÝQ> [ [ ( ) dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z _idbm OmB©b Ago gm§ JVbo OmV Amho.62 [ [ -[ dûcofU… H$å`w ZHo$eZ EO_Üò H§$Q>oÝQ> BO qH$J ho nwÝhm gÕ hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio [ , , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio hmVr Ambobo V§ÌkmZ àbmo^Zo gmXarH$aU `m dadaÀ`m Jmoï>tMm [ } ñdV§ÌnUo H$Vrhr à^mdrnUo dmna Ho$bm Var Ë`mVbm H§$Q>oÝQ> XOXma Zgob Va Vmo [ ZaW©H$ R>aob `m _mÜ`_m§À`m Zo_Š`m __m©da `_mOr _mbH$a òWo ~moQ> R>odVmV. 63) [ [ àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ê$nmZo ^maVmgma»`m dH$gZerb XoemV Or Am W©H$

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189

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100 Pmbr Amho. `m g§»òV XaamoO â nS>Vo Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm H$°Zìhmg [ H$Vr ~hþAm`m_r hmoVr Amho `mMr H$ënZm `mdr. _mÜ`_o åhQ>br H$s EHo$ H$mir , [ [ d¥ÎmnÌo Xÿa MÌdmUr Am U Z^modmUr `mM _mÜ`_m§Mr MMm© hmoV hmoVr. AmO Ë`mV , [ , , B§Q>aZoQ> ãbm°J dœ _mo~mB©b Am`n°S>Ûmam hmoUmè`m _mÜ`_H«$m§VrMr â nS>br Amho. D$ g_mOmVrb H$mhr g_yhm§À`m Ñï>rZo Va nyduMr _mÜ`_ohr ~mX hmo bmJbr AmhoV. [ Ë`mMohr H$maU Amho. Ë`m _mÜ`_m§ dZm Amnbo H$mhr AS>V Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo [ Amho. Amnë`m XoemV Xa_hm Mma bmI ZdrZ _mo~mB©bYmaH$ dmT>V AmhoV Am U

B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaUmam§Mr g§»`m Joë`m ZdfmªV Xhm nQ>tZm dmT>br Amho. `m AmH$S>çm§H$So>

Xþb©j H$aVm òV Zmhr.63 [ [ , dûcofU… _mÜ`_H«$m§VrMm doJ Am U Ë`m_wio doJmZo KSy>Z òUmao ~Xb VgoM jUmjUmbm dmT>Umam V§ÌkmZmMm dmna `m Jmoï>tMm AmH$So>dmargh AmT>mdm òWo `_mOr [ [ _mbH$a `m§Zr KoVbm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Om ~Xbm§Mm doJ Am U ì`már `m§À`m damQ>nUmMr nQ>H$Z H$ënZm òVo. 64) [ [ nÌH$marVoV gm_m OH$ qMVm H$_r Pmbr Amho. gm hË`mgh AZoH$ Jmoï>tMo \ nÌm§Vrb ñWmZ H$_r Pmbo Amho. AZoH$ dm` $i Jmoï>tgmR>rMr OmJm dmT>br Amho.

190

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Zgbo Varhr.64 [ [ dûcofU… AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V [ [ [ eaboë`m Anàd¥ÎmtMo ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. EH$m ~mOybm gm_m OH$ qMVm KQ>V [ AgVmZm g_mO hVmÀ`m Zgboë`m AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm àmXþ^m©d hmoV Mmbbm Amho Ë`mMm Vo gmoXmhaU C„oI H$aVmV. 65) , [ [ na§Vw hohr Iao Amho H$s N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm deofV… ^m fH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm Omo [ [ [ dH$mg gÎmarÀ`m XeH$mZ§Va XgyZ Ambm Vmo ~mOmamÀ`m g_W©Zm edm` eŠ`

ZìhVm.65 [ [ [ dûcofU… AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m `m nwñVH$mV OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U ~mOmadmXmda gS>Hy$Z Q>rH$m Ho$br Agbr Var `m n[aÀN>oXmV ~mOmamÀ`m

191

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Ho$ë`mg Vo MwH$sMo R>aob. ~mOmamMo gmhmæ` ZgVo Va gw_mao XmoZeo nmZm§À`m } [ \ [ nwñVH$mbm bmJob BVH$m H$mJX XOXma Am U a§JrV N>nmB©gh Q>mB©åg Am° $ B§ S>`m qH$dm qhXþñWmZ Q>mB©åg gma»`m H$moUË`mhr _moR>çm d¥ÎmnÌmbm XmoZ qH$dm VrZ ê$n`o [ - BVŠ`m H$_r H$_VrV gH$mir gH$mir bmImo bmoH$m§À`m Xmamer nmoMdUo eŠ` Pmbo

ZgVo.66 [ [ [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m dH$mgmV ~mOmamMr ^y _H$m AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zm `oWo [ [ deX Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bobo ho dmñVd dXmaH$ Va AmhoM na§Vw àgma_mÜ`_o [ ~mOmamÀ`m BVŠ`m Amhmar OmÊ`m_mJMr H$maUohr Ë`m§À`m `m dûcofUmV gmnS>VmV. 67) [ \ [ Q>rìhr a§JrV Am U ì`mnH$ Pmbm Ë`mbm $ma Xdg Pmbo ZmhrV. d¥ÎmdmhÝ`m Va AJXrb AbrH$S>À`m AmhoV. nU EdT>çm H$mimVM N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌo [ [ Am U Q>rìhr `m§À`mVrb bT>mB©Zo AZoH$ ê$no KoVbr AmhoV. Q>rìhr dm hÝ`m§darb [ Om hamVr gmoS>ë`m Va Caboë`m ~mOmamda N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr OmñV H$ãOm Ho$bm [ [ [ Amho. OJmV Hw$R>ohr BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _r S>`mZo d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Oar Ji§H¥$V Ho$bo Zgbo Var [ Ë`m§Mm doJ Z¸$sM Jm`~ Ho$bm Amho. doJdmZ dH$mgmÀ`m ~m~VrV Va AmO B§Q>aZoQ> [ gdm©V nwT>o ZKyZ Jobo Amh.o 67

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[ [ [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio d¥ÎmnÌo Am U BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_o `m§À`mVrb [ bT>mB©Mo dU©Z `oWo AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr [ , d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Ji§H¥$V Ho$bo Zgbo Var Ë`m§Mm doJ Z¸$s Jm`~ Ho$bm Amho Ago Vo naIS>nUo _m§S>VmV. 68) [ [ , [ , Om hamV dê$Õ aMZmË_H$ boIZ g¥OZmË_H$ boIZ dê$Õ gmXarH$aU [ [ _m°So>qbJ dê$Õ A ^Z` `m§À`m Á`m XmoZ OJm§Mr MMm© Ho$br OmVo Vr AmVm Ho$di [ [ H$ënZoMr Jmoï> am hbobr Zmhr. Vo EH$ dmñVd Amho. Ë`mVhr Om hamVrÀ`m ~mOyMo D$ [ D$ nmaSo> OS> hmo bmJbo Amho Am U Ë`mMo Xþîn[aUm_hr CKS> hmo bmJbo AmhoV.68 [ A [ [ dûcofU… aqdX _mohZ Om hamVrMo àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb dmT>Vo _hÎd Am U Ë`mMo

Xþîn[aUm_ `mH$So> `oWo bj doYVmV. 69) [ [ nÌH$mam§Mr dmT>Vr XmXm Jar hr ~mOmadmXm_wio Z_m©U Pmbobr gdm©V _moR>r [ , , , , CUrd Amho. hr Zdr àd¥Îmr Amho. Oa ^«ï> A YH$mar amOH$maUr dH$sb R>oHo$Xma

Xbmb `m§Zm nÌH$mam§_wio Ìmg Pmbm Va R>rH$ Amho. Vg§ Pmb§hr Amho. Zì`m [ [ CnH$aUm§_wio àemgH$ Am U ZoË`m§Mo AZoH$ H$ñgo CKS> H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m _ZmV ^` [ [ Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. na§Vw gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$m§À`m _ZmVhr Ogo nmo bgm§À`m àVr AgVo [ [ D$ . Ë VemM àH$maMo ^` nÌH$mam§À`m df`rhr Z_m©U hmo bmJbo Amho ( `mV AmXamMr ) ^mdZmhr Amho. 69

193

[ dûcofU… nÌH$marVoÀ`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmVrb EH$ ^`mZH$ dmñVd AaqdX _mohZ [ [ `m§Zr `oWo _m§S>bo Amho. gm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmV Ë`m§À`m df`r Z_m©U hmoV Agbobo ^` qMVmOZH$ Agë`mMo _mohZ _mZVmV. 70) ~mVå`m§À`m g§X^m©V amOH$maUmbm OmñV _hÎd XoZo hr nÌH$marVoMr , , \ , AmUIr EH$ CUrd Amho. ImgXma bmM àH$aU VhbH$m ~mo $mog© noQ´>mob n§n , [ [ KmoQ>mim JwÝhoJmar Am U MÌnQ>g¥ï>r `m§À`m Xaå`mZMo g§~§Y CKS> Pmë`mnmgyZ nÌH$mam§Mr ZOa XþgarH$So>hr OmbmJbr Amho. Ioim§À`m ~mVå`m§Zmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ [ [ _iy bmJbo Amho. na§Vw AmOXoIrb amOH$maU Am U amOH$maUr `m§MmM nJS>m Ë`mda [ [ XgyZ `oVmo. _moR>çm ZoË`m§Zr H$mhrhr Ho$bo Var Ë`m§Zm d¥ÎmnÌm§V OmJm _iVoM. [ , [ , [ , [ XþgarH$So> Am W©H$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ gm hpË`H$ gm_m OH$ OrdZmVrb _moR>çm KQ>Zm§Mr [ , Cnojm Ho$br OmVo. dH$mgmÀ`m _moR>`m `moOZm§À`m KmofUm hmoVmV [a~rZ H$mnë`m , [ [ [ \ , [ OmVmV ZYr dVarV Ho$bm OmVmo na§Vw Ë`m§Mm H$Vr $m`Xm Pmbm H$Vr bmoH$m§n`ªV [ \ , [ [ dH$mgmMr $io nmoMbr n¡emMo H$m` Pmbo `mMm heo~ KoÊ`mV d¥ÎmnÌo Am U [ [ Z`VH$m bHo$ AÚmn _mJo AmhoV. n`m©daUmVrb ~Xbm§À`m g§X^m©Vrb AZoH$ _moR>çm [ [ [ KQ>Zm§da MMm© hmoV Zmhr. MÌnQ> Am U amOH$maUmer g§~§ YV Jßnm JaOonojm

OmñV OmJm KoVmV.70 [ , [ [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§VyZ Ioim§À`m ~mVå`m MÌnQ> Am U amOH$maUmg§~§Yr Jßnm [ `m§Zm PwH$Vo _mn Xbo OmV Agë`mMo AaqdX _mohZ `oWo gm§JVmV. _moR>çm ZoË`m§Zr

194

[ [ , [ , H$mhr Ho$bo Var Ë`m§Zm ñWmZ _iVo. _mÌ XþgarH$So> Am W©H$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ [ , [ [ gm hpË`H$ gm_m OH$ OrdZmVrb _moR>çm KQ>Zm Cno jV amhVmV hr _mohZ `m§Mr qMVm

J§^ra Amho. 71) [ naXoemVrb AZoH$ à gÕ d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m òÊ`Mr qH$dm XoemVrb ~S>çm [ CÚmoJm§er g§~§ YV KamÊ`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo d¥ÎmnÌo gwê$ hmoV Agë`mMr MMm© EoH$m`bm [ [ _iVo. Aem doir Ë`m§Mo ì`mdgm `H$ ñdmW©hr `m ì`dgm`mer OmoS>bobo AgVrb. [ N>moQ>çm nmVirda gwê$ Pmboë`m à`ËZm§VyZ EH$ _moR>m d¥ÎmnÌg_yh C^m am hë`mMo [ \ [ , , , AmnU nm hë`mbm $ma H$mi Pmbobm Zmhr. X„r àog OmJaU A_a COmbm ZB© [ , [ [ [ Xþ Z`m amOñWmZ n ÌH$mM Zìho Va B§ S>`Z EŠgàog Am U BpÊS>`m Qw>So>XoIrb - [ [ eãXe… EH$ EH$ Zð>mdmZ Am U _ohZVr bmoH$m§Zr Cô Ho$bo AmhoV. na§Vw AmVm Ago [ KS>Uo H$Xm MV eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr.71 [ [ dûcofU… amOH$maUr qH$dm CÚmoOH$ Am U àgma_mÜ`_o `m§À`mVrb ZmVog§~§Ym§Mr [ AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zr òWo MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m g§~§Ym§_wio amOH$s` d ì`mdgm `H$ [ ñdmW©hr àgma_mÜ`_ CÚmoJmer OmoS>bo OmVmV Ago _mohZ `m n[aÀN>oXmVyZ gy MV

H$aVmV. 72) [ AmO d¥ÎmnÌo gÎmoÀ`m dVw©imVhr gm_rb Pmbr AmhoV. g§gX Am U [ [ [ [ dYmZg^m§_Yrb A YH$m§e H$m_H$mO qhXr Am U àmXo eH$ ^mfm§_Ü`o hmobmJë`m_wio [ gÎmoV ~gboë`m bmoH$m§gmR>r qhXr qH$dm àmXo eH$ ^mfm§À`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr Cnojm H$aUo

AeŠ` ~Zbo Amho. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo gm_mÝ` _hÎd dmT>Ê`m_Üò `m ~m~rMohr `moJXmZ Amho. 195 na§Vw _mbH$ qH$dm Ë`m§À`m OdiÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr Ë`mMm AmUIr doJù`m nÕVrZohr \ [ $m`Xm KoVbm Amho. AmO d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _mbH$m§n¡H$s H$_mZ AYm© S>PZ _mbH$ amÁ`gôMr emo^m dmT>dV AmhoV.72 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… amOH$maU Am U àgma_mÜ`_o `m§À`m§Vrb J hè`m hVg§~§Ym§~m~V AaqdX [ [ _mohZ `m§Zr òWo qMVm Am U g§e` ì`º$ Ho$bm ho. H$_mZ AYm© S>PZ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo , [ [ _mbH$ amÁ`gôMr emo^m dmT>dV AmhoV `m dmŠ`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr J ^©V g§Ho$V Xbm [ Amho. Ë`mMm g§~§Y àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb dmT>Ë`m Xþîàd¥Îmr Am U KQ>Ë`m JwUdÎmoer Amho. 73) [ ~m§Yrb nÌH$marVm åhUOo gai gai ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm Odinmg ~§YH$mÀ`m [ [ ñdê$nmV R>odUo Am U Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _ZmOmo½`m ~mVå`m à gÕ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mÀ`m [ àH$mamMo Zmd Amho. ñH$m°Q>b±S>À`m _r S>`m [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> `m g§ñWoZo Ho$boë`m

Aä`mgmZwgma BamH$À`m `wÕmV gw_mao 903 Ago ~m§Yrb nÌH$ma gH«$s` hmoVo. Ë`mV

~hþVm§er A_o[aH$s g¡Ý`m~amo~a hmoVo nU H$mhr B§p½be g¡Ý`mgmo~Vhr 136 Ago

~m§Yrb nÌH$ma hmoVo.73 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§V eaboë`m Xþîàd¥Îmter g§~§ YV EH$ AË`§V J§^ra Am U

^`mZH$ dmñVd `oWo AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. 74) [ [ OJmV `m _m hVr H«$m§VrZo àË`oH$ ì`º$sbm _m hVrZo ^ê$Z Q>mH$bo Amho [ [ [ [ [ [ Am U Ë`m_wio Xdg| Xdg Ë`mbm A YH$m YH$ _m hVr ghOJË`m CnbãY hmoVo Amho. [ [ [ Am U Or bmoH$emhr `m H$m_mV ghmæ`H$mar ~ZVo Amho VoXoIrb doJmZo dH$ gV hmoV [ [ [ Amho. _r S>`mMm hm doJ Am U à^md nmhÿZ ~mOmahr Ë`mbm MH$Q>bm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m 196

[ [ Amë`m_wio _r S>`mMo _mg _r S>`mV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho. na§Vw \ ~mOmambm Ë`mMm OmñV $m`Xm Pmbm Amho.74 [ [ [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm doJ Am U à^md nmhÿZ ~mOma Ë`mbm MH$Q>bm. na§Vw \ Ë`m_wio ~mOmamMm OmñV $m`Xm Pmbm Ago gwMdV AgVmZmM àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm \ ~mOmamZo $m`Xm KoVbm Ago AaqdX _mohZ `m§Zm gwMdm`Mo Amho. 75) [ \ [ `mMm _r S>`mbm ñdV…bmhr $m`Xm Pmbm Amho. _r S>`mÀ`m AmVbo OJhr , ~Xbbo Amho Ë`mMr _yëòhr ~Xbbr AmhoV. Ë`mMr VmH$X dmT>br Amho. g_mOmV [ [ Ë`mMo ñWmZ Am U Ë`mÀ`màVr AmH$f©Uhr dmT>bo Amho. g_mOmVrb Mm§Jë`m à V^m , BH$So> Amë`m AmhoV òV AmhoV.75 [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_m§V ~XbË`m OJm_wio KS>bobo Mm§Jbo ~Xb òWo AaqdX _mohZ , [ _m§S>VmV. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m AmVbo OJ ~Xbbo Amho _yëò ~Xbbr AmhoV Am U [ , g_mOmVë`m Mm§Jë`m à V^m Ë`m§À`mH$So> òV AmhoV Ago _mohZ gm§JVmV. 76) [ [ hr _m hVr H«$m§Vr Am U ~Xbbobr n[apñWVr AmUÊ`mMo lo` AmnU [ [ D$ OmhranUo EH$Q>çm BboŠQ´>m° ZH$ _r S>`mbm Xo eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m , , AmJ_Zm_wio Zì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AmJ_ZmZo EH$m nmVirn`ªV ~mOmamÀ`m [ , AmJ_Zm_wiohr Ë`mbm Or _XV _imbr Amho Ë`mbm H$moUrhr ZmH$mê$ eH$V Zmhr [ Am U N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo `moJXmZhr ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.76

197

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Ë`mgmo~VM N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mohr `moJXmZ Agë`mMo AaqdX _mohZ òWo _mÝ` H$aVmV. 77) [ AmVm qàQ>_Üòhr ~Xb Ambm Amho. ~mOma VWohr Iyn H$mhr H$ê$Z Jobm [ [ [ [ Amho. _r S>`mMr gm_m OH$ O~m~Xmar Am U dH$mgmVrb ^mJrXmar `mgmaIo _wb^yV [ [ [ gÕm§V VWoXoIrb Hw$R>oVar _mJo gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. VWohr ~mOma hmM - [ , ñdm_r Amho. g§nmXH$mÀ`m OmJoda _mbH$ hm ñdm_r Amho. ~mVå`m§Mr ZdS> [ [ gmXarH$aU Am U àmYmÝ`H«$_ `mV dmMH$mÀ`m AmYr ~mOmamMm dMma gwê$ Pmbm , [ [ [ Amho. na§Vw AOyZ ~mVå`m Om hamVr Am U ~mOma `m§À`m_Üò doJionUm e„H$

Amho. hm doJionUm `m_wio Amho H$maU AIoa dmMH$mn`ªV nmoMm`Mo Amho. dmMH$mOdi [ \ gmjaVogmo~VM n¡gohr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am U n¡go XoVmo dm` $i Jmoï> KoUma , [ Zmhr. åhUyZM Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mbm ñne© H$aUmar Ë`mMo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmar _m hVr , XoÊ`mMo ~§YZ Amho. KQ>Zm Va gJù`mM AgVmV Ag§»` AgVmV. na§Vw Ooìhm [ , [ [ [ g_mOmer Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y XgVmo A YH$m YH$ bmoH$m§Mm g§~§Y XgVmo Voìhm Vr [ [ OmhranUo ~mV_r ~ZVo Am U dmMH$ ~ZÊ`mMr Am U ~ZdÊ`mÀ`mhr H$mhr AQ>r , [ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J§^ra _wÔo dûcofU AmOhr qàQ> qH$dm B§Q>aZoQ>MrM _ºo$Xmar _mZbr , OmVmV `mV Amü`© Zmhr. åhUyZM Omoda OJmVë`m gJù`m bmoH$m§Mr gmjaVm , , [ [ g_¥Õr gwI g_mZVm Am U _m hVrnmgyZ Xÿa amhÊ`mMr pñWVr H$m`_ Amho Vmoda [ [ [ qàQ> _r S>`m Ho$di Cn`wº$M Zmhr Va A Zdm`© Amho. Am U CÚm gJio OJ gwIr 198

, , [ Pmbo g_¥Õ Pmbo OmUH$ma Pmbo Va _J Vo H$moUË`mhr _r S>`mMm dmna H$amo. [ Amnë`m nÌH$marVoV `mM H$_mZ Jmoï>r H$miOrÀ`m AmhoV.77 [ [ [ [ [ dûcofU… _r S>`mMr gm_m OH$ O~m~Xmar Am U dH$mgmVrb ^mJrXmar `mgmaIo [ , _wb^yV gÕm§V _mJo nS>bo AgyZ ~mOma hmM ñdm_r ~Zbm Amho Ago AaqdX _mohZ

`oWo gm§JVmV. 78) , nÌH$mambm qH$dm g§nmXH$mbm Amnbo doJionU h„rÀ`m ^mfoV `w Eg nr [ , gÕ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ñdV…Mo ñdV…À`m A§Jr Agboë`m qH$dm Zgboë`mhr } [ JwUm§Mo _mH$qQ>J H$ê$Z PQ>nQ> nXo d nŠg© _idë`mZ§Va H$Yr Var [aPëQ>

XmIdÊ`mMr doi `oVo Voìhr hr _§S>ir EŠgnmoO hmoVmV. Iam Mm§Jbm nÌH$ma Aem [ Wambm OmV Zmhr. Vmo XJS>mbm XJS> Am U Ym|S>çmbm Ym|S>mM åhUVmo. _mbH$mZo , [ ? qH$dm ~m°gZo ~¡b Jm^U åhUVmM Va Xhmdm _ hZm Amho Ago åhUUmao nÌH$mahr

H$_r ZmhrV.78 [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio dmT>bobr ñnYm© _mÜ`_m§_Ü`o H$moUË`m Wambm nmoMbr [ [ Amho Vo `m boImV gmo_ZmW nmQ>rb `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. g§nmXH$s` d^mJmer g§~§ YV ho ~Xb EHy$UM d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_ joÌmÀ`m Amamo½`mgmR>r KmVH$ AmhoV. 79) AWm©V hr _§S>ir Aer H$m Pmbr `mMrhr H$maUo AmhoV. g_mOmMo EHy$U [ , , Z`§ÌU H$aUmao amOH$maU g_mOH$maU d Y_©H$maU `mgmaIo Oo _moR>o ì`dhma Vohr [ [ [ AgoM Pmbo Agë`mZo Ë`mMo à Vq~~ e¡j UH$ d gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ì`dhmamV C_Q>Uo

199

, An[ahm`© Amho. AmYr _r Om°~ hm°qnJMm ZmoH$ar ~XbUmè`m nÌH$mam§Mm C„oI Ho$bm. , , [ [ [ nU `mM H$mimV nj g§KQ>Zm dMma `m§À`mdaÀ`m Zð>m ~XbUmao d H$VrVar doim [ , njm§Va H$ê$Z gÎmm _idUmè`m ZoË`m§H$So> Á`m g_mOmMo ZoV¥Îd Amho Ë`m g_mOmV ho ? [ , An[ahm`© Zìho H$m` ZQ>ZQ>çm Á`m doJmZo Amnbo d¡dm hH$ nmQ>©Za ~XbVmV (h„r [ Va ddmhmMmhr àý Zmhr) VemM doJmZo nwT>mar bmoH$ nj ~XbVmV. _J nÌH$mam§Zr ? Var ZmoH$è`m ~XbÊ`mV _mJo H$m amhmdo JaO Zmhr. nU Ago H$aVmZm Aä`mgy [ [ nÌH$marVm ZmdmMo Oo _yi ^m§S>db Amho Vo J_mdyZ MmbUma Zmhr. ao S>_oS> _m hVr dm [ [ , [ [ [ [ ao S>_oS> ZdoXZmà_mUo ao S>_oS> _Vo d dMma ñdrH$maUmè`m nÌH$mam§Mr nT>r Z_m©U [ \ hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Q>mibm nm hOo. Á`mbm B§J«OrV BqQ>J AmAm° $ g_dÝg h°ÊS>g , åhUVmV Vo Aä`mgy nÌH$mamÀ`m ~m~VrV KSy>Z MmbUma Zmhr.79 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… _m hVr `wJmMm _moR>m VmoQ>m åhUOo EH$m pŠbH$da gd©H$mhr ao S>_oS> _iVo. [ [ , [ , [ [ nU `m_wio ao S>_oQ> _m hVr ZdoXZo dMma d _Vo ñdrH$maUmè`m nÌH$mam§Mr nT>r [ D$ , Z_m©U hmo Zò Aer Anojm gmo_ZmW nmQ>rb `m§Zr òWo ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. 80) [ à_moeZgmR>r ~m° bdyS> Q>rìhrda n¡emMm dfm©d H$aV§ Amho Ia§ nU [ [ XþgarH$So> Q>rìhr M°ZëgH$Sy>Z ñdV…Mr dZm_yë` Om hamV H$ê$Z Ë`m n¡emMr \ [ [ Xm_XþßnQ> o$S> H$ê$Z KoV Amho. gJio [aA° bQ>r emoO Am U Ý`yO M°Zëg àËòH$ [ [ AmR>dS>çmV bmJUmè`m MÌnQ>m§À`m _m hVrIoarO Ë`mÀ`m H$bmH$mam§Zm Amnmnë`m

200

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H$erhr Agbr Var Vr Mm§Jbr Jmoï> Amho. Amnmngm§Vrb ñnYm© Vo `m Jmoï>rÀ`m AmS> D$ [ `o XoV ZmhrV. Am_Mo _Q>m Am U bmoH$gÎmm dfm©VyZ EH$Xm InmÀ`m AmH$S>çmdê$Z [ EH$_oH$m§Mr Q>m§J IoMVmV. dmñV dH$ XmoKm§Zmhr CÎm_ dmMH$dJ© Amho. Amnmnë`m [ - ? nonaMm In H$Vr Amho Ë`mÀ`mer Ë`mbm H$m` XoU§ KoU§ Amho `m XmoKm§Zr [ [ EH$_oH$m§À`m dmT> XdgmMr Am U nwañH$ma gmohù`mMr Aer XIb ¿`m`bm H$m` ? haH$V Amho 81 [ dûcofU… Q>rìhrMo Ý`yO M°Zëg EH$_oH$m§À`m d¥Îmg_yhmVrb _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mo [ VgoM bmâQ>a emoOMo ~mB©Q²g XmIdVmV. na§Vw hr Jmoï> Z…ewëH$ Amho H$s gewëH$

Aer e§H$m Aê$Um A§VaH$a `m§Zr `oWo ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. `oWo EH$ Jmoï> gm§Jmdrer dmQ>Vo Vr åhUOo ñQ>ma _mPm qH$dm ñQ>ma Ý`yO Amnë`m d¥Îmg_yhmVrb ñQ>ma àdmh , qH$dm ñQ>ma Q>rìhr `m M°ZbdaÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§MoM ~mB©Q²g XmIdVmV Vo Pr g_yhmVrb 201

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_m§S>VmV ho _mÝ` H$amdo bmJob.

202

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203

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`oWo Aê$Um A§VaH$a `m§Zr _m§S>b§ Amho. 85) [ S>m°. dO`m dmS> `m§Zr àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Q>rìhr ho à^mdr Aó Amho [ , , Am U Ë`mMm e¡edmda C_bË`m d`mda nm¡J§S>mdñWoda hmoUmam n[aUm_ bjmV [ , KogánXr gm§ JVbr Amho. Ë`mV KamVbm Q>rìhr åhUOo gd©ñd Zìho KamVbr _mUg§ [ , [ [ åhUOo Amnb§ gd©ñd Amho ho H$Yrhr dgê$ ZH$m Ago eodQ>r b hbo Amho.85

204

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205

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Zmhr. nU OZVoMr Ë`mda MMm© _mÌ gwê$ hmoVo.89

206

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à~moYZ hmoV Zmhr. CbQ> H$modù`m d`mVrb _wbm§Mo ZH$mo Vo à~moYZ ~aoMXm hmoVo.90 [ [ dûcofU… àgma_mÜ`_o Ano jV Agm (nwamoJm‘r) g_mO~Xb Z¸$sM KS>dyZ AmUy , [ eH$VmV. nU Vr OmJonUrM PmonoM§ gm|J KoVmV Ag§ à V_m B§Jmobo `oWo _m§S>VmV. [ [ Ë`mgmR>r Vo dm hÝ`m§darb _m bH$m§Mo CXmhaU XoVmV. 91) WmoS>Š`mV AmO àgma_mÜ`_o hr gdm©V gj_ Ago bmoH$à~moYZmMr gmYZo D [ , , hmo eH$VmV. Vr ejU ì`dgm` Amamo½` AWdm H$m`m©b`rZ joÌmV IynM gmhmæ`H$mar R>ê$ eH$VmV. amOH$maUmV Va Vr à^mdr Aó åhUyZhr dmnabr 207

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ìhm`bm hdo.92

208

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209

, , ~ZyZ Jobm Amho. `mIoarO àgma_mÜ`_m§M§ AmOM§ ñdê$n Ë`mVë`m A§YlÕm [ [ - CÎmoOZmË_H$ ~mVå`m Am U _m bH$m. Ë`mVyZ ZmJarH$m§À`m OmUrdm ZoUrdm `mda , , hmoUmao KmVH$ n[aUm_ `mÀ`m MMm© bmoH$b_Üò ~g_Üò KamKamV Mmby AgVmV.95 [ dûcofU… Áòð> nÌH$ma AdYyV naiH$a òWo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m AmOÀ`m , [ ñdê$nm~Ôb ^mî` H$aVmV. Ë`mVë`m A§YlÕm CÎmoOZmË_H$ _m bH$m `mVyZ , ZmJarH$m§da KmVH$ n[aUm_ hmoVmV Ago Vo _m§S>VmV. 96) [ ^yH§$nmM§ H|$Ð XmIdmd§ Vg§ AmOÀ`m gm§ñH¥$ VH$ H$mobmhbmM§ H|$Ð åhUyZ

àgma_mÜ`_m§H$So> ~moQ> XmIdb§ OmV§. _mÌ Vo XmIdVmZm EH$ ~moQ> Amnë`mH$So> dibob§ AgV§ hr dñVypñWVr AmnU gX¡d bjmV ¿`m`bm hdr. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m [ , [ AmOÀ`m dKmVH$ ñdê$nmda H$moUVrhr Q>rH$m Q>ßnUr qH$dm empãXH$ h„m H$aVmZm [ AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmM§ ^mZ gm§^mib§ nm hOo Vo åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_§ åhUOo H$mhr naŠ`m eº$s ZìhoV. _mÜ`_mMo g§MmbH$ qH$dm g§nmXH$ H$mhr Am^mimVyZ nS>bobo D$Z [ ZmhrV. Vo Amnë`mn¡H$sM H$mhr bmoH$ AbrH$Sy>Z nbrH$So> Om ~gbo AmhoV Am U [ AmnUM ~miJboë`m VÎdm§M§ C„§KZ H$ê$Z AmO Vo _mÜ`_m§M§ Z`§ÌU H$aVm`oV [ \ , -nadmn ªV Am U Ë`mVyZ Z $mImoarM§ M§JidmXmM§ g_W©Z H$ê$ nmhVm`V. H$mb ` D$Z [\ } e~Z_ Pmoir Ko J«m_rU ^mJmV $aUmao Amnbo ghH$mar AmVm H$m°nmaoQ> joÌmMo

àdºo$ ~ZboV.96

210

[ [ [ dûcofU… gm§ñH¥$ VH$ H$mobmhb Am U àgma_mÜ`_m§M§ AmOM§ ñdê$n ho , Amnë`mVë`mM H$mhr AbrH$Sy>Z nbrH$So> Joboë`m bmoH$m§Zr Ho$b§ Amho Ag§ gm§JVmZm -nadmn ªV D$Z [\ AdYyV naiH$a `m§Zr H$mb ` e~Z_ Pmoir Ko J«m_rU ^mJmV $aUmao } , Amnbo ghH$mar AmVm H$m°nmaoQ> joÌmMo àdºo$ ~ZboV `m eãXm§V _mÜ`_m§Vrb hm ~Xb [ Q>nbm Amho. 97) AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmM§ gË` Oo `m g§X^m©V ZOaoAmS> H$aVm H$m_m Z`o Vo [ [ [ VrZ XeH$m§V Vm§ ÌH$ Am U d¡km ZH$ àJVrZ§ XoemVrb n`m©daUmV KS>dyZ AmUbobo [ , [ ~Xb. `m ~XbmMo ZmJarH$m§À`m _mZ gH$Voda OrdZe¡brda Am U _yë`m§da hmoV

Jobobo n[aUm_ `m_wio ~arM CbWmnmbW KSy>Z Ambr Amho.97 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… Joë`m VrZ XeH$m§V Vm§ ÌH$ Am U d¡km ZH$ àJVrZ§ XoemVrb n`m©daUmV [ , [ KS>dyZ AmUboë`m ~Xbm§Mo n[aUm_ ZmJarH$m§Mr _mZ gH$Vm OrdZe¡br Am U , _yë`m§da Pmbo AgyZ Ë`m_wio ~arM CbWmnmbW KSy>Z Ambr Amho Ag§ AdYyV naiH$a gm§JVmV. 98) , , g_mOn[adV©Z Midir nÌH$marVm hr H$mhr AmVm Ü`o`dmXr _§S>itZr [ Mmbdm`Mr godm joÌ§ am hbr ZmhrV. Vo AmVm ì`dgm` ~ZyZ Jobobo AmhoV. [ [ [ - gmh OH$M CÚmoOH$ Am U ì`mdgm `H$ bmoH$ Ë`mM§ gyÌg§MmbZ H$aVmhoV. kmZ [dkmZ, [ [ -VmoQ>çmÀ m dMmaàgmamÀ`m `m joÌmVë`m hmbMmbtZm AmVm Am W©H$ Zâ`m ` \ [ \ w$Q>nQ²>Q>çm bmdyZ _moOÊ`mV `oVo Amho. Á`mV A YH$ Z $m Vo kmZ _hÎdmMo Aer

211

, [ , YmaUm Ë`mVyZ ngaV Mmbbr Amho. n[aUm_r kmZ dkmZ à~moYZ `mÀ`m ì`m»`mhr

PnmQ>çmZ§ ~XbV Mmbë`m AmhoV.98 [ [ dûcofU… nÌH$marVm ho godm joÌ am hb§ ZgyZ Vo AmVm ì`dgm` ~ZyZ Job§ Amho. [ Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$gm hmoV Amho `mMo dûcofU AdYyV naiH$a `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmVyZ

Ho$b§ Amho. 99) [ [ Xÿa MÌdmUrMo H$m`©H«$_ àgmarV H$aUmar XÿaXe©Z ZmdmMr gaH$mar dm hZr [ [ 40 dfmªnydu gwê$ Pmbr Voìhm H$a_UwH$sÛmao ejU ho VM§ ~«rX dmŠ` hmoV§. } [ gwê$dmVrMr XmoZ df gmoS>br Va Z§VaÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV hiyhiy ejU `m eãXmbm Jm¡U [ _hÎd àmá Pmb§. AmO H$a_UwH$sÛmao H$a_UyH$ Ag§ à~moYZa hV Ü`o` XÿaXe©ZgH$Q> [ [ \ gd© dm hÝ`m§Zr Amnë`mg_moa R>odbob§ XgV§. Amnë`m _yi g§H$ënZoer $maH$V

KoVbr H$s Ü`o` YmoaUmV CbWmnmbW hmoU§ An[ahm`© AgV§. àmYmÝ`H«$_M ~XbyZ [ , OmVmV. ho Ho$di Xÿa MÌdmUr _mÜ`_mV KS>b§ Ag§ Zmhr. AmH$medmUrda KS>b§ [ d¥ÎmnÌmVhr KS>b§. _mÌ AmO g_mOmda Xÿa MÌdmUrMm nJS>m BVa H$moUË`mhr [ [ àgma_mÜ`_mnojm A YH$ Amho. BVa _mÜ`_§ Ë`mÀ`m N>m`oV _mJ©H«$_U H$aVmZm XgV

AmhoV.99

212

[ [ dûcofU… H$a_UwH$sÛmao ejU Aem Ü`o`dmXr ~«rXmnmgyZ H$a_UwH$sÛmao H$a_UyH$

Aem ~«rXmn`ªV Pmbobm àdmgmMm C„oI AdYyV naiH$a `oWo H$aVmV. hm n[aUm_ \ _yi g§H$ënZoer $maH$V KoVë`m_wio Pmë`mMohr Vo gm§JVmV.

100) àgma_mÜ`_m§H$So> AmnU H$moUË`m ZOaoZ§ nmhmVmo `mnojm _hÎdmM§ Amho Vo

àgma_mÜ`_§ Amnë`mH$So> H$moUË`m ZOaoZ§ nmhVmV ho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ZOa hr [ , EImÚm ì`mnmè`mÀ`m ZOaoà_mUo Amho. Vr Amnë`mH$So> JèhmB©H$ åhUyZ nmhVo àojH$

åhUyZ Zmhr. H$a_UwH$sMr XþH$mZ§ WmQy>Z àgma_mÜ`_§ XþH$mZXma ~Zbr AmhoV. Voìhm ho [ gma§ AQ>i åhUmd§ bmJob. EH$m Á`oð> g§nmXH$m§Z Va nadm gm§ JVb§ Amåhr H$mhr [ - , Q>iH$ AmJaH$am§Mm dmagm Mmbdm`bm ~gbobmo Zmhr. H$mi ~Xbbm Amho d¥ÎmnÌ \ [ ì`dgm`mV AmVm àmo o$eZ° bP_ Ambm Amho. d¥ÎmnÌmH$So> Amåhr EH$ àm°S>ŠQ> åhUyZ - [ ~KVmo EImX§ gm~UmM§ àm°S>ŠQ> Agmd§ Vg§ Am_M§ dV©_mZnÌ Amho. JèhmB©H$m§À`m [ [ Ñï>rZ§ Vo A YH$m YH$ AmH$f©H$ H$g§ hmoB©b `mH$So> Amåhr bj nwadVmo.100 [ , dûcofU… H$a_UwH$sMr XþH$mZ§ WmQy>Z àgma_mÜ`_§ XþH$mZXma ~Zbr AmhoV Ag§ [ åhUVmZmM Vo AQ>i Agë`mM§ AdYyV naiH$a `oWo _mÝ` H$aVmV. JèhmB©H$mbm [ AmH$ f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmH$f©H$ àm°S>ŠQ> ~Zdm`À`m _mJo àgma_mÜ`_o bmJbr AmhoV.

