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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/99164 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-23 and may be subject to change. The Diffusion of Morality Policies among Western European Countries between 1960 and 2010 A Comparison of the Temporal and Spatial Diffusion Patterns of Six Morality and Eleven Non-morality Policies Roderick Sluiter This study was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), grant number 452-05-305. Sluiter, R. The Diffusion of Morality Policies among Western European Countries be- tween 1960 and 2010. A Comparison of the Temporal and Spatial Diffusion Patterns of Six Morality and Eleven Non-morality Policies Dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands ISBN: 978-94-6191-439-2 Typeset in LATEX2ε Cover design by Dirkjan Sluiter Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers B.V. Enschede ©Roderick Sluiter, 2012 The Diffusion of Morality Policies among Western European Countries between 1960 and 2010 A Comparison of the Temporal and Spatial Diffusion Patterns of Six Morality and Eleven Non-morality Policies Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 30 oktober 2012 om 10.30 uur precies door Roderick Sluiter geboren op 20 maart 1984 te Gendringen Promotores: Prof. dr. A. Need (University of Twente) Prof. dr. W. Ultee Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. R. Eisinga (voorzitter) Dr. A. Akkerman Prof. dr. B. Denters (University of Twente) text Voorwoord Het schrijven van dit voorwoord doet mij beseffen dat mijn promotietraject tot een einde is gekomen. Ik heb de afgelopen jaren als bijzonder inspirerend ervaren, waarbij ik de mogelijkheid kreeg om interessante fenomenen te besuderen, te leren van fouten (en te leren hoe belangrijk dat is), en om kennis te maken met inspirerende mensen en idee¨en. Mijn promotietijd kon niet zo plezierig zijn zonder de aanwezigheid van collega’s, vrienden en familie. Ik wil hen daarom bedanken. Allereerst wil ik mijn promotoren bedanken. Ariana, ik ben je enorm dankbaar dat je mij de kans hebt gegeven om dit proefschrift te schrijven. Je weet op een bijzonder aangename wijze wetenschap en noeste arbeid te combineren met gezelligheid en plezier. Ik waardeer het enorm dat je me de vrijheid hebt gegeven om zelf mijn weg te zoeken in dit proefschrift, en me te steunen en enthousiasmeren nadat ik mijn weg eenmaal gevonden had. Ik dank je voor je prettige begeleiding en fijne samenwerking. Wout, waar sommigen zeggen dat de sociologie uitgebreid en ingewikkeld is, heb jij me geholpen om in te zien dat het een gestructureerde wetenschap is. Ik bedank je daarom niet alleen voor het nuttige commentaar en de hulp die je geboden hebt bij het schrijven van dit proefschrift, maar ook voor jouw bijdrage aan mijn begrip van de sociologie en de wetenschap. Een woord van dank gaat ook uit naar de leden van de manuscript- commissie: Agnes Akkerman, Bas Denters en Rob Eisinga. Bedankt dat jullie de tijd en moeite hebben genomen om het manuscript van dit boek te beoordelen. Rob, jouw scherpe blik heeft me enorm geholpen met het verbeteren van het manuscript. Gedurende het schrijven aan dit proefschrift verbleef ik drie maanden aan de Universiteit van Twente. Uiteraard wil ik ook eenieder bedanken met wie ik in die periode samen heb gewerkt. In het bijzonder wil ik Minna en Rense bedanken. Minna, ik ben blij dat ik de kans heb gekregen om samen met jou aan twee van de empirische hoofdstukken uit dit proefschrift heb mogen werken. Het verschil tussen ’Scandinavian’ en ’Nordic’ zal ik nooit meer vergeten! Rense, ik vond onze gesprekken over de politiek, de politiek binnen de academische wereld, en de wetenschap bijzonder inspirerend. Werken op de Vakgroep Sociologie is plezierig en stimulerend geweest vanwege de collega’s, die kunde en gezelligheid op een goede manier weten viii te combineren. Ellen, Eva, Fransje, Giedo, Jochem, Marieke van Londen, Marieke van de Rakt, Marloes, Mark, Michael, Rianne, Natascha, Nienke, Olav, Tim en Tom: ik kijk met veel plezier terug naar onze gezamenlijke promotietijd. Ik verheug me op de interpretatie van Bohemian Rhapsody van de huidige juno’s! Agnieszka, Ben, Cees, Charlot, Chris, Elly, Gerbert, Hidde, Jeanette, Josja, Liesbet, Liesbeth, Maarten, Manfred, Marcel, Margriet, Mark, Maurice, Paul, Peer, Pieter en Theo: samenwerken met jullie is een groot plezier! Uiteraard wil ik natuurlijk in het bijzonder Marijke bedanken voor haar secretari¨ele steun, maar natuurlijk ook voor de gezellige dagelijkse praatjes. De ’scene’ heb ik al tijden verlaten, maar ik ben verheugd dat een aantal vrienden met een gedeelde muzikale wansmaak zich eveneens in de academische wereld begeven. Pytrik, de koffiebreaks have never been dull! Daan en Rody, ik ben