2017 3rd International Conference on Social Science and Management (ICSSM 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-445-5

China’s Cheerleading Studies and Analysis of Literature Review Li-xia CHEN1, Xiang-xiang LI1,a,* and Xia ZHANG1 1Institute of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, [email protected] *Corresponding author

Keywords: Cheerleading, Literature, Review.

Abstract. In this paper, using the method of literature, mathematical statistics, logic analysis and operation in recent 10 years, the scientific literature on cheerleading research analysis, firstly summarized on the cheerleading literature category and the journal level from a macro point of view, the cheerleading literature summarized for the description and analysis of 4 aspects of teaching: 1. current situation of teaching research; 2. cultural value; 3. technical training; 4. the development of the industry, in order to reflect the content and standards of cheerleading in scientific research, finally obtains the number of relevant academic research of China’s cheerleading mostly involves a wide range of published literature, but the level is low, the main reason for the problem: topic is not novel, the research method is too simple, not full workload, lack of interdisciplinary research, and finally puts forward reasonable suggestions to solve these problems, hope to provide scientific theoretical basis and reference for the future research of scholars.

Preface In recent years, cheerleading projects like a raging fire development situation in our country, it is not just a sport, it is a positive trend, on behalf of youth. Cheerleading has achieved unprecedented progress in the promotion and development such as: construction of the National Cheerleading Star Club, mainly divided into campus club and social club, currently a total of more than and 600 schools and social clubs to declare the star cheerleading club, the final