213

Aem arVrZo _mÜ`_m§Mm EHy$UM g_mOmH$So> ~KÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ ~Xbë`mMo naiH$a gm§JVmV. 101) [ [ [ dm±Q>oS> E S>Q>a… ZrS> Zm°Q> ~r A OZm© bñQ> Aer EH$ Om hamV AS>rM EH$ [ [ dfmªnydu EH$m X¡ ZH$mV Ambr hmoVr. Om hamV XoUmè`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ `m XmoZ AmoitVyZM [ \ ñnï> Pmbm hmoVm. Om hamVXmam§Zm $º$ EH$ g§nmXH$ hdm hmoVm. Vmo nÌH$ma AgbmM [ , [ , , nm hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h ZìhVm. Ë`mMm AW© Vmo H$maHy$Z MÌH$ma ì`dñWmnH$

ßb§~a qH$dm S>moAaH$snagwÕm Ë`m§Zm Mmbbm AgVm Agm hmoVm. Amåhr Á`mbm ~Zdy , [ Vmo g§nmXH$ Agm ÜdÝ`W© Om hamVXmam§Mm hmoVm. dm±Q>oS> gO©Z… ZrS> Zm°Q> ~r A , \ , S>m°ŠQ>a dm±Q>oS> àmo o$ga… ZrS> Zm°Q> ~r E Q>rMa dm±Q>oS> A°ŠQ>a… ZrS> Zm°Q> ~r A°Z [ D$Z ! [ AmQ>uñQ> Aem Om hamVr Xo ~Km ~ao bmoH$ Ë`m Om hamVXmam§Zm doSo>M R>adVrb. ? - _J g§nmXH$m§~m~V Aer qh_V H$er hmoVo g§nmXZ ho H$m_ Hw$Ê`m Eoè`m J¡è`mMo Amho , ? [ D$Z , H$s H$m` Oo Hw$Umbmhr O_mdo nU Aer Om hamV `o Jobr Iar AZ Vmo O_mZm - \ `oV Mmbbm Amho Iam. åhUOo g§nmXH$m§Zm gmoå`m Jmoå`mMm S>Jbm MT>dÊ`mMm $ma

_moR>m H$mdm CbJS>V Mmbbm Amho.101 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_o H$moUË`m dKmVH$ Q>moH$mÀ`m XeoZo àdmg

H$aV AmhoV `mMm C„oI `oWo Á`oð> _mÜ`_VÁk O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. \ , g§nmXH$m§Zm gmoå`mJmoå`mMm S>Jbm KmbÊ`mMm $ma _moR>m H$mdm CbJS>V Mmbbm Amho [ [ Agohr Vo b hVmV.

214

102) [ , , d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _mbH$ H$Vrhr _wOmoa ~ZmoV Vo d¥ÎmnÌmbm àm°S>ŠQ> åhUmoV , dmMH$mbm H§$Â`w_a R>admoV H$s g§nmXH$mbm _°ZoOa ~ZdmoV EH$m Jmoï>rda Ë`m§Mo [ [ , [ A O~mV Z`§ÌU Zmhr Vr åhUOo dmMH$m§Mr gmamgma ddoH$~wÕr. A§H$ EH$ én`mV , , [ , XoVmo àË`oH$ nmZ a§JrV XoVmo amoO CKS>rZmJS>r MÌo N>mnVmo A§H$ doioda nmoMbm Zmhr , [ [ [ åhUyZ j_m _mJVmo MwH$s~Ôb Xb Jar ì`º$ H$aVmo Aem H¡$H$ Šc¥ßË`m H$Ë`oH$m§Zr [ ? , dmnaë`m. nU Q>Ho$b H$moU Á`m§Zr dmMH$mÀ`m ~wÕrMr Moï>m Ho$br Zmhr VoM. Á`m§Zr \ [ dmMH$m§Zm $gdy nm hbo Vo gmao aÔrV O_m Pmbo.102 [ [ [ [ dûcofU… OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm à^md H$Vrhr Xm§S>Jm Agbm Am U Ë`m_wio [ [ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo àmYmÝ`H«$_ H$Vrhr ~Xbbo Agbo Var dmMH$ (Am U àojH$)hmM

àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho. Vmo Ë`m§Zr Onm`bm hdm Ago òWo O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr [ gy MV Ho$bo Amho. 103) [ [ [ EImXr Om hamV Q>rìhrda gwê$ hmoVo Voìhm VÀ`mnwT>o H$Vr S>moio AmhoV [ [ [ [ `mda Ë`m Om hamVrMo Am U Vr XmIdUmè`m dm hZrMo è R>aVo. MÌnQ>mBVH$m [ - , AdH$me Q>rìhrbm H$YrM _iV Zmhr. AR>am drg B§Mm§À`m OmJoV AË`§V H$_r [ [ , AdYrV Am U H$_r eãXm§V Oo XmIdm`Mo Vo H$_mbrMo à^mdr Agbo nm hOo hm [ [ Q>rìhrMm Z`_. Ë`m_wio `m _mÜ`_mbm g_OVmV Ë`m Om hamVrM. åhUyZ XmoZ [ , [ H$m`©H«$_m§À`m_Üò Á`m AgVmV Ë`m Om hamVr Ago ZgyZ XmoZ Om hamVr XmIdyZ Omo , [ , - doi CaVmo Ë`mV ~mVå`m _m bH$m Ioi Aer ì`m»`m AmVm Pmbr Amho. Aem

215

, \ , , , _mÜ`_m§da ñnYm© Z $m ~mOma `m§Mo àM§S> XS>nU Amho. åhUyZ gm¡å` gmoÁdi , gnH$ gmÜ`m KS>m_moS>r VoWo Ame` åhUyZ `oeH$V ZmhrV.103 [ [ [ [ [ dûcofU… Om hamVr Am U H$m`©H«$_ `m§Mo à_mU H$Vr Amho `mMo naIS> MÌ `oWo

O`Xod S>moio `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. Ë`mVyZ _mÜ`_m§Mr dmMH$ d àojH$m§àVrMr ~m§YrbH$s [ H$_r hmoV AgyZ Vr Om hamVXmam§H$So> OmñV PwH$V Agë`mMohr S>moio `m§Zm gwMdm`Mo

Amho. 104) [ OmñVrV OmñV JèhmB©H$ Amnë`mH$So> H$go IoMbo OmB©b d IoMbobo [ , , pIidyZ H$go R>odVm `oB©b `mMmM gmam hemo~ AgVmo. åhUyZ gä`Vm gm¡OÝ` , [ \ gm¡å`Vm gm_§Oñ` Ago H$VrVar _mZdr g§ñH$ma gm $ nwgbo OmVmV. ñnYm© [ } A_mZdrM Agmdr Am U ñnYV Amboë`m gd© _yë`m§Zm dñVwê$nM `mdo Agm ì`yh [ [ gJirH$Sy>Z aMbm OmVmo. ~hþVoH$ dm hÝ`m§_Ü`o Oå_yV XheVdmÚm§À`m damoYmV

Amnë`m bîH$amZo CKS>bobr _mohr_ H°_oè`mV ~§X H$aÊ`mMr OmoaXma ñnYm© CgiVo. , , [ gd©Ì Jmoir~ma Mmbbobm X~H$V X~H$V hmbMmbr Pmboë`m AmXoe Am U gyMZm \ , [ `m§À`mV ¡$ar PS>boë`m g^modVr O§Jb Zmhr Va B_maVr Am U H°_oè`mÀ`m g§JVrbm , [ [ dmVm©hamMo YmdVo dU©Z Ago Ñí` AmnU gdmªZr ImgJr dm hÝ`m§da AZoH$Xm nm hbo [ ? [ , Amho. qhgoMo BVHo$ doS> dm hÝ`m§Zm H$emgmR>r edmZr ^Q>ZmJa IyZ àH$aU [ , , , , _Yw _Vm ewŠbm IyZ àH$aU `mV qhgm goŠg gÎmm g§nÎmr gm¢X`© Aem gd©

AmH$f©H$ Ame`mMm nwaonya ^aUm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio gVV Ë`m§Mm Amnë`mda _mam Pmbm. [ [ AmVm Va dV©_mZnÌm§à_mUo dm hÝ`m§Zr JwÝho df`H$ dmVm© ñdV§ÌnUo Úm`bm Ama§^ 216

, , [ , Ho$bm Amho. `m àH$maÀ`m ZmQ>çnyU© dmVmªH$ZmV ^mdZm ZmVr dMma _yëò `m [ gmè`m§Mr dmQ> bmdbr OmVo. àËòH$ nmÌ VodT>çmnwaVo òVo Am U OmVo. EH$ gw§Xa n°Ho$O gmXa Ho$bo OmVo.104 [ , , , , [ dûcofU… `wÕ AnhaU MH$_H$ IyZ Aem KQ>Zm§À`m ZmQ>çnyU© MÌUmMm C„oI } [ òVo O`Xod S>moio H$aVmV. ñnYMo A_mZdr ñdê$n Am U gd© _yë`m§Zm Ambobo [ [ dñVwê$n Agm ì`yh gJirH$Sy>Z aMbm OmVmo` ho Ë`m§Mo ZarjU OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio

_mÜ`_m§V Pmboë`m ~Xbm§Mm ^rfU Moham CKS> H$aUmao Amho. 105) [ D AbrH$S>rb _mÜ`_ åhUOo H«$Ho$Q> dëS©> H$n 99Mo CXmhaU Ko . hm gwê$ , [ [ Pmbm 24 _o 99 amoOr na§Vw AmYr AZoH$ _ hZo CËgdr dmVmdaU Vmn dÊ`mMr [ [ nyd©V`mar gwê$ Pmbr. H«$Ho$Q> IoiUmè`m Xoem§V Am U AndmXmË_H$ `wamonr` Xoem§V [ gd© AmYw ZH$ _mÜ`_o EH$OwQ>rZo Ë`mV CVabr. ^maVmgma»`m C_bË`m ~mOmanoR>oV [ [ , OmñV Omo_ hmoVm. Ë`m§Mm hm CÚmoJ Om hamVXmam§À`m AmYmam dZm hmoV Zmhr Ë`m_wio [ [ CÚmoJY§Úm§Zr Om hamVH§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z Amnmnë`m dëS©> H$n ñnoeb Om hamVr V`ma

H$ê$Z KoVë`m. Ë`m AZoH$m§Zr ~Kmì`m åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mV ñnYm© gwê$ Pmbr. Hw$Ur - [ IoimSy§>gmR>r Hw$Ur àojH$m§gmR>r (Ë`m§Zm dñVyMo J«mhH$ ~ZdyZ) ~ jgo bmdbr. [ [ [ XÿaXe©ZZo àjonUmMo h¸$ àM§S> H$_Vrbm dH$V KoVbo. Ë`m IMm©Mm naVmdm Am U \ [ , [ [ $m`Xm _idÊ`mgmR>r Om hamVXmam§Zm doi dH$Ê`mMr namH$mð>m Mmbdbr.105

217

[ [ dûcofU… _mÜ`_ CËgdm~m~V gwf_m XmVma `m§Zr `m n[aÀN>oXmV _hÎdmMo ZarjU [ , } [ _m§S>bo Amho. ho CËgd åhUOo Om hamVXma _mÜ`_H$V Am U ~mOma `m§À`mVrb

`wVrMo àVrH$ Amho. Ë`mV dmMH$ d àojH$ `m§Zm H$mhrM ñWmZ ZgVo hoXoIrb `mVyZ

XmVma `m§Zm gwMdm`Mo Amho. [ [ 5.4 ZarjUmÛmao _m hVr g§H$bZ [ , [ - ho _m hVr H«$mÝVrMo `wJ Amho _m hVr H«$mÝVr OmUÊ`mMo Ë`mMm bm^ KoÊ`mMo [ Am U Ë`mÀ`mgmo~V `oUmè`m AmOmam§nmgyZ ñdV…bm dmMdÊ`mMr V`mar H$aÊ`mMo `wJ [ [ Amho. `m dYmZmVrb nydm©Ym©da OmoaXma H$m_ gwê$ Amho. na§Vw `m dYmZmÀ`m [ , CÎmamYm©À`m XeoZo AÚmn H$m_ Pmbobo Zmhr. `mH$So> g_mOmVë`m OmUH$ma [ [ dMmad§V bmoH$m§Zr Am U àË`j àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m bmoH$m§Zrhr Xþb©jM Ho$bo Amho. Á`mo [ Jmoï>r AmnU gÕmÝVmÀ`m ê$nmZo dmMVmo Ë`m Jmoï>r Hw$R>oVar _mJo amhÿZ OmVmV. } [ XþgarH$So> àgma_mÜ`_o gÎmoÀ`m MMV BVŠ`m doJmZo ^mJrXma ~ZV AmhoV Am U [ ñdV…Mr VmH$X dmT>dV AmhoV H$s B VhmgmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr Q>ßß`mÀ`m VwbZoV Vr [ [ [ Amnë`m gdmªMo OrdZ A YH$ à^m dV H$aÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV AmhoV Am U Á`m doJmZo , [ [ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr ^m§S>db ~mOma Am U V§ÌkmZmbm AmH$ f©V Ho$bo Amho qH$dm `m [ [ [ - VÝhr Jmoï>r Ë`m§À`mH$So> AmH$ f©V Pmë`m AmhoV Ë`mMm dMma H$aVm `oË`m Xhm [ , dfmªVM MÌ H$m` Agob `mMr H$ënZm H$aUo _wíH$sb Amho.106

218

[ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mda [ [ g§emoYZmgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m `m àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m [ , , [ KQ>H$m§Mo ZarjU Ho$bo. gH$mi bmoH$_V bmoH$gÎmm Am U nwT>mar hr Mma d¥ÎmnÌo [ [ [ Am U Am`~rEZ bmoH$_V d ñQ>ma _mPm `m XmoZ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mr Ë`mgmR>r ZdS> Ho$br. [ - `m gd© _mÜ`_m§Mo 2008 Vo 2011 `m H$mimV ZarjU Ho$bo. `mMo H$maU XmoZ [ [ [ _ hZo ZarjU H$ê$Z OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>bobo ~Xb OmUyZ KoUo eŠ` Zmhr. [ [ [ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo Ñí` n[aUm_ XgÊ`mgmR>r XrK©H$mi ZarjU H$aÊ`mMr JaO [ ^mgVo. ho bjmV Kog§emoYH$mZo darbàH$mao ZarjU Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ g§emoYZ [ [ [ [ , [ df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo ì`mnH$ ZarjUo Ho$br. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ [ [ [ [ Am U gm_m OH$ n[aUm_m§ df`rMo ZarjU nwT>rb n[aÀN>oXmV Zm|Xdbo Amho.

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220

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Ë`m§À`mgmo~VÀ`m g§dmXmMm gmam§e n[a[eï> ~ _Ü`o [dñVmamZo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho.

5.6 gmam§e } Aem arVrZo `m ghmì`m àH$aUmV gdjUmVyZ hmVr Amboë`m _m[hVrMo AW©[Zd©MZ [dûcofU Am[U H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mgmo~VM gXa g§emoYZ , [df`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _hÎdmMr _m[hVr _Vo d [dMma `m§Mohr [dûcofU

H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM g§emoYZ [df`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb AZoH$ VÁk ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z , àmá Ho$bobr _mhVr _Vo d [dMma `m§Mmhr g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m gJù`m

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221

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225

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75. , 10 VÌ¡d n¥. 1 . 76. , 10 VÌ¡d n¥. 1 . 77. , 19 VÌ¡d n¥. 1 . 78. , . !, nmQ>rb gmo_ZmW g§H«$_U… g§nmXH$s` H$m_mMo qMVZ AmXoe ( [ ),[ àgma_mÜ`_ deofm§H$ Xdmir A§H$ 2009. n¥. 25. 79. , VÌ¡d n¥. 25. 80. , . [ !, A§VaH$a Aê$Um Q>rìhrZ§ ( ~)KSdbr gmar _mÜ`_o qMVZ AmXoe ( [ ),[ - àgma_mÜ`_ deofm§H$ Xdmir A§H$ 2009. n¥. 40 41. 81. , VÌ¡d n¥. 41. 82. , VÌ¡d n¥. 41. 83. , VÌ¡d n¥. 41. 84. , VÌ¡d n¥. 41. 85. , [ . [ , dmS> dO`m Q>rìhr Am U ~më` Vo nm¡J§S>mdñWm qMVZ AmXoe ( [ ),[ àgma_mÜ`_ deofm§H$ Xdmir A§H$ 2009. n¥. 45. 86. , . [ [ [ [ dmidoH$a> g_raU bpIV d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mm A_`m© XV doJ Am U àojH$m§Mr [ ! , ( [ ),[ _mZ gH$Vm , qMVZ AmXoe àgma_mÜ`_ deofm§H$ Xdmir A§H$ 2009. n¥. 46. 87. , VÌ¡d n¥. 47.

228

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229

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, { { \ àH$aU ghmdo… gmam§e ZîH$f© d e $magr

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233

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234

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Ambo Amho.

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Amho.

235

{ { àH$aU nmMdo… _m hVrMo g§H$bZ d dûcofU { { { `m nmMì`m àH$aUmV g§emoYH$mZo d dY gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _idbobr { { { { _m hVr gmaÊ`m§À`m ñdê$nmV _m§S>br Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ VoWo d dY J UVr` { { { V§Ìm§Mm d AmboIm§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mImbr Ë`m _m hVrMo dûcofU Am U { Ë`mImbr AW© Zd©MZ Ho$bo Amho. , { { \ àH$aU ghmdo… gmam§e ZîH$f© d e $magr { { { { { d dY gmYZo d V§Ìm§À`m ghmæ`mZo g§H$ bV Ho$boë`m _m hVrMo dûcofU { { { { Am U AW© Zd©MZ `mVyZ gXa g§emoYH$mZo ZîH$f© H$mT>bo AmhoV. ho ZîH$f© { { dñVw Zð>nUo _m§S>bo AmhoV. VgoM OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb { \ n[aUm_ bjmV KoH$mhr e $magrhr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mhr { { _`m©Xm AgVmV. ZdS>boë`m g§emoYZ df`mMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`m { , { AZwf§JmZo AZoH$ df` Cn df` d g_ñ`m g§emoYH$mg_moa Amë`m. na§Vw g§emoYZ { { { , df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Z üV Ü`o` JmR>Vm `mdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$ê$Z Ë`m { g_ñ`m§Mr CÎmao emoYVm Ambr ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Aem df`m§À`m d g_ñ`m§À`m { { g§X^m©V nwT>o g§emoYZ H$m`© gwê$ amhmdo Am U ^ dî`mV g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§Zm { { `m df`m§Mm Cn`moJ ìhmdm `mgmR>r ^ dî`doYhr KoVbm Amho. g§X^© gyMr { { gXa g§emoYZ H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$ gmYZm§Mm VmpÎdH$ Am U g¡Õm§ VH$ AmYma { , { { , , _imbm Agm AmYma R>abobo g§X^©J«§W Z`VH$m bHo$ g§emoYZ à~§Y do~gmB©Q²g 236

{ { `m§Mm C„oI g§X^© gyMrV Ho$bm Amho. g§X^© gyMr b hÊ`mgmR>r A_o[aH$Z { { gm`H$m°bm° OH$b Agmo gEeZ (EnrE) ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAbMm AmYma KoVbm Amho. hr { nÕV d¡km ZH$ d ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ Amho. { n[a eï>o { { n[a eï>m_Üò gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r Cn`wº$ d nyaH$ R>abobr _m hVr OmoS>br { { { , { Amho. Ë`mV n[a eï> A _Üò >VÁkm§H$Sy>Z _idbobr _m hVr n[a eï> ~ _Üò } { - gdjUmgmR>rÀ`m àýmdbr OmoS>ë`m AmhoV. n[a eï> H$ _Üò dmMH$ àojH$m§gmR>rMr { àýmdbr Am U Ë`mZ§Va VÁkm§À`m _wbmIVrgmR>rMr àýmdbr `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. { { VgoM n[a eï> S> _Üò amOH$maUmer g§~§ YV Agboë`m d¥Îmg_yhm§Mr `mXrhr OmoS>br

Amho. { 6.3 g§emoYZmMo ZîH$f© { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm à^md N>mnrb àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mimV d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ( _amR>r dV©_mZnÌo { { { { { Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m) ZarjU H$ê$Z Zm|Xr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. AmYr Z üV , , Ho$ë`mà_mUo X¡. gH$mi X¡. bmoH$_V X¡. Ho$gar d X¡. à^mV `m Mma dV©_mZnÌm§Mo { VgoM Am`~rEZ bmoH$_V d E~rnr _mPm `m XmoZ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo g§emoYZ H$mimV { { ZarjU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m Zm|XtÀ`m AmYmao nwT>rb ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m OJVmda Imobda n[aUm_ Pmbobm

237

{ { { { , { XgyZ òVmo. àñVwV g§emoYZmV deofËdmZo OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ { { { Am U gm_m OH$ n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mMo ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo… { Am W©H$ à^md { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm n hbm Ñí` n[aUm_ åhUOo Am W©H$ gwYmaUm. `m N>mnrb dV©_mZnÌo Am{U { ~Xbm§Mm _moR>m n[aUm_ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§dahr Pmbm. 1) { ì`mdgm `H$VoMo AmJ_Z { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMo dmao dmhÿ bmJÊ`mAmYrn`ªV nÌH$ma d g§nmXH$ _eZ qH$dm { Üò`dmX åhUyZ `m ì`dgm`mH$So> nmhmV hmoVo. na§Vw OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio hm Üò`dmX { { g§nwï>mV Ambs d nÌH$m[aVm ì`mdgm `H$ ~Zbr. Ë`m_wio EH$m ~mOybm ì`mdgm `H$ { { { H$m¡eë`m§Mr Z _©Vr d dH$mg hmoV Jobm Va Xþgè`m ~mOybm ì`dgm` åhUyZ Ë`mVrb { { ~m§ YbH$s hiyhiy H$_r hmoV Jobr. Ë`mVyZ naXoer dm hÝ`m§Mo ^maVmVrb AmJ_Zhr gwH$a ~Zbo. 2) \ { Z $m hmM A§ V_ hoVy { H$moUVmhr ì`mdgm `H$ Amnbm ì`dgm` VmoQ>çmgmR>r MmbdV Zmhr. Ë`mbm \ { \ Ë`mV Z $m hdm AgVmo. OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb AZoH$m§Zr Z $m hm { { rMo A§ V_ hoVy _mZyZ H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mV Am W©H$ VS>OmoS> àH$mahr KS>bo. Ë`mVyZ { \ { d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mo CÎm_ ì`mdgm `H$ d Z $m _idyZ XoUmao _m°So>bhr nwT>o Ambo. 238

3) { Om hamVXmam§Mm dmT>Vm A§_b , \ , { { ì`dgm` Z $m ~mOma `m Jmoï>t_wio Om hamVXma Am U d¥Îmì`dgm`mgmR>r { Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUmao ^m§S>dbXma `m§Mo _hÎd hiyhiy dmTy> bmJbo. n`m©`mZo Am W©H$ ZmS>r { hmVmV Amboë`m `m ^m§S>dbXmam§Zr Amnbm A§_b d¥Îm ì`dgm`m§da Z_m©U Ho$bm. { { na§Vw Üò`dmX Am U nwamoJm_r dMmagaUrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr ^m§S>dbmMm nwadR>m Ho$bm Var { { d¥Îmì`dgm`mV T>dimT>di Ho$br Zmhr. Ë`mVyZM AmO Oo H$mhr Mm§Jbo MÌ XgVo { Amho Vo Cô am hbo Amho hoXoIrb _mÝ` H$amdo bmJob. 4) { ~mOma Am U gÎmoÀ`m dVw©imVrb dmT>Vo _hÎd { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm EH$ _moR>m VmoQ>m åhUOo ~mOma Am U gÎmm dVw©imer { d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mr Z_m©U Pmbobr OdirH$. bmoH$emhrV Aer OdirH$ Iao Va Cn`wº$ , R>ê$ eH$br AgVr. na§Vw `m_Üò n¡gm hm KQ>H$ Jw§Vbobm Agë`m_wio ~mOma gÎmm { Am U d¥Îm_mÜ`_o EH$_oH$m§Mm dmna H$ê$ bmJbr. { ^maVmÀ`m B VhmgmV AmOdaMm gdm©V _moR>m ^«ï>mMma Á`m Qy> Or ñnoŠQ´>_À`m , Agë mMm g§e àH$aUmV Pmbm Ë`mV d¥Îm_mÜ`_mMm hmV ` ` Amho. ImgXma ZdrZ qOXb àH$aUmV Pr Ý`yOÀ`m g§nmXH$m§da AbrH$So>M XmIb Pmbobm JwÝhmXoIrb

Ë`mMoM EH$ CXmhaU Amho. 5) { n¡emer ZJS>rV Xþîàd¥Îmr { \ n¡gm _idÊ`mgmR>rMo AZoH$ ZdZdo _mJ© emoYÊ`mÀ`m §$XmV _mÜ`_o H$iV

ZH$iV MwH$sÀ`m _mJm©dahr Mmby bmJbr. noS> Ý`yO hm Ë`mMmM EH$ àH$ma. 239

{ H$mhr ZoË m§ ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr dV©_mZnÌm§Zr ` §Mr nmZoÀ`m nmZo ^ê$Z ñVwVr

Ho$ë`mMo àH$aU AbrH$S>MoM Amho. { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm Vm§ ÌH$ à^md { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Xoem§_Yrb q^Vr JiyZ nS>ë`mZo V§ÌkmZmMm àgma _moR>çm

à_mUmV Pmbm. Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zr AË`§V doJmZo àJVr { gmYbr. `m à H«$`oV àgma_mÜ`_m§V nwT>rb ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. 1) { V§ÌkmZmMo gmd© ÌH$sH$aU { V§ÌkmZ Iè`m AWm©Zo KamKamV nmoMdÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio , { Pmbo. d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mo gmXarH$aU _m§S>Ur Am U Ñí` ñdê$n `m V§ÌkmZm_wio AmH$f©H$ { , , ~Zbo. KamKamV Q>rìhrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m nmoMë`m. ZoQ> _mo~mB©b Am`n°S> { { { `m§À`mda ~mVå`m Am U AnSo>Q²g _iy bmJbr. V§ÌkmZmZo Iè`m AWm©Zo _m hVrMo

`wJ ApñVÎdmV AmUÊ`mg _XV Ho$br. naXoemVbr d¥Îm_mÜ`_o ^maVmV nmhVm `oUo eŠ` Pmbo. OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr H$monè`mVbr KQ>Zm AmnU àË`j nmhÿ bmJbmo. { _m hVr d kmZmMo AmXmZàXmZ AË`§V ghOgwb^ ~Zbo. { `mM V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$mhr Xþîàd¥Îmr dmB©Q> d g_mO dKmVH$ H$maUm§gmR>rhr

H$ê$ bmJë`m hr Ë`mMr H$mir ~mOy åhUmdr bmJob.

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2) Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m { Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m XoUmè`m eoH$S>mo d¥Îmdm hÝ`m gÜ`m XoemV AmhoV. Ë`mV { { àmXo eH$ ^mfm§_Ü`ohr d¥Îmdm hÝ`m gwê$ Pmë`m. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr doir OJmV H$m` { { Mmbbo Amho `mMr _m hVr _idUo eŠ` Pmbo. XþgarH$So> Mmodrg Vmg H$m` ? { XmIdm`Mo Agm `jàýhr WmoS>çmM H$mimV d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§g_moa C^m am hbm. 3) { g dñVa d g_J« _m§S>UrMr gmo` { gH$mir EImÚm _moR>çm ehamV KQ>Zm KS>Vo Am U Ë`m KQ>Zoda g§Ü`mH$mir { { d¥Îmdm hZrda _hmMMm© Am`mo OV H$aÊ`mV `oVo. doJdoJù`m joÌmVbo VÁk Ë`m { KQ>Zo~m~VMr _Vo ì`º$ H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m df`mMo dmMH$m§Zm AmH$bZ hmoVo. { { AZoH$Xm `m MMm© dm hÝ`m§Mo dÎmnwadR>mXma _°ZoO H$aVmV Agm Amjon KoVbm OmVmo. 4) d¥ÎmàgmamMm àM§S> doJ { { -lmì KQ>Zm KS>br H$s H$mhr _ ZQ>m§V Vr ÑH$ ` ñdê$nmV Vw_À`mn`ªV , nmohmoMVo. Ë`m_wio H$mimÀ`m JVrda V§ÌkmZmZo _mV Ho$br Amho Ago åhUmdo bmJob. { na§Vw `m_wio dmT>bobr ñnYm© ho EH$ AË`§V dXmaH$ dmñVd Amho. 5) WoQ> gh^mJmÀ`m g§YrMr CnbãYVm { \ , { àojH$mbm d¥Îmdm hZrÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mV $moZ _ob qH$dm gmoeb ZoQ>d Hª$JÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm `oVo.

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{ { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm gm_m OH$ à^md { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio ½bmo~b pìhboO ApñVÎdmV Ambo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. _J { Ë`m pìhboO_Yrb g_mOmda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Pmë`m edm` H$gm amhrb. àgma_mÜ`_o { { hm XoIrb `m g_mOmMoM EH$ A d^mÁ` A§J Amho. Ë`m_wio `m à H«$`oMm Ë`mdahr { gm_m OH$ A§JmZo à^md nS>bm. 1) - OZ_mZgmdarb Mm§Jbo dmB©Q> n[aUm_

CÎma àXoemV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm nwVim VmoS>ë`mMr Ñí`o XmIdë`m_wio _w§~B©V { { { X§JbgÑí` n[apñWVr Z_m©U Pmbr. Va X„rV H$mhr Xdgm§nydu KS>boë`m { { oZo \ ï´> H$igdmÊ`m gm_y hH$ ~bmËH$ma àH$aUmZ§Va OZV CËñ y$V©nUo am >«nVr ^dZmda _moMm© Zobm { . hr XmoÝhr Ë`mM d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_ JarMo n[aUm_ AmhoV. d¥Îm_mÜ`_o ho XþYmar eó Amho. Ë`mMm dmna H$miOrnyd©H$ H$am`bm hdm. 2) { gÎmm Am U _mÜ`_m§Mr A^Ð `wVr H$mhr XoemVë`m d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§da amOH$maÊ`m§Mo dM©ñd Amho. d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mo

_mbH$ qH$dm g§nmXH$ WoQ> amOH$maUmV AmhoV qH$dm Vo amOH$s` dVw©imÀ`m AË`§V { { Odi AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ gÎmm Am U _mÜ`_o `m§À`mV A^Ð `wVr Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. { , { { _ m©Xm nS> Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_m§Mr Zr V_Îmm ñdmV§Í` Am U Z…njnmVrnUm `mda ` VmV.

242

3) { { CËgmh ñnYm© Am U doJmVyZ A V { { Q>moH$mMr OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Z_m©U Pmbobr ñnYm© AZoH$Xm R>aVo. nwaoer { { _m hVr hmVr Ambobr ZgVmZmhr Ho$di à VñnYu d¥Îm_mÜ`_mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r { , A{VCËgmh KmB©KmB©Zo d¥Îm XmIdÊ`mV òVo. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$Xm MwH$sMr _m hVr qH$dm {V CWinUm A Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. 4) ZmJar g_mOmMm g§H$moM { -KodmU { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio XodmU à H«$òMo ~mOma d ì`mnmamV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. { , Ë`m_wio _mZdr OrdZmer g§~§ YV Ioi CËgd `m§gh àgma_mÜ`_oXoIrb ZmJar AmVm , g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVr. na§Vw ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m H|$ÐmnmgyZ Xÿa OmV Vr { { ~mOmanoR> Am U gÎmm `m§À`m H|$ÐmH$So> gaH$V AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dñVma { { , { { Am U dH$mg hmoV AgVmZm ZmJar g_mOmMm Ë`mÀ`m A ^ì`º$sMm Am U n`m©`mZo D , CËH«$m§VrMm g§H$moM hmo bmJbm Amho Ago VÁkm§Mo _V Amho. 5) ½ dñVy dmMH$ Cn^mo ` { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Pmboë`m ~Xbm§V Cn^moJdmX hm EH$ _hÎdmMm ~Xb { , { Amho. Ë`mMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. Om hamV Am _f d àmoËgmhZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmMH$ d àojH$m§_Üò dmT>Umam Cn^moJdmX ho Ë`mMo EH$ ñdê$n Amho. Xþgao ñdê$n YmoH$mXm H$ { { Ë`mnojmhr ` $ Amho. deofV… d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§g_moa àojH$ ~gVmo Voìhm

243

{ { , { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m Ë`mÀ`m _Z Am U _|XÿMm Vm~m KoVmV åhUOoM EH$m AWm©Zo d¥Îmdm hÝ`m hdm Vgm moJ H$ê$Z Ë`m àojH$mMm Cn` KoVmV. { { , `m~m~V _H$a§X gmR>o b hVmV “Xa AÜ`m© VmgmZo ~mVå`m EoH$Uo AZoH$ { , { { , , ì`m _l ^md ZH$ d gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ~Xb KS>dUmao AgVo. ho AÜ`m© AÜ`m© VmgmZo { { qPJë`mgmaIo ~KUo hm doJimM àH$ma Amho. Ë`mVyZ Om Udm Am U g§doXZj_Vm { A YH$ Vrd« hmoÊ`mEodOr EH$ ~ÏWS> gwÞVm `oVo.”1 , { Vo nwT>o åhUVmV “~hþVoH$ Jmoï>tZm M_ËH$magÑe ê$n Xbo OmVo. _J Vr Jmoï> , , { { { `wÕmMr Agmo 11 gßQ>|~aMm hmXam Agmo Q>o bßbo Agmo dm B VhmgmdaMm _m hVrnQ> , Agmo. `mVyZ EH$ namË_^md V`ma hmoVmo. AmnU doJù`mM J«hmda AmhmoV AmnU { , 2 nmhV AgUmè`m KQ>Zm Amnë`mer OUy g§~§ YVM ZmhrV Ago dmQy> bmJVo.” 6) { bm àmXo eH$ ^mfm§À`m ApñVÎdm YmoH$m { { àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm Mhþ~mOy§Zr dñVma hmoV AgVmZm OJ^amVë`m àmXo eH$ { { ^mfm§À`m ApñVËdmbm _moR>çm à_mUmV YmoH$m Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. àmXo eH$ amOH$s` { nj _O~yV AgyZhr Ago KS>Vo Amho ho deof. AWm©V Ë`mbm gd©ñdr àgma_mÜ`_oM

H$maUr^yV Zgbr Var Ë`mV Ë`m§Mm A§emË_H$ dmQ>m Amho ho Z¸$s. 7) b ? ( \ { ) nÌH$marVoMm ` E§S> Am° $ OZm© bP_ { nÌH$marVm åhUyZ Or H$mhr na§nam hmoVr Vr b`mbm OmV Agë`mMr MÝho { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Xgy bmJbr AmhoV. nÌH$mam§À`m OmJr AmVm Ý`yO

244

{ { EO§Q²g Am U g§nmXH$m§À`m OmJr _°ZoOg© Xgy bmJbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>À`m { { H$mimV doi Am U OmJm `m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUmar _§S>ir Am U Ë`m§Zr Mmbdboë`m , d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mo `wJ òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. `m d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§da ~mOma nmümË` ^m§S>dbr { eº$s Am U AW©H$maU `m§Mm _moR>m nJS>m Agob. { R>iH$ ZarjUo { { gXa g§emoYZmMm df` OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb { { n[aUm_ Agm Agë`m_wio ZarjUmgmR>r ZdS>boë`m _mÜ`_m§V g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mimV , H$moUVo Ñí` d OmUVm òÊ`mOmoJo n[aUm_ Pmbo AmhoV `mMm emoY KoÊ`mV Ambm { { Am U Ë`m§Mm OmJ VH$sH$aUmer H$moUVm g§~§Y Amho `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm. , Ë`m_wio d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m nmZm§Mr g§»`m Ë`mVrb àËòH$ nmZmdarb Ame` qH$dm { { { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§darb H$m`©H«$_m§Mr `mXr Aer ^m¡ VH$ _m hVr g§emoYZ df`mgmR>r { { g`w º$H$ Zmhr. åhUyZM OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>bobo R>iH$ ~Xb g§emoYH$mZo bjmV { KoVbo AgyZ Ë`mMr d¥ÎmnÌo d d¥Îmdm hÝ`m Aem XmoZ JQ>m§V _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. d¥ÎmnÌo 1. nmZm§À`m g§»òV dmT> , , { g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mimV Aä`mgboë`m X¡. gH$mi X¡. bmoH$_V X¡. Ho$gar Am U { X¡. à^mV `m Mmahr d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m nmZm§À`m g§»òV dmT> Pmë`mMo `m H$mimV XgyZ

Ambo. gd©M d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _w»` A§H$mÀ`m nmZm§Mr g§»`m 10 Vo 12 dê$Z 14 Vo 16 n`ªV Jobr. Ë`mgmo~V ehanmVirdarb ~mVå`m d KS>m_moS>tgmR>r ñdV§Ì nwadUr 245

(CXm. X¡. gH$miMr nwUo {Oëhm Qw>S>o, eha , -qMMdS> ) nwUo Qw>So> qnnar Qw>So> gwê$

H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 2. a§JrV N>nmB© { g§emoYZ H$mimV `m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr A YH$ nmZo a§JrV Pmë`mMo AmT>ibo. `m { -{ AmYr _wIn¥ð> Am U _bn¥ð> a§JrV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va H«$sS>m d Xoe §dXoeÀ`m ~mVå`m§er { AmO g§~§ YV nmZo a§JrV N>mnÊ`mbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. na§Vw g§nyU© A§H$M a§JrV N>mnbo VmV. Om 3. { { { d dY df`m§darb nwadÊ`m§Mr AmH$f©H$ _m§S>Ur { { { { { `mIoarO d dY df`m§darb gmám hH$ nwadÊ`m gwê$ Pmë`m. a ddmaMr , , , , , { , nwadUrhr Ame` _OHy$a g§nmXZ _m§S>Ur Zm_m§ H$V ì`º$s¨Mo boI VËH$mbrZ bmoH$_V , \{ KS>m_moS>tdarb ^mî` `m§Zr gObr. Ë`mgmo~V gIr ( ) ° _br S>m°ŠQ>a X¡.gH$mi ~hma X¡. à^mV { ( ) ( ) `mgma»`m nwadÊ`mhr AmH$f©H$ ñdê$nmV à gÕ hmoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. 4. Q>mB©n AmH$f©H$ d gw~H$ diUm§Mo Q>§H$ ( dm Ajao) b \ _wIn¥ð>mdar _w»` ~mV_rgmR>r doJù`m àH$maÀ`m Q>mB©n d $m°ÝQ>Mm dmna dmTy> { { , bmJbm. AmVrb nmZm§dahr d eï> gXam§gmR>r _hÎdmÀ`m d bjdoYr ~mVå`m§gmR>r D$ AmH$f©H$ diUm§Mr Ajao dmnaÊ`mV `o bmJbr.