blij dat jullie de rol van paranimf met zoveel plezier op jullie wilden nemen. Werken aan een proefschrift dient natuurlijk afgewisseld te worden met ontspanning. Ik wil daarom mijn ’leerproject-maatjes’ bedanken voor de ontspanning die ze geboden hebben. Ik groet nog altijd iedereen op straat om zo de cohesie in de buurt te vergroten. Jan-Paul, Mathieu en Thomas, bedankt voor de afleiding, de biertjes en de lach. Een woord van dank gaat uiteraard ook uit naar diegenen met wie ik in de afgelopen jaren een huishouden heb mogen delen: Max de Vries, ik zal nu weer vaker aan de keukentafel verschijnen! Amy, Annemarie, Catrien, Federico, IJsbrand, Jan, Jolien, Loes, Mechell, Thijs en Tom: zet de sardientjes maar klaar! Door de jaren heen heb ik een behoorlijke hoeveelheid proefschriften verzameld. Bij elk proefschrift blader ik eerst naar het voorwoord, en het verbazingwekkende is dat familieleden keer op keer als laatst genoemd worden. Een socioloog zou beter moeten weten: niets zo belangrijk als de ’family ties’! Jos en Erna, Dirkjan, Bregje, Kevin en sinds kort natuurlijk ook Pepijn: bedankt voor alle steun, interesse en vrijheid die jullie me hebben geboden! Dirkjan, ik ben enorm blij dat je de omslag van mijn proefschrift hebt willen verzorgen. Ik hoop dat de klus je heeft weten te inspireren om de penseel weer ter hand te nemen! Lieve oma’s, het zit er op, het boek is klaar. Ik wil jullie ook bedanken voor alle steun en de getoonde interesse! Een laatste woord van dank gaat natuurlijk naar jou, Dorieke. Wat ben ik blij dat jij de laatste jaren van mijn promotietraject aan mijn zijde hebt willen staan. Je staat nu aan het begin van jouw GZ-opleiding. Ik hoop dat ik evenveel steun, afleiding en geluk aan jou kan geven als jij mij hebt gegeven! Roderick Sluiter September 2012 Contents I Introduction of the Research Questions 1 1 Diffusion of Morality Policies: Introducing the Research Questions 3 1.1 Galton’s Problem as a Theoretical Objective . 3 1.2 Morality policies . 6 1.2.1 Characteristics of Morality Policies . 6 1.2.2 Politics of Morality Policies . 7 1.3 The Diffusion of Morality Policies . 7 1.3.1 Temporal Diffusion Patterns . 8 1.3.2 Spatial Diffusion Patterns . 11 1.4 Lacunae in Theory and Research . 13 1.5 Research Questions and Structure of the Book . 16 1.5.1 Part Two: Abortion Policies . 16 1.5.2 Part Three: Morality and Non-morality Policies . 19 1.5.3 Part Four: Answering our Research Questions . 21 II AbortionPolicyasaMoralityPolicy 23 2 Developments in Western European Abortion Policies be- tween 1960 and 2010 25 2.1 Introduction............................ 25 2.2 Five Sources of Information . 29 2.3 Developments in Abortion Legislation in European Countries 29 2.3.1 Austria . 30 2.3.2 Belgium . 30 2.3.3 Denmark . 31 2.3.4 The Federal Republic of Germany . 33 2.3.5 Finland . 34 2.3.6 France . 35 2.3.7 Germany . 36 2.3.8 Greece........................... 37 2.3.9 Iceland . 38 x CONTENTS 2.3.10 Ireland . 39 2.3.11 Italy . 39 2.3.12 Luxembourg . 40 2.3.13 The Netherlands . 41 2.3.14 Norway . 41 2.3.15 Portugal . 43 2.3.16 Spain . 44 2.3.17 Sweden . 45 2.3.18 Switzerland . 46 2.3.19 The United Kingdom . 47 2.4 Cross-national Classification of Abortion Legislation . 48 2.5 Conclusions ............................ 56 3 Explaining the Adoption of Abortion Policies in Eighteen Western European Countries between 1961 and 2010 59 3.1 Introduction............................ 59 3.2 Expectations ........................... 63 3.2.1 Political Characteristics . 63 3.2.2 Societal Characteristics . 63 3.2.3 Interplay between Political and Societal Characteristics 65 3.3 DataandMethods ........................ 66 3.3.1 Selection of Cases . 66 3.3.2 Measuring the Adoption of Laws on Abortion . 66 3.3.3 Measuring Political and Societal Characteristics . 67 3.4 Results............................... 70 3.5 Conclusions and Discussion . 75 3.5.1 Conclusions . 75 3.5.2 Discussion . 76 4 Temporal Diffusion of Abortion Policies among Eighteen Western European Countries between 1968 and 2010 79 4.1 Introduction............................ 79 4.2 Expectations ........................... 82 4.3 DataandMethods ........................ 86 4.3.1 Methods for Testing Hypotheses on Temporal Diffusion 86 4.3.2 Measuring the Dependent Variable . 89 4.3.3 Internal Determinants . 90 4.4 Results............................... 91 4.5 Conclusions and Discussion . 97 5 Spatial Diffusion of Abortion Policies among Eighteen West- ern European Countries between 1968 and 2010 99 5.1 Introduction............................ 99 5.2 Expectations ........................... 101 CONTENTS xi 5.2.1 Regional Diffusion Hypothesis . 101 5.2.2 Space is More Than Geography . 102 5.3 DataandMethods .......................
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