246

5. AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU { {\ , { , { , { , ~mV_r_Üò ìh°ë`y A° S>eZgmR>r AmH$f©H$ J«m $Šg MÌo aoIm MÌo AH©$ MÌo , D$ AmboI AmH$So>dmarMr AmH$f©H$ _m§S>Ur `m§Mm dmna Ho$bm Om bmJbm. `mMm hoVyZ { ~mV_rMo AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU hmM Amho ho XgyZ Ambo. 6. _m§S>Ur d aMZoVrb Am_ybmJ« ~Xb { EHy$UM d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m nmZm§Mr _m§S>Ur Am U aMZoV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb KSy>Z { { { Amë`mMo XgyZ Ambo. _wIn¥ð>mÀ`m a§Ja§JmoQ>rda A YH$ â Xbm OmbmJbm. , -Am Q>, , { _Wù`mMr _m§S>Ur nmZm§Mm bo C ìhmB©Q> ñnog N>m`m MÌm§Mo H«$m°qnJ d `mo½` o nÕVrZo dmna `Wn`ªV AZoH$ Jmoï>t_Üò Pmbobo ~Xb dmMH$mbm WoQ> OmUdy bmJbo. { { D$ VVŠ`mM AmH$f©H$ arVrZo Om hamVtMrhr _m§S>Ur hmo bmJbr. 7. , AmH$f©H$ AmëhmXXm`H$ ñdê$n

EHy$UM d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n _mJrb XeH$mÀ`m VwbZoV àM§S> ~Xbbo. a§JrV , , } o , N>nmB© CÎm_ gmXarH$aU XOXma _m§S>Ur `m_wio d¥ÎmnÌ AmUIr AmH$f©H$ r CËH§$R>mdY©H$ d dmMZr` ~Zb . `m gJù`m ~Xbm§_wio AË`§V AmH$f©H$ d

AmëhmXXm`H$ ~Zbo. 8. { { ~mVå`m§À`m AdmŠ`mMm dñVma Am U g§H$moM ï´>r mï´>r EH$sH$So> am ` d Am§Vaa ` nmVirdarb ~mVå`m§Mm AmoK dmT>bm. Va { { { XþgarH$So> ñWm ZH$ nmVirda d¥ÎmnÌmMo d^mOZ Pmë`m_wio ñWm ZH$ ~mVå`m Ë`m§À`m { H$m`©joÌmnwaË`m _`m© XV Pmë`m. CXm. nwUo Qw>So>_Ü`o N>mnyZ Ambobr ~mV_r AJXrM 247

{ -qMMdS> AndmX dJiVm nwUo Oëhm Qw>So> qH$dm qnnar Qw>So>_Ü`o N>mnyZ `oV Zmhr. { { { { ñWm ZH$ Om hamVr d ~mVå`m Am U Ë`mVyZ ñWm ZH$ ~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$aÊ`mMm hoVy ho `m_mJMo H$maU Amho. 9. dmMH$mbm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ { `m H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌm§_Yrb ñnYm© AË`§V doJmZo dmT>br. Ë`m_wio H$ÝQ>|Q> Am U dmMH$ `m XmoZM Jmoï>r `m ì`dgm`mbm VmaÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AmhoV ho bjmV

Amë`mZo dmMH$mbm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbm. _wº$nrR>gmaIo ì`mgnrR> { Ë`mVyZ Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mMo à_mU H$_r Agbo Var VwbZoZo dmMH$m§gmR>r { - _obÛmao D$ { OmJm dmT>br. dmMH$m§Zm EgE_Eg Am U B© g§nH©$ gmYVm ò bmJbm Am U { { -Amd¥ËË m§dahr Ë`m§Zmhr à gÕr _iy bmJbr. B© ` AemMàH$mao _Vo ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMr { { µµµµµ g§Yr _imë`mZo dmMH$mbm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr _mZ gH$Vm d à`ËZ ñnï> Pmbo. 10. { dmMH$m§Zm AmH$ f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m Šc¥ßË`m D { dmMH$ Amnë`mnmgyZ Xÿa Om Zò `mgmR>r AZoH$ dY Šc¥ßË`m d¥ÎmnÌo `moOy { , { , { bmJbr. _ hbm dÚmWu Áòð> ZmJarH$ `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Zm AmH$ f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r { { { d dY `moOZm§Mm H$mi gwê$ Pmbm. gwdU©H$be (gH$mi) gma»`m H$_ e©`b `moOZm D$ nwT>o ò bmJë`m.

248

11. { { gm_m OH$ CnH«$_m§er ~m§ YbH$s _§M bmoH$_V , { gH$mi , gIr ( ) gH$mi MÌH$bm ñnYm© ( ) gwajm H$dM gH$mi { { ( ) `mgmaIo gm_m OH$ ñdê$nmMo CnH«$_hr `mM H$mimV gwê$ Pmbo. g_ n©V { { { dmMH$dJ© Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m JaOoMr OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Z_m©U Pmbobr ñnYm© hr

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr CbmT>mb 1980 À`m XeH$mV H$mhr hOmam§V hmoVr. Vr `m H$mimV { H$mhr hOma H$moQ>tÀ`m KamV Jobr. bmoH$gÎmm B§ S>`Z EŠgàog g_yhmVrb d¥ÎmnÌ { Amho. Ë`mMr CbmT>mb _moR>r AgUo ñdm^m dH$ Amho. na§Vw Ë`mgmo~V bmoH$_V , , d¥Îmg_yh gH$mi d¥Îmg_yh nwT>mar `m§Mr CbmT>mbhr dmT>br Amho. XeH$^amÀ`m - { { { H$mimV Pmbobr hr Mma Q>¸`m§Mr dmT> hm OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m d dY ~Xbm§Mm { n[aUm_ Amho. X¡ ZH$ ^mñH$a g_yhmZo XmoZ hOma H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mo eoAg© Iwë`m { ~mOmamV dH«$sgmR>r AmUbo hr KQ>Zm `m g§X^m©V nwaoer ~mobH$s Amho. 13. g§JUH$sH$aU d AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZ , , { { bmoH$_V gH$mi bmoH$gÎmm Am U nwT>mar `m gd© d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr AË`mYw ZH$

àUmbrgh g§nyU© g§JUH$sH$aU ñdrH$mabo. H$_©Mmè`m§À`m hOoarnmgyZ ~mV_r { { { { b hÊ`mn`ªV Am U N>nmB©nmgyZ dVaUmn`ªV gd© Jmoï>tV AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZmMm { { Cn`moJ gwê$ Pmbm. gH$mi Am U bmoH$_VZo Va amÁ` Am U XoemVbr Amnbr gJir

249

H$m`m©bò g§JUH$àUmbrÛmam OmoS>br AmhoV. `m~m~V EH$ KQ>Zm gm§Jmdrer dmQ>Vo. { bmoH$_VÀ`m nwÊ`mVrb N>mnImÝ`mMo CXKmQ>Z H$m±J«og njmÀ`m AÜ`jm gmo Z`m Jm§Yr { `m§À`m hñVo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mdoir gmo Z`m Jm§Yr `m§Mo ^mfU g§në`mda Ad¿`m { { \ H$mhr _ ZQ>mV Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmMm _w»` _Wim $moQ>mogh N>mnbobm bmoH$_VMm A§H$ { Ë`m§À`mM hñVo ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z àH$m eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV { { d¥ÎmnÌo H$Vr OmJê$H$ Am U gj_ Agy eH$VmV `mMo ho CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. 14. { Om hamVtgmR>r dmT>Vr OmJm { Om hamVtgmR>rMr OmJm dmT>ë`mMo `m H$mimV àH$fm©Zo OmUdy bmJbo. { , { deofV… Xgam Xdmir `mgma»`m gUm§À`m H$mimV AJXr _wIn¥ð>mdahr { { ~mVå`m§gmR>r Zm__mÌ OmJm _iy bmJbr. _wIn¥ð>mda ~mVå`m§À`m _ÜòM Om hamVrMm { { D $ { { _OHy$a d N>m`m MÌ à gÕ hmo bmJbr. Om hamVr Am U Ë`m XoUmè`m { Om hamVXmam§À`m dM©ñdmMm hm Ñí` nwamdm åhUVm òB©b. 15. , { , { H«$mB©_ H«$Ho$Q> gZo_m `m§Zm _hÎd { OmJ VH$sH$aU ho ~mOmamer OmoS>bobo Amho. Ë`m_wio ~mOmamMr _mJUr , { { { Agbobo VrZ gr åhUOo H«$mB©_ H«$Ho$Q> Am U gZo_m `m§Zm d¥ÎmnÌmVhr _hÎd { { D$ òbmJbo. H«$Ho$Q>À`m ~mVå`m _wIn¥ð>mda à gÕ hmo bmJë`m. AnKmVmÀ`m ~mVå`m { { AZoH$Xm N>m`m MÌmgh _wIn¥ð>mda PiHy$ bmJë`m. AJXr ~J ~m°ggma»`m { { { { _m bHo$À`m A§ V_ ZH$mbmÀ`m ~mV_rbmhr _wIn¥ð>mda ñWmZ _iy bmJbo. 250

16. noO W«r g§ñH¥$Vr

noO W«r g§ñH¥$VrMo _moR>çm à_mUmV CXmÎmrH$aUhr `mM H$mimV KSy> bmJbo. -VmaH$m { , { { Vmao MÌnQ> dm hÝ`m§darb _m bH$m `m§À`m^modVr qnJm KmbUmè`m `m { { g§ñH¥$Vrbm `m_wio A YH$ nmR>~i _iy bmJbo. 17. A°S>ìhmoQ>mo[a`ëg

A°S>ìhmoQ>mo[a`ëg hr EH$ Zdr g§H$ënZm `m H$mimV CX`mbm Ambr. { { { g§nmXH$s` _OHw$amÀ`m ñdê$nmV Om hamVrMr _m hVr Úm`Mr Am U Ë`mgmo~V { { N>m`m MÌ N>mnm`Mo Agm hm àH$ma Amho. Om hamVrMm _OHy$a g§nmXH$s` _OHw$amer { -OwiVm { BVH$m _iVm AgVmo H$s Vr Om hamV Amho H$s ~mV_r ho MQ>H$Z H$iV Zmhr. { { { dmMH$m§Zm AmH$ f©V H$aÊ`mMr Am U Om hamVXmam§Zm Iye H$aÊ`mMr hr EH$ Zdr `wº$s

Amho BVHo$M. 18. gÎmm d ~mOmamer g§~§Y { AmO AZoH$ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo _mbH$ d g§nmXH$ WoQ> amOH$maUmV AmhoV qH$dm { { Ë`m§Mo amOH$maÊ`m§er AË`§V K Zð> g§~§Y AmhoV. hr OdirH$ `m H$mimV A YH$ { { bmoH$_V , D$V gm_Zm , K Zð> hmoV Jobr. dO` XS>m© ( ) g§O` am ( ) ^maVHw$_ma D$V _hmamï´> Q>mB©åg { nm§MOÝ am ( ) Vê$U dO` ( `) Aer AZoH$ Zmdo KoVm `oVrb. { VgoM CÚmoOH$Voer g§~§Y Agboë`m ì`º$s¨Mo àgma_mÜ`_m§er OdirH$ Z_m©U Pmbr. { { `mMr g dñVa `mXr n[a eï>mV OmoS>br Amho.

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19. } H$m°nmaoQ> g§ñH¥$VrMm ñdrH$ma nydu H$iH$Q Agbobr d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr H$m`m©bò AmVm EImÚm ~hþamï>«r` H§$nZrÀ`m { H$m`m©b`mbm bmOdob Aer ~Zy bmJbr. hm ~Xb Ho$di danm§Jr ZìhVm Va VWbr } g§ñH¥$Vrhr hþ~ohþ~ H$m°nmaoQ>gmaIrM ~Zy bmJbr. gH$miMo nwÊ`mVrb Zadra VmZmOr , { { { dmS>r òWrb H$m`m©b` bmoH$_VMo qghJS> añVm Am U dYr _hm dÚmb` añË`mdarb , H$m`m©b` nwT>marMo H$mÌO d gmag~mJoOdirb H$m`m©b` VgoM bmoH$gÎmmMo Aamoam gÜ m ) Q>m°dg© òWrb H$m`m©b` ( ` _w§~B©V ñWbm§VarV Pmbo Amho. òWo Joë`mda hm ~Xb

ñnï>nUo OmUdVmo. 20. ~«±S> EñQ>mpãbe_|Q> , , gH$mi bmoH$_V nwT>mar ho ~«±S> åhUyZ `mM H$mimV CX`mbm Ambo. `m { AmñWmnZm§_Ü`o ~«±S> _°ZoOa ho nX `mM H$mimV Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVyZ { { , , Amnë`m d¥Îmg_yhmMm ~«±S> ñWm nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmH$f©H$ Om hamVr AmH$f©H$ Wr_ D$ Xadfu Zì`m g§H$ënZm§Mm ñdrH$ma d àgma Aem Jmoï>tZm _hÎd àmá hmo bmJbo.

Ë`m_wio BVa CËnmXZm§à_mUo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mmhr ~«±S> dmMH$m§À`m _Zmda R>gy bmJbm. 21. { { go b ~«Q>r H$ZoŠeZ { { { { { go b ~«Q>ter g§~§ YV ~mVå`m§Zm ñWmZ _iy bmJbo. d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§da

XmIdbobr ~mV_r Q>miVm Z `oÊ`mÀ`m An[ahm`©VoVyZ ho KS>V Jobo Agmdo. Eoœ`m© , { , -{_H$m m§Mo Mw§~Z am`Mo b¾ VMo ~mi§VnU amIr gmd§V ` àH$aU `m Jmoï>tZm

252

{ d¥ÎmnÌm§Zrhr ñWmZ Xbo. amIr gmd§VÀ`m àH$aUmda gH$miÀ`m _wIn¥ð>mda _wŠ`mMr { { { ~m|~ hm _íH$sb e¡brVrb deof boI à gÕ Pmbm hmoVo. 22. d¥ÎmnÌm§_Yrb dmT>Vr ñnYm© { { d¥ÎmnÌm§_Yrb ñnYm© `m VrZ dfmªV AË`§V Q>moH$mbm nmoMë`mMo MÌhr Xgbo. { { `mM H$mimV X¡ ZH$ ^mñH$a g_yhmZo Xì` _amR>r ho d¥ÎmnÌ gwê$ Ho$ë`mZo hr ñnYm© { H$ } AmUIr Vrd« Pmbr. EH$m X¡ ZH$mVyZ Xwgar S>o OmÊ`mMo àH$ma ho `mM Vrd« ñnYMo

CXmhaU Amho. 23. .. Am_À`m_wioM `mMo àXe©Z , \ gH$mi ~mV_rMm n[aUm_ bmoH$_V B o$ŠQ> Aem _Wù`mImbr `m ~mVå`m { D$ { à gÕ hmo bmJë`m. A_yH$ R>H$mUr añË`mda IÈo> nS>ë`mMr ~mV_r Amåhr H$mb { { D$Z { N>m`m MÌmgh à gÕ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mMr XIb Ko _hmZJanm bHo$Zo VmVS>rZo , añVm Xþê$ñVr gwê$ Ho$br Aem àH$maMm `m ~mVå`m§Mm Ame` AgVmo. nyduÀ`m H$mir d¥ÎmnÌo ho ~XbmMo AË`§V _hÎdmMo gmYZ hmoVo. na§Vw AmVm Vr n[apñWVr ~XbV -_YyZ Mmbë`m_wio Amåhr ~Xbhr KS>dVmo ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r AYyZ Ago H$aUo hm { OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo bmXboë`m An[ahm`©VoMm ^mJ Amho. 24. H$ama VÎdmda ZmoH$è`m { { nÌH$mam§gmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo doVZ Am`moJm§Mr Z _©Vr Ho$br. na§Vw Joë`m { XeH$^amV H$m`_ñdê$nr ZmoH$ar hm àKmVM d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Zï> H$ê$Z Q>mH$ë`mMo MÌ

253

Am`moJmZwgma nJma KoUmè`m ghH$mè`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nwÊ`m~mhoa { , nmR>dÊ`mMo YmoaU ì`dñWmnZmZo Adb§~ë`mMo CXmhaU XgyZ Ambo. dmT>Vo IM© { Zâ`mMr dmT>Vr Anojm Am U H$_rV H$_r _mo~Xë`mV OmñVrV OmñV H$m_ H$ê$Z

KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr `m_wio hm ~Xb KS>bm Amho. 25. nÌH$m[aVoMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU { { { { nydu nÌH$ma Am U nÌH$marVm ho KQ>H$ d eï> _mZbo OmV AgV Am U Ë`m§Zm { { { d eï> àH$maMr dmJUyH$ Xbr OmV Ago. amOH$maÊ`m§Zmhr g§nmXH$ d Á`oð> { nÌH$mam§er OdirH$ Agë`mMo Aàyn dmQ>V Ago. na§Vw OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio nÌH$marVm gm_mÝ` ~ZV Mmbbr Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMm nÌH$ma d nÌH$marVoH$So> nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ nyU©nUo ~XbyZ Jobm Amho. 26. ~mV_r ho CËnmXZ { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m àgma_mÜ`_m§da Pmboë`m gdm©V _moR>`m n[aUm_m§n¡H$s { ~mV_rMo CËnmXZmV Am U dmMH$mMo J«mhH$mV Pmbobo ê$nm§Va hmo`. KQ>ZoMm Vnerb { D$ åhUOo ~mV_r am hbr Zmhr. Va Ë`mV BVam§nojm doJio H$mhr XoÊ`mMr _mJUr hmo , , bmJbr. Ë`m_wio BVa CËnmXZm§V Ogo AmH$ma a§J J§Y `mV ~Xb H$ê$Z doJionUm { , { D$ Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo VgmM doJionUm ~mVå`m§Vhr Z_m©U Ho$bm Om bmJbm. Ë`m_wio D$ Iè`m AWm©Zo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ~mOmarH$aU hmo bmJbo. 254

27. ï´>r { Am§Vaam ` df`m§Mr MMm© ï´>r { Am§Vaam ` ñVamdarb KS>m_moS>tZm dmT>Vo ñWmZ d¥ÎmnÌm§V _iy bmJbo. { { , , Ë`mV àÝg Mmëg©Mm emhr ddmh gmohim Agmo dëS©> H$n Agmo Am§J ñ`mZ ñ`w H$s -BamH$ { { `m§Mo Am§XmobZ Agmo H$s BamU `wÕ Am U AbrH$So> Pmbobm X„rVbm ZmJar \ { , ï´>r { { CR>md Agmo H$s $moãg© _m gH$mMr lr_§Vm§Mr `mXr Agmo Am§Vaam ` nmVirda d dY D$ joÌmVë`m KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X d¥ÎmnÌo Ko bmJbr. 28. { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§er ñnYm© { { } d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌm§g_moa _moR>r ñnYm© Z_m©U Ho$br Amho. Ë`m ñnYV { { Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌohr OrdmMr ~mOr bmdV AmhoV. Ë`m_wioM AZoH$Xm d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§da -lmì Oo XmIdbo OmVo Vo d¥ÎmnÌm§Zmhr N>mnmdoM bmJVo. `m ÑH$ ` _mÜ`_mÀ`m VwbZoV { { AmnU _mJo nSy> Z`o Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mm àojH$hr Amnë`mH$So> didVm `mdm `mgmR>r gm_ { Am ~rEZ- gH$mi ( Q>rìhr) Am U bmoH$_V ( ` bmoH$_V) AmXr g_yhm§Zr Amnë`m { d¥Îmdm hÝ`mhr gwê$ Ho$ë`m AmhoV. 29. Zì`m nÌH$m[aVm g§ñH¥$VrMm CX` { nydu nÌH$ma Amnë`mH$S>rb _m hVr _wº$nUmZo Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm XoV { { { AgV. Ë`m§À`mV d dY df`m§da MMm© KS>V Ago. na§Vw AmVm ghH$mè`mbm ~mV_r

XoVmZm hmVMo amIyZ XoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr ~imdbr Amho. H$maU ~mV_r hoM AmOMo CËnmXZ { { { { Amho Am U Ë`mMrM dH«$s H$am`Mr Amho. nydu ~mV_rZ§Va VMo dûcofU H$aUmao boI { { { { b hbo OmV AgV. nU gÜ`mÀ`m Zì`m nT>rH$So> Aem dûcofUmMr EH$Va Hw$dV 255

Zgmdr qH$dm Ë`mnojm em°Q>©H$Q>Mm _mJ© Ë`m§Zm gmo`rMm Agmdm åhUyZ hr ZdrM { D$ nÌH$marVoMr g§ñH¥$Vr Z_m©U hmo nmhmV Amho. { ^m fH$ ~Xb { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr ^mfm ~Xbbr Amho. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§V AZoH$ , , B§J«Or eãX OgoÀ`m Vgo dmnabo OmVmV. ewÕboIZ ~mV_rVrb Zmdo AmH$So> `m§À`m -_YyZ MwH$m AYyZ hmoVmV. `mMo EH$ CXmhaU `oWo gm§JVm `oB©b. qnnarV EH$m

XdmImÝ`mV ê$½U XJmdë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm S>m°ŠQ>abm _mahmU Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`m { { { ZfoYmW© S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr Am§XmobZ Ho$bo Am U nmo bg g§ajUmMr OmoaXma _mJUr Ho$br. `m { { ~mV_rMm _Wim _qnnarÀ`m S>m°ŠQ>am§Mm nmo bgm§Zm S>mog’ Agm à gÕ Pmbm. `mVyZ { nÌH$marVoMr ~XbVr ^mfm XgVo. d¥ÎmnÌr` ^mfoVrb ~Xb AZoH$Xm H$mhr dV©_mZnÌm§V ~mVå`m§À`m _Wù`mV WoQ> B§J«Or eãX dmnabo { { { { OmV Agë`mMo ZarjUmV XgyZ Ambo Amho. CXm. bQ>rb _mñQ>aMm Ab dXm. { na§Vw hm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ Amho Ago åhUUo YmS>gmMo R>aob. AZoH$Xm Ho di { , à gÕrgmR>rhr B§J«Or eãX AWdm gyMH$ eãX CXm. I„mg _m§S>dbr B. dmnabo ohr {XgyZ Ambo. OmV Agë`mM

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{ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m 1. ~mV_rnÌm§Mo ~XbVo ñdê$n { { g§emoYH$mZo ZarjU Ho$boë`m H$mimV d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§darb ~mV_rnÌm§Mo ñdê$n { , ~Xbë`mMo R>iH$nUo Xgbo. ~mV_rnÌ gwê$ hmoÊ`mAmYrMm àmo_mo hoS>bmB©Ýg gm§JV { { { { AgVmZmM Ë`mMr nS>Úmda XgUmar Ñíò Am U àËòH$ ~mV_r df`r ñWm ZH$ { { , { nÌH$mamZo Xbobr _m hVr ñQw> S>AmoMr aMZm B. Jmoï>tMm Ë`mV g_mdoe Amho. 2. { { { d dY df`m§darb H$m`©H«$_ { , { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zr Ioi _Zmoa§OZ `m~amo~aM JwÝhoJmarer g§~§ YV H$m`©H«$_hr `mM -bmoH$_VMm { H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mgmo~VM Am`~rEZ Cno jV g_ñ`m§Mm doY KoUmam , -ôQ> } [anmoVm©O J«oQ> `mgmaIo XOXma H$m`©H«$_ hr `mM H$mimV gwê$ Pmbo. 3. Mmby KS>m_moS>tdarb MMm©

AmYr AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm Mmby KS>m_moS>tda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUbr OmV Ago. D$ } { { Vr AmVm XaamoO hmo bmJbr. Ë`mV MMÀ`m df`mer g§~§ YV Zm_d§V nmhþUo d D$ { VÁk `m§Mm g_mdoe hmo bmJbm. amOH$s` d gm_m OH$ joÌmVrb _§S>itMm b Ë m_wio Ë m MM}Vrb Jm§^r © hadV Mmbbo Amho g_mdoehr `mM H$mimV dmT>V Jo m. ` ` ` Aer ^mdZm ì º$ ìhm bm gwê$dmV Pmbr Amho. ` ` 4. - ÑH$ lmì` _m§S>UrVrb gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb - lmì -lmì ho _mÜ`_ ÑH$ ` Agë`m_wio ÑH$ ` _m§S>UrVrb AZoH$ gH$mamË_H$

~Xb `m H$mimV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mMm g§~§Y Zì`m V§ÌkmZmer VgmM

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C^o amhÿZ ~mVå`m XoV Agë`mMm Am^mg Aem Zì`m H$ënZm d `wº²$`m§Mm dmna `m

H$mimV gwê$ Pmbm. 5. Zì`m V§ÌkmZmMo AmJ_Z { \ { Zì`m V§ÌkmZm_wio g¾ëg AmUIr g $mB©XmanUo nH$S>Ê`mMr gw dYm D$Z { CnbãY Pmbr. A°Zmbm°J V§ÌkmZ Om S>OrQ>b V§ÌkmZ Ambo. Ho$~bÀ`m OmJr -Q>m°n { goQ> ~m°Šg ~gbo. `m gJù`m ~Xbm§_wio nS>Úmdarb _w§½`m Jm`~ Pmë`m. MÌ { { { D$ Am U AmdmOmMm XOm© gwYmabm Ñí` Am U ldUmV A YH$ ñnï>VoMm AZw^d `o bmJbm. 6. WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ { { WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$s_wio d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§À`m H$jm gmVmg_wÐmnma dñVmaë`m -bmoH$_V { -Am ~rEZ Joë`m. Am`~rEZ hr dm hZr grEZEZ ` `m g§`wº$ CÚmoJmMm EH$ { ^mJ Amho. grEZEZ `m naXoer dm hZrÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo Am`~rEZ `m ^maVr` H§$nZrZo { hr dm hZr gwê$ Ho$br Amho. Aem arVrZo naH$s` H§$nÝ`m§er WoQ> ^mJrXmar H$aÊ`mMr -lmì g§Yr `m_wio CnbãY Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ ^maVr` àojH$m§Mm ÑH$ ` AZw^d AmUIr g_¥Õ ~Zbm.

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7. _moR>çmVyZ AmUIr _moR>çmH$So> { , àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm AdmH$m H$Vr _moR>m Agy eH$Vmo `mMr H$ënZm òUo AeŠ` { ~ZyZ Jobo. AmOKS>rbm XoemVrb AZoH$ d¥Îmg_yh H$moQ>çdYr ê$n`m§Mr dm f©H$ { CbmT>mb H$aV AmhoV. _amR>rV bmoH$_V Am U gH$mi ho AJ«JÊ` g_yh AmhoV. { X¡ ZH$ ^mñH$a g_yhmZo XmoZ hOma H$moQ>tMo eoAg© Iwë`m ~mOmamV AmUbo ho _moR>çmVyZ Am{U AmUIr _moR>çmH$S>rb àdmgmMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. nU `m_wio N>moQ>`m d¥Îmg_yhm§Mr N>moQ>çm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr AdñWm AË`§V X`Zr` ~Zbr. 8. { doJ Am U AmVVm`rnUmMm { { { g~go VoOÀ`m ZmXmV MwH$sMo d¥Îm Xë`mÀ`m H$ËòH$ KQ>Zm d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§H$Sy>Z { ëë { KS>ë`m AmhoV. _w§~B©darb A VaoH$s h `mÀ`m nmœ©^y_rda àË`jmV dbmgamd { Xoe_wI ho _w»`_§Ìr AgVmZm _w»`_§Ìr gwerbHw$_ma qeXo `m§Zr amOrZm_m Xë`mMm { { { C„oI EH$m d¥Îmdm hZrda H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m~Ôb Z§Va Ë`m§Zr Xb Jar ì`º$ Ho$br. { { { Xþgè`m dm hZrZo hr ~mV_r gm§JÊ`mÀ`m AmYr _r gm§ JVbr nm hOo `m doJmÀ`m { AZmR>m`r _mohmVyZ Aer n[apñWVr Z_m©U hmoVo. 9. KmVH$ ñnYm© { { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§_Üò AË`§V OrdKoUr Am U KmVH$ ñnYm© nmhm`bm _iVo. `mMo { \ Zo_Ho$ H$maU H$moUVo Amho ho H$iV Zmhr. Xþgè`m dm hZrZo Mma ~m°å~ñ $moQ> Pmë`mMo { { { { \ gm§ JVbo Va n hbr dm hZrXoIrb VVHo$M ~m°å~ñ $moQ> Pmë`mMo gm§JyZ Q>mH$Vo. nU , { \ { { Vo d¥Îm Iao Amho H$s Zmhr Zo_Ho$ H$Vr ~m°å~ñ $moQ> PmboV `m~Ôb A YH¥$V _m hVr Z 259

KoVmM Ý`yO ~«oH$ Ho$br OmVo. Aer ñnYm© nÌH$marVoMm H$UmM ~«oH$ H$aUmar R>ê$ eH$Vo. 10. Mmodrg Vmgm§Mm àý { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zm Mmodrg Vmg H$m` XmIdm`Mo Agm àý Zoh_r gVmdV AgVmo. -H$Yr , { © Ë`m_wio H$Yr R>adyZ EImXr ì`º$s g§ñWm `m§Zm Xdgâ Q>mJoQ> Ho$bo OmVo. h„r { { XþnmaÀ`m doioV Va Hw$R>ë`mVar CËnmXZm§À`m Om hamVr gam©g gJù`mM dm hÝ`m§da { XmIdë`m OmVmV. Mmodrg Vmgm§Mm doi ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Aem Jmoï>r H$aÊ`m edm` { dm hÝ`m§H$So> n`m©`hr Zmhr. 11. nwÝhm nwÝhm Ë`mM ~mVå`m Ë`mM pŠbßg Mmodrg Vmg H$mhr Zm H$mhr XmIdV amhUo hr An[ahm`©Vm Agë`mZo VrM - { ~mV_r d VrM Ñíò nwÝhm nwÝhm XmIdÊ`mV òVmV. EH$mM dm hZrda Agë`m Var

XmoZ doJdoJù`m ~mV_rnÌm§V ~mV_r d Ñí`o nwÝhm XmIdbr OmVmV ho EH$doi _mÝ` { Amho. na§Vw EH$mM ~mV_rnÌmV EH$M Ñí` AZoH$Xm dmnabo OmVo. _w§~B©darb A VaoH$s ëë { { { h `mZ§Va VËH$mbrZ H|$ Ð` J¥h_§Ìr edamO nmQ>rb `m§Zr amOrZm_m Xbm. Ë`mMr { _m hVr XoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr _moQ>ma Ë`m§À`m ~§Jë`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>V Agë`mMo Ñí`

Vã~b 63 doim XmIdÊ`mV Amë`mMo g§emoYH$mZo àË`j _moObo Amho.

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12. { Zm dÝ`mMr H$_VaVm { AmVm AmUIr Zdo H$m` XmIdm`Mo hmXoIrb dm hÝ`m§g_moaMm EH$ Zdm noM { -{ { Amho. EImXr Zdr H$ënZm EH$m dm hZrZo gwê$ Ho$br H$s Xþgè`m Vgè`m Xder AÝ` { { dm hÝ`mhr Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio ZmdrÝ` Ago H$mhr e„H$M amhmV { { Zmhr. _wimV hr Zdr H$ënZmhr AÝ` ^m fH$ dm hÝ`m§H$Sy>Z CYma KoVbobr AgVo. 13. {jVm§M Cno m jrU AmdmO { , { { { { Cno jV Xþb© jV d d§ MV KQ>H$m§er g§~§ YV ~mVå`m§Mo à_mU dm hÝ`m§_Ü`o , , { IynM H$_r Amho. H$maU Ë`mV ½b°_a n¡gm à gÕr Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr EImXm { { { { H«$Ho$Q>nQy> dm A ^ZoË`mMr ñQ>moar Ho$br Va nQ>H$Z à gÕr _iVo. `m~m~V Á`oð> gmB©ZmW EH$m ì m» mZmV { { Ooera nÌH$ma nr. `m§Zr ` ` gm§ JVbobm H$ñgm _ Amho. { { dX^m©V eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hË`m§Mo gÌ gwê$ AgVmZm AZoH$ nÌH$ma X„rV hmoUmè`m { { ! B§ S>`m ’°$eZ drH$gmR>r Om`bm _imdo åhUyZ AmJ«h YaV hmoVo

14. { { d dY g_yhm§Vrb g§dmXmMo _mÜ`_ d¥Îm { { { dm hÝ`m ho g_mOmÀ`m d dY g_yhm§Vrb g§dmXmMo _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho { , { , { , hoXoIrb `mM H$mimV AYmoaopIV hmoV Jobo. X bV Am Xdmgr _ hbm ~mbHo$ `m { df`m§da MMm© KS>dyZ AmUyZ Ë`m g§X^m©V Amdí`H$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr } { { AmdmhZ emgZH$V d g§~§ YV d^mJm§Zm H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mbm gH$mamË_H$

261

{ { \ { à VgmX _imbm. Ë`m_wio EImÚm àýmbm dmMm $moS>m`Mr Agob Am U VmVS>rZo { { { Ý`m` _idyZ Úm`Mm Agob Va d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§ edm` n`m©` Zmhr ho CKS> Pmbo. 15. { Om hamVtMo dmT>Vo _hËd { { { _Zmoa§OZ dm hÝ`m§gmo~VM d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Vhr Om hamVtMo _hÎd dmT>bo Amho. { { AJXr ~mV_rnÌmÀ`m Xaå`mZ dmT> XdgmÀ`m Om hamVr `obmJë`m. Mmodrg Vmgm§V Xhm Mm¡Xm { D$ gw_mao Vo Vmg Om hamVtgmR>r IM© hmo bmJÊ`mbmhr `mM H$mimV gwê$dmV

Pmbr. 16. , { , { H«$mB©_ H«$Ho$Q> gZo_mbm _hÎd { , d¥ÎmnÌm§à_mUoM Zìho Ë`mnojm Mma nmdbo nwT>o OmV d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zrhr H«$mB©_ { , { { H«$Ho$Q> gZo_mbm _hÎd Xbo. 17. gÎmm d ~mOmamer g§~§Y { { { d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mm gÎmm Am U ~mOmamer d¥ÎmnÌm§BVH$mM qH$~hþZm Ë`mhÿZ A YH$ { OdiMm g§~§Y Z_m©U Pmbm. 18. { { nmR>nwamdm Am U ggo _am

EImÚm Ý`mæ` KQ>ZoMm dm Jmoï>rMm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo hr Mm§Jbr Jmoï> Amho. { { { na§Vw nmR>nwamì`mÀ`m ZmdmImbr d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zr ggo _am gwê$ Ho$bm. Agm ggo _am { gwê$ H$aÊ`m_mJMo hoVy AZoH$Xm ñnï> Zgë`mMo XgyZ Ambo.

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19. dmMH$mbm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ { { d¥ÎmnÌm§à_mUoM d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Zmhr dmMH$ Am U H$ÝQ>|Q> `m XmoZ Jmoï>r `m { { ì`dgm`mMr Jwê$ H$„r Agë`mMo H$imbo Am U Ë`m§Zrhr dmMH$mbm gm_mdyZ \ -BZ, , -_ob { { KoÊ`mgmR>r $moZ B§Q>aZoQ> B Am U gmoeb ZoQ>d Hª$JÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. 20. \ «$s M°Zëg Qy> noS> M°Zëg { V§ÌkmZmMm Ogm dH$mg hmoV Jobm Vgo Zdo V§Ì Amnë`mH$So> `oV Jobo. \ Ë`mVyZ AmYr _mo $V Agboë`m M°ZëggmR>r H$mbm§VamZo n¡go _moOmdo bmJbo. nU

Ë`mVhr _Zmoa§OZ M°ZëgÀ`m ~m~VrV àojH$m§Zr VS>OmoS> Ho$br. 21. { { gm_m OH$ CnH«$_m§er ~m§ YbH$s g_mOmVrb Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>tZm d Ë`m H$aUmè`m ì`º$s d g§ñWm§Zm nwañH$ma , { { XoÊ`mMr g_mOmVrb d dY à`moJerb ì`º$s¨À`m H$hmÊ`m bmoH$m§g_moa _m§S>Ê`mMr { { { { VgoM d dY gm_m OH$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ CnH«$_m§Zm nmqR>~m d àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMr gwê$dmVhr `mM H$mimV Pmbr. 22. { Am W©H$ CbmT>mbrMm dmT>Vm AmboI - àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV 1994 95 _Ü`o 10 hOma H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr , CbmT>mb hmoVr Vr 2020 _Ü`o 1 bmI 20 hOma H$moQ>r BVH$s àM§S> hmoB©b. `m dmT>rMm doJ gÜ`m 18 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Amho. EH$m XeH$mnydu XoemV 10 ImgJr

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{ , dm hÝ`m hmoË`m AmO Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 100 Pmbr Amho. `m g§»òV XaamoO â nS>Vo AmH$S>odmar { Amho. `m dê$Z `m joÌmMo AW©H$maU H$Vr ì`mnH$ Amho ho H$iVo. 23. AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZ { AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZmMm dmna d¥Îmdm hÝ`mhr dmT>Ë`m à_mUmV H$ê$ bmJë`m -_ob, , { AmhoV. B B§Q>aZoQ> gmoeb ZoQ>d Hª$J gmB©Q²g `m§À`mgh WoQ> _mo~mB©bda Ý`yO [ gpìh©g XoÊ`mn`ªVMr _Ob dm hÝ`m§Zr JmR>br Amho. 24. gd©eº$s_mZVoMr ~imdVr ^mdZm { Agbobm Amnë`m hmVmV d¥Îmdm hZrMm bmoJmo _mB©H$ Agob qH$dm AmnU { EImÚm H$m`©H«$_mMo A±H$a Agbmo Va AmnU g_moaÀ`m _mUgmMr nm hOo Ver bº$a§ , { { CS>dy eH$Vmo Aer ^mdZm {deofV… d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§À`m nÌH$mam§_Üò ~imdVmZm XgVo. { } { dm hÝ`m§darb MMV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m Zm_d§V ì`º$s Am U A±H$a `m§À`mV CS>Umao { IQ>Ho$ nm hë`mda `mMr ImÌr nQ>Vo. 25. } H$m°nmaoQ> g§ñH¥$VrMm ñdrH$ma { } dm hÝ`m§Zr AWm©VM H$m°nmaoQ> g§ñH¥$VrMm MQ>H$Z ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. H$maU { { `m CÚmoJmV OmñVrV OmñV ~PZog AmUm`Mm Agob Va ~PZogdmë`m§Zm ho { } H$m`m©b` Amnbogo dmQ>bo nm hOo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo H$m°nmaoQ> g§ñH¥$VrMm ñdrH$ma hr { Amdí`H$ Am U An[ahm`© ~m~ hmoVr.

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26. .. Am_À`m_wioM `mMo àXe©Z { d¥Îmdm hÝ`mXoIrb Am_À`m_wioM EImXm ~Xb KS>ë`mMo AmVm R>mgyZ gm§Jy { bmJë`m AmhoV. Amåhr gm_m OH$ H$m`©hr H$aVmo ho gm§JÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ Amho ho doJio gm§JÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. 27. { { { { A±H$a go b ~«Q>r Vo go b ~«Q>r A±H$a { { { A±H$a d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§darb d¥Îm ZdoXH$ Am U gyÌg§MmbH$ ( ) `m§Zm g_mOmV { { { , go b ~«Q>rgmaImM XOm© _iVmo. Vo H$moUË`mVar doJù`m J«hmdaMo AmhoV Aem d¥Îmdm{hZr { { ZOaoZo gm_mÝ` bmoH$ Ë`m§À`mH$So> nmhVmV. AbrH$So>M EH$m Zo go b ~«Q>tZm { { { d¥Îm ZdoXH$ ~Zdbo Amho. dadaMo doJio H$mhrVar Xë`mMm Am^mg Z_m©U H$ê$Z { àojH$m§Zm AmH$ f©V H$aÊ`mMmM hm à`ËZ Amho. { 6.4 g§emoYZmÀ`m ZîH$fmªMm nS>Vmim

g~i nwamì`mÀ`m AmYmamda AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ eãXm§_Ü`o g§emoYZ { { g_ñ`oÀ`m g§X^m©V CnbãY Pmbobr CÎmao åhUOo ZîH$f© hmo`. ho ZîH$f© g§emoYZmÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm _m§S>boë`m g_ñ`m§Mr CÎmao XoÊ`mg g_W© AgmdoV. J¥hrVHo$ { { { { qH$dm n[aH$ënZm§Zm g§H$ bV _m hVrÀ`m AmYmamda nwï>r _imdr qH$dm damoY ìhmdm { { { { Ago ZîH$f© g§emoYZ H$m`m©VyZ ZKUo JaOoMo AgVo. g§H$ bV Ho$boë`m _m hVrÀ`m { { { AmYmamda dñVw Zð> d gwì`dpñWV Ame` dûcofU H$ê$Z ho ZîH$f© H$mT>bo AmhoV. { g§emoYH$mZo OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m g§emoYZ

265

{ , { { { { df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V àýmdbr _wbmIVr Am U ZarjUmVyZ g§H$ bV Ho$boë`m _m hVrMo { { dûcofU H$ê$Z ho ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. A) { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òMr _m hVr KoUo `m~m~VMo ZîH$f© 1) { { { Eo Vhm gH$ à H«$`m { { , { , { d dY J«§W g§X^© gm hË` B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m hVr `m§À`m AmYmao { { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òMo _m hVr KoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mV OmJ VH$sH$aU hr à H«$`m { { , { , { Eo Vhm gH$ Agë`mMo AmT>ibo. àmMrZ H$mimV kmZ gm hË` g§ñH¥$Vr d dMmam§Mr -KodmU - XodmU hmoV Ago. Xoe qH$dm amÁ`m§À`m gr_onbrH$So> Aem Jmoï>tMr XodmU ho { , , , \ , OmJ VH$sH$aUM hmoVo Ago åhUVm òB©b. na§Vw Ë`mV n¡gm ì`mnma Z $m

^m§S>dbemhr `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Zm dmd ZìhVm hr ~m~XoIrb bjmV ¿`m`bm hdr. 2) { { d Z_`mMo ì`mnmamV ê$nm§Va { { àmMrZ H$mir dñVy§Mr hr XodKod d Z_`mÀ`m nÕVrda Adb§~yZ hmoVr. Ë`m { { { H$mimV `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV deofV… ~«Q>re BñQ> B§ S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ { { { -Ko Am{U d Z_`mMo ì`mnmamV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. VoWyZM Am W©H$ Xod d n¡em§da AmYmarV

ì`mnmambm gwê$dmV Pmbr. 3) MbZm_wio n¡gm g§nÎmrbm _hËd n¡em§da AmYmarV ì`mnmambm gwê$dmV Pmbr Ë`mM H$mimV AZoH$ amOm§Zr { Ë`m§Mo MbZo ZmÊ`m§À`m ñdê$nmV Z_m©U Ho$br. `m MbZr ZmÊ`m§Mm dmna ì`mnma

266

{ D$ { Am U ì`dhmam§_Ü`o hmo bmJbm. Ë`mVyZ n¡emÀ`m åhUOo Am W©H$ g§nÎmrbm _hÎd D$ { { àmá hmo bmJbo. gÎmm Am U g§nÎmr `m§Mr OdirH$ Z_m©U ìhm`bmhr `mM H$mimV -A{YH$ H$_r à_mUmV gwê$dmV Pmbr. 4) { { OmJ VH$ à H«$`m { { { 1980 À`m gw_mambm OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m OmJ VH$ nmVirda gwê$ Am Q>rAmo { Pmbr. B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ ( ` ) hm `mVbm n hbm Q>ßnm hmoVm. S>ãë yQ>rAmo , { , ï´>r Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV dëS©> Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ ( ` ) OmJ VH$ ~±H$ Am§Vaam ` { Am E_ { { ZmUo ZYr ( ` E’$) Aem g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hr à H«$`m OmJ VH$ nmVirda { ~hþVm§e { dñVmaÊ`mV Ambr. gÜ`m OJmVrb Xoem§Zr `mMm ñdrH$ma Am U A§JrH$ma

Ho$bm Amho. 5) mï´>m§ nmümË` a §Mo dM©ñd { , , -{Z m©V { OmJ VH$ nmVirda ì`mnma CÚmoJ Am`mV ` `m§À`mV gwgyÌVm Z_m©U , ï´>m§ { { ï´>m§ ìhmdr N>moQ>çm am Zmhr dH$mgmMr g§Yr CnbãY ìhmdr Am U am À`m Xaå`mZ { { -KodmU , { { d dY Jmoï>tMr XodmU ìhmdr Aem hoVyZo OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. { { { { na§Vw Vr à H«$`m ñdV§Ì Z amhVm nmümË` Xoem§Mm EH$m YH$ma Am U dM©ñdmImbr VMm { , { , ï´>r { dñVma Pmbm. dëS©> Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ OmJ VH$ ~±H$ Am§Vaam ` ZmUo ZYr `m { g§ñWm A_o[aHo$À`m dM©ñdmImbr AmhoV ho bnyZ am hbobo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio OJmbm , Amnë`m _hËdmH$m§joZwgma hmH$Ê`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho Ago _V VÁkm§Zr ì`º$

H$aVmV. 267

6) { , { , { Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ~Xb { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`o_wio _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m d dY joÌm§V ~Xb KSy>Z { , { { { Ambo. Ë`mVrb Am W©H$ Vm§ ÌH$ Am U gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ~m~VrVbo ~Xb àH$fm©Zo { { { OmUdVmV. n ü_oH$S>rb _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§gmo~V Am W©H$ d ì`mdgm `H$ ^mJrXmarÀ`m -Am ~rEZ. { g§Yr `m_wio CnbãY Pmë`m. CXm. grEZEZ ` V§ÌkmZmMm àgma Am U -KodmU { XodmU AË`§V doJmZo Pmë`m_wio X¡Z§ XZ OrdZmVrb AZoH$ Jmoï>tÀ`m n[a^mfmM { { ~XbyZ Joë`m. ~J ~m°ggma»`m Q>rìhr emoOMr Amnë`mH$So>hr Pmbobr gwê$dmV Am U { { { Ë`mbm _iUmam àM§S> à VgmX hm gm§ñH¥$ VH$ ~XbmMmM n[aUm_ åhUmdm bmJob. 7) { OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌm§V eaH$md { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo 2010 n`ªV _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌm§V eaH$md { o , { Ho$ë`mMo XgyZ `oV. amoOÀ`m dmnamVrb dñVy A ^ì`º$sMr gmYZo BWnmgyZ Vo { { o { { { AJXr dMmaà H«$`n`ªV gJio ^m¡ VH$ d O¡ dH$ OJM OmJ VH$sH$aUmZo ì`mnyZ

Q>mH$bo Amho. ~) { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa H$moUË`m g§Yr d AmìhmZo { { C^r am hbr AmhoV `m~m~VMo ZîH$f©… - g§Yr… 8) gwb^Vm { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio AZoH$ Jmoï>r AË`§V gwb^ Pmë`m AmhoV. { , , { , àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V ~mV_r d _m hVrMo g§H$bZ AjaOwiUr S>Pm`qZJ

268

, D$ { N>nmB© gmXarH$aU `m Jmoï>r H$_r doi d l_mV hmo bmJë`m AmhoV. à gÕ , , Pmboë`m A§H$m§Mo n°qH$J Vmo dmMH$mn`ªV doioV nmoMdUo dmMH$m§er g§dmX gmYUo Aem { , Jmoï>rhr gwb^ ~Zë`m AmhoV. `m gwb^VoMm dmna H$ê$Z _m hVr kmZ `m§Mm àgma { { H$aÊ`mMr d g_mOmbm Xem XoÊ`mMr g§Yr àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm _imbr. 9) V§ÌkmZmMm n[aUm_ { V§ÌkmZm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V AË`§V doJmZo Am U _wb^yV ñdê$nmMo ~Xb { { KS>dbo AmhoV. nydu AZoH$ J«§W dmMyZ VmgZVmg Aä`mgmZ§Va _iUmar _m hVr { AmVm EH$m pŠbH$da _iVo. Q>§H$m§Mr OwiUr H$aÊ`mEodOr AmVm WoQ> g§JUH$mda { { , { , \ CËH¥$ï> Z _©Vr H$aVm `oVo. d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m B© Amd¥Î`m d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§À`m Amo~r ìh°Z $moZ { { { BZ H$m`©H«$_ Am U WoQ> KQ>ZmñWimdê$Z n[apñWVrMo MÌU nmhÊ`mMr gw dYm Aem { { { , AZoH$ gw dYm Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. B§Q>aZoQ> Am U _mo~mB©b ZoQ>dH©$_wio Va g§dmX , ~mV_r àgma_mÜ`_o `m§À`m ì`m»`oMr Zì`mZo nwZa©MZm Pmbr Amho. `m gdm©Mm { gH$mamË_H$ Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm _imbr Amho. 10) AW©H$maUmMm n[aUm_ { àgma_mÜ`_o hm ì`dgm` ~Zë`m_wio Ë`mMm PnmQ>çmZo dñVma Pmbm. { { { { naXoemVrb H§$nÝ`m d dm hÝ`m§gmo~V ghH$m`m©Ûmao Xoer dm hÝ`m§Mr Z _©Vr Pmbr. } , Ë`m_wio AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZ d H$m¡eë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo CÎm_moÎm_ d XOXma H$m`©H«$_ , { \ gmXarH$aU MÌrH$aU `m§Mm AmñdmX KoUo eŠ` ~Zbo. àgma_mÜ`_o Z $m H$_mdy 269

\ bmJë`m_wio Zdo CnH«$_ d àH$ënm§_Ü`ohr Ë`m§Mo `moJXmZ dmT>bo. Z $m H$_mdÊ`mMr { { Am U Ë`m n¡em§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amnbo H$m`© AmUIr dñVmaÊ`mMr g§Yr `mVyZ

àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm CnbãY Pmbr Amho. 11) { gm_m OH$ ~Xb { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V KSy>Z Amboë`m ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ { { , , { g_mO A YH$ OmJ¥V Am U gMoV ~Zbm. OJmV XoemV amÁ`mV Am U Amnë`m

AmOy~mOybm KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm Ë`mbm VmVS>rZo g_Oy bmJë`m. Ë`mda MMm© KSy> { , bmJbr. Ë`m_wio g_mOmbm dMmaàdU ~ZdÊ`mMo V§ÌkmZmMm A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mMo { { { Am U gm_m OH$ dmñVdmMo ^mZ amIÊ`mMo YSo> XoÊ`mMr g§Yr àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm _imbr

Amho. 12) { -KodmU gm§ñH¥$ VH$ XodmU { { { { - OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio d dY Xoem§Vrb g§ñH¥$VtMr OmJ VH$ nmVirda XodmU KodmU , , , { , gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`m_wio AÝ` Xoem§Vrb ImÚnXmW© ^mfm H$bm gm hË` -àXmZ g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mo AmXmZ gwê$ Pmbo Amho. Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb Mm§Jë`mMm BVa g§ñH¥$Vt_Yrb Mm§Jë`mer g§H$a KS>dyZ Zì`m `wJmMr Zdr g§ñH¥$Vr KS>dÊ`mgmR>rMo

_§WZ KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr g§Yr `mVyZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm àmá Pmbr Amho.

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AmìhmZo 13) gwb^Vm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr gwb^Vm Agë`m_wio Á`m§Mm nÌH$marVoer g§~§Y { Zmhr Aem bmoH$m§Zm `m joÌmV eaÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. VgoM Amnë`m

àgma_mÜ`_mVyZ H$mhrhr XmIdÊ`mMr g§Yrhr Ë`m§Zm CnbãY Pmbr Amh.o

14) V§ÌkmZmMm n[aUm_ { V§ÌkmZ ho XþYmar eó Amho. Ë`mMm dmna Mm§Jë`m Am U dmB©Q> Aem XmoÝhr { H$m_m§gmR>r H$aVm `oeH$Vmo. V§ÌkmZmMm J¡admna H$ê$Z hV§g§~§Ym§gmR>r AdmñVd , { \ KQ>Zm V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Z_m©U Ho$bobr $gdr Ñí`o XmIdÊ`mMr g§Yrhr

AW©H$maUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV n¡embm _hÎd Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio { nÌH$marVoer g§~§ YV EH$hr Jmoï> Odi ZgVmZm Ho$di n¡emÀ`m Omoamda àgma_mÜ`_ { \ { { CÚmoJmV eaÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. VgoM Z $m ho A§ V_ C Ôï> Agë`mZo

Ë`mgmR>r AÝ` VmpËdH$ Jmoï>ter VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mMr g§Yrhr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. 16) { gm_m OH$ ~Xb { g_mO hm n[adV©Zerb AgVmo. ho n[adV©Z AZoH$Xm MwH$sÀ`m XeoZohr KS>V { , { , AgVo. àgma_mÜ`_o Am U amOH$maUr àgma_mÜ`_o Am U ^m§S>dbXma 271

{ { { àgma_mÜ`_o Am U Om hamVXma `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y K Zð> hmoÊ`mMr g§Yrhr { { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Z_m©U Pmboë`m Zì`m g_rH$aUm§VyZ CnbãY Pmbr Amho. 17) { -KodmU gm§ñH¥$ VH$ XodmU -KodmU { g§ñH¥$VtMr XodmU ZH$mon d gH$mamË_H$ Agob Va Ë`mVyZ g§ñH¥$VtMm { g§J_ d dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. na§Vw Xþgè`m g§ñH¥$Vrbm H$_Hw$dV H$aVm `oUo { eŠ` hmoB©b BVnV EImÚm g§ñH¥$VrMm _mam H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio

àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm CnbãY Pmbr Amho.

H$) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobo Am W©H$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo { `m~m~VMo ZîH$f© 18) _mÜ`_ gm_«mÁò D$Z nyduMr N>moQ>r d¥ÎmnÌ hÔnma hmo AmVm _mÜ`_ gm_«mÁ`m§Mo Ambobo `wJ hr { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am W©H$ ~XbmMr XoU Amho. `m _moR>çm gm_«mÁ`m§_wio àgma_mÜ`_o { Xoeì`mnr ~ZVmV. EH$mMdoir AZoH$ amÁ`m§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm à^m dV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm { Ë`m§À`mnmer Z_m©U hmoVo. na§Vw `m j_VoMm ñdmW© gmYÊ`mgmR>r dmna hmoÊ`mMrhr , eŠ`Vm AgVo. VgoM hr gm_«mÁò C^r H$aÊ`mgmR>r àM§S> n¡gm g§gmYZo bmJVmV. , , } { Ë`mVyZ AW©H$maU amOH$maU ñnYV nwT>o amhÊ`mMr hmd `m§Zm A YH$ _hÎd òV { àgma_mÜ _o Am{U OmVo Am U àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _yi hoVy ~mOybm amhVmV. ` _mÜ _g_«mQ>m§Mo EH$ ZdoM OJ ApñVËdmV oD$ nmhmV Amho. ` `

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AdñWm AË`§V X`Zr` ~ZV Mmbbr Amho. hr N>moQ>r d¥ÎmnÌo Ajae… XoemoYS>rbm , { , bmJV AmhoV. H$maU _mÜ`_ gm_«mÁ`m§Zr ~mV_r à gÕr ~«oqH$J Ý`yO `m§Mr ëë m ì`m»`mM ~XbyZ Q>mH$br Amho. Ë`m_wio ^a^ê$Z dmhUmè`m _m°bH$So> ~KV J ` da

~gyZ _mem _maUmè`m dmÊ`mgmaIr `m N>moQ>çm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr AdñWm Pmbr Amho. 20) \ { Z $m hoM A§ V_ Üò` { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am W©H$ à^mdm_wio àgma_mÜ`_o hm ì`dgm` ~Zbm AgyZ \ { { , { Z $m hoM A§ V_ Üò` ~Zbo Amho. Ë`m_wio AZoH$Xm g_mO hV gmamgma ddoH$ Z { , { { ~miJVm n¡gm _idÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr MwH$sÀ`m Z fÕ Jmoï>rhr XmIdë`m OmVmV. 21) AW©H$maUmbm _hËd {dídm Am àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m V n¡embm AgmYmaU _hÎd ë`mZo AW©H$maUmZwgma , , { aUZrVr AmIÊ`mV òVo. AWm©V EdT>çm bmoH$m§Mo nJma V§ÌkmZ Am W©H$ { R>a Jw§VdUwH$sMm IM© BË`mXrMm ngmam nmhVm AW©H$maUmMm dMma H$aUo An[ahm`© Vo. 22) { BVa CÚmoJm§Mm eaH$md

AW©H$maUmÀ`m `mM g_rH$aUmMm à^md åhUyZ AÝ` CÚmoJm§Mm { { , àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV eaH$md Pmë`mMo XgyZ `oVo. noS> Ý`yO A°S>ìhmoQ>mo[a`ëg { `m àgma_mÜ`_m§V eaboë`m Anàd¥ÎmtMm `mV g_mdoe Amho. VgoM àgma_mÜ`_o

273

~bmT>ç { { , ( _mÜ`_ H§$nÝ`m) e¡j UH$ dm hÝ`m godm joÌ d AÝ` CÚmoJm§Vhr gh^mJ D$ Ko bmJë`m AmhoV.

S>) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobo Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo { `m~m~VMo ZîH$f© 23) doJmMr àM§S> dmT> OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr joÌmV KS>bobr KQ>Zm ~mV_rÀ`m ê$nmZo Ad¿`m H$mhr { { _ ZQ>m§V Vw_À`mn`ªV gmJ«g§JrV nmoMVo. àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb hm ~Xb hm { { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KSy>Z Amboë`m Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ Amho. na§Vw hmM doJ { JmR>VmZm H$mhr doim MwH$sMr _m hVr dm Vnerb bmoH$m§n`ªV nmoMdbm OmVmo hr `mMr

H$mir ~mOy åhUVm `oB©b. 24) AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU , { , d¥ÎmnÌo d¥Îmdm hÝ`m B§Q>aZoQ> `m gdmªÀ`m nmVirda àgma_mÜ`_o åhUyZ { AË`§V AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aUmMr g§Yr Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xbm§_wio CnbãY Pmbr Amho. Ë`m_wio { Ame` A YH$ à^mdrnUo gmXa H$aVm `oVmo. na§Vw `mMmM AmYma KoV MwH$sÀ`m

Jmoï>tMohr CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Amho. `mMm dmna Xþîàd¥Îmr H$ê$ eH$VmV. 25) { AË`mYw ZH$ V§ÌmMm dmna { { àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dmna A YH$ à^mdrnUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xbm§_wio EH$ , , { , Zdo `wJM gwPmbo Ago åhUVm `oVo. N>nmB© gmXarH$aU dVaU ì`dñWmnZ `m gd©

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{ Jmoï>t_Ü`o AË`mYw ZH$ V§ÌmMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm Amho. Ë`mMm àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m { ì`dgm`mMr dmT> d dñVma `m§À`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo Amho. na§Vw `mM V§ÌkmZmMm

AÝ` A`mo½` Jmoï>tÀ`m àgmamgmR>r VgoM àgma_mÜ`_m§H$Sy>Z dmB©Q> Jmoï>tMo CXmÎmrH$aU { H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmZm XgVmo. 26) { Am°ZbmB©Z _mÜ`_m§Mm dH$mg , , { OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr H$monè`mVrb ~mV_r KQ>Zm _m hVr g§JUH$mÀ`m ñH«$sZda { { qH$dm _mo~mB©bÀ`m ñH«$sZda Vwåhmbm Vr KS>ë`mZ§Va Ad¿`m H$mhr _ ZQ>m§V nmhm`bm { _iVo. Ë`m_wio OJ Odi Ambo Amho ho dmñVd Amho. na§Vw `mM Am°ZbmB©Z

_mÜ`_m§Mm Xþê$n`moJ hmoV Agë`mMr AmoaS>hr gwê$ Pmbr Amho. 27) , , ï´> ñWb H$mi am m§À`m gr_m§nma { } V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV nm ü_mË` Xoe nydH$S>rb Xoem§À`m VwbZoV Zoh_r AJ«oga { { am hbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z EImXo V§ÌkmZ ¿`m`Mo åhQ>bo Va AZoH$ Vm§ ÌH$ , AS>MUr Xÿa H$amì`m bmJV. VgoM V§ÌkmZmda _ºo$Xmar hmVMo amIÊ`mMr d¥Îmr -Kod { `m_wio IwbonUmZo V§ÌkmZmMr Xod hmoV Zgo. nU OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio V§ÌkmZmÀ`m

~m~VrVhr OJ ho ½bmo~b pìhboO ~Zbo Amho. B) { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V Pmbobo gm_m OH$ ~Xb g§Yr d AmìhmZo { `m~m~VMo ZîH$f© 28) { E S>Q>g© A±S> _°ZoOg©

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{ àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb gm_m OH$ n[aUm_ åhUOo g§nmXH$m§Mr OmJm AmVm _°ZoOg© { ì`dñWmnH$m§Zr ( ) KoVbr Amho. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_o _mbH$Ym O©Ur ~ZV { Mmbbr AmhoV. Zì`mZo òUmè`m nT>rVhr g§nmXH$s` H$m¡eë`mnojm ì`dñWmnH$s` { { { D$ H$m¡eëò H$Vr à_mUmV AmhoV `mMm dMma ZdS> H$aVmZm Ho$bm Om bmJbm Amho. 29) n¡emÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV OmJm { { { d¥ÎmnÌo Am U d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§_Üò ñnog goqbJ åhUOoM OmJm dH$Ê`mMm Q´>|S> dmT>Vmo Amho. AJXr _wIn¥ð>mdahr A°S>ìhmoQ>mo[a`ëgMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio , { , { { { d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm àdmg d¥Îm _m hVr dMma d _Vo `m§Zm OmJm XoUmè`m KQ>H$mH$Sy>Z d dY { , { , { { { { Jmoï>tgmR>r Z dmT> Xdg Xþ…IX ZYZ d dY Om hamVr B. OmJm dH$Umè`m { D$ KQ>H$mÀ`m XeoZo hmo bmJbm Amho. 30) \ { EÊS> Am° $ OZm© bO_ { darb ~Xbm§_wio AmVm d¥ÎmnÌo d d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§V g§nmXH$mMo ñWmZ Xþæ`_ ~Zbo , { { AgyZ ì`dñWmnZ Om hamV d^mJm§Zm _hÎd Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio amoOÀ`m nmZm§da { { { { Om hamVtgmR>rMr OmJm Z üV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Cabobr OmJm hr ~mVå`m§gmR>r Xbr OmVo. { Ë`m_wio AmVm nÌH$marVm åhUyZ Or H$ënZm nyduÀ`m H$mir ApñVÎdmV hmoVr VMm D$ , A§V Odi ò bmJbm Amho Ago åhUVm òVo. 31) { -KodmU gm§ñH¥$ VH$ XodmU { { -KodmU OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm_wio gm§ñH¥$ VH$ XodmU àM§S> _moR>çm à_mUmV D$ { hmo bmJbr Amho. Ë`mMo n[aUm_ H$m` hmoVrb `mMm dMma Z H$aVmM Ë`m§Mm 276

, ñdrH$ma d A§JrH$ma gwê$ Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio XþJ©_ ^mJmVrb g§ñH¥$Vr N>moQ>o g_mO { D$ Am U ^mfm `m§Mm doJmZo A§V hmo bmJbm Amho. 32) Cn^moJdmXmbm àmoËgmhZ { àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Cn^moJdmXmbm àM§S> _moR>çm à_mUmV { { àmoËgmhZ Xbo OmV Amho. Om hamVt_Yrb ImoQ>çm AmœmgZm§Zm ^wbyZ bmoH$ _moR>çm -H$mobm, \ , à_mUmV Ë`mbm ~ir nS>V AmhoV. H$moH$m o$Aa A±S> bìhbr ~m°S>r ñào { `m§À`m CËnmXH$ H§$nÝ`m§À`m Zâ`mMo AmH$So> nm hë`mda Ë`mMr H$ënZm `oVo.

{ , ’$) OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§da Pmboë`m n[aUm_m§~m~V dmMH$ lmoVo d { àojH$m§À`m _Vm§~m~VMo ZîH$f© 33) { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm à^md { OmJ VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm AmVm ~hþVm§e bmoH$m§Zm kmV hmobmJbr Amh.o } 97 gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r Ho$boë`m gdjUmV gh^mJr Pmboë`m Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr { { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm _m hV Agë`mMo gm§ JVbo. VgoM OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm , 81 àgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo Agohr Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. 34) - Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q> ~m~r { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m àgma_mÜ`_m§da hmoUmao n[aUm_ Mm§Jbo Am U dmB©Q> Aem { XmoÝhr àH$maMo AmhoV. Ë`mVrb Mm§Jë`m n[aUm_m§_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dH$mg `mo½`

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{ { XeoZo hmoV Amho Va dmB©Q> n[aUm_m§_wio àggma_mÜ`_m§Mm àdmg MwH$sÀ`m XeoZo hmoV , Amho Ago bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo. 35) _yi hoVynmgyZ Xþamdm { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m n[aUm_m§_wio àgma_mÜ`_o Amnbo Ü`o` d _yi hoVynmgyZ { \ { { Xÿa OmV AmhoV. Am W©H$ Z $m Am U hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r VgoM gdm©J doJdmZ { , { , R>aÊ`mÀ`m _mohmnm`r g_mO hV Cno jVm§Mo àý `mH$So> Ë`m§Mo Xþb©j hmoC bmJbo Amho

Ago bmoH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho. 36) { , Om hamVXma ^m§S>dbXmam§Mm nJS>m { , { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n ì`már Am U H$m`©nÕVrV

Am_ybmJ« ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio `m _hmH$m` ngmè`mbm gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r

Amnbo AW©H$maU geº$ amIÊ`mMo AmìhmZ àgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa Amho. Ë`mVyZM { , , { { Om hamVXma ^m§S>dbXma amOH$maUr `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mo hVg§~§Y Z_m©U hmoVmV. , H$mhr _mÜ`_o Va WoQ> amOH$maUr CÚmoOH$ `m§À`m Vmã`mV Amho. Ë`m_wio { { , OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m n[aUm_ñdê$n Ë`m àgma_mÜ`_m§da Om hamVXma ^m§S>dbXma { { { `m§Mm nJS>m Z_m©U Pmë`mMo MÌ XgyZ `oVo. 37) , { gdmªJrU g§K Q>V à`ËZm§Mr JaO

àgma_mÜ`_o gÜ`m EH$m g§H«$_UmdñWoVyZ OmV AmhoV. Aem pñWVrV

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{ { D$ { Mm§Jbo Am U Q>H$m Agob VoM Q>H$Vo. nU Vmoda àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm { { } { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m aoQ>çmVhr `mo½` XeoZo ZoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Zm XOXma dH$mgmMr , , , , g§Yr àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _mbH$ ì`dñWmnH$ g§nmXH$ nÌH$ma { , , { Om hamVXma _mÜ`_VÁk emgZ Am U gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$ `m gdmªZr g§KQ>rVnUo , à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho Ago bmoH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho.

M) { { \ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm Am U n`m©`mZo g_mOmbm $m`Xm ìhmdm { { `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m ~m~t df`rMo ZîH$f© 38) { { ì`dgm` Am U g_mO hV

àgma_mÜ`_o gÜ`m EH$m g§H«$_UmdñWoVyZ OmV AmhoV. gÜ`m Ë`m§Mo nmaSo> { \ { ì`dgm` Am U Z $m `m ~mOyZo OmñV PwH$bobo XgyZ `oV Agbo Var `oË`m H$mimV { { ì`dgm` Am U g_mO hV `m§Mm g_Vmob Agbobo _m°So>b Ë`m§Zm ñdrH$mamdo bmJob. { H$maU ^maVmgma»`m bmoH$emhr XoemV gdm© YH$ ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJUmè`m { àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr g_mO hVmH$So> Xþb©j Ho$bo Va Vmo EH$àH$mao bmoH$emhrMm nam^d

R>aob. 39) { AmMmag§ hVm { , àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmMmag§ hVm Agmdr Aer _mJUr dma§dma hmoV Amho. { { Ë`mda àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr KoVbobr ñd`§ Z`_ZmMr ^y _H$m ñdmJVmh© Amho. { { Ë mVyZ { {_iy$ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio H$Vrhr n¡gm `m ì`dgm`mV Ambm Var ` à Vð>m eH$V , { , Zmhr ho dmñVd ñdrH$mam`bm hdo. H$maU AIoa Mm[aÍ`M H$m`_ Q>H$Vo n¡gm Zìho. 279

40) Xþîàd¥ÎmtMm AñdrH$ma { { { H$moUË`mhr à V ð>V joÌmà_mUo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmVhr Xþîàd¥ÎmtMm eaH$md { \ Pmbm Amho. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mù`m ~mOybm $m`Xm KoV Xþîàd¥ÎmtZr Amnbo ñWmZ { { `m joÌmV dñVmabo Amho. Agm Xþîàd¥ÎmtMm AñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMr ^y _H$m

àgma_mÜ`_m§gh g_mOmZohr ¿`m`bm hdr. Ë`mVM XmoKm§Mohr ^bo Amho. 41) { g§ Z`§ÌUmMr ì`dñWm { Amnbm àdmg `mo½` XeoZo Mmbbm Amho H$s Zmhr ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU , { \ añË`mdaÀ`m AmoiIrÀ`m IwUm XemXe©H$ $bH$ `m§Mm AmYma KoV AgVmo. { { Ë`mMà_mUo OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m Y~S>½`mV àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm àdmg `mo½` XeoZo { Mmbbm Amho H$s Zmhr `mMr OmUrd amIÊ`mgmR>r g§ Z`§ÌU H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Mr JaO { { Amho. `m g§ñWm emgH$s` qH$dm ImgJr Agy eH$Vrb. `m g§ñWm d dY A§Jm§Zr { { àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Z` _V H$mimZo Ë`m~m~VMo Ahdmb OmhranUo { { \ _m§S>Vrb Am U e $magr H$aVrb. 42) { YmoaUmË_H$ ZU©` { `oË`m H$mimV OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm doJ AmUIr dmT>Uma Amho. Ë`mMm Amnë`m { { XoemVrb àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm dH$mg d dñVma `mgmR>r OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ H$gm { { H$ê$Z KoVm `oB©b `mgmR>r àgma_mÜ`_o Am U emgZmÀ`m nmVirda YmoaUmË_H$ ZU©`

KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

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6.4 g§emoYZmMr ì`már 1) d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§Mo ñdê$n, Ame` `mgmo~VM Ë`m§Mr AmH«$_H$Vm Am{U VmH$X dmT>Vo Amho. Joë`m XeH$âmV Va Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nmV Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>bm Amho. d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§À`m `m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmMm {dñVmamZo Aä`mg hm g§emoYZmMm EH$ ñdV§Ì {df` hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `mV d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§Mo ñdê$n Am{U Ame` `m_Üò KS>boë`m pñWË`§VamMm {dñVmamZo Aä`mg H$aVm òB©b. 2) àgma_mÜ_m§À`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm _w§~B©- {X„rgma»`m _oQ´>mo eham§da Pmbobm n[aUm_

àgma_mÜ`_o Ë`mVhr {deofV… d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o hm _mZdr OrdZmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbm Amho. _oQ´>mo eham§_Üò Va Ë`m§Mo _hËd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmbbo Amho. àgma_mÜ`_o, Ë`mdê$Z àgmarV hmoUmè`m ~mVå`m Am{U AÝ` H$m`4H«$_ `m§Mm _oQ´>mo ehamV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§da Imobda n[aUm_ hmoVmZm {XgVmo. `m n[aUm_mMo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n, Ë`m_mJMr H$maUo Am{U Ë`mMm à^md `m {df`mda ñdV§ÌnUo g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aVm òD$ eHo$b. 3) _mo~mB©bdarb d¥Îmgodm OJâmV Am{U XoeâmV _mo~mB©b dmnaUmè`m§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmV Amho Am{U Vr {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>Vo Amho. _mo~mB©bdê$Z Am{W©H$ ì`dhma, gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J `mgma»`m AZoH$ gw{dYm§Mm bm^ KoVm òVmo. _mo~mB©bdarb d¥Îmgodm hrXoIrb Ë`mVrb EH$ gw{dYm Amho. `m d¥ÎmgodoMo ñdê$n Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ AÝ` àgma_mÜ`_m§nojm doJim Amho. `m~m~Vhr g{dñVanUo g§emoYZ H$aVm òB©b.

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4) gmoeb _r{S>`mMr {M{H$Ëgm AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV gmoeb _r{S>`m ho EH$ OmJ{VH$ àgma_mÜ`_ CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `m Zd_mÜ`_mMm dmna {deof H$ê$Z ZdVê$U _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aVmV. OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr H$monè`mV KS>Umè`m H$moUË`mhr KQ>Zo~Ôb VmVS>rZo WoQ> à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mMr dm Amnb§ _V ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMr `mV ~Q>~Q>rV gmo` Amho. Ë`mgmo~VM H$moUË`mhr {W„a {df`mda CWi dm à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mVhr H$mhr bmoH$ YÝ`Vm _mZVmV. `m Zd_mÜ`_mMo {díbofU d {M{H$Ëgm hm Aä`mgmMm ñdV§Ì {df` Amho.

5) dV©_mZnÌm§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrda OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Pmbobm n[aUm_ OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gdm©V _hËdmMr Jmoï> Or KS>br Vr åhUOo Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU. `mMo AZoH$ n¡by AmhoV. dV©_mZnÌm§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrÀ`m g§X^m©V OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H$moUVo ~Xb KS>bo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio dV©_mZnÌmMo Am{W©H$ J{UV Am{U g_rH$aU H$go ~Xbbo Amho. VgoM Ë`mMm dV©_mZnÌm§À`m EHy$U ì`{º$_Ëdmda H$moUVm n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho, `mMm {dñVmamZo Aä`mg H$aVm `oB©b.

5 { \ 6. e $magr { { { gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r g§H$ bV H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m _m hVrMo dûcofU H$ê$Z { { \ Oo ZîH$f© àmá Pmbo Ë`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aVmZm H$mhr e $magr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho { { Ago àñVwV g§emoYH$mbm dmQ>Vo. OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr AË`§V doJdmZ Am U ~hþAm`m_r { , { à H«$`m Ë`mMm àgma_mÜ`_m§da hmoV Agbobm gImob n[aUm_ Am U `m gJù`mMm

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{ { A§ V_V… dmMH$ d àojH$mda hmoUmam n[aUm_ `m gJù`m§Mm dMma H$aVm `oË`m { { { H$mimV àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oMm Amnë`m dH$mgmgmR>r { { , { \ A YH$m YH$ gH$mamË_H$ arVrZo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm `mdm `mgmR>r Imbrb e $magr

H$amì`mem dmQ>VmV. 1) { { { { { { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zr OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oMm d VÀ`m d dY H§$Jmoè`m§Mm ^Þ

A§Jm§Zr gImob Aä`mg H$amdm. 2) { { { \ hm Aä`mg gmVË`mZo gwê$ R>odmdm Am U Ë`m Aä`mgmMo ZîH$f© d e $magr { { { { { _m§S>Umao Ahdmb Z` _V H$mbmZo àH$m eV H$amdoV d Ë`mMr g dñVa _m hVr { { _mÜ`_m§V d dY nmVù`m§da H$m_ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§n`ªV à^mdrnUo nmoMdmdr. 3) { , { OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m d¥ÎmnÌmV d¥Îmdm hZrV qH$dm { { , { d¥Îmg_yhmV d dY nmVù`m§da H$moUVo ~Xb H$amdo bmJUma AmhoV `mMr _m hVr - , , , Ë`m Ë`m g_yhmZo Amnmnë`m AIË`marVrb g§MmbH$ g§nmXH$ nÌH$ma H$_©Mmar { { `m§Zm Úmdr d Ë`m§À`mV `m df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V OmJê$H$Vm Z_m©U H$amdr. 4) { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V g§doXZerb _mÜ`_H$_v d VÁkm§Mr Q>r_ amï>«r` d { \ amÁ`mÀ`m nmVirda V`ma H$ê$Z VÀ`m_m ©$V àgma_mÜ`_mV H$m`©aV Agboë`m , ì`º$s g§ñWm d g_yhm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo. 5) , { , , d¥ÎmnÌ d¥Îmdm hÝ`m qH$dm d¥Îmg_yhmÀ`m nmVirda Ë`mVrb g§MmbH$ g§nmXH$ , { nÌH$ma H$_©Mmar `m§Zm OmJ VH$sH$aUmbm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m { { { { , ~Xbm§gmR>r à e jV H$amdo. `m à ejUmVyZ ì` º$JV nmVirdarb O~m~Xmè`m

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{ } { { { { , { } C Ôï>o d H$m` Z üV H$ê$Z ÚmdrV. Z üV Ho$boë`m `m O~m~Xmè`m C Ôï>o d H$m` { { { { `m§À`m àJVrMm Z üV H$mbmZo Z` _VnUo AmT>mdm ¿`mdm. 6) , { , , d¥ÎmnÌm§Vrb _OHy$a Q>rìhr dm hÝ`m§darb ~mV_rnÌo _Zmoa§OH$ H$m`©H«$_ Ë`mVrb , , , } Ame` H$WmZH$ nmÌo gmXarH$aU `m Jmoï>r AmUIr XOXma ìhmì`mV `mgmR>r { { { { , , Z` _VnUo Aä`mg d g§emoYZ Ho$bo Omdo. d dY àgma_mÜ`_o Ë`mdarb H$m`©H«$_ , , , , Ame` H$WmZH$ nmÌo gmXarH$aU À`m g§X^m©Vrb gm_mÝ` dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mr _Vo

OmUyZ ¿`mdrV d Ë`m§À`m _Vm§Zwgma ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdoV. 7) { { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo dœ _moR>çm à_mUmV nm ü_mË` d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m , { nJS>çmImbr Amho. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g§X^© XoAmnë`m bmoH$m§Zm ê$Mob nMob Am U { { { D$ AmdSo>b d OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `wJmV àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr Am W©H$ J UVo bjmV Ko Z { { àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m gm_m OH$ à Vð>obm emo^ob Ago ^maVr` _m°So>b ApñVÎdmV , { , AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ ìhmdoV. `m à`ËZm§V emgZ _mÜ`_ joÌm§Vrb X½JO , { , { { _mÜ`_VÁk dMmad§V emgZ Am U gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$ `m§Mohr ghH$m`© _imdo. 6.6 { C Ôï>m§Mr nyV©Vm { { { àñVwV g§emoYZ H$aVmZm Z üV C Ôï>o S>moù`mg_moa R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. , , { { àýmdbr _wbmIV ZarjU V§Ì BË`mXtMm dmna H$ê$Z hr C Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r { { gXa g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. g§H$ bV Ho$boë`m _m hVrMo `mo½` nÕVrZo , { { { gmXarH$aU dûcofU d AW© Zd©MZ Ho$bo Amho. `m gdm©À`m AmYmao ZîH$f© H$mTy>Z

284

{ \ { e $magrhr gmXa Ho$ë`m AmhoV. g§emoYZmMr C Ôï>o gmÜ` Pmë`mMo Imbrbà_mUo { ZXe©Zmg òVo. { . - { { { ; C Ôï> H«$ 1 OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òMr _m hVr KoUo Ë`m_wio _amR>r { { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa H$moUË`m g§Yr d AmìhmZo C^r am hbr AmhoV `mMr _m hVr . KoUo { { gXa emoYà~§YmVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$òMm AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ { { { AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mV hr à H«$`m H$em arVrZo dH$ gV hmoV Jobr `mMr { { { { _m hVr Ë`mVyZ _imbr. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$ò_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa { { , H$moUË`m g§Yr d AmìhmZo C^r am hbr AmhoV `mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r Ame` dûcofU { } g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _hÎdmÀ`m Zm|Xr Am U àË`j gdjUmÛmao gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ { { , KoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr à H«$`m Ë`m_wio _amR>r { { { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§g_moa Cä`m am hboë`m g§Yr d AmìhmZo `m§Mr dñVmamZo _m hVr { Pmbr. `m_wio g§emoYZmgmR>r g_moa R>odbobo ho C Ôï> gmÜ` Pmbo Amho.

{ - { C Ôï> H«$ 2 _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoUo Am U { { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm Ë`m§À`m d dY A§Jm§da d H$m`©àUmbrV hmoUmam ~Xb OmUyZ

KoUo. { { `m g§emoYZmXaå`mZ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm { { AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§Mo ZarjU H$ê$Z AZoH$ dY KQ>H$m§Mr Zm|X R>odÊ`mV

285

{ { { Ambr. Ë`mVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Ë`m§À`m d dY A§Jm§da hmoUmam n[aUm_ g_Obm. , { { } { Ë`mbm g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _Vo VÁkm§Mo dMma Am U gdjUmVyZ hmVr Ambobo ZîH$f© { `mÛmao nwï>r XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ho C Ôï>XoIrb gmÜ` Pmbo Amho. { - { { C Ôï> H«$ 3 OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V H$moUVo Am W©H$ ~Xb

KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV `mMm emoY KoUo. { { { `m g§emoYZmXaå`mZ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo ZarjU { { H$ê$Z OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Ë`m§À`mV Zo_Ho$ H$moUË`m àH$maMo Am W©H$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo { , AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm H$moUVm n[aUm_ Ë`m§À`mV XgyZ `oV Amho `mMm emoY KoÊ`mV Ambm. { { { `m ZarjUmVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V KSy>Z Ambobo Am W©H$ { , ~Xb Am U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g_OyZ KoVm Ambm. Ë`mbm g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _Vo VÁkm§Mo { { } { dMma Am U gdjUmVyZ hmVr Ambobo ZîH$f© `mÛmao nwï>r XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ho { C Ôï>XoIrb gmÜ` Pmbo Amho. { - { { C Ôï> H«$ 4 OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V H$moUVo Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb

KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV `mMm emoY KoUo. { { { `m g§emoYZmXaå`mZ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ§Mo Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo ZarjU { { H$ê$Z OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Ë`m§À`mV Zo_Ho$ H$moUË`m àH$maMo Vm§ ÌH$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo { { { AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm H$moUVm n[aUm_ d¥ÎmnÌo Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m `m§À`mV XgyZ `oV , { { Amho `mMm emoY KoÊ`mV Ambm. `m ZarjUmVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r { { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V KSy>Z Ambobo Am W©H$ ~Xb Am U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g_OyZ KoVm

286

, { { } Ambm. Ë`mbm g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _Vo VÁkm§Mo dMma Am U gdjUmVyZ hmVr Ambobo { { ZîH$f© `mÛmao nwï>r XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ho C Ôï>XoIrb gmÜ` Pmbo Amho. { { { C Ôï> H«$ 5 OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V H$moUVo gm_m OH$ ~Xb

KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV `mMm emoY KoUo. { { { `m g§emoYZmXaå`mZ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Am U _amR>r d¥Îmdm hÝ`m§Mo ZarjU { { H$ê$Z OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio Ë`m§À`mV Zo_Ho$ H$moUË`m àH$maMo gm_m OH$ ~Xb KSy>Z { , Ambo AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm H$moUVm n[aUm_ Ë`m§À`mV XgyZ `oV Amho `mMm emoY KoÊ`mV { { Ambm. `m ZarjUmVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V KSy>Z Ambobo { { gm_m OH$ ~Xb Am U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g_OyZ KoVm Ambm. Ë`mbm g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb , { { } { _Vo VÁkm§Mo dMma Am U gdjUmVyZ hmVr Ambobo ZîH$f© `mÛmao nwï>r XoÊ`mV { Ambr. Ë`m_wio ho C Ôï>XoIrb gmÜ` Pmbo Amho. { - { C Ôï> H«$ 6 OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da Pmboë`m n[aUm_m§~m~V dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoUo. { `m g§emoYZmV OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§da Pmboë`m ho n[aUm_ d { ? ~Xb `m§À`m df`r dmMH$ d àojH$ `m§Mr H$m` _Vo AmhoV ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ } { H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mgmR>r gdjU àýmdbrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Mr _Vo g§H$ bV { { H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mVyZ `m dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mm H$b Am U Ë`m§À`m OmJ VH$sH$aU d

287

{ { _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_o `m df`rÀ`m ^mdZm OmUyZ KoVë`m. Ë`m_wio ho C Ôï>hr gmÜ`

Pmbo Amho. { - { { C Ôï> H«$ 7 OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à H«$`oMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm gH$mamË_H$ { dmna H$ê$Z KoVm `mdm d Ë`mMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm Am U n`m©`mZo \ { g_mOmbm $m`Xm ìhmdm `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m ~m~tMr _m hVr KoUo. { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m à H«$`oMo AZoH$ H§$Jmoao AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm { gH$mamË_H$ dmna H$ê$Z KoVm `mdm Am U Ë`mMm àgma_mÜ`_o d n`m©`mZo g_mOmbm \ , { $m`Xm ìhmdm `mgmR>r H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~r Amdí`H$ AmhoV `mMr _m hVr `m } g§emoYZmXaå`mZ KoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m~m~V gdjUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmMH$ d { { àojH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoVbr. VgoM g§X^©J«§Wm§Vrb _Vo d dMma Am U VÁkm§À`m { { { à V H«$`m OmUyZ KoVë`m. Ë`m_wio `m C Ôï>mMrhr nyV©Vm Pmbr Amho.

darb ~m~tMm AmT>mdm KoVm àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g_moa R>odboë`m gd© { C Ôï>m§Mr n[anyVu Pmbo Amho ho ñnï> hmoVo. 7 6. J¥hrVH$m§Mr nS>VmiUr { àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m ZîH$fm©àV nmoMÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr J¥hrVHo$ g_moa R>odbr { { { hmoVr. gXa g§emoYZmÀ`m g§X^m©V d dY gmYZo Am U V§Ìo `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$bobo { { { { _m hVr g§H$bZ Am U dûcofU `mVyZ hmVr Ambobo ZîH$f© J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§er gwg§JV

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Agë`m_wio hr J¥hrVHo$ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. gXa g§emoYH$mZo g_moa R>odbobr { { hr J¥hrVHo$ H$moUVr hmoVr Am U Vr H$emàH$mao ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr ho Imbr Xbo Amho. .1- { J¥hrVH H«$ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n d H$m`©nÕVr

`m_Ü`o Am_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV. { , , , `m g§emoYZmgmR>r nwUo _hgybr d^mJmVrb nwUo gmVmam gmobmnya H$moëhmnya { { { { `m Mma Am U Zm eH$ _hgybr d^mJmVrb Ah_XZJa Aem nmM Oëøm§VyZ àË`oH$s } { 180 Aem EHy$U 900 bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z gdjU àýmdbrÀ`m AmYmao _m hVr KoÊ`mV { { Ambr. `m àýmdbrV OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n Am U ? H$m`©nÕVrV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV H$m` ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mbm 729 { bmoH$m§Zr åhUOoM 81 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr hmoH$mamWu CÎma Xbo Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb , , , { , , , dmVmªH$Z g§nmXZ _wÐU Om hamV gmXarH$aU àgmaU ì`dñWmnZ AmXr , KQ>H$m§da hm n[aUm_ hmoV AgyZ AmH$f©H$ gmXarH$aU ~mV_r VmVS>rZo CnbãY { , { , { { hmoÊ`mMr H«$`m Vbm B§Q>aZoQ> gmoeb ZoQ>dH$sªJÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ VmVS>rZo à V H«$`m { XoÊ`mMr gw dYm AmXr _hÎdmMo ~Xb Agë`mMo `m bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$mabo Amho. VgoM , { { ~mV_r _m hVr d _Zmoa§OZmMo N>mnrb ñdê$n AmVm dñVmabo AgyZ Vr ÑH$m ì` , { -_ob D$ , EgE_Eg E_E_Eg Am U B© CnbãY hmo bmJbr Amho Agohr `m bmoH$m§Zr { _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. `mbm g§X^© gm hË`mVrb AZoH$ n[aÀN>oX d VÁkm§Zr ì`º$ Ho$boë`m { _Vm§Mmhr AmYma Amho. åhUOoM OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n

289

ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo Amho. 2 - { J¥hrVH H«$. `m ~Xbm§Mo ñdê$n Mm§Jbo Am U dmB©Q> Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMo Amho. { `m g§emoYZmV OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo , H$moUVo n[aUm_ Mm§Jbo qH$dm dmB©Q> dmQ>VmV `m~m~VMo dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mo _V OmUyZ , KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mV àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§»`oV Pmbobr bjUr` dmT> Mmodrg Vmg , - { , } ~mVå`m§Mr CnbãYVm KQ>Zm ~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr gw dYm MMV WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm { , `oÊ`mMr gw dYm V§ÌkmZ d gmXarH$aUmV Pmbobo ~Xb ho n[aUm_ Mm§Jbo Agë`mMo { 100 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$mabo Amho. Va XþgarH$So> Om hamVXmam§Mr , d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb _ºo$Xmar ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVr OmUmao àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo , { ì`dñWmnZ H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMo dmVmªH$Z d Ë`mda e¸$m_moV©~ H$aÊ`mMr _amR>r { { , d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm _imbobr A Z~ªY gyQ> dmÅ>ob Vo àojH$m§À`m _mWr _maÊ`mMr , , , { { d¥Îmr A§YlÕm JwÝhoJmarMo CXmÎmrH$aU gm_m OH$ g§dmX H$_Hw$dV hmoÊ`mMr à H«$`m

AmXr dmB©Q> n[aUm_ Agë`mMo 98 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. `mbm { { g§X^©gm hË`mVrb AZoH$ n[aÀN>oX d VÁkm§Zr ì`º$ Ho$boë`m _Vm§_wiohr nwï>r _iVo. { `mVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo ñdê$n Mm§Jbo { , { Am U dmB©Q> Ago XmoÝhr àH$maMo Amho ho gÕ Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio ho J¥hrVH

ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

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3 - J¥hrVH H«$. Mm§Jbo ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr àJë^ d { { dH$ gV H$aV AmhoV. ho ~Xb àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ~bñWmZo R>aV AmhoV. { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio hmoUmao Mm§Jbo ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr { { àJë^ d dH$ gV H$aV AmhoV H$m` ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm AgVm Ë`mbmhr { { 98 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr hmoH$mamWu à VgmX Xbm. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§»`oV Pmbobr , , - bjUr` dmT> Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m§Mr CnbãYVm KQ>Zm ~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr { , } { , gw dYm MMV WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm `oÊ`mMr gw dYm V§ÌkmZ d gmXarH$aUmV Pmbobo ~Xb ho n[aUm_ Mm§Jbo AgyZ Vo _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ~bñWmZo R>aV AmhoV { { VgoM Ë`m_wio _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_o AmUIr àJë^ d dH$ gV hmoV AmhoV Ago 98 { Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$mabo Amho. hr ~m~ g§X^© gm hË`mVrb AZoH$ n[aÀN>oX d { VÁkm§Zr ì`º$ Ho$boë`m _Vm§_wio AYmoaopIV hmoVo. OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umao Mm§Jbo { { , ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AmUIr àJë^ d dH$ gV H$aV AmhoV ho ~Xb , { _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ~bñWmZo R>aV AmhoV ho `mVyZ gÕ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ho

AmhoV. { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmao dmB©Q> ~Xb _amR>r { ? d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm MwH$sÀ`m XeoZo ZoV AmhoV H$m` `m~m~VMo _V OmUyZ KoVbo { { AgVm 98 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zr `mbm hmoH$mamWu CÎma Xbo. Om hamVXmam§Mr _amR>r 291

, d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb dmT>V Mmbbobr _ºo$Xmar ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVr OmUmao _amR>r , { d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMo dmVmªH$Z d Ë`mda e¸$m_moV©~ { { , H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm _imbobr A Z~ªY gyQ> dmÅ>ob Vo àojH$m§À`m _mWr , , , { _maÊ`mMr d¥Îmr A§YlÕm JwÝhoJmarMo CXmÎmrH$aU gm_m OH$ g§dmX H$_Hw$dV { { { , hmoÊ`mMr à H«$`m AmXr dmB©Q> ~Xb _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm gm_m OH$ ~m§ YbH$s { { , { { { , { , gm_m OH$ Xm `Îd Cno jVm§À`m hVmMr ^y _H$m dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mr dœmgmh©Vm { , { Z…njnmVrnUm n[adV©ZerbVm `mgma»`m Jmoï>tnmgyZ Xÿa H$ê$Z MwH$sÀ`m XeoZo ZoV { Amho Ago Ë`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo. `mVyZ OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da { , { hmoUmao dmB©Q> ~Xb Ë`m§Zm MwH$sÀ`m XeoZo ZoV AmhoV ho gÕ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ho

J¥hsVH$ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo Amho. 5- { { J¥hrVH H«$. OmJ VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Mm§Jë`m ~Xbm§Mo ñdmJV d dmB©Q> ~Xbm§Mm damoY { H$arV _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_o d g_mO hVmMo gH$g _m°So>b emoYÊ`mMr JaO Amho. { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§V hmoUmè`m Mm§Jë`m ~Xbm§Mo { { { ñdmJV H$amdo Am U dmB©Q> ~Xbm§Mm damoY H$amdm. VgoM _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_o Am U { g_mO `m§Mo hV gmYUmao gH$g _m°So>b emoYÊ`mMr JaO Agë`mMohr 100 Q>¸o$ { { bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo. g§X^© gm hË`mVrb Zm|Xr d VÁkm§Zrhr `mbm XþOmoam Xbm Amho. , { , { Ë`m_wio Mm§Jë`m ~Xbm§Mo ñdmJV ìhmdo dmB©Q> ~Xbm§Zm damoY H aV gH$g hVH$maH$ { _m°So>bMm emoY KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho ho gÕ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ho J¥hrVH _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV

Ambo Amho.

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8 { 6. ^ dî`doY { { { { { { ZdS>boë`m EH$m d eï> g§emoYZ df`mMo g§emoYZ H$aVmZm Z üVM { H$mhr _`m©Xm `oVmV. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmÀ`m à H«$`oXaå`mZ g_moa Amboë`m g§emoYZ { { { { { df`mer g§~§ YV EImXm KQ>H$ qH$dm Cn df`m§À`m AZwf§JmZo _m hVr g§H$ bV H$aUo

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H$aUo. 8) { ) { { \ nma§nm[aH$ àgma_mÜ`_o (d¥Îmdm hÝ`m Am U AË`mYw ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_o ( o$g~wH$ ) B. `m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUo. 9) { { àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmMo g_mOmVrb d dY KQ>H$m§da hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm emoY KoUo.

294

10) { { OmJ VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umè`m ~Xbm§À`m g§X^m©V àmXo eH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m { ^ dVì`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo. 11) { { g§dmX _mÜ`_m§Vrb pñWË`§Vao Am U ~XbVr gm_m OH$ n[apñWVr `m§À`m . nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo

9 6. g_mamon { { OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm _amR>r d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_ `m df`mda g§emoYZ H$aVmZm { { AZoH$ ì`º$s Am U g§ñWm§À`m ghH$m`m©_wio Am U àmoËgmhZm_wio àñVwV { { g§emoYZ g_ñ`oÀ`m g§X^m©V ZYm©[aV C Ôï>mÀ`m AZwgma ho g§emoYZ nyU©Ëdmg ZoVm { , { \ { { Ambo. gXa g§emoYZmVrb ZîH$f© e $magr Am U ^ dî`doY `m ~m~r H$miOrnyd©H$ { { Am U emór` nÕVrZo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m ~m~tMm ^ dî`mV , { g§emoYZ H$ê$ BpÀN>Umao g§emoYH$ Aä`mgH$ d dÚmÏ`mªZm Cn`moJ hmoB©b. `m { g§emoYZ AhdmbmVyZ EH$ J«§W à gÕ H$aÊ`mMmhr _mZg Amho.

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_amR>r 1. , g§nm { { { { { , OmdSo>H$a eaX. ( .) gm_m OH$ n[adV©Z… M H$Ëgm Am U ^ dVì` gwJmdm , , àH$meZ nwUo 2009. 2. , , , , ndma gwYmH$a. nÌH$m[aVoMr _wbVÎdo H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ nwUo 2006. 3. , { , { , , JìhmUo gwYra. nÌH$marVm ê$n Am U ñdê$n MÝ_` àH$meZ Am¡a§Jm~mX

2009. 4. , , mÄ_ , , S>moio O`Xod. g_mMma bmoH$d ` J¥h _w§~B© 2006. 5. , { { , mÄ_ , , T>mobo dlm_. àgma_mÜ`_o Am U à`moJH$bm bmoH$d ` J¥h _w§~B© 2010. 6. , { , H$m§~io CÎm_. (‹‹g§nm.) OmJ VH$sH$aUmMr A[aï>o H$m°. JmoqdX nmZgao A_¥V { , , _hmoËgd g _Vr H$moëhmnya 2010. 7. , , , , nmQ>rb AZ§Vamd. AmboI nÌH$m[aVoMm _mZgÝ_mZ àH$meZ nwUo 1993. 8. \ , { , , gam $ gmYZm. AZw. A°S>ìhQ>m©`qPJ ~o gŠg S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg nwUo

2010. 9. , , { , Omoer lrnmX OZg§dmX Am U OZ_mÜ`_… g¡ÕmpÝVH$ g§H$ënZ lr _§Joe , , àH$meZ ZmJnya 2000. 10. , , , , gmYy Aê$U. Ajm§e aoIm§e _°OopñQ>H$ àH$meZ _w§~B© 1992. 11. , { { { , , ^mJdV dîUy. OmJ VH$sH$aU ZdrZ Jwbm_ Jar g_Vm àH$meZ , ZmJnya 2007. 12. , { , , , JìhmUo gwYra. nÌH$m[aVm dMma d ì`dhma àMma àH$meZ H$moëhmnya

1995. 13. , { , ~«÷o gwb^m. gm_«mÁ`emhr OmJ VH$sH$aUmMm Iam Moham e§H$a ~«åho { , g_mO dkmZ J«§Wmb` YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri OÝ_eVmãXr à~moYZ_mbm 16. 14. , { { { , mÄ_ gmR>o _H$a§X. gm§ñH¥$ VH$ Apñ_Vm Am U OmJ VH$sH$aU bmoH$d ` , , J¥h _w§~B© 2012. 15. , { , { { , mÄ_ Zo_mSo> ^mbM§Ð. gm hË` g§ñH¥$Vr Am U OmJ VH$sH$aU bmoH$d ` , , J¥h _w§~B© 2012. 16. , { { { , mÄ_ VobVw§~So> AmZ§X. gm_m OH$ Ý`m` Am U OmJ VH$sH$aU bmoH$d ` , , J¥h _w§~B© 2010. 17. , { { , mÄ_ , , nR>mao a§JZmW. OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U XoerdmX bmoH$d ` J¥h _w§~B©

2006. 18. , { { { , , , H$m§~io CÎm_. OmJ VH$sH$aU Am U X bVm§Mo àý gwJmdm àH$meZ nwUo

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19. , { { , I¡aZma Xbrn. àJV gm_m OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr d gm§p»`H$s S>m`_§S> , , npãbHo$eÝg nwUo 2009. 20. , { , , nmQ>UH$a O`lr. g§emoYZmMr joÌo Am U nÕVr eãXmb` àH$meZ , lram_nya 2010. 21. , { , { , , XmVma gwf_m. g§dmX dœ g§dmX dœ àH$meZ nwUo 2001. 22. , { , , , R>mHy$a `moJ|Ð. nÌH$m[aVm Am U OZg§nH©$emó Am_moX àH$meZ _w§~B©

1997. 23. , , ï´> { { ndma gwYmH$a. d¥ÎmnÌo èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmam _wº$ dÚmnrR> Zm eH$ , `m§Mo nÌH$marVm Aä`mgH«$_mMo nwñVH$ 2008 24. , { ï´> gmYy Aê$U. nÌH$m[aVoMr Zr V_yë`.o èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmam _wº$ { { , dÚmnrR> Zm eH$ `m§Mo nÌH$marVm Aä`mgH«$_mMo nwñVH$ 2010. 25. , { { , T>mobo dlm_. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo AW©emó d dH$mg g§kmnZ èd§Vamd ï´> { { , MìhmU _hmam _wº$ dÚmnrR> Zm eH$ `m§Mo nÌH$marVm Aä`mgH«$_mMo nwñVH$

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27. , , gmYy Aê$U. g§kmnZ H«$m§Vr… ñdê$n d n[aUm_ `ed§Vamd MìhmU ï´ { { , _hmam >« _wº$ dÚmnrR> Zm eH$ `m§Mo nÌH$marVm Aä`mgH«$_mMo nwñVH$ 2010. 28. , { , Ymê$aH$a d. d¥ÎmnÌì`dgm`… ñdê$n d ì`dñWmnZ `ed§Vamd ï´ { { , MìhmU _hmam _wº$ dÚmnrR> Zm eH$ `m§Mo nÌH$marVm Aä`mgH«$_mMo nwñVH$ 2006 29. { , , , { , Q>iH$ XrnH$. d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dñWmnZ d¥ÎmnÌr` boI d¥ÎmnÌ Am U H$m`Xm { , { ï´ { , N>m`m MÌ nÌH$marVm Q>iH$ _hmam dÚmnrR> nwUo. 30. , { g§nm , { , dmK dbmg. ( .) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Mr nÌH$m[aVm Hw$bg Md nwUo { , dÚmnrR> 2007. 31. , { g§nm ï´, ï´ { WmoamV A dZme. ( .) nÞmerVrb _hmam _hmam l _H$ nÌH$ma { { { { { { g§KmÀ`m n hë`m amÁ`ñVar` A YdoeZm Z _Îm àH$m eV ñ_a UH$m. 32. , { g§nm , , { WmoamV A ^Z§XZ. ( .) qMVZ AmXoe nwUo Xdmir A§H$ 2009. 33. , g§nm { , -\ nmQ>H$a _oYm. ( .) Am§XmobZ emœV dH$mgmgmR>r OmZodmar o$~«wdmar

2012$. 34. , { g§nm , \ Q>moHo$H$a à dU. ( .) bmoH$à^m o$~«wdmar 2008 Mm A§H$. ------{ hÝXr 1. , { , , , { , _mohZ AaqdX. _r S>`m emgZ Am¡a ~mOma dm½Xodr àH$meZ ~H$mZoa 2006. 235

2. , g§nm { { { , A_a A_aZmW. ( .) XÿaXe©Z Ed§ _r S>`m d dY Am`m_ A_agË` , { , àH$meZ X„r 2011. 3. { , ï´>r { , , Vdmar AOw©Z. nÌH$m[aVm Ed§ am ` MoVZm H$m dH$mg O`^maVr àH$meZ , Bbmhm~mX 2000. 4. { { { , , , S>m°. X`mZ§X. Am§M bH$ nÌH$m[aVm… d dY Am`m_ g§O` ~wH$ g|Q>a dmamUgr

1999. 5. , { g§nm { , { { , Xoenm§So> Xár. ( .) OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ Xem Ed§ Xem hÝXr d^mJ Eg. { { , { , Ama. ~r. E. _ hbm dÚmb` Zm eH$ 2011. 6. , { { { , gwaOZ Vê$ eIm. gm_m OH$ H$m`©H$Vm© Am¡a _r S>`m amï>«r` OZdH$mbV ( ), , AÜ``Z H|$Ð NCAS nwUo 2007. 7. , { -{ , , àH$me dO`. ^maVr` àgma dXoer ny§Or H$s Jwbm_r H$m Xm¡a g§dmX àH$meZ

_w§~B©. ------

English 1. Rao, Chalpathi. The Press, National Book Trust, Delhi, 1974. 2. Tiwari, Sanjay. The (Un)common Sense of Advertising, Response Books, New Delhi, 2003.

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3. Herman, Edward. The Global Media, Madhyam Books, Delhi, 1998. 4. Young, Paulin. Scientific Social Surveys and Research, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996. 5. Kothari, C R. Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1985. 6. Bhandaru, S R. Politics of The Press, November 1992. 7. Kumar, Keval. Mass Communication in India, Jaico Publication, 2009. 8. Roy, Barun. Enter the World of Mass Media, Pustak Mahal, New Delhi, 2010. 9. English, Earl. Sholastic Journalism, The Lowa State University Press, Ames, Lowa, USA, 1972. 10. Franklin, Bob. Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, Sage Publication, New Delhi, 2005. 11. Harcup, Tony. Journalism Principles and Practice Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2004. 12. Trans National Corporations, South Asian Network for Social and agricultural Development (SANSAD), New Delhi, 2006. 13. Iyar, Yamini. Globalizatin in India Civil Society Responses, National Center for Advocacy Studies (NCAS), Pune, 2007. 14. The WTO Game, South Asian Network for Social and Agricultural Development (SANSAD), New Delhi, 2005. 15. Upadhyay, Videh. Law Under Globalization, National Social Watch Coalition, New Delhi, 2008. 16. Herman, Edward and Chomsky Noam. Manufacturing Consent • Propoganda Model, Pantheon Books, 1998. ------237

Internet Other Sources 1. Article by Arvind Virmani on Media in the FDI arena. 2. Article by Alexander Chane Austin on Expectations Across Entertainment Media 3. Keynote Lecture by Dr. Sam Pitroda at Symbiosis International University, Pune on 12 December 2010. 4. Powerpoint Presentation by Alain Thys titled I am the Media, 2006. 5. Powerpoint Presentation by Prof. Sameer Kulkarni, on Country Analysis. 6. www.thehoot.org 7. www.theindiantelevision.com 8. www.exchange4media.com 9. www.agencyfagus.com 10. www.irs.com 11. www.shodhganga.inflibnet. com 12. www.scribd.com

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CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr. `m ì`º$s¨Mr Zmdo nwT>rbà_mUo… {dMmad§V àm.S>m°.J.à.àYmZ - {Xd§JV amOH$r`, gm_m{OH$ ZoVo d {dMmad§V. S>m°. _wHy§$X Kmao - {Xd§JV gm_m{OH$ {dMmad§V. nr. ~r. gmd§V - _mOr Ý`m`mYre d {dMmad§V. nÌH$ma/_mÜ`_VÁk

àVmnamd ndma - _hmamï´>mVrb ‘gH$mi’ `m _mÜ`_ g_yhmMo AÜ`j. {Xbrn nmS>JmdH$a - nÌH$ma. ‘Q>mB©åg Am°\$ B§{S>`m’Mo _mOr g§nmXH$. amOXrn gaXogmB© - Áòð> nÌH$ma ZoQ>dH©$ 18' `m _mÜ`_ g_yhmMo , à_wI . à^y Mmdbm - Áòð> nÌH$ma B§{S>`m Qw>So>' g_yhmMo g§nmXH$. , S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma - {Xd§JV _mÜ`_VÁk . amOH$maUr S>m°. Zrb_ Jmoèho - {dYmZ n[afX gXñ`,H$m`©Hw$eb Am_Xma. S>m°. àH$me Am§~oS>H$a - _mOr ImgXma, Am§~oS>H$ar MidirVrb ZoVo. S>m°. d¥§Xm H$maV - ZoË`m, amÁ`gôÀ`m _mŠg©dmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m ImgXma. H$bmd§V-gm{hpË`H$ S>m°. lram_ bmJy - Áòð> A{^ZoVo. am_Xmg \w$Q>mUo - gwà{gÕ H$dr. {dYmZ n[afXoMo _mOr gXñ`. dmÌQ>rH$mH$ma. gm_m{OH$ S>m°. ~m~m AmT>md - Ag§K{Q>Vm§À`m Midir Umao gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V}. àm. ^mB© d¡Ú - Áòð> g_mOdmXr ZoVo. amÁ`mMo _mOr J¥hamÁ`_§Ìr. `m gd© ì`º$sër àË`j g§dmX gmYyZ àñVwV g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb Ë`m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`mgmo~VÀ`m g§dmXmMm gmam§e… {dMmad§V

1) àm.S>m°.J.à.àYmZ ì`{º$JV n[aM` - {Xd§JV g_mOdmXr ZoVo d {dMmad§V. _hmamï>« {dYmZ n[afXoMo _mOr {damoYr njZoVo. g^mJ¥hmV Am{U g^mJ¥hm~mhoa Aä`mgnyU© d naIS> _Vo _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r à{gÕ. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ g_mOOrdZmVrb gd©M joÌm§da hmoVmo. d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mda Am{U à{gÕr _mÜ`_m§da AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ hmoUo An[ahm`© AgVo Am{U \$ma _moR>çm ñdê$nmV Vmo n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Vmo Bï> H$s A{Zï> `mMr MMm© H$aVmZm `m n[aUm_mMo ñdê$n ZrQ> bjmV ¿`mdo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. d¥ÎmnÌm§_Üò d¡Mm[aH$ ^y{_Ho$bm Oo àmYmÝ` nydu Ago Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H$_r hmoVo. d¥ÎmnÌo ì`dgm` åhUyZ \$m`ÚmMr ìhmdrV, d¥ÎmnÌm§H$So> EH$ CÚmoJ (B§S>ñQ´>r) åhUyZ nmhmdo hr ^y{_H$m à^mdr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _moR>o CÚmoJnVr d¥ÎmnÌo {dH$V KoD$Z, Om{hamVtÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Vr \$m`Xoera H$aVmV. Agm d¥ÎmnÌm§_Üò EHo$ H$mir àIa d¡Mm[aH$ ^y{_H$m KoD$Z g_mOà~moYZ H$aUmè`m Am{U amOH$maUmbm diU XoUmè`m g§nmXH$m§Zm nydugmaIo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ CaV Zmhr. AJ«boImMo _hÎd H$_r hmoVo Am{U gdm©V A{YH$ _hÎd J«mhH$m§À`m _Zmda à^md nmS>Umè`m Om{hamVtZm òVo. Ë`mÀ`m ImbmoImb ^S>H$ ~mVå`m, ñ\w$Q>boIZ Am{U ZmB©bmO åhUyZ AJ«boI Ago d¥ÎmnÌmMo ñdê$n ~ZVo. XÿaXe©Zgma»`m àgma_mÜ`_m_Üò àojH$-lmoË`m§Mm J«mhH$ åhUyZ {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. g_mOà~moYZ ho Xþæ`_ _mZbo OmVo. ñdmV§Ë«` Midir_Üò _mPo {dMma KS>bo, g_mOdmXr MidirV H$m_ H$aVmZm Vo ÑT> Pmbo. Ë`m_wio amOH$maU {dMmaYmaoda (Am`{S>`mbm°Or) A{Y{ð>V Agbo nm{hOo, g_mOOrdZ _yë`m{Y{ð>V Agbo nm{hOo Aer _mPr ^y{_H$m Amho. amOH$maUm_Üò AmO gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmrMr A{Zï> `wVr Pmbr Amho Am{U {dMmaYmam Xþæ`_ ~Zë`m AmhoV Ë`m~Ôb _bm IoX dmQ>Vmo. Aem amOH$s` OrdZmV Üò`dmXr H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm, d¡Mm[aH$ ^y{_H$m KoUmè`m g§nmXH$m§Zm bmoH${hV¡fr nÌH$mam§Zm ñWmZ ahmV Zmhr. Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g_Vm `m§À`mda AmYmabobr bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWm Agmdr hr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr _m§S>bobr ^y{_H$m \$ma _hÎdmMr Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo `m ^y{_Ho$bm gwê$§JM bmdbm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo A{Zï> n[aUm_ H$_r ìhmdo `mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _mbH$ H$mhr H$aVrb Aer Anojm H$aUo ì`W© Amho. H$maU `m _mbH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV Jw§Vbobo AmhoV. ì`dñWmnH$, g§nmXH$ ho AmO godH$ ~Zbo AmhoV. Vo \$mago H$mhr H$ê$ eH$Vrb Ago _bm dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m§Mr VmH$X \$ma _`m©{XV Pmbr Amho. {dMmad§Vm§Zr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m {dê$Õ gVV boIZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. AmO amOH$maUmda AW©H$maUmZo _mV Ho$br Amho. amOH$s` nj ho H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm àbmo^Zo XmIdyZ AJa n¡go XoD$Z ~m§YyZ R>odVmV ho AË`§V J¡a Amho. `mÀ`m {dê$Õ d¥ÎmnÌm§_YyZ AmdmO CR>dbm nm{hOo. Vo AmO KS> Zmhr, KSo>b Ago {XgV Zmhr hr _mÂ`m _ZmMr I§V Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥ÎmnÌmdarb EH$_od Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ åhUOo d¥ÎmnÌ N>nmB©Mo AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì ñdrH$mabo OmVo Am{U nydu Omo doi ~mVå`m {_idÊ`mV, Ë`m B§J«Or Agë`m Va Ë`m§Mo ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mV OmV Ago Vmo AmVm OmV Zmhr. `m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo _r ñdmJV H$aVmo. na§Vw `m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmZo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo \$º$ ~{ha§J gwYmabo Amho. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo A§Va§J ho ^S>H$, CWi ~Zbo Amho.

2) S>m°. _wHy§$X Kmao ì`{º$JV n[aM` - gm_m{OH$ MidirVrb {Xd§JV AJ«Ur. ‘A\$m_©’ `m g§ñWoMo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ`. _hmamï´>mVrb AZoH$ g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm§Mo AmYmañV§^. XoemVrb AZoH$ MiditV gH«$s` gh^mJ. gmam§e àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V ~mV_r~ÔbMo _mPo {ZarjU Amho. - `mMo Mma Q>ßno gm§JVm `oVrb Vo Imbrbà_mUo… [anmoQ>vJ X Ý`yO - ~mV_r XoUmam Aem AWm©Zo ~mV_rXma qH$dm dmVm©ha hm eãX nydu dmnabm OmV Ago. Vmo KQ>ZmñWimdê$Z _hÎdmMr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aV Ago Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Vmo Vnerb ~mV_rÀ`m ñdê$nmV gmXa H$arV Ago. `mV Ë`mÀ`m _ZmMo H$mhrhr Zgo. KQ>ZoMo {ZIi d ñdÀN> dU©Z Ë`mV Ago. am`Q>tJ X Ý`yO - `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ~mVå`m {b{hÊ`mbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. åhUOo EH$ Va KQ>ZoMm Vnerb {b{hë`mZ§Va Ago H$iVo', Ago g_OVo' qH$dm Aer MMm© Amho' `m dmŠ`m§Mm AmYma KoV AZoH$Xm ~mV_rXma Amnbr _Vo qH$dm Amnë`m _ZmVbo H$mhr ì`º$ H$ê$ bmJbm. {H«$EQ>tJ X Ý`yO - OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm à^md {Xgy bmJë`mnmgyZ `m àH$mambm gwê$dmV Pmbr. EImXr ~mV_r KQ>Zm àË`j KS>bobr ZgVmZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo àH$ma gwê$ Pmbo. AZoH$Xm ho àH$ma H$moUmMo Var {hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r, Am{W©H$ dm AÝ` \$m`ÚmgmR>r KSy> bmJbo. go{b~«oQ>tJ X Ý`yO - AmVm AmnU Á`m H$mimV AmhmoV VoWo hr Jmoï> ghO nmhm`bm {_iVo. {àÝg ZmdmMm EH$ _wbJm ~moAadob_Ü`o nS>bm hr KQ>Zm dm{hÝ`m§Zr EImXm CËgd gmOam H$amdm Ë`mà_mUo dma§dma XmIdbr.

2009 _Yrb _w§~B©daMm A{VaoH$s h„m, Ë`mZ§Va H|${Ð` J¥h_§Ìr {edamO nmQ>rb `m§Mm amOrZm_m, Eoœ`m©Mo b¾ Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm `oVrb. `m gJù`m_mJo n¡gm, Am{W©H$ eº$s, Vmao-VmaH$m qH$dm VËH$mbrZ KQ>ZoVyZ à{gÕr d Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm CMbÊ`mMr d¥Îmr qH$dm EH$m {d{eï> Jmoï>rMm àojH$ d dmMH$m§da _mam H$aÊ`mMr Ioir Aem Jmoï>r AgVmV.

^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm AË`§V C‚db na§nam Amho. `m na§naoMo ^mZ amIyZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr Amnbo H$m`© nwT>o Ý`mdo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm à^md Amnë`mbm ñdrH$mamdmM bmJob. na§Vw Amnbr Apñ_Vm H$m`_ amIyZ Ë`mVrb Mm§Jë`m ~Xbm§Mm A§JrH$ma Ho$ë`mg EH$ gH$mamË_H$ {MÌ ^{dî`mV Amnë`mbm nmhm`bm {_iob.

3) nr. ~r. gmd§V ì`{º$JV n[aM` - Ý`m`joÌmVrb Xm§S>Jm AZw^d. {Zd¥ÎmrZ§Va gm_m{OH$ Midir d g§KQ>Zm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gH«$s`. àog H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ B§{S>`m'Mo _mOr AÜ`j. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V AZoH$ _hÎdmMo ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_o Vm§{ÌH$Ñï²>`m AË`§V gj_ Am{U H$mimÀ`m nwT>o YmdUmar ~ZV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio CËH¥$ï> gmXarH$aU, _m§S>Ur Amnë`mbm nmhm`bm {_iVo. na§Vw `m gJù`mhÿZ A{YH$ bj Á`m Jmoï>rH$So> Úm`bm hdo, Zo_Ho$ {VH$So>M Xþb©j hmoV Amho. Vr Jmoï> åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Ame`. `m Ame`mH$So> Xþb©j H$aÊ`m_mJo amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y ho H$maU Amho. AmO AZoH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _mbH$ amOH$maUmV AmhoV qH$dm CÚmoJnVr AmhoV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr Vo WoQ> _mbH$ Zgbo Var Vo `m _mÜ`_ CÚmoJmV ^mJrXma AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ho CÚmoOH$ dm amOH$maUr Am{U Ë`m§Mo Á`m§À`mer {hVg§~§Y AmhoV Aem bmoH$m§À`m {damoYmV àgma_mÜ`_o ^y{_H$m KoD$ eH$V ZmhrV ho CKS> Amho. Xþgar Jmoï> åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_m§V Xþîàd¥ÎmtMm {eaH$md Pmbm Amho. AbrH$So>M Pmbobo noS> Ý`yO àH$aU gd©lyV Amho. `m àH$aUmV nmZoÀ`m nmZo ^ê$Z EH$m amOH$s` ZoË`m{df`rMm _OHy$a N>mnyZ AmUÊ`mV Ambm. na§Vy hr Om{hamV Amho Ago Hw$R>ohr Omhra Ho$bo Jobo Zmhr. Ë`m d¥ÎmnÌmZo WoQ> Ë`m ZoË`mMm {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r àMmaM Ho$bm Am{U Vmohr n¡go KoD$Z ho AmVm {gÕ Pmbo Amho. {Vgar Jmoï> åhUOo AmVm d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m `m XmoÝhtÀ`m nÌH$mam§Zm {ZdS>UwH$sgma»`m gwJrÀ`m H$mimV Q>mJ}Q> {Xbr OmVmV. {d{dY nj Am{U C_oXdmam§Zm Vo n°Ho$O {dH$VmV Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`m§Mm àgma Ho$bm OmVmo. Mm¡Wr Am{U gdm©V _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_o AmMmag§{hVoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r~mhoa OmV AmhoV. Ë`m~Ôb AmoaS>hr hmoV Amho. Ë`mda Amåhr ñd{Z`§ÌU H$ê$, Aer ^y{_H$m àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr KoVbr Amho. Amnë`mH$So> àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm gdm©{YH$ ñdmV§Ë«` Amho. Ë`mMm Cn^moJ Am{U Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Amnbr bmoH$emhr A{YH$m{YH$ gj_ d g_¥Õ H$er H$aVm `oB©b, `mgmR>r àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr gVV à`ËZerb amhm`bm hdo. nÌH$ma/_mÜ`_VÁk

4) àVmnamd ndma ì`{º$JV n[aM` - _hmamï´>mVrb ‘gH$mi’ `m AJ«JÊ` _mÜ`_ g_yhmMo AÜ`j. àgma_mÜ`_m§er g§~§{YV AZoH$ amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§_Ü`o _hÎdmÀ`m nXm§da H$m`m©Mm AZw^d. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§er gH«$s` g§~§Y. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m joÌmV AË`§V _hVÎdmMo Am{U _wbJm_r ~Xb KSy>Z `oV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m joÌmMr ì`már Am{U ñdê$n doJmZo ~XbVo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ghO CnbãY Pmbobo V§ÌkmZ, _m{hVr d Zì`m H$ënZm§_wio `m joÌmÀ`m {dñVma Am{U

{dH$mgmÀ`m eŠ`Vm nydu H$Yrhr ZìhË`m BVŠ`m dmT>ë`m AmhoV. `m AmYrn`ªV àgma_mÜ`_ `m joÌmV ê$nQ>© _aS>m°H$ ho EH$M Zmd KoVbo OmV hmoVo. na§Vw AmO ^maVmVhr Ago AZoH$ d¥Îmg_yh {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm ngmam ânya _moR>m Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m AmYr ê$nQ>© _aS>m°H$ hmoÊ`mMr _hÎdmH$m§jmXoIrb H$moUr ~miJy eH$V ZìhVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmVm Vo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo gm_mÝ`rH$aU d gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU hmoV Amho. Ë`mV Aûcrb gm{hË`mMmhr g_mdoe Amho. `m Jmoï>rH$So> Xþb©j H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. Á`m g_mOmV AmnU amhVmo Ë`mM g_mOmMm VmoXoIrb A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. g_mOmVrb Aem bmoH$m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm H$am`bm hdr. Xmê$ {nUmè`m§gmR>r Ogo na{_Q> ~ma AmhoV, VemàH$maMr ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm Aem bmoH$m§gmR>r H$am`bm hdr. Ë`m_wio EH$Va Á`m§Zm Vem Jmoï>rV ag Amho VoM bmoH$ {VH$So> OmVrb Am{U Á`m§Zm Ë`mV ag Zmhr Vo OmUma ZmhrV. naXoemV AemàH$maMr ì`dñWm Amho Am{U Amnë`mH$So> mM `m Jmoï>rhr naXoemV na{_Q> ~ma {OVHo$ ñdrH$mabo Jobo AmhoV {VVŠ` ñdrH$maë`m Joë`m AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï²>` åhUOo AmO KoVbobo à{ejU CÚm OwZo hmoD$Z OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m àM§S> doJdmZ Am{U gVV ~XbUmè`m H$mimV àgma_mÜ`_m§Zmhr _moR>çm à_mUmV à{e{jV _Zwî`~imMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo Amho. XþX£dmZo hr JaO AmnU ^mJdy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMr H$mhrVar {Z{üV ì`dñWm H$am`bm nm{hOo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo AmVmn`ªV EH$ Q>ßnm JmR>bm Amho. hm n{hbmM Q>ßnm Agë`mZo Ë`mV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òbm {d{dY nmVù`m§da hmoUmam {damoY Xÿa H$ê$Z A{YH$m{YH$ amï>«m§Zm `m à{H«$òV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr àmW{_H$ C{Ôï> JmR>Ê`mMm èñdr à`ËZ Pmbm. na§Vw `m nwT>À`m H$mimV OmJ{VH$sH$aU AË`§V doJdmZ Am{U n[adV©Zr` ñdê$nmV Amnë`mg_moa òUma Amho. Vo H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV òB©b, `mMr

H$ënZm AmO H$aVm òUo AeŠ` Amho. òË`m H$mimVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMo ñdê$n bjmV KoVm g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm Ë`m Ñï>rZo V`ma H$aÊ`mMr JaO _bm dmQ>Vo. AmO àgma_mÜ`_o ì`mdgm{`H$VoÀ`m EH$m g§H«$m_H$ Q>ßß`mda AmhoV. Am{W©H$ Vmi_oi, Ame`mMm XOm©, àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr à{Vð>m, {hVqMVH$m§Mo g§~§Y `m gJù`m§Mm _oi KmbV hm ì`dgm` H$aVmZm AZoH$Xm AmnU H$aVmo` Vo MyH$ Amho H$s ~amo~a `mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mBVH$m doihr {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_o âH$Q>br, C{Ôï>m§nmgyZ Xÿa Pmbr, ^m§S>dbemhr ~Zbr Aem ñdê$nmMr Q>rH$m g_mOmVyZ hmoD$ bmJVo. ho ~Xb VmËH$m{bH$ AgyZ Ë`mV Z¸$s gwYmaUm hmoUma Amho. Ë`m gwYmaUm§gmR>r g_mOmÀ`m `moJXmZmMrhr JaO ^mgUma Amho. nU Ë`m Ñï>rZo g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ Amnë`mbm H$amdo bmJob. `mgmo~VM àojH$m§À`m A{^ê$MrV Iyn _moR>m ~Xb KS>VmZm {XgV Amho. àojH$hr gÜ`m pñWË`§VamÀ`m AdñWoV AmhoV. Oo nmhm`bm {_iVo Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao Vo A{^ê$Mr R>ady bmJbo AmhoV. na§Vw AYyZ-_YyZ AmnU Oo nmhVmo` Vr Amnbr A{^ê$Mr Zmhr, `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm àH$fm©Zo hmoV amhVo. gm_mÝ` àojH$mbm `m A{^ê$MrÀ`m g§H$Q>mVyZ (B§Q>aoñQ> H«$m`{gg) ~mhoa H$mT>Uohr nwT>rb H$mimV AË`§V _hÎdmMo R>aUma Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m gJù`mda H$mi hoM Am¡fY Amho. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Ë`mVbo Am{U àgma_mÜ`_m§Vbo Oo Mm§Jbo Amho Vo {Q>Ho$b, ê$Oob Am{U {dñVmaob. Oo A`mo½` Amho Vo AmnmoAmn JiyZ nSo>b. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rbm Xmof Z XoVm AmnU àm_m{UH$nUo H$m_ H$amdo EdT>oM.

5) {Xbrn nmS>JmdH$a ì`{º$JV n[aM` - nÌH$marVoÀ`m joÌmVrb gw_mao Mmirg dfmªMm AZw^d.

‘Q>mB©åg Am°\$ B§{S>`m’Mo _mOr g§nmXH$. {d{dY amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÚmnrR>m§V _mZX ì`m»`mVo. ^maV gaH$maZo H$mí_ra àýmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Zo_boë`m ñdV§Ì g{_VrMo AÜ`j. gmam§e àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m {df`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm VrZ ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. AW©H$maUmÀ`m à^mdmImbrb KQ>H$ hr Ë`mVbr n{hbr g§H$ënZm. Zì`mZo _m§S>Ur hmoV Agboë`m OmJ{VH$ AW©H$maUmMo ñdê$nM Ago Amho H$s Ë`m_wio {Z{_©Vr Am{U godoMr gJir joÌo Ë`m_wio à^m{dV Pmbr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AWm©VM àgma_mÜ`_ohr à^m{dV Pmbr AmhoV. nydu ~mOmanoR>oH$So> AmnU amï>«r` qH$dm àmXo{eH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ~KV hmoVmo. na§Vw Ooìhm ~mOma `m g§H$ënZoH$So> Vwåhr OmJ{VH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nmhVm Voìhm Vwåhr H$m_ H$aV Agboë`m joÌmMr _mÜ`_oM ~XbyZ OmVmV. `mVbm gdm©V n{hbm KQ>H$ hm°brdyS> hm Amho. hm°brdyS>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ A_o[aH$Z {MÌnQ>m§Zr OJâmVrb bmoH$m§À`m H$ënZmeº$sda A{YamÁ` JmOdm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Vo n{hbm _moR>m Ñí` nwamdm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo BVa joÌohr ì`mnbr. Am{W©H$ An[ahm`©Vm§Zr àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm {d{dY {Xem§Zr hmH$m`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`mVbr EH$ _hÎdmMr {Xem åhUOo _mÜ`_ gm_«mÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr hmo`. Ë`m_wio N>moQ>r _mÜ`_o _aV AmhoV qH$dm Vr _moR>çm _mÜ`_m§_Üò {dbrZ hmoV AmhoV. OJâmV Amnë`mbm hrM pñWVr {XgVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Xþgam KQ>H$ åhUOo Ë`m_wio OJâmV Pmbobo V§ÌkmZmVrb Agm_mÝ` ~Xb hm hmo`. V§ÌkmZm_wio Vwåhmbm AË`§V doJdmZ g§dmXmMr gmYZo ñdñVmV {_imbr. V§ÌkmZmVrb `m ~Xbm_wiohr àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ñdê$n ~Xbbo Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr BVa AZoH$ CÚmoJm§er {Z_m©U hmoUmao KÅ> g§~§Y hm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm {Vgam _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ Amho. AmOÀ`m H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌo EH$Q>r am{hbr ZgyZ {Q>H$md YaÊ`mgmR>r AÝ` AZoH$ CÚmoJm§er Ë`m§Mr gm§JS> KmVbr Jobr Amho. Ë`mVyZM _Zmoa§OZ dm{hÝ`m, d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m, Z^modmUr dm{hÝ`m `m§À`mgh {ejUjoÌ Aem AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe Amho. AmOKS>rbm dm°qe½Q>Z nmoñQ> Amnë`m d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mnojm {ejU{df`H$ CnH«$_m§VyZ OmñV n¡gm {_idV Amho. Am{W©H$ An[ahm`©Vm, V§ÌkmZmVrb doJdmZ ~Xb Am{U n§I ngê$Z AÝ` joÌmVhr {dñVmamMm Q´>|S> ho OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVrb _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. AWm©V `mMo g§X^© ñWbH$mbmZwgma ~XbUmao AmhoV hohr bjmV ¿`m`bm hdo. JwQ>oZ~J©Zo Ho$boë`m N>nmB© H«$m§Vrer VwbZm Ho$br Va gÜ`mMr hr H«$m§Vr Ë`mÀ`mnojm àM§S> ì`mnH$ Aer Amho, `mV e§H$m Zmhr. `m H«$m§Vr_wio _mÜ`_m§Mm ^m¡{VH$ nm`mM ~Xbbm Amho. `mnwT>À`m H$mimV nwñVHo$ OJVrb H$s Zmhr, N>mnrb d¥ÎmnÌo {Q>H$Vrb H$s Zmhr Aer e§H$m bmoH$ ì`º$ H$aV AmhoV. nU _mÂ`m _Vo Vr {Q>H$Vrb. nU Ë`mgmR>r dmMH$m§Mr JaO Am{U A{^ê$MrZwgma A{YH$m{YH$ ~mVå`m XoÊ`mMm Q´>|S>hr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_o MmbdÊ`mÀ`m AW©H$maUmV EH$ AË`§V _moR>m ~Xb KSy>Z òB©b. AZoH$ Xoem§_Üò Om{hamVrÀ`m joÌmV AmYrM _moR>m ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Amho. AZoH$ Om{hamV g§ñWm _moR>çm à_mUmV B§Q>aZoQ> _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aV AmhoV. ho AOyZ ^maVmV VodT>çm à_mUmV KS>VmZm {XgV Zmhr. AWm©V ho VmËH$m{bH$ Amho. H$maU ^maVmV B§Q>aZoQ>À`m àgmamMo à_mU gÜ`m H$_r Amho. nU BWohr hm ~Xb òB©b. H$maU B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ -à{V{H«$`m dmMH$ dm àojH$ `m§À`mer {OVŠ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV WoQ> {H«$`m eŠ` AgVo {VVH$s Vr d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§À`m ~m~VrV eŠ` AgVo. Ë`mhÿZ _hÎdmMo B§Q>aZoQ> Va AmVm Vw_À`m _mo~mB©b \$moZdahr CnbãY Amho. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>À`m H$mimV B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U Ë`mVhr _mo~mB©b \$moZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àgma_mÜ`_{df`H$ _hÎdmÀ`m KS>m_moS>r KSy> bmJVrb. Ë`m_wio ~mV_rMm AmamIS>m, ^mfm, _mZ{gH$Vm `m gJù`m§_Üò ~Xb KSy>Z òB©b. nU H$mhrhr Pmb§ Var {dœmgmh© Am{U gË` H§$ÝQ>|Q>Mr _mJUrhr gwê$M amhrb. Ë`m_wio Aem ~mVå`m§Zmhr Mm§Jbr ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Agob. nU àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§X^m©V J«mhH$m§À`m Zì`m _mJÊ`m§Mm {dMma ~mOmambm H$amdmM bmJob. nmM dfmªnydu _r A_o[aHo$V Jobmo AgVmZm VoWrb bmoH$ Amåhmbm d¥ÎmnÌ dmMÊ`mV ag Zmhr Ago gm§JV. AmO nmM dfmªZ§Va _r Ooìhm VoWo OmVmo Voìhm VoM bmoH$ _bm d¥ÎmnÌo AmdS>rZo dmMVmZm {XgVmV. Amnë`mH$So>hr VoM KSo>b. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimVrb `wdH$m§Zm nwñVH$m§Mo {OVHo$ AmH$f©U Amho {VVHo$ Ë`m§Zm ^yVH$mimV H$Yrhr ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio XÿaXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ>, B©- ~wŠg ho gJi§ Amb§ Var AmOhr ^maVmV _moR>çm à_mUmV nwñVHo$ à{gÕ hmoV AmhoV Am{U bmoH$ Vr {dH$V KoD$Z dmMV AmhoV. Aem [aVrZo Ooìhm EImXo Zdo V§ÌkmZ òVo Voìhm OwZo V§ÌkmZ g§nbo Ago bmoH$ åhUVmV. na§Vw Vgo H$YrM KS>V Zmhr. XÿaXe©Z Ambo Voìhm ao{S>Amo Am{U {MÌnQ>mMo `wJ g§nbo Aer MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. nU Vgo KS>bo Zmhr. ao{S>Amo AmOhr AË`§V eº$sembr _mÜ`_ Amho. {MÌnQ>hr

AmVm _pëQ>ßboŠg Amë`m_wio Zì`m Omo_mZo dmT>Vmo Amho. Ë`m_wio Vwåhr OwÝ`m V§ÌkmZmbm g§ndy eH$V Zmhr. nU Zì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AmJ_Zm_wio

Vwåhr OwÝ`m V§ÌkmZmbm ñdV…_Ü`o ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm H$aVm. hoM àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ~m~VrVhr KS>Vo Amho. nU Ë`mV YmoH$m Amho Vmo

àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m H$m°nm}aoQ>m`PoeZMm. `m_wio _mÜ`_m§À`m {dœmgmh©VobmM J§^ra YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. Ooìhm Vwåhr dV©_mZnÌmVrb OmJm ~mVå`m§ì`{V[aº$ BVa _OHw$amgmR>r n¡emÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV {dH$Vm Am{U Ver gyMZm dmMH$mbm XoV

Zmhr Voìhm _mÜ`_m§À`m {dœmgmh©Voda àý{MÝh {Z_m©U hmoV§. _mÜ`_m§Vrb AZoH$ _moR>r Zmdo H$m°nm}aoQ²gMo {hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mV Jw§Vbobr {XgVmV, ho

XoIrb _mÜ`_m§gmR>r YmoŠ`mMo Amho. gÜ`m AmnU Aem EH$m Q>ßß`mda Cô AmhmoV OoWo ~Xb Va KS>Vmo Amho, na§Vw Ë`mMr {Xem nyU©nUo A{Z{üV Amho. Ë`m_wio AmnU Omon`ªV {d{dY ~Xbm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iwbo Zgbmo Va Vwåhr nwÝhm EH$ nmD$b _mJo òVm. ho OJmVë`m H$mhr Xoem§_Üò KS>Vhr Amho. _J AmnU d§e, OmV, Y_© `mgma»`m g§Hw${MV Jmoï>t_Üò \$Qy>Z KoVmo. Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_m§nwT>Mo gdm©V _moR>o AmìhmZ Am{U ñdV…bm Jwa _`m©Xm hrM Amho H$s OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umè`m ~Xbm§Mr bm§~r, ê$§Xr, Imobr Am{U ñdê$n `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g_OyZ ¿`mdo bmJVo. `m gJù`mhÿZ _hÎdmMm ~Xb hm Vw_À`m _|XÿÀ`m AmV KS>Vmo Amho. _r ^mbM§Ð Zo_mS|>Zr {b{hbobr qhXÿ - OJÊ`mMr g_¥Õ AS>Ji' hr H$mX§~ar dmMbr. hr H$mX§~ar EH$ Agm_mÝ` Am{U _hÎdmH$m§jr XñVmdoO Amho. Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m AmOy~mOybm KS>Umè`m ~Xbm§{df`r EH$m g§doXZerb boIH$mÀ`m _ZmVrb ^`mZH$ AñdñWVm à{Vq~{~V hmoVo. B{VhmgmÀ`m àdmgmVyZ ~Xbmer OwidyZ KoÊ`mgmR>rMo `wÕ {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ago `m H$mX§~arVyZ ì`º$ Pmbo Amho. AWm©V `m ~Xbm§er OwidyZ H$go ¿`m`Mo `m àýmMr AZoH$ CÎmao bmoH$m§H$So> AmhoV Am{U _mÜ`_m§Zrhr AerM CÎmao emoYÊ`mMo H$m_ H$am`bm hdo, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. \°eZ emo qH$dm ã`wQ>r H$m°ÝQ>oñQ> hm àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm EH$ ^mJ Agbm Varhr Vo H$ìha H$aÊ`m~amo~aM AZoH$ _hmZ bmoH$ Á`m _hmZ Jmoï>r H$aV AmhoV, Ë`m§Mrhr XIb ¿`m`bm hdr. bmoH$m§À`m ~XbË`m JaOm, gd`r

Am{U A{^ê$Mr `m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm gº$sZo ñdV…Mr nwZa©MZm H$amdr bmJob. Zo_Ho$ hoM nÌH$marVoÀ`m g§ñWm§_YyZ {eH$dbo OmV Zmhr`o. H$maU {ejH$m§Zrhr `m ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg gImobnUo Ho$bobm Zmhr`o. g_mOemók, boIH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} `m§À`mer Ë`mgmR>r gVV ~mobbo nm{hOo H$maU `m ~Xbm§{df`rMr _m{hVr Am{U Ë`mVyZ nwT>Mm _mJ© `m~Ôb `m§Zm A{YH$ _m{hVr Amho. Om{hamV joÌmVë`m bmoH$m§Zr `m ~XbmMm Mm§Jbm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. Om{hamV{Z_m©Vo ho ^maVmVrb gdm©{YH$ g¥OZerb bmoH$m§n¡H$s AmhoV. Ë`mgmo~VM amOH$maÊ`m§Zmhr `m~m~V _m{hVr Amho. amOH$maÊ`m§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§Mrhr _m{hVr Agmdr bmJVo. _Vo {_idUo ho BVHo$ gmono am{hbobo Zmhr H$maU

_VXma ñdV…bm AË`§V doJmZo ~XbV AmhoV. H$dr, amOH$maUr, CÚmoOH$ Am{U Om{hamV {Z{_©Vr joÌmVrb bmoH$ `m§Zm H$m` KS>Vo Amho `mMr OmUrd Amho. na§Vw AÝ` bmoH$ _mJo AmhoV `mMo H$maU Ë`m§À`mda ~mOmamV am{hb§M nm{hOo Aer gº$s Zmhr. Ooìhm Vwåhr ~mOmamV CVaVm Am{U Vw_À`m j_Vm VnmgyZ nmhVm Voìhm Vw_À`m _`m©Xm§Mr Vwåhmbm OmUrd hmoVo. AmnU ~mOmamÀ`m eº$s¨~Ôb ~mobVmo. nU ZmJarH$ Am{U J«mhH$ ho doJio ZmhrV. H$maU {XdgmVë`m H$mhr H$mimV Vwåhr ZmJarH$ AgVm Va Xþgè`m H$mimV Vwåhr J«mhH$ AgVm. WmoS>m H$mi Vwåhr nVr qH$dm {nVm AgVm Va H$mhr doi ghH$mar AgVm. `m gJù`m ^y{_H$m EH$ ì`º$sM AXm H$aV AgVo. `m ì`º$sÀ`m AmdS>r, gd`r, JaOm ~XbV AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_o Omoda ho ~Xb OmUyZ KoÊ`mV gj_ AmhoV Vmoda Vr èñdr amhVrb. Vw_À`m EH$m ~mOybm AmXe©dmX Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOybm ~mOmamÀ`m eº$s AmhoV, Ago Zmhr. ~mOmar eº$s¨_Üò ì`º$s¨Mmhr g_mdoe AgVmo. ~mOmar eº$s åhUOo Cn^moJdmX Zìho. _wº$ AW©ì`dñWoMo Vo Ho$di EH$ A§J Amho. g§nÎmrMr {Z{_©Vr ho AW©ì`dñWoMo gdm©V _moR>o Üò` Amho. {VWo Vwåhmbm Vw_Mr H$m¡eëò, gd`r `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ho Üò` JmR>m`Mo AgVo. _r Ooìhm _mÂ`m _yi Jmdr nwÊ`mV OmVmo Voìhm _bm Zoh_r Amü`© dmQ>Vo. nwÊ`mV AZoH$ _m°ëg, hm°Q>oëg, aoñQ>m°a§Q²g AmhoV, {VWbo Vê$U-Vê$Ur OrÝg Am{U Q>r-eQ>© dmnaVmV. na§Vw hoM Vê$U _moR>çm g§»òZo emór` g§JrVmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Zmhr hOoar bmdVmV ho nmhÿZ _bm gwIX Y¸$m ~gVmo. AZoH$ Vê$U AmOhr ZmQ>H$mH$So> AmH${f©V hmoV AmhoV. Mmirg dfmªnydu EH$m Jm`H$mZo a{gH$m§da _mo{hZr KmVbr. AmO Mmirg dfmªZVa Zì`m {nT>rdahr Ë`m Jm`H$mMr VerM _mo{hZr Agob Va Ë`m Jm`H$mbm ~mOmamÀ`m Xþ{ZòV AW© Am{U ñWmZ Amho. Ë`m_wioM nÌH$marVm Amnë`m g_mO{hVmÀ`m hoVynmgyZ Xÿa OmVo Amho, Ago åhUUo MwH$sMo Amho. AWm©V H$mhr H$mimgmR>r ho KSo>bhr. ho Q>rìhr dm{hÝ`m§daÀ`m [aA°{bQ>r emoO gmaI§ Amho. gÜ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo AmH$f©U dmQ>V Agë`m_wio H$mhr H$mi Vo Ago H$m`©H«$_ MdrZ nmhVmV. na§Vw H$mbm§VamZo Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMm C~J òB©b Am{U Vo Zdm Jmoï>tH$So> diVrb. `m gJù`m ~Xbm§Zm gm_moao OmV Ë`mVyZ Mm§Jbo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Q>mB©åg Am°\$ B§{S>`m J«wn' èñdr Pmbm Amho. Q>mB©åg Am°\$ B§{S>`m' hm AmO OJmVrb gdm©{YH$ {dH$bo OmUmao B§J«Or ~«m°S>erQ> d¥ÎmnÌ Amho. _r g§nmXH$ AgVmZm ~r~rgr'Zo Q>mB©åg Am°\$ B§{S>`m'Mm OJmVrb gd©loð> ghm d¥ÎmnÌm§_Üò g_mdoe Ho$bm hmoVm. nU _r g§nmXH$ hmoVmo Ë`m H$mimnojm AmOMo Ë`mMo ñdê$n IynM Mm§Jbo Amho Agohr _r gm§JoZ. H$maU Ë`m§Zr Zì`m Q´>|S²gMr _m{hVr Am{U OmUrd AË`§V gImobnUo H$ê$Z KoVbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m `m èñdr _m°So>bMm Aä`mg H$am`bm hdm. `m d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m g§nmXH$m§Zm g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV KS>Umao ~Xb OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r

àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. h„r H$mhr bmoH$ `mM Jmoï>rMr H$m°nr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. na§Vw àË`j OmUyZ KoUo Am{U Ë`mMr H$m°nr H$aUo `mV Iyn _moR>m \$aH$ Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$ê$Z { dYmZ H$aUo AeŠ` Amho. H$maU Ë`m§À`mV Iyn \$aH$ Amho. XmoZ XoemVbm Va gmoS>m EH$mM XoemVë`m XmoZ amÁ`m§V qH$dm EH$mM amÁ`mVë`m doJdoJù`m _mY_m§Vhr \$aH$ Amho. H$mhtMo _moR>o gm_«mÁ` Amho Va H$mhr AJXr N>moQ>çm ñdê$nmV H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. H$mhr AË`mYw{ZH$ AmhoV Va H$mhr AmYw{ZH$VonmgyZ Xÿa AmhoV. H$mhtH$So> CÎm_ V§ÌkmZ, CÎm_ ì`dñWmnZ, CÎm_ g§nmXH$s` H$m¡eë`o AmhoV Va H$mhtH$So> ho Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_m§À`m ~m~VrV gm_mÝ`rH¥$V

{dYmZ H$aVm òUo eŠ` Zmhr. nU g§nyU© XoemVrb _mÜ`_m§Zm Zì`m ~Xbm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJob, Ago _bm JaOm§À`m nmœ©^y_rda _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>Vo. hm g§H«$_UmMm H$mi Amho. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimV H$mhr VmoQ>o ghZ H$amdo bmJVrbM. _mÜ`_m§V dmB©Q> àd¥Îmr {eaVrb. AZoH$ bmoH$ Amnë`m ì`{º$JV \$m`ÚmgmR>r _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZhr H$aVrb. nU EH§$XarV nmhVm Am nU EH$m _moR>çm _§WZmÀ`m à{H«$ògmR>r ñdV…bm V`ma R>odbo nm{hOo, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. `m gJù`m Jmoï>r `mo½` {R>H$mUr gwairV H$em hmoVrb ho gm§JVm òUo H$R>rU Amho. nU _r AZoH$ Xoem§_Üò ho ~Xbm§À`m `m nm`è`m nm{hë`m AmhoV. ~hþVm§e Xoem§_Üò Xÿa{MÌdmUr AË`§V dm`\$i, CWi Amho. Ë`m_wio ~hþVm§e bmoH$ XÿaXe©ZnmgyZ Xÿa OmD$ bmJbo AmhoV. _mPo ì`{º$JV _V Ago Amho H$s Mm§Jbo, àJë^ dmMH$ Mm§Jë`m àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr _mJUr H$aVrb. Am{U Cd©[aV bmoH$ gZgZmQ>rÀ`m _mJo bmJVrb. åhUOoM dmMH$ d àojH$m§Mo Zdo dJ© òË`m H$mimV CX`mbm òVrb Am{U Vo {ejU, A{^ê$Mr Am{U AmYw{ZH$Vm `mÀ`mda AmYmarV AgVrb. d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {H$_Vr nmhVm Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZIMm©À`m VwbZoV Ë`m AË`§V ZJÊ` AmhoV. Vwåhmbm e§â nmZm§Mo d¥ÎmnÌ VrZ ê$n`m§V {_iVo. nm{H$ñVmZmV Vwåhmbm 16 nmZr d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>r 10 Vo 12 ê$nò _moOmdo bmJVmV. ho nmhVm òË`m H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m AW©H$maUmVhr _moR>o ~Xb KSy>Z òVrb. AWm©V ho gJio ~Xb KS>m`bm doi bmJob. Vo EH$m amÌrV KS>Uma ZmhrV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm gdm©V _hËdmMm \$m`Xm hm Amho H$s Ë`m_wio {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Ë«` Am{U n`m©` dmT>bo AmhoV. Vwåhmbm Q>rìhr A{O~mV nmhm`Mm Zgob Am{U \$º$ ao{S>AmoMm dmna H$am`Mm Agob Va Vwåhr H$ê$ eH$Vm. qH$dm Vwåhmbm Q>rìhrdarb EImXm {d{eï> H$m`©H«$_M nmhm`Mm Agob Va

Vohr eŠ` Amho. XþgarH$So> ho n`m©` AË`§V ñdñVmV CnbãY AmhoV. Ý`w`m°H©$ Q>mB©ågMr Am°ZbmB©Z dJ©UrMo ewëH$ Vw_À`m ñWm{ZH$ d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m dJ©Ur ewëH$mnojmhr H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio Vwåhr Ý`w`m°H©$ Q>mB©åggmaIo d¥ÎmnÌ Ka~gë`m dmMy eH$Vm. `w-Q>çy~gma»`m _mÜ`_mMm dmna H$ê$Z Vwåhr Mmbu MmpßbZMm OwZm {MÌnQ> _mo\$V nmhÿ eH$Vm. AWm©V OwZm Aûcrb {MÌnQ>hr Vwåhmbm BWo nmhVm òVmo. hr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr H$mir ~mOy Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr hr à{H«$`m Am{U Ë`m_wio KS>Umao ~Xb BVHo$ doJdmZ AmhoV H$s Ë`m_wio AZoH$Xm ì`º$s âH$Q>V OmVo. ì`{º$JV {ZdS>rMm hm n`m©` hr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr H$mir ~mOy Amho hoXoIrb bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r H$ënZm, dñVy, godm `m§Mo XodmU- KodmU gwê$ ahmdo. Ë`mVyZ `mo½`, \$m`Xoera _m°So>b A§JrH$mabo Va `m MH«$mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Vm òB©b. ^maVmV hr à{H«$`m nmhUo AË`§V B§Q>aoñQ>tJ R>aUma Amho. Ë`mMo H$maU BWbr {d{dYVm, àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U BWë`m bmoH$m§Mr Zì`m Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr ho Amho. MrZ Am{U ^maVmÀ`m CX`mgmo~VM OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§V KS>Umè`m `m ~Xbm§Mmhr doJ dmT>V OmUma Amho.

6) amOXrn gaXogmB© ì`{º$JV n[aM` - nÌH$marVoÀ`m joÌmVrb amï>«r` d Am§Vaamï>«r` ñVamdaMo EH$ gwà{gÕ ì`{º$_Îd. Am`~rEZ-bmoH$_V' `m dm{hZrMo E{S>Q>a-BZ- Mr\$'. ZoQ>dH©$ 18' `m g_yhmMo à_wI. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aU Pmë`m_wio _m{hVrZo Xoem§À`m gr_m nma Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mo[a`mV EImXr KQ>Zm KS>br Va Ë`mMr _m{hVr Am{U ~mV_r bJoM ^maVmV nmoMVo. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr _m{hVr VmVS>rZo Ad¿`m H$mhr {_{ZQ>m§V Xoem§À`m gr_maofm ôXÿZ CnbãY hmoVo. EH$m AWm©Zo _m{hVrÀ`m g§X^m©V Xoem§À`m gr_maofm Zï> qH$dm Yyga hmoV AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio _moR>çm à_mUmda Zdr g§gmYZohr CnbãY Pmbr AmhoV. _r grEZEZ gma»`m OJà{gÕ d¥Îmdm{hZrgmo~V g§`wº$nUo àmXo{eH$ d¥Îmdm{hZr H$mTy> eH$Vmo. AÝ` H$moUr ì`º$s BVa EImÚm dm{hZrgmo~V Agm Q>mÀn' H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AmOÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m `wJmV _m{hVrMm ^{S>_ma Pmbm Amho. Vr d¥ÎmnÌo, d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m, B§Q>aZoQ> `m§À`mgh AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§VyZ Vw_À`mn`ªV òV amhVo. Ë`m_wio _m{hVr da {Z`§ÌU amIUo ho AmVm AeŠ` ~Zbo Amho. _w§~B©V Pmboë`m A{VaoH$s h„²`mMr Ad¿`m Xhm {_{ZQ>m§V Am§Vaamï>«r` ~mV_r Pmbr. ËgwZm_rÀ`m H$hamMo d¥Îmhr AemM Ad¿`m H$mhr {_{ZQ>m§V Ñí`m§gh Am§Vaamï>«r` ñVamdê$Z àgm[aV Pmbo. _m{hVrÀ`m `wJm_wio OJ Odi òV Amho AWdm g§Hw${MV hmoV Amho. Vwåhmbm nydu H$Yrhr CnbãY ZìhVm BVH$m _m{hVr Am{U kmZmMm gmR>m AmO IwbonUmZo CnbãY Amho. EH$ Jmoï> _mÌ ñnï> Amho H$s nmümË` àgma_mÜ`_o AmOhr àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m OJmda A{YamÁ` JmOdVmV. nmümË` _mÜ`_m§Mm à^md AmOhr g§nyU© OJmda Amho. _m{hVrMm AmoK n{ü_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$So> dmhVmo Amho. åhUyZM _m{hVr VËnaVoZo CnbãY hmoV Agbr Var {VÀ`mda nm{ü_mË` {dMmagaUrÀ`m nJS>m AgVmo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdm_wio d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mm XOm© Am{U JwUdÎmm ImbmdV Amho Agm EH$ Amamon Zoh_r Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw _mÂ`m _Vo gÜ`m _mÜ`_o `m~m~V nwaoer H$miOr KoVmV. ^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_o \$mñQ> \y$S> g§ñH¥$VrgmaIr ~ZV AmhoV. Vr

_°ŠS>moZmëS²gÀ`m emIm§gmaIr dmT>V AmhoV. {VWo Vwåhmbm ~J©a qH$dm AÝ` nXmW© Vm~S>Vmo~ {_iVmV. nU ^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr gdm©V _moR>r H$_VaVm Ë`mV g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m Am§Vaamï>«r` d¥Îmm§Mo AË`ën à_mU ho Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n A{YH$m{YH$ ñWm{ZH$ ~ZVo Amho. EH$sH$So> OJ ½bmo~b' ~ZVo Amho Am{U ^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_o bmoH$b' ~ZV AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_o A{YH$m{YH$ _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmar ~ZV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ àý _mJo amhVmV. XþîH$mimMo dmVmªH$Z H$aÊ`mV Hw$UmbmM ag ZgVmo. àËòH$mbm noO W«r'Mo dmVmªH$Z H$am`Mo AgVo. Ë`m_wio {deofÎdmZo d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§À`m g§X^m©V gm_m{OH$ àý _mJo amhV Agë`mMo {XgVo Amho. _mÂ`m _Vo àgma_mÜ`_o hm ì`dgm` Pmbm Amho åhUyZ Ë`mVyZ Üò`dmX g§nbmM nm{hOo Ago _mZm`Mo H$maU Zmhr. nU g_ñ`m hr Amho H$s àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo {~PZog _m°So>b' Anèr R>aVo Amho. Amnë`mH$So> VodT>r g§gmYZo ZmhrV. ~mVå`m {_idÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Mo {MÌm§H$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm IM© VgoM Ho$~b Am°naoQ>g©Mo ewëH$ `m gJù`mMm {dMma H$aVm Vwåhr VS>OmoS> Ho$ë`m{edm` Vw_Mo d¥ÎmnÌ qH$dm d¥Îmdm{hZr èñdrnUo Mmbdy eH$V Zmhr.

7) à^y Mmdbm ì`{º$JV n[aM` - B§{S>`m Qw>So>' g_yhmMo g§nmXH$. nÌH$marVoVrb àXrK© AZw^d. AmO VH$' dm{hZrda grYr ~mV' `m H$m`©H«$_mVyZ XoemVrb AZoH$ Zm_d§Vm§À`m gSo>VmoS> _wbmIVt~Ôb à{gÕ. gmam§e

~mV_r hr EH$ Aer Jmoï> Amho H$s {Obm Vwåhr H$ZoŠQ>rpìhQ>rnmgyZ doJi§ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. AmVm B§Q>aZoQ>_wio ½bmo~b pìhboO' ApñVÎdmV Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmVrb ~mV_r Vwåhmbm Ad¿`m H$mhr oS>bo Zmhr Va H$mhrhr goH§$XmV H$iVo. Ë`m_wio Vwåhr ñdV…bm OJmer Om hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZM ^maVr` _mÜ`_m§Zr ñdV…bm OJmer OmoSy>Z KoUo hr An[ahm`©Vm ZgyZ Vr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. ^maVr` _mÜ`_m§Zm OmJ{VH$ ~Xbm§H$So> ^maVmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nmhmdo bmJob. H$moUVrhr ½bmo~b Jmoï> ^maVmV AmUyZ {MH$Q>dyZ Q>mH$br Ago Amnë`mbm H$aVm `oUma Zmhr.

Omoda ^maVr` _mÜ`_o OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Cn`moJ ñdV…_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ñnYm© dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r, V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ~mV_rMm àËòH$ n¡by H$ìha H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aV ZmhrV Vmoda Ë`mV gwYmaUm hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$ _mÜ`_o Am{U ^maVr` _mÜ`_o hr EH$_oH$m§Mr {damoYH$ hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. CbQ> Vr EH$_oH$m§Zm nyaH$ R>ê$ eH$Vrb, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio _mÜ`_o g_mOmnmgyZ Xÿa OmD$ bmJbr AmhoV Am{U MQ>nQ>rV ~mVå`m, Jm°{gn `m§À`m_mJo bmJbr AmhoV, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw `mgmR>r OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm Xmof XoÊ`mV AW© Zmhr. hr Va Amnë`m àojH$m§Mr A{^ê$Mr Amho. AemàH$maÀ`m AZoH$ ~mVå`m Am_À`mH$So> òVmV. na§Vw Amåhr Ë`m gJù`m dmnaV Zmhr. Ë`mVë`m H$moUË`m Amnë`m dmMH$mÀ`m AmdS>rÀ`m AmhoV, VodT>çmM {ZdSy>Z Amåhr N>mnVmo. H$maU gÜ`mMm _mH}$Q> Q´>|S> H$m` Amho ho bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm Amho H$s ~mVå`m§Zmhr AmVm

àm°S>ŠQ> åhQ>bo OmVo. dmMH$ Am{U àojH$mH$So> J«mhH$ åhUyZ nm{hbo OmVo. Aem [aVrZo Amnbo CËnmXZ A{YH$m{YH$ Mm§Jbo Am{U bmoH$m{^_wI H$go hmoD$ eHo$b, `mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Ooìhm _r amIr gmd§VMr _wbmIV KoVmo Voìhm _bm OmñV Q>rAmanr {_iVmo. nU Ooìhm _r _Z_mohZ qgJm§Mr _wbmIV KoVmo Voìhm bmoH$ Vo nmhV ZmhrV. `mgmR>r Vwåhr H$moUmbm Xmof XoUma? àojH$m§À`m ~XbË`m A{^ê$MrMm {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ooìhm bmoH$ MnmVr-^mOrÀ`m OmJr h°å~J©a ImD$ bmJVmV, bñgrÀ`m EodOr H$moH$ {nD$ bmJVmV Voìhm _bm Ë`m§Zm H$moH$ XoUo ^mJ Amho. àgma_mÜ`_o hr H$mhr gm_m{OH$ godm Va Zmhr. Zâ`mMr Anojm `mVhr Amho Ë`mMo H$maU AWm©VM AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm nJma Úmdm bmJVmo. dmMH$ Am{U àojH$m§Zr doJù`m àH$maÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>tZm Amnbogo Ho$ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ^y{_H$m ~XbV Mmbbr Amho. dmMH$ d àojH$ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ ~mVå`m§_Ü`o ag KoV ZmhrV. WoQ> _mÂ`m OrdZmda à^md Q>mH$Umar H$moUVr ~mV_r Amho? Agm {dMma H$aV Ë`mV Vmo ag KoVmo. _bm ZmoH$ar Hw$R>o Mm§Jbr {_iob, _bm Mm§Jbr ~m`H$mo Hw$Ry>Z {_iob, CÎm_ OodU Hw$R>o {_iob, XO}Xma H$nSo> Hw$R>o {_iVrb `mÀ`mV Ë`mbm ag Amho. hþ§S>m~ir {H$Vr Jobo, {H$Vr bmoH$ Cnmer _aVmhoV ho nmhÊ`mV Ë`mbm ag Zmhr. H$maU `m Jmoï>r Ë`mÀ`m ì`{º$JV OrdZmer g§~§{YV ZmhrV. nU hr EH$ {dS§>~Zm Amho, ho MwH$sMo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ ^maVmV hm Pmbm Amho H$s

BWbo àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo {dœ BVa H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m VwbZoV àM§S> {dñVmabo mÀ`m Amho. BVŠ`m _moR>çm g§»òZo d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m Vwåhmbm OJ nmR>rda H$moUË`mhr XoemV {XgV ZmhrV. ^maVmV 114 nojm OmñV d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m AmhoV. _J Ë`m§À`mV ñnYm© Va hmoUmaM. EH$m {X„r ehamV AR>am X¡{ZHo$ àH$m{eV hmoVmV. _w§~B©V ~mam X¡{ZHo$ àH$m{eV hmoVmV. nU OJmÀ`m BVa eham§V Ý`w`m°H©$, dm°qe½Q>Z, Q>mo{H$`mo, b§S>Z `m eham§V XmoZ- VrZ X¡{ZH$m§hÿZ A{YH$ d¥ÎmnÌo {XgUma ZmhrV. Á`m bmoH$m§Mm d¥ÎmnÌm§er H$mhr g§~§Y Zmhr Ago bmoH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ hoVyZo `m joÌmV Amë`m_wio ~mV_rMo M[aÌM ~Xbbo Amho. ~mVå`m Va VodT>çmM AmhoV, J§^raVmhr Amho. na§Vw H$mhr bmoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§er g§~§{YV ZgyZhr Z\$m, gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m `m hoVyZo `m joÌmV {eabo AmhoV. CXm. {~ëS>agma»`m bmoH$m§Zm g_mO _moR>o _mZV Zmhr, Ë`m§Zm AmXa XoV Zmhr. _J Vo `m joÌmH$So> òVmV. Vo n¡emÀ`m Omoamda E{S>Q>a-BZ-Mr\$ ~ZVmV. Ë`m§Zm AmoiInÌ {_imbo H$s Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda Vo gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m Agë`mMo XmIdm`bm _moH$io hmoVmV. Amnë`mH$So> àgma_mÜ`_o BVH$s ñdñV Pmbr AmhoV H$s Vwåhr EImÚm X¡{ZH$mÀ`m nmM hOma àVr H$mT>ë`m, N>moQ>mgm Ý`yO M°Zb gwê$ Ho$bm H$s Vwåhr _moR>o nÌH$ma ~ZVm. Ë`mVyZM _J H$_r XOm©À`m nÌH$marVobm gwê$dmV hmoVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm EH$ n[aUm_ hm Amho H$s Vwåhmbm ñdñVmV V§ÌkmZ {_imbo, ñdñVmV H$mJX {_imbm, ñdñVmV nÌH$ma {_imbo. Ë`m_wio n¡gm Agbobo bmoH$ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm g_mOmV à{Vð>m àmá H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ _mZy bmJbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr à{Vð>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. ^maVmV Am{W©H$ _§Xr Amë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVr H$_r Pmë`m. Ë`m_wio _J noS> Ý`yOgmaIo àH$ma gwê$ Pmbo Am{U ho àH$ma _moR>_moR>çm d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`mM nmdbmda BVa N>moQ>çm _mÜ`_m§Zrhr nmD$b R>odbo. EH$sH$So> IM© dmT>Vmo Amho Am{U XþgarH$So> gdm©V _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo N>moQ>r d¥ÎmnÌo, d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m `m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_wio ñnYm© àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>br. ^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr gdm©V _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo Amnë`mH$So> Ë`m§Zm gdm©{YH$ ñdmV§Ë«` Amho. ^maVmV àgma_mÜ`_o OJmVrb BVa H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m VwbZoV gdm©{YH$ ñdV§Ì AmhoV. nU Ë`mVbr Amnbr O~m~Xmar AmnU noby eH$V Zmhr AmhmoV, hr IoXmMr ~m~ Amho. ^maVhr XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho. EH$ ^maV Am{U Xþgam B§{S>`m. AmOhr JmdmV JobmV Va añVo, nmUr, drO, é½Umb` Aem _wb^yV gw{dYm§Mm VoWo A^md Amho. nU Ooìhm BVH$s gmar d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m {ZKmë`m Voìhm Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo ì`mdgm{`H$ nÌH$ma CnbãY ZgVmV. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nÌH$ma à{e{jV ZmhrV. Vwåhr M°Zb gwê$ Ho$bmV Va Vwåhmbm XmoZeo bmoH$m§Mr JaO nSo>b. Á`m doJmZo Amnë`mH$So> àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm {dñVma Pmbm Ë`m doJmZo AmnU Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m à{V^m {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$bmo Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ _J gJi§M Amb~ob gwê$ hmoV§. ì`mdgm{`H$, à{e{jV bmoH$ {_imbo ZmhrV H$s _J {_iob Ë`m {derVë`m _wbm§Zm nÌH$ma åhUyZ C^§ Ho$b§ OmV§. Ë`m§Zm amOH$maUmMr _m{hVr ZgVo. nÌH$marVoMo {Z`_ _m{hVr ZgVmV. g§nmXH$hr nÌH$marVoMo à{ejU KoVbobm ZgVmo Am{U _mbH$mMm ag hm Ho$di CÚmoJ Am{U Z\$m `mV AgVmo. Aem [aVrZo Aà{e{jV bmoH$ `m joÌmV Amë`m_wio `m joÌmÀ`m JwUdÎmoda {Z`§ÌU am{hbo Zmhr. _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m `m§À`mVë`m ì`ñV à_mUm_wio ho hmoV Amho. nÌH$ma, àmo\o$eZëg, Cng§nmXH$, H$m°nr am`Q>a, dmVm©ha, {deof dmVm©ha Aem à{e{jV bmoH$m§Mr {OVH$s _mJUr Amho {VVH$m nwadR>m hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aà{e{jV bmoH$m§Mm âUm `m joÌmV Pmbm Am{U Ë`m_wioM àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m JwUdÎmoda {dn[aV n[aUm_ Pmbm. ^maVr` àgma_mÜ`_o gÜ`m g§H«$_UmdñWoV AmhoV. gÜ`m Ë`mVë`m AZoH$m§Mm Z\$m hm EH$_od hoVy Amho. gÜ`m AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m VmoQ>çmV gwê$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `mVbo H$mhr òË`m H$mimV ~§X nS>Vrb. Vo EH$m AWm©Zo Amdí`H$hr Amho. H$maU Aem Aà{e{jV bmoH$m§À`m {eaH$mdm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr JwUdÎmm Am{U à{Vð>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr Va ^maVmgma»`m bmoH$emhr XoemV AamOH$ _mOob. Ë`m_wio òË`m H$mimV àgma_mÜ`_m§V _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xb hmoVrb, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. Oo dm`\$i M°Zb AmhoV, VmoQ>çmV MmbUmar d¥ÎmnÌo AmhoV Vr ~§X hmoVrb. ho òUmè`m H$mhr dfmªÀ`m H$mimVM KSy>Z òB©b. nU A§{V_ V… EH$ Jmoï> gm§{JVbr nm{hOo Vr åhUOo ^maVmV àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm

^{dî`H$mi AË`§V C‚db Amho H$maU BWo Ë`m§Zm gdm©{YH$ ñdmV§Ë«` Amho. 8) S>m°. gwYmH$a ndma ì`{º$JV n[aM` - nÌH$marVoMo {Xd§JV {ejH$ _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>mV nÌH$marVm {d^mJmMo à_wI. nÌH$marVo{df`r AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Mo boIH$. nÌH$marVoMo Aä`mgy Am{U {dûcofH$ åhUyZ AmoiI. gmam§e n[adV©Z hm OJmMm {Z`_ Amho. Ë`mZwgma àËòH$ H$mimV OJmVrb àËòH$ Jmoï> ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m Ë`m H$mimV g^modVmbr KS>Umè`m hr ~Xbm§Zwgma ñdV…_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUV AgVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ~XbmMr à{H«$`m doJdmZ ~Zdbr Amho. `m à{H«$òMm doJ Amnë`mbm OmUdVmo Ë`mnojm {H$VrVar OmñV Amho ho `m à{H«$òMo EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eï²>` Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm OmUdUmè`m doJmMm A§XmO KoV AmnU ~Xb H$aV amhVmo Am{U à{H«$`m {VÀ`m doJmZo Amnë`mnojm {H$VrVar nwT>o {ZKyZ OmVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m hmVr AZoH$ gmYZo {Xbr AmhoV. hr gmYZo Zdr AmhoV, `m AmYrÀ`m H$mimVrb H$moUË`mhr gmYZm§À`m VwbZoV AË`§V à^mdr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ AmhoV. Ë`mV V§ÌkmZmMm _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. H$mb-nadmn`ªV gH$mir dV©_mZnÌ KamV òB©n`ªV OJmVrb KS>m_moS>tnmgyZ AZ{^k AgUmao AmnU AmO àËòH$ jUmÀ`m KS>m_moS>tMo kmZ H$mhr jUmV {_idV AmhmoV. Ë`m_wio EH$sH$So> gm_mÝ`m§Mr _m{hVr d kmZmMr ^yH$ dmT>br Amho. AWm©V Ë`mV kmZbmbgm {H$Vr Amho Am{U dadaMo AmH$f©U {H$Vr Amho `mMm emoY ¿`mdm bmJob. VgoM hr ^yH$ e_dë`mZ§Va ì`º$sMo _Z gwÑT> hmoVo H$s H$_Hw$dV hmoVo hr Jmoï> gmnoj Agbr Var Ë`mMmhr emoY ¿`mdm bmJob. na§Vw hr ^yH$ àM§S> _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>br Amho ho Z¸$s. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr à{e{jV _Zwî`~imMr _moR>r JaO {Z_m©U Ho$br. hr JaO nyU© hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr åhUyZ Aà{e{jV d AY©à{e{jV bmoH$m§Zmhr Ë`mV g§Yr {_imbr. `m Zdmo{XV bmoH$m§Mo AkmZ, _mÜ`_m§{df`rMr OmU Am{U {d{dY g_ñ`m, àý d amOH$maU `m§À`m{df`rMm Aä`mg hm IynM {daim AgVmo. _bm dmQ>V§ Ë`mVyZM gw_ma nÌH$marVoMr gwê$dmV hmoVo. _J hoM bmoH$ g~go VoO' gma»`m danm§Jr Jmoï>tÀ`m _mJo bmJVmV. EH$doi Vwåhr ~mV_r WmoS>r Ceram {Xbr Var

Mmbob, na§Vw Vr dmñVd, {dœmgmh© Am{U g_J« Agmdr Agm AmJ«h ho M°Zbdmbo bmoH$ H$m YaV ZmhrV? àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo AW©H$maU IynM ~Xbbo Amho. BVH$m _moR>m ngmam, Ë`mVrb H$_©Mmar, N>nmB©, {dVaU `m§Mm IM© qH$dm d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m§Mm àjonUmMm IM© `m§À`m {H$_Vr dmT>ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr CËnÞmgmR>r Om{hamVt{edm` n`m©`M Zmhr ho _bm _mÝ` Amho. na§Vw `m Om{hamVtMo à_mU Am{U Ë`m§Mm Ame` `mda {Z`§ÌU amIboM nm{hOo, Aem _VmMm _r Amho. `m Om{hamVtMm Ame` {H$Ë`oH$Xm ~r^Ëg, Aûcrb AgVmo. Ë`mVyZ órMr {dH¥$V à{V_m XmIdbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV MwH$sMm g§Xoe OmVmo.

{deofV… ~mbH$m§À`m _Zmda Ë`mMo AË`§V {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmV. EH$ Jmoï> _mÜ`_m§Zr {deof H$ê$Z bjmV R>odbr nm{hOo Vr åhUOo EImXr ì`H$s H$mhr MwH$sMo ~mobbr Va Ë`m_wio Vo EoH$Umè`m MmaMm¡Km§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. na§Vw àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr gm§{JVbobr MwH$sMr Jmoï> g§nyU© {nT>r qH$dm g_mO CÕ²dñV H$ê$ eH$Vo. åhUyZM Va Ë`m§Zm bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^ åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m H$mimV àË`oH$ nmD$b Q>mH$VmZm àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr amÌ d¡è`mMr Amho' ho {dgaVm H$m_m Z`o. amOH$maUr

9) S>m°. Zrb_ Jmoèho ì`{º$JV n[aM` - _hmamï´mVrb AJ«JÊ` _{hbm ZoË`m. {dYmZ n[afX gXñ`. ór AmYma H|$ÐmÀ`m g§ñWmnH$. _{hbm AË`mMmamda AË`§V AmH«$_H$nUo añË`mda Am{U g^mJ¥hmV bT>Umè`m H$m`©H$Ë`m©. Aä`mgy d H$m`©Hw$eb Am_Xma. gmam§e -ZrM, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio g§nyU© OJmMo g§X^©M ~XbyZ Jobo AmhoV. Cƒ lr_§V- Jar~ `m§À`mgh _mZdr OrdZm~ÔbÀ`m Á`m g_OwVr H$mbn`ªV hmoË`m Ë`m ImoQ>çm R>adV OUy H$mhr AmnU AmVm AJXr Zì`mM J«hmda OJy bmJbmo AmhmoV Aem [aVrZo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo g§nyU© OJmMr nwZa©MZm Ho$br Amho. hr nwZa©MZm AmYr H$Yrhr ZìhVr BVH$s AZmoIr Am{U doJir Amho. nU Ë`mM~amo~a Vr AmYrÀ`m aMZm§À`m VwbZoV A{YH$ AÝ`mæ`, {df_ Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_ohr Ë`m {XeoZo àdmg H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV H$s H$m`? Aer e§H$m _mÂ`mgma»`m H$m`©H$VuÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U hmoVo. _mÜ`_m§_Üò órMr à{V_m Á`màH$mao XmIdÊ`mV òV Amho, Vr nmhVm hr e§H$m {Z_m©U hmoVo. hr à{V_m Om{hamVr, Q>rìhr _m{bH$m `m§À`mVyZ àIanUo OmUdVo. àW_Xe©Zr `mV H$m` J¡a Amho? Agm àý Vwåhmbm nSo>b. na§Vw EImÚm dñVybm Ogo Mm§XrÀ`m dIm©Mo qH$dm AmH$f©H$ n°qH$J AgVo Vo n°qH$J H$mTy>Z nm{hë`mda Ë`mVrb Iam nXmW© {XgVmo. Ë`mà_mUoM `m _m{bH$m§VyZ Om{hamVtVyZ ór hr AmOhr gmo{eH$, gmoÁdi, nVrMr Xmgr, gmgaMr _mobH$arU Amho Aer à{V_m Xe©dbr OmVo. {ó`m§daÀ`m AË`mMmam~m~V Va àgma_mÜ`_o IynM njnmVr AmhoV Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. H$moR>odmS>rÀ`m àH$aUmV Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV gd© àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr XIb KoVbr. na§Vw gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV H$moUr {\$aH$bohr Zmhr. {ó`m§~amo~aM X{bV, Cno{jV, Am{Xdmgr g_mOmÀ`m àým§H$So>hr àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo J§^ra Xþb©j hmoV Amho, Ago _mPo _V Amho. Vmao-VmaH$m§Mr b¾, amOH$maÊ`m§Mr VyVy - _¡_¡ `mbm {OVHo$ ñWmZ àgma_mÜ`_o XoVmV Ë`mÀ`m VwbZoV AJXrM ZJÊ` ñWmZ Cno{jVm§À`m àým§Zm {Xbo OmVo ho IynM IoXOZH$ Amho. oV Ë`mMo {deofV… {ó`m§À`m ~m~VrV àgma_mÜ`_o Oo H$aV Amh ^{dî`mV Iyn XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoVrb. órbm EH$ Cn^mo½` dñVy åhUyZ XmIdbo OmV Amho. Mm°H$boQ>Mr Om{hamV Agmo H$s JmS>rMr Ë`mV ór hr Cn^mo½` dñVy åhUyZ XmIdbr OmVo. 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OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmnU EH$m AË`§V {df_ g_mOmÀ`m {XeoZo àdmg H$aVmo AmhmoV Am{U hm àdmg amoIÊ`mMr j_Vm \$º$ àgma_mÜ`_m§VM Amho Ago åhUUo A`mo½` R>aob nU Vr j_Vm Ë`m§À`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Amhmar Z OmVm, Ë`mVrb Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>r {Q>nyZ KoV gH$mamË_H$ {XeoZo nwT>À`m H$mimV dmQ>Mmb Ho$br nm{hOo. 10) S>m°. àH$me Am§~oS>H$a ì`{º$JV n[aM` - Am§~oS>H$ar MidirVrb ZoVo. _mOr ImgXma, ^maVr` [anpãbH$Z nj-~hþOZ _hmg§KmMo AÜ`j. Aä`mgy d {dMmaerb amOH$maUr åhUyZ _hmamï´>mV Zmdbm¡{H$H$. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio _mZdr OrdZmMo g§X^©M nma ~XbyZ Jobo AmhoV. OJmM§ AW©H$maU, amOH$maU, V§ÌH$maU `m gJù`mM joÌmV Iyn _moR>o Am{U An[ahm`© ~Xb Ë`m_wio {Xgy bmJbo AmhoV. `m gJù`m ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ g_mOmVë`m àËòH$ KQ>H$mda H$iV-ZH$iV nS>Vmo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m`? ho R>mD$H$ Zgboë`m bmoH$m§Zmhr Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. _mÂ`m _Vo `m à{H«$òMm gdm©V _moR>m n[aUm_ Á`m§Zm ^moJmdm bmJVmo Amho Vo åhUOo Am{Xdmgr, X{bV Am{U Cno{jV bmoH$ `m à{H«$ò_wio g_mOmÀ`m _yi àdmhmnmgyZ AmUIrZM {dñWm{nV hmoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m OJÛ²`mnr Agbr Var Ë`mVhr X{bV, Cno{jV, Am{Xdmgr, emo{fV `m§Zm ñWmZ Zmhr. hr à{H«$`m hdr ho R>adUmao Vo ZmhrV. hr à{H«$`m ZH$mo` Ago åhUÊ`mBVnV _moR>m Ë`m§Mm AmdmO Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZM `m à{H«$òÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m ñVamdb Hw$R>ohr ho Cno{jV g_mO Amnë`mbm {XgV ZmhrV. H$maU Ë`m§Mr _Vo bjmV KoVmo` H$moU? AmYrM d§{MV Agbobm hm g_mO OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmUIr d§{MV Am{U emo{fV ~ZVmo Amho. Ë`mMo H$maU OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio _moR>o CÚmoJ òUma, _moR>r YaUo, _moR>o àH$ën òUma. `m àH$ënm§gmR>r O_rZ bmJUma. Aem àH$ënm§_Üò `mM X{bV, emo{fV, Cno{jVm§À`m O_rZr gdm©V àW_ CÚmoOH$m§À`m KemV KmVë`m OmVmV hm AmOdaM B{Vhmg Amho. Aem [aVrZo àH$ënm§gmR>r O_rZr XoD$Zhr dfm©Zwdf} Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ hmoV Zmhr. O_rZrMm R>abobm _mo~Xbm hmVmV nSo>n`ªV EH$ {nT>r OmVo. {VWo òUmè`m CÚmoJm§V Ë`m§À`m _wbm§Zm ZmoH$è`m {_iV ZmhrV. Aem [aVrZo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hm `m X{bV, Cno{jV bmoH$m§Zm A{O~mV {dMmamV Z KoVm Ë`m§Zm XoemoYS>rbm bmdÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Amnbr nmoQ>§ ^ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ~S>çm CÚmoOH$m§Zr aMbobm H$mdm Amho, Ago _mPo _V Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gJio OJ n¡emÀ`m nmR>r_mJo bmJbo AgVmZm _mÜ`_o Ë`mnmgyZ H$er Xÿa amhVrb. Ë`m§Mmhr ì`dgm` Pmbm Amho Am{U åhUyZM Vo n¡gm Am{U Z\$m `m§À`m _mJo bmJbo AmhoV. H$mhr bmoH$ gm§JVmV H$s Amåhr àm_m{UH$nUo àgma_mÜ`_mMm Y§Xm H$aVmo. nU _mPo _V Ago Amho H$s _wimV àgma_mÜ`_mMm Y§Xm ho XmoZ eãXM EH$_oH$m§À`m {dê$Õ AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_o hr g_mOmMo _V KS>dUmar AgVmV. AWm©VM nÌH$mam§Zr gMmoQ>rÀ`m _mJm©Zo XmoZ n¡go Z¸$s H$_dmdoV H$maU Ë`m§Zmhr nmoQ> Amho, g§gma Amho, ~m`H$m-nmoa§ AmhoV, _hÎdmH$m§jm AmhoV. Ë`mbm _mPm {damoY Zmhr. nU Y§Xm åhQ>b§ H$s Hw$Umbm Var \$gdë`m{edm` Vwåhr Z\$m H$_mdy eH$V Zmhr. _J AWm©VM àojH$m§Zm \$gdyZ Om{hamVXma Am{U ^m§S>dbXma `m§Mo {hVg§~§Y amIÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _mÜ`_m§da òD$Z ~gVo. Ë`mVyZ Oo H$mhr {Z_m©U hmoVo Vo AmO AmnU àË`j Q>rìhrÀ`m nS>Úmda nmhmV AmhmoV. Xþgao Ago Amho H$s, AmOhr XoemVrb àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr gyÌo ~«m÷UdmXr eº$s¨À`m hmVr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr H$m` nmhm`Mo, H$m` dmMm`Mo, H$gm {dMma H$am`Mm `m gJù`mMr gyÌo VoM hbdV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio V§ÌkmZmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU hmoV Agë`mMm Xmdm Ho$bm OmV Agbm Var Vmo Am^mg Amho. H$maU AmOhr IoS>çmnmS>çmV gmoim Vo AR>am Vmg bmoS>eoS>tJ AgVmZm V§ÌkmZ nmoMUma Hw$Ry>Z? ZoH$ M°Zbda JUnVr ~«m÷UdmXr eº$s¨Mm _r C„oI Ho$bm. 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11) S>m°. d¥§Xm H$maV ì`{º$JV n[aM` - _mŠg©dmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m H|${Ð` nm°{bQ> ã`wamoÀ`m gXñ`m, amÁ`g^oÀ`m ImgXma. _{hbm, X{bV, Am{XdmgtÀ`m àým§da Aä`mgy d AmH«$_H$nUo bT>Umè`m H$m`©H$Ë`m©. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Oo V§ÌkmZmË_H$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_o `m g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m Am{U AW© ~XbyZ Jobm. H$mhr dfmªnydu _mÜ`_o åhQ>b§ H$s AmnU Ho$di d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm {dMma H$am`Mmo. Ë`mZ§Va Xÿa{MÌdmUr_mÜ`_o Ambr. AmVm B§Q>aZoQ> ho AmUIr EH$ Zd§ _mÜ`_ Amb§

Amho. {VWo Ho$di EH$m pŠbH$da Vwåhmbm g§nyU© OJâmVbr _m{hVr CnbãY hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _m{hVrMo dhZ H$aUmè`m gmYZm§Mr g§»`m Am{U AdmH$m àM§S> dmT>bm Amho. hr EH$ AË`§V gH$mamË_H$ ~m~ Agbr Var OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m `wJmV hr gmYZo _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§À`m Vmã`mV AgyZ Vr H$m°nm}aoQ> _r{S>`m' ~ZV AmhoV `m Jmoï>rH$So>hr AmnU bj {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo OmV Amho. OJmbm H$moUVm g§Xoe Úm`Mm, Ë`mMr ^mfm H$moUVr Agmdr, Ë`mgmR>r {MÌo Am{U Mb{MÌo H$moUVr dmnamdrV `m gJù`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU ~hþVm§er ~S>çm H$m°nm}aoQ> H§$nÝ`m§À`m hmVr Amho. `m H§$nÝ`m§Mo _yi nmümË` Xoem§_Üò AgVmV. hr EH$màH$maMr EH$m{YH$maemhr Amho. Xþgar _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo OJâmVë`m _moR>çm _mÜ`_ H§$nÝ`m Amnë`m {hVmgmR>r qH$dm Amnbo {hVqMVH$ Agbobo amOH$maUr, CÚmoJnVr `m§À`m {hVmgmR>r Ë`mMm dmna H$aVmZm {XgVmV. `mÀ`m_wio Ho$di g§dmXmbm ~mYm nmoMV Zmhr Va bmoH$emhrMrhr _moR>r hmZr hmoVo. EH$m ~mOybm AmnU Ago åhUVmo H$s Jar~ dm lr_§V Agbm Var àËòH$ ì`º$s hm g_mZ Amho. na§Vw XþgarH$So> gJù`m V§ÌmMo {Z`§ÌU H$m°nm}aoQ²gÀ`m hmVr Amho. dmMH$ Am{U àojH$m§Zr H$m` EoH$m`Mo, H$moUVm {dMma H$am`Mm, H$m` nmhm`Mo ho gJio `m H$m°nm}aoQ> H§$nÝ`m R>adV AmhoV. hr Jmoï> bmoH$emhrÀ`m CKS>nUo {damoYmV Amho. `m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m _mbH$sMo bmoH$emhrH$aU qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$sH$aU A{Zdm`© Amho. _mÜ`_m§À`m àmW{_H$Vm ~Xbë`m AgyZ AmVm Ë`mV MQ>nQ>rV ~mVå`m§Zm OmñV dmd Amho. `m ~mVå`m, n¡gm, ãb°H$_ob, à{gÕr qH$dm EImÚmÀ`m {hVg§~§Ym§gmR>r XmIdë`m OmVmV. àog H$m¡pÝgb hr Amnë`m XoemV _mÜ`_m§da {Z`§ÌU amIUmar g§ñWm Amho. na§Vw `m g§ñWobm H$moUVohr A{YH$ma VgoM àmYmÝ`H«$_hr ZmhrV. ZwH$Ë`mM KS>boë`m noS> Ý`yO' àH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V àog H$m¡pÝgbZo Ahdmb ~Zdbm Am{U ~S>çm _mÜ`_ g_yhm§À`m X~mdmImbr Vmo Ahdmb ~XbyZhr Q>mH$bm. ZmhrVa hm Ahdmb àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm ~waIm \$mS>Umam hmoVm. nU ~S>çm _mÜ`_g_«mQ>m§À`m X~mdmImbr Vmo ~mhoa Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio OZVm Am{U H$mhr g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mÜ`_m§Mo {dûcofU H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWmXoIrb A{Zdm`© Amho. _mÜ`_m§Mo {Z`§ÌU AmnU WoQ> gaH$maÀ`m hmVr XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU gaH$maXoIrb AZoH$ doiobm H$m°nm}aoQ> _r{S>`mMo {hVg§~§Y bjmV KoD$Z H$m_ H$aV AgVo. Xþgao åhUOo ho H$m_ gaH$maÀ`m hmVr gmondbo Va gaH$ma Amnë`m {damoYmVë`m ~mVå`m§da ~§Xr Kmbob. Ë`m n[apñWVrV àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m A{^ì`º$sdaM JXm òB©b. Ë`m_wio _mÜ`_m§À`m A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`mda EH$m ~mOybm gaH$maH$Sy>Z Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOybm H$m°nm}aoQ²gH$Sy>Z Agm Xþhoar X~md òVmo Amho. `mgmR>r Ho$di OZVoMm X~md JQ> V`ma H$ê$Z ^mJUma Zmhr Va Ë`mbm g§ñWmË_H$ ñdê$n Úmdo bmJob.

H$maU h„r Oo Aûcrb H$m`©H«$_ XmIdbo OmV AmhoV Ë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. àgma_mÜ`_o ñd`§{Z`§ÌUmMm CXmoCXmo H$aV Agbr Var Vgo hmoVmZm {XgV Zmhr. Aemdoir EImXr g§ñWm Ë`m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m g§ñWoV gm_mÝ` OZVoVrb à{V{ZYtZmhr ñWmZ Úm`bm hdo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo ho Xþîn[aUm_ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r n{hbo åhUOo _mÜ`_m§À`m _mbH$sÀ`m àH$mamH$So> bj Úm`bm hdo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. _mbH$sMm àH$ma, H$m°nm}aoQ>m`PoeZ `m Jmoï>r _m{hVrÀ`m _wº$ àdmgmV AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aV AmhoV. Xþgar Jmoï > åhUOo {Z…njnmVr nÌH$marVoÀ`m ajUmgmR>r Á`m {Z`§ÌUmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ë`mMrhr H$mhr ì`dñWm Agm`bm hdr. Aem g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Ahdmb àH$m{eV ìhmdoV, OoUoH$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mMr _m{hVr {_iob. {Vgar Jmoï> AûcrbVoda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo nm{hOo. hr Jmoï> _{hbm§gmR>r ñnX Amho. _{hbm§Mr Or à{V_m _mÜ`_m§VyZ gmXa Ho$br OmVo AË`§V b‚mm Vr ghZerbVoÀ`m nbrH$S>Mr Amho. Ë`m_wio `mda {Z`§ÌUmgmR>rhr H$mhr {Z{üV Am{U R>mog Cnm``moOZm Ho$br nm{hOo. H$bmd§V-gm{hpË`H$

12) S>m°. lram_ bmJy g§{já n[aM` - Áòð> A{^ZoVo. ZmQ>çg¥ï>rnmgyZ _amR>r Am{U qhXr {gZog¥ï>rV EH$ `wJ OJbobo ì`{º$_Îd. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aU dJ¡ao H$m` Amho ho g_OÊ`mBVnV _mPr ~wÕr Zmhr. na§Vw hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Ë`m_wio \$m`Xo hmoÊ`mnojm VmoQ>oM A{YH$ à_mUmV hmoV AmhoV. EH$àH$mao Zì`m Jwbm_{JarMr ì`dñWm Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo H$s H$m`? Aer e§H$m _mÂ`m _ZmV òVo. EH$ H$bmH$ma åhUyZ _r àgma_mÜ`_m§H$So> nmhVmo Voìhm AmOMr àgma_mÜ`_o `m AmYrÀ`m H$moUË`mhr H$mimnojm n¡gm Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV gdm©{YH$ g_¥Õ AmhoV. na§Vw {Z{_©Vr, Ame` Am{U à^md `m nmVù`m§da hr _mÜ`_o AmYr H$Yrhr ZìhVr BVH$s CWi ~Zbr AmhoV. `mMo H$maU Am_À`m H$mimV H$bm ho EH$ Üò` hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r PmoHy$Z XoD$Z H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr hmoVr. n¡em§nojm AmnU Ho$boë`m H¥$VrMo, A{^Z`mMo Oo g_mYmZ {_im`Mo Am{U Ë`mMr Or nmdVr a{gH$m§H$Sy>Z {_im`Mr Vr Iyn _moR>r hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m H$mimV AZoH$ XO}Xma ZmQ>Ho$ d {MÌnQ> Ambo Am{U Ë`mVë`m ^y{_H$m§À`m Zmdm§gH$Q> AZoH$ A{^ZoVo AmOhr bmoH$m§À`m bjmV AmhoV. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mohr VgoM Pmbo. Ë`mVë`m g_{n©V g§nmXH$m§À`m ZmdmZo Vr d¥ÎmnÌo AmoiIbr OmV hmoVr. nê$ioH$a, KmoanSo>, O`§Vamd {Q>iH$, JmoqdX VidbH$a `m§gmaIr Zmdo hmoVr. nU AmO ZmQ>H$, {MÌnQ> Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo `m _mÜ`_m§_Üò Aer KoÊ`mgmaIr Zmdo IynM H$_r AmT>iVmV. Q>rìhrZo Va Omo CÀN>mX _m§S>bm Amho Vmo nmhVm Ë`m~Ôb H$m` ~mobmdo Agm àý nS>Vmo. EH$sH$So> ^ma§^ma [aA°{bQ>r emoMm âUm dmT>Vmo Amho. Ë`mbm {deof H$ê$Z bhmZ _wbo Am{U Ë`m§Mo nmbH$ ~ir nS>VmV. Q>rìhrda qH$dm {MÌnQ>mV nm{hboë`m A§J{djonmMr Z¸$b H$ê$Z gwnañQ>ma ~ZÊ`mM§ ñdßZ `m bmoH$m§Zm XmIdb§ OmV§. nU `m joÌmV J§^ranUo H$[aAa H$aÊ`mMm {dMma Ë`m§À`m _ZmV ê$OV Zmhr hr emoH$m§{VH$m Amho. XþgarH$So> Q>rìhrdaÀ`m _m{bH$m§_YyZ H$moUVm g§Xoe {Xbm OmVmo ho g_OUo _mÂ`m ~wÕrÀ`m nbrH$S>Mo Amho. Ë`mVyZ {ó`m§Mo Oo AË`§V {dH¥$V {MÌU Ho$bo OmV Amho Ë`m_wio Amnbm g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm àdmg H$moUË`m {XeoZo gwê$ Amho `mMr H$ënZmM H$aVm òV Zmhr. gÜ`m àËòH$OU n¡emÀ`m _mJo bmJbm Amho. Ë`m_wio Üò`, C{Ôï>, àm_m{UH$nUm `mgmaIo eãX AmVm eãXH$moemVM dmMm`bm {_iVmV.

H$mimZwgma AmnU ñdV…bm ~Xbm`bm hdo hr Jmoï> _bmhr _mÝ` Amho. nU Ë`mgmR>r Amnbr Apñ_Vm, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U na§nam `m§Mm ~ir XoUo {H$VnV `mo½` Amho `mMmhr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

13) am_Xmg \w$Q>mUo g§{já n[aM` - _hmamï´>mVrb gwà{gÕ H$dr. {dYmZ n[afXoMo _mOr gXñ`. dmÌQ>rH$mH$ma åhUyZ _hmamï´>^a Zmdbm¡H$sH$. gmam§e

OmJ{VH$sH$aU hm eãX h„r gJioM bmoH$ dmnê$ bmJbo AmhoV. na§Vw Ë`mMm Zo_H$m AW© {H$Vr OUm§Zm R>mD$H$ Amho, ho _m{hV Zmhr. OmJ{VH$saH$aU hr à{H«$`m Zo_H$s H$m` Amho, {VZo H$moUH$moUVo joÌ ì`mnbo Amho ho H$im`bmhr AmUIr WmoS>m doi Omdm bmJUma Amho. Ë`m_wio hr à{H«$`m gÜ`m gwê$ Amho. XaamoO Zì`m Jmoï>r KS>V AmhoV, Zdo V§ÌkmZ òV Amho. OwZo V§ÌkmZ H$Mè`mV OmV Amho. V§ÌkmZ H$mb~mø KS>Ê`mMr hr {H«$`m gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr doJmZo KS>Vo H$s H$m`, Ago _bm dmQy> bmJbo Amho. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Va gm{hË`mbm dm{hbobm H$moUVm H$m`©H«$_ H$moUË`m dm{hZrda gwê$ Amho ho _bm {XgV Zmhr. d¥ÎmnÌm§_Üò H${dVm, H$Wm, b{bVboI `m§Zm AYyZ-_YyZ ñWmZ {_iVo. nU Ë`mMo à_mUhr Iyn H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OVZmgmR>r H$moUVohr à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV ZmhrV, hm _mPm àgma_mÜ`_m§daMm _w»` Amjon Amho. ho Oam {dñVmamZo gm§JVmo. Hw$gy_mJ«Om§Mo Zmd AmOÀ`m Zì`m {nT>rVë`m {H$Vr bmoH$m§Zm R>mD$H$ Amho, Ë`m§À`m {H$Vr H${dVm Ë`m§Zr dmMë`m AmhoV. Hw$gy_mJ«Om§Mm OÝ_{XZ AmnU _amR>r amO^mfm {XZ åhUyZ gmOam H$aVmo åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo Zmd KoVbo. Ë`m§À`m~Ôbhr AZmñWm Amho. Va BVa H$dt~Ôb H$m` R>mD$H$ AgUma. hr na§nam OVZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gdmªMrM Amho. nU Ë`mgmR>r OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo àgma_mÜ`_o ho AË`§V _hÎdmMo d à^mdr gmYZ Amho åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Anojm AmhoV. H«$mB©_, {H«$Ho$Q>, {gZo_m `m VrZ Jmoï>tMo AmOhr àgma_mÜ`_m§da dM©ñd Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_m§V Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ ñWmZ {Xbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ`m§da AÝ`m` hmoVmo, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. YaUJ«ñVm§Mo àý, Am{XdmgtMo àý `mda AmOn`ªV H$moUË`m dm{hZrZo R>m_ ^y{_H$m KoD$Z Vr ~mOy _m§S>ë`mMo _r Var nm{hbobo Zmhr. AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo _mÜ`_o gÜ`m ~mOmamÀ`m H$ãOmV AmhoV. ~mOmamMm hm n§Om AmUIr Amdibm OmVmo Amho. Ë`m_wio n¡emgmR>r Om{hamVr Am{U Om{hamVtgmR>r H$m`©H«$_ Agm CbQ>m àdmg gwê$ Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio AWm©VM `m CÚmoJmÀ`m ZmS>çm ~bmT>ç, YZmT>ç bmoH$m§À`m hmVmV Joë`m AmhoV. òË`m H$mimV ^maVmgma»`m CX`moÝ_wI g_mOmbm gm{hË`, H$bm, g§ñH¥$Vr `m~amo~aM _mUyg åhUyZ àJë^ H$aÊ`mV gdm©{YH$ dmQ>m àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm CMbm`Mm Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr `mo½` ^mZ amIyZ _mJ©H«$_U Ho$bo nm{hOo, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. gm_m{OH$

14) S>m°. ~m~m AmT>md g§{já n[aM` - Ag§K{Q>V H$m_Jmam§À`m MidirgmR>r Am`wî` doMUmao gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V}. AZoH$ g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gH«$s`. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gdm©{YH$ ZwH$gmZ H$moUmMo Pmbo Agob Va Vmo Cno{jV, Ag§KQ>rV dJ© Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àgma_mÜ`_o ~mOmamÀ`m XmdUrbm ~m§Ybr OmV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr gyÌo CÚmoJ Am{U gÎmm `m§À`m hmVmV OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Or H$mhr Cabrgwabr g§doXZerbVm hmoVr VrXoIrb Zï> hmoVmZm {XgVo Amho. Jobr AZoH$ df} gwê$ Agboë`m Ag§KQ>rVm§À`m bT>çmbm nm{hOo Ë`m à_mUmV _mÜ`_m§Mo nmR>~i {_imbo Zmhr ho dmñVd Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Aem Cno{jVm§À`m bT>çmnmgyZ _mÜ`_m§Mo A§Va dmT>V OmV Amho Am{U ho bT>o EH$mH$s nSy> bmJë`mMo {MÌ {XgVo Amho. _mÜ`_o AmVm ~S>çm bmoH$m§Mr Jwbm_ ~ZV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _mJo YmdV AmhoV. amOH$s` ZoVo, CÚmoOH$, {MÌnQ> A{^ZoVo, IoimSy> `m§Zm àM§S> à{gÕr {_iVo Amho. Ë`m§Mm gVV CXmoCXmo Ho$bm OmVmo Amho. OUy H$mhr hr _§S>irM \$º$ Xoe MmbdVmV Agm Amd AmUbm OmV Amho. na§Vw IoS>çmnmS>çmVbm gm_mÝ` eoVH$ar qH$dm Am_Mm Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVbm H$m_Jma Vw_À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmbm àË`j-AàË`jnUo hmV^ma bmdV AgVmo. Ë`mMo H$V¥©Îd, H$ï> Am{U ApñVÎdM `m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo ZmH$mabo Amho. Ë`mV àgma_mÜ`_ohr Ë`mÀ`m gwamV gya {_giV AmhoV hr AË`§V IoXmMr ~m~ Amho.

15) àm. ^mB© d¡Ú g§{já n[aM` - Áòð> g_mOdmXr ZoVo. amÁ`mMo _mOr J¥hamÁ`_§Ìr. g_mOdmXr MidirÀ`m AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_m§V gH«$s` gh^mJ. gmam§e OmJ{VH$sH$aU ho Xþgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ ^m§S>dbemhrMoMo AmYw{ZH$ ê$n Amho. Vo H$go Vo bjmV ¿`m`bm hdo. nydu Jwbm_m§Zm amOo-aOdmS>çm§À`m {ZU©`mV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm. AmOhr `m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ho$di _yR>â bmoH$m§À`m hmVr Amho. gm_mÝ`m§Zr H$ï>mZo Cä`m Ho$boë`m g§nÎmrMr dmQ>ob Ver {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMo YmoaU ho _yR>â bmoH$ AmIV AmhoV. A§~mZr lr_§V hmoVmV Vo Ë`m§À`m H§$nZrV H$m_ H$aUmao H$m_Jma, H$_©Mmar `m§À`m H$ï>m_wioM Zm. Ë`m§À`mH$S>Mm n¡gm H$mhr hdoVyZ òV Zmhr. nU Ë`m§À`m l_mÀ`m Omoamda AmnU OJmMm H$ma^ma H$gm Mmbdm`Mm ho _yR>â bmoH$ R>adVmV Am{U `m l_H$è`m§Mr XIbhr KoVbr OmV Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio CÚm _moR>_moR>o CÚmoJ Cô am{hbo Va Ë`mV gm_mÝ` bmoH$M H$m_ H$aUma AmhoV. A§{V_V… Ë`m§À`m H$ï>mdaM Vo CÚmoJ Am{U n`m©`mZo OmJ{VH$sH$aU Cô amhUma Amho. _J `m eodQ>À`m _mUgmbm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV Ý`m` {Xbm OmV Zmhr hm _mÂ`m _Vo gdm©V _moR>m AnamY Amho. nÌH$marVoÀ`m g§X^m©V ~mobm`M§ Va nwÊ`mM§ `moJXmZ Iyn _moR>§ Amho. bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§nmgyZ AZoH$ _hmZ nÌH$ma nwÊ`mZo Xoembm {Xbo. Ë`m§À`m nÌH$marVoV Üò`dmX hmoVm, boIUrV Y_H$ hmoVr Am{U OrdZmV ZrVr_Îmm hmoVr. na§Vw AmOÀ`m nÌH$marVoV `m {VÝhr Jmoï>r AË`§V A^mdmZo {XgVmV. AbrH$So> Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m§À`m Á`m dm{hÝ`m gwê$ Pmë`m AmhoV Ë`m_wio Va gJio {MÌM nmbQ>bo Amho. EH$m {_{ZQ>mV H$moUmbmhr {hamo Am{U {Pamo ~ZdÊ`mMm H$[aî_m `m dm{hÝ`m H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV. EImXo M°Zb gmoS>bo Va ~hþVm§er ~mVå`m `m {hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r, Am{W©H$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r qH$dm doi _mê$Z ZoÊ`mgmR>r XmIdë`m OmVmV. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm ì`dgm` Pmbm hr ~m~ _mÝ` Ho$br Var ì`dgm`mÀ`m ZmdmImbr Oo H$mhr Mmbbo Amho Vo g_W©Zr` Zmhr. dm{hÝ`m§dê$Z MmbUmao H$m`©H«$_ hr AmUIr EH$ Zdr S>moHo$XþIr Amho. AûcrbVm, ~r^ËgnUm, MwH$sMo g§Xoe Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm Ë`mV âUm {XgVmo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m gJù`mMm Vê$U {nT>r d ~mbH$m§gh g_mO_Zmda H$moUVm J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoV Agob `mMm Oamhr {dMma `mV Ho$bobm {XgV Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo MH«$ AmVm AË`§V doJmZo {\$aVo Amho. Ë`mbm Wm§~dUo eŠ` Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`mVrb MwH$sÀ`m d {XemhrZ Jmoï>r OmUyZ ñdV…bm Ë`mnmgyZ Xÿa R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr H$am`bm hdm, Ago _mPo àm_m{UH$ _V Amho. ------

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{ejU ì`dgm` … …

hþÔm/ nX AmdS>/ N>§X … … {deof Zm|X …

gyMZm  IyU H$am.  Á`m àíZmÀ`m CÎmamgmR>r g_moa OmJm gmoS>br Amho VoWo Amnbo CÎma H$_rV H$_r eãXm§V Zm|Xdm.  {Xboë`m n`m©`m§IoarO AÝ` CÎma Úm`Mo Agë`mg Vo {bhm.  {dMmaboë`m àíZm§V AmnUmg A{YH$ ^a KmbyZ Ë`mMo CÎma Úmdo Ago dmQ>ë`mg Vgo Oê$a H$am.  `m {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V AmnUmg AmUIr H$mhr gwMdm`Mo Agë`mg eodQ>r à{V{H«$`oÀ`m ñdê$nmV Zm|Xdm.

AmnU H$moUH$moUVr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ dmMVm ?

AmnU H$moUH$moUË`m d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m AmdS>rZo ~KVm ?

Om{hamVr dmMVm / ~KVm H$s gmoSy>Z XoVm ? dmMVmo -~KVmo / gmoSy>Z XoVmo

AmH$medmUrdarb ~mV_rnÌo EoH$Vm H$m ? hmo` / Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m N>mnrb Am{U Bb oŠQ´>m°{ZH$ d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§{df`r MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm AmnUmg R>mdyH$ Amho H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~r g_m{dï> hmoVmV? _wº$ ì`mnma _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm h¸$ WoQ naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ {dÎm^m§S>dbmMm g§M`

^maVmgh OJmVrb AÝ` {dH$gZerb Xoem§da H$ãOm H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo A_o[aH$m d {VÀ`m {dH${gV {_Ìamï´>m§Zr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr hr YyV© `moOZm AmIbr Amho Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio doJdmZ ~Zboë`m Am{W©H$ à{H$`oMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§er {ZJS>rV H$moUH$moUË`m KQ>H$m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo ? dmVmªH$Z g§nmXZ _wÐU Om{hamV gmXarH$aU àgmaU ì`dñWmnZ H$moUË`mhr Zmhr

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umè`m Am{W©H ~Xbm§Vrb Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo ~Xb AmnUmg Mm§Jbo qH$dm dmB©Q> dmQ>VmV? d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUwH$sV doJmZo hmoUmar dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m g§»òV Pmbobr bjUr` dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  Mmodrg Vmg ~mVå`m§Mr CnbãYVm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  KQ>Zm/~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr gw{dYm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  MM}V WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm òÊ`mMr gw{dYm Mm§Jbm/dmB©Q  >d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbobr O~aXñV ñnYm© Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  `m Jw§VdUwH$s_wio V§ÌkmZ d gmXarH$aUmV Pmbobo ~Xb Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  ^m§S>dbemhr àd¥ÎmrMo d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb dM©ñd > Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  Om{hamVXmam§Mr d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb _ºo$Xmar Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVr OmUmao d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMo dmVmªH$Z d Ë`mda {e¸$m_moV©~ H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Zm  {_imbobr A{Z~ªY gyQ> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm§Vrb Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo ~Xb AmnUmg _w‹io KS>Umè`m Mm§Jbo qH$dm dmB©Q> dmQ>VmV?  EH$m ^mJmVrb Mm§Jë`m KQ>ZoMm Xwgè`m ^mJmVrb g_mO_Zmda nS>Umam à^md Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  EH$m ^mJmVrb dmB©Q> KQ>ZoMm Xwgè`m ^mJmVrb g_mO_Zmda nS>Umam à^md Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  dmMH$ / àojH$mÀ`m Ho$di Cn^moº$m ~ZyZ amhÊ`mÀ`m d¥ÎmrV dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  dmMH$mbm Cn^moÁ` dñVy ~Z{dÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  Aíbrb Om{hamVtMm g_mO_Zmdarb n[aUm_ Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  H$m_yH$ Ñí`m§Mm g_mO_Zmdarb n[aUm_ Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  A§YlÕm§Mo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUmè`m d¥Îmm§Mm g_mO_Zmdarb n[aUm_ Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  JwÝho d JwÝhoJmam§Mo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUmè`m d¥Îmm§Mm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q> g_mO_Zmdarb n[aUm_  à{gÕr d n¡gm `mM A§{V_ Ü`oæ`mZo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  àgma_mÜ`_m§VyZ ñWmZ Z {_imboë`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U hmoUmar Agwa{jVVoMr qH$dm d§MZoMr ^mdZm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  g_mOmVrb ~S>çm bmoH$m§À`m ~mOyZo PwH$Ê`mÀ`m _mÜ`_m§À`m àd¥ÎmrVrb dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  Cno{jV, Xw~©bm§À`m {hVH$maH$mÀ`m ^w{_Ho$nmgyZ \$maH$V KoÊ`mÀ`m àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m àd¥ÎmrV hmoUmar dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_w‹io KS>Umè`m Vm§{ÌH$$ ~Xbm§Vrb Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo ~Xb AmnUmg Mm§Jbo qH$dm dmB©Q> dmQ>VmV? d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mr AmH$f©H$ ~Zbobr N>nmB© / gmXarH$aU > Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  KQ>Zm/~mV_r WoQ> nmhÊ`mMr gw{dYm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  MM}V WoQ> gh^mJr hmoVm `oÊ`mMr gw{dYm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  d¥ÎmmVrb VnerbmgmR>r AmH$f©H$ J«m{\ Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  $ŠgMm dmna OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`º$ser Am°Z-bmB©Z g§nH$m©Mr gw{dYm Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  JmonZr` d¥Îm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Nw>ß`m H°$_oè`m§Mm dmna > Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  S>m`aoŠQ> Qy> hmo_ gw{dYm V§ÌkmZmÀ`m J¡admnamÀ`m àd¥ÎmrV dmT> Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>  dmT>Vo V§ÌkmZ-dmT>Vm IM©-Om{hamVXmam§Mm dmT>Vm A§_b Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>   gm_m{OH$ g§dmX H$_Hw$dV hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Mm§Jbm /dmB©Q>

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m EH§$Xa à{H«$`o_wio d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË`m Jmoï>r J_mdV Mmbbr AmhoV Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo ? gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd Cno{jVm§À`m {hVmMr ^y{_H$m d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mr Apñ_Vm ñdV…Mr AmoiI dmMH$/ …njnmVrnUm

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§darb n[aUm_m§n¡H$s Om{hamVtMo ~XbVo ñdê$n hm EH$ _hËdmMm n[aUm_ Amho Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVr ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. H$maU Ë`m_wioM AmnUmbm Aën XamV d¥ÎmnÌo / d¥Îmdm{hÝ`m CnbãY hmoVmV. d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dgm`mV Om{hamVtMo _hËd AmnU _mÝ` H$aVm H$m` ? hmo` / Zmhr d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVt~m~V AmnU Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUH$moUË`m Jmoï>ter gh_V AmhmV?  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVtMo à_mU dmT>Vo Amho hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb Om{hamVtMo ñdê$n doJmZo ~XbVo Amho hmo`/Zmhr  ho ñdê$n g_mO_Zmda {dnarV n[aUm_ H$aUmao Amho hmo`/Zmhr Om{hamVt_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$V/ hmo`/Zmhr  {Z`_m§Mr gam©g nm`_„r hmoVo  dmMH$/àojH$mbm Cn^moº$m ~Z{dUo `mda Om{hamVtMm ^a AgVmo hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o Om{hamVXmam§Mr _ºo$Xmar ~ZV Mmbbr AmhoV hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo ñdê$n {dH¥$V hmoV Mmbbo Amho hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMm àojH$, {deofV… bhmZ½`m§da Imobda n[aUm_ hmoVmo  Om{hamVXma, ^m§S>dbXma, amOH$maUr hr EH$mM àd¥ÎmrMr {d{dY Zmdo ~Zbr AmhoV hmo`/Zmhr

 d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o d dmMH$ / àojH$ `m§Mo ZmVo jrU hmoV Mmbbo Amho hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o d Om{hamVXma$ `m§Mo ZmVo K{Zð> hmoV Mmbbo Amho hmo`/Zmhr

20) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mm hm àdmg MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbm Amho Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ? hmo`/Zmhr

21) ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUr à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo ?

d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$ nÌH$ma / g§nmXH$ Om{hamVXma dmMH$ / àojH$ emgZ àgma_mÜ`_VÁk/{dMmad§V

22) darb àíZm§À`m AmYmao OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ ìhmdm `mgmR>r A) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ì`dñWmnH$m§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ?

 Amnë`m d¥Îm_mÜ`_mMr AmoiI H$m`_ amImdr hmo`/Zmhr OZ{hV `m à_wI C{Ôï>mMo ^mZ R>odmdo hmo`/Zmhr   bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^ Agë`mMr OmUrd R>odmdr hmo`/Zmhr  Cno{jV, d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm C{MV ñWmZ Úmdo hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU `mda {Z`§ÌU amImdo hmo`/Zmhr  àgma_mÜ`_ ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVmVbo IoiUo hmoD$ Z`o `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo` /Zmhr

~) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m nÌH$ma/g§nmXH$m§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo?

 Amnë`m d¥Îm_mÜ`_mMr AmoiI H$m`_ amImdr hmo`/Zmhr OZ{hV `m à_wI C{Ôï>mMo ^mZ R>odmdo hmo`/Zmhr   bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§^ Agë`mMr OmUrd R>odmdr hmo`/Zmhr  Cno{jV, d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm C{MV ñWmZ Úmdo hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îm_mÜ`_mVrb Ame`, _m{hVrÀ`m dmñVdmer V‹SOmoS> H$ê$ Z`o  EImÚm ì`º$sg PwH$Vo _mn {_iy Z`o `m~m~V XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  {dYm`H$ OZ_V d ZmJ[aH$m§À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r `mo½` YmoaU AmImdo hmo`/Zmhr  A{YH$m{YH$ OZVm{^_wI hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm hmo`/Zmhr

H$) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m Om{hamVXmam§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ?

 Om{hamV H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$V / Am{Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$amdo hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVrVyZ MwH$sMm g§Xoe OmUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  Aíbrb, ~r^ËgnUm H$mQ>oH$moanUo Q>mimdm hmo`/Zmhr  _{hbm d AÝ` KQ>H$m§Mo Ad_yë`Z hmoD$ Z`o `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU `mda {Z`§ÌU amImdo hmo`/Zmhr àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVoda XS>nU `oUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr   Om{hamVtMm OZ_Vmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  hmo`/Zmhr eŠ` VoWo OZ_VmMm C{MV AmXa amImdm S>) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m dmMH$ / àojH$m§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ? d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§da A§Hw$emgmR>r X~m~JQ> {Z_m©U H$amdm hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Zm OZ{hVmgmR>r H$m_ H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>mdo hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Zm Ë`m§À`m O~m~XmarMr OmUrd H$ê$Z Úmdr hmo`/Zmhr  Cno{jV, d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm C{MV ñWmZ {_iob `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdoV hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU `mda {Z`§ÌU amImdo hmo`/Zmhr  àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVmVbo IoiUo hmoÊ`mnmgyZ amoImdo hmo`/Zmhr  OmJ¥V ZmJarH$ KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` YmoaU AmIÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>mdo hmo`/Zmhr   d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ OZVm{^_wI hmoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>mdo hmo`/Zmhr

B) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m emgZmZo Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ?

 d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§À`m AmMmag§{hVog§~§Yr YmoaUmMr {Z{_©Vr H$amdr hmo`/Zmhr  dmMH$m§À`m àVr CÎmaXm{`ËdmMo ~§YZ d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§da Kmbmdo hmo`/Zmhr  bmoH$emhrÀ`m gj_rH$aUmgmR>r H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Zr H$m_ H$amdo `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mr ñdm`ÎmVm A~m{YV amhrb `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr hmo`/Zmhr  XjVmd¥Îm_mÜ`_o ¿`mdr gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$V, H$m`Xo `m§Mo C„§KZ H$arV ZmhrV `mMrhmo` /Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU `mda {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r YmoaU amImdo hmo`/Zmhr

 d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Ûmao OZ{hVmMo g§dY©Z hmoB©b `mgmR>r YmoaU AmImdo hmo`/Zmhr  d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Vrb naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda {Z`§ÌU amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm hmo`/Zmhr

\$) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m _mÜ`_VÁk$ / {dMmad§Vm§§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ?

 d¥Îm_mÜ`_o d dmMH$-àojH$m§À`m _Vm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `wJmV A{YH$m{YH$ `mo½` Ago àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _m°S>ob gwMdmdo hmo`/Zmhr  OZ{hVmMo C{Ôï> H$go JmR>bo OmB©b `mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$amdo hmo`/Zmhr  bmoH$emhrVrb d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§À`m ^y{_Ho$Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z H$amdo hmo`/Zmhr  Cno{jV, d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m g_ñ`m§gmR>r d¥Îm_mÜ`_m§Mm A{YH$ dmna  H$gm H$aVm `oB©b `m{df`r g§emoYZ H$amdo hmo`/Zmhr  Om{hamVtMo à_mU, Ame`, gmXarH$aU `m§Zm  bmoH$m{^_wI H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` gwMdmdoV hmo`/Zmhr àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr emídVVm _m°S>ob {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$amdo hmo`/Zmhr  OmJ{VH$sH$aU d àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mMo Cnm` gwMdmdoV hmo`/Zmhr   d¥Îm_mÜ`_o A{YH$m{YH$ OZVm{^_wI H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` gwMdmdoV hmo`/Zmhr

à{V{H«$`m …

ñWi ñdmjar

{XZm§H$ Zmd

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परिशि�ट - क

जागतिकीकिणाचा मिाठी व配ृ िप्रसािमा鵍यमा車विील परिणाम

याबद्दलची िज्ज्ा車ची मिे OZ_Vg§J«h àíZmdbr

hþÔm/ nX AmdS>/ N>§X … … {deof Zm|X …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m N>mnrb Am{U BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§{df`r MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ?

Amnë`m _Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` ? OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ?

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§er {ZJS>rV H$moUH$moUË`m KQ>H$m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo ? (CXm.dmVmªH$Z, g§nmXZ, _wÐU, Om{hamV, gmXarH$aU, àgmaU, ì`dñWmnZ B.)

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio KS>Umè`m Am{W©H ~Xbm§Mm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo? Vmo Mm§Jbm Amho H$s dmB©Q>?

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_w‹io KS>Umè`m gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm§Mm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo? Vmo Mm§Jbm Amho H$s dmB©Q>? hmoVmo OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_w‹io KS>Umè`m Vm§{ÌH ~Xbm§Mm d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§da H$moUVm n[aUm_ Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo? Vmo Mm§Jbm Amho H$s dmB©Q>?

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`o_wio d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_o H$mhr Jmoï>r J_mdV AmhoV Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo H$m` ?

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~) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m nÌH$ma/g§nmXH$m§Zr H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo?

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B) d¥Îmàgma_mÜ`_m§À`m emgZmZo H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago AmnUmbm dmQ>Vo ?

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MEDIA COMPANIES WITH POLITICAL LINKS

Names of media outlets and companies with links to political parties and familes.

Posted Sunday, Oct 21 11:08:46, 2012

SN POLITICIANS/ POLITICAL MEDIA NAME OF COMPANY OWNERSHIP PEOPLE WITH PARTY/ POSITION OUTLET DETAIL POLITICAL CONNECTION ANDHRA PRADESH 1 Jagan Mohan MP and son of TV-Saakshi Reddy late CM Y.S. TV TV- Indira Rajasekhara Newspaper- Television Limited Reddy Sakshi Newspaper- Jagati Publications Ltd. 2 Newspaper- 21% in Deccan Andhra Chronicle Holdings Bhoomi, Deccan Chronicle, Nephew of Asian Age, T Venkatarami Congress MP T Financial Deccan Chronicle Reddy Subbirami Reddy Chronicle Holdings Ltd. 3 K. Telangana Telangana Chandrasekhar Rashtra Samithi Broadcasting Ra Chief TV:T-News Private Limited ASSAM 4 Matang Singh Former Minister TV- NE TV, of State of Focus TV, NE Parliamentary Bangla, NE Hi TV- Positiv Affairs Fi, Hamar, Television Private HY TV Limited Radio- Radio Radio- Positiv Oo la la Radio Pvt. Ltd. 5 Wife of Congress Health Minister of Assam, Pride East Riniki Bhuyan Hemanta Biswa TV- News Entertainments Sarma Sarma Live, Rang Private Limited 6 Newspaper- Dasharupa Ajir Dainik Engineering & Anjan Dutta Congress MLA Batori Publications Pvt.Ltd 7 Minister of Assam State( India) For Panchayat & Rural Development, M/S Janasadharan Rockybul Forest & Newspaper- Printing&Publishers Hussain Environment Janasadharan Pvt.Ltd.

DELHI 9 Sukhbir Singh Shiromani Akali TV- PTC, PTC G-Next Media Badal Dal (SAD) News Private Limited 10 Congress MP TV- TV- IBN Lokmat Rajya Sabha IBN-Lokmat News Private member. Newspaper- Limited Vijay Darda

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Lokmat Media Group Newspapers Ltd. 11 Minister of state Also owns a media of Parliamentary institute, International Affairs. Secretary School of Media and of All India Entertainment Congress TV- News 24, ( http://isomes.com/) Committee. Aapno 24, Owns E24 News24 with wife Radio- TV-News24 Anuradha Prasad Dhamaal 24 Broadcast India Ltd (sister of BJP Production Radio& Production leader Ravi house- Studio house- B.A.G. Films Rajeev Shukla Shankar Prasad) 24 & Media Ltd. 12 Chairman of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee. Former Minister in Narasimha Rao’s government TV- India cabinet Congress. News, Aaj Information TV Venod Sharma Samaj Private Limited 13 The Pioneer, ‘Namaskar’, the in-flight magazine of Rajya Sabha MP Air-India Chandan Mitra (BJP) CMYK Printech Ltd KARNATAKA 14 Anita Wife of former TV- Kannada Kumaraswamy CM H.D. Kasturi Kasthuri Medias Kumaraswamy Pvt. Ltd KERALA 15 Murali (25 May Murali was a TV- Kairali 1954 - 6 August popular TV, People TV 2009) Malayalam actor. He was the Director of Malayalam Communications. Murali contested the 1999 Lok Sabha polls from Malayalam the Alappuzha Communications constituency in Limited (company Kerala as a Left owned Democratic by CPI(M)) Front candidate 16 Ramesh Promoted by TV- Jai Hind The majority stakeholder Chennithala, Indian National of the channel is the M.M.Hassan, Congress with Kerala Pradesh Congress Kunjukutty the support of Committee (KPCC), the top Aniyankunju, non resident party body in the state, Vijayan Thomas Indians. with some non-resident Kunjukutty Indian businessmen together Aniyankunju & holding about 26% Vijayan Thomas are Dubai based businessmen. Sri. M .M. Hassan is a former minister Bharat Broadcasting Related Searches: Hotels In India | India Tourism | Golden Triangle Tour Of India

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spokesman of KPCC.

17 M.K. Muneer, Former TV- The Kerala Pradesh Muslim League Indiavision Congress Committee minister (KMCC) members have Indiavision Satellite invested about Rs 20 crore Communications in the Indiavision channel. Limited 18 Asianet and Jupiter Media has 26% A businessman Asianet Plus in Kannada Prabha. and presently (Malayalam), serves as an Suvarna Independent (Kannada), member of the Vijay (Tamil) Parliament of and Sitara India (Telugu), Best representing FM and Radio Karnataka and Indigo, Bangalore Urban Kannada Jupiter Media and Rajeev in the Rajya Prabha Entertainment Chandrashekhar Sabha. Ventures 19 Communist Communist Party Party of India of India Chintha Printing (Marxist) Kerala (Marxist) Kerala Newspaper- and Publishing Co. State Committee State Committee Deshabhimani Pvt. Ltd. NAGALAND 20 Owns Eastern Mirror. Neiphiu Rio Currently the Newspaper- Chief Minister of Eastern Nagaland Free Nagaland Mirror Press 0DISHA 21 She is the director of Ortel Communications Limited Wife of Baijayant and Orissa Television ‘Jay’ Panda, Biju Limited, better known Jagi Mangat Janata Dal Odisha Television as OTV, Odisha’s most Panda (BJD), MP TV- OTV Ltd. popular regional TV channe 22 Professor of A 110 crore company Political Science http://business.outlookindia.com at Banares Hindu /printarticle.aspx?278366 University. Son in law of former CM of Odisha, JB Patnaik (Congress) and Newspaper- his brother Sambad Niranjan Patnaik TV- Kanak TV Soumya Ranjan was Industries Radio- Radio Eastern Media Pvt. Patnaik Minister Choklate Ltd 23 He is the The ‘Orissa Institute of Media A former MLA editor of Sciences and Culture’ is another and now BJD MP Dharitri and Dharitri initiative from Odisha. Son Orissa Post. of former CM Dharitri Mrs. Nandini (Oriya daily), “Dharitri Group” Satapathy who Orissa Post Navajat Printers Tathagata was from the (English and Media Private Satpathy Congress Party newspaper) Ltd 24 BJD MP from Newspaper brought Orissa. He is the Prajatantra out under the Bhatruhari (Oriya daily Related Searches: Hotels In India | India Tourism | Golden Triangle Tour Of India

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Oriya daily. He is the son of former CM of Orissa Harekrushna Prachar Samiti Mahtab Trust . 25 Managing Editor of the newspaper. He is also the chairman of the Prajatantra Prachar Samiti Samaya Ranjib Biswal (Oriya daily is two times newspaper) & Congress MP Saptahika from Odisha and Samaya, a an active colour Oriya member of Weekly Ashirbad Prakashan Ranjib Biswal OPCC. magazine Pvt. Ltd TAMIL NADU 26 Jayalalithaa All India Anna TV- Jaya TV, Mavis Satcom Dravida Jaya Max, Limited Munnetra Jaya Plus, J Kazhagam Movie ( AIADMK)chief 27 Kalanithi Maran Karunanidhi’s TV- Sun TV, TV- Sun TV Owns 77 per cent of the compan . grandnephew. Sun News, Network Limited Karunanidhi is KTV, Sun Suryan FM owned the Dravida Music, by Kal Radio Ltd Munnettra Chutti TV, Red FM owned by Kazhagam Sumangali South Asia FM Ltd (DMK) patriarch Cable. Adithya Dinakaran owned TV, Chintu by Kal Publications TV, Kiran TV, Pvt. Ltd Khushi TV, Kal Radio Ltd and Udaya South Asia FM Ltd Comedy, are subsidiaries of Udaya Music, Sun TV Network Gemini TV, Ltd Gemini Comedy, Gemini Movies Radio- Suryan FM93.5 Red FM 93.5 Newspaper - Dinakaran

28 M. Raajhendran Businessman and TV- Raj TV, Raj Television M Raajhendran owns 11.3% in close to DMK Raj Digital Network Limited Raj Television Network Limited Plus 29 Muthuvel Former Chief TV- Kalaignar Kalaignar TV Pvt. Karunanidhi Minister of Tamil TV Limited Nadu and currently chief Dravida Munnettra Kazhagam (DMK) 30 S. Ramadoss Pattali Makkal TV-Makkal Makkal Tholai Katchi (PMK) TV Thodarpu chief (Father of Kuzhumam Ltd Union minister Related Searches: Hotels In India | India Tourism | Golden Triangle Tour Of India

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Ramadoss) 31 H.Vasanthkumar MLA and TV-Vasanth Vasanth and Co. president, Tamil TV Media Network Nadu commerce Private Limited wing of Congress 32 K.V. Thangabalu Congress MP and TV-Mega TV Silverstar ex-Union Communications minister Limited WEST BENGAL 33 RP Group (the Trinamool TV-Kolkatta company was Congress TV approached by the Trinamool Congress for SST Media Private a bail out) Limited 34 Trinamool Newspaper- Swapan Sadhan Congress Rajya Sangbad (Tutu) Bose Sabha MP Pratidin Pratidin Prakashani 35 Mr. Snatanu Trinamool Ghosh & Smt. Congress TV- Channel Bengal Media Sudeshna Ghosh controlled 10 Private Limited 36 Zee Akaash News Private Limited. A Communist Party joint venture of India between Zee News (Marxist) CPM TV- 24 and Akaash Bangla Avik Dutta controlled Ghanta (AB). 37 Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPM Newspaper- Avik Dutta controlled Ganashakti West Bengal State 38 CPI(M) state committee member. Avik Dutta is a former student leader of the CPM and is assistant editor TV-Aakash Sky B (Bangla) Avik Dutta at Ganashakti Bangla Private Limited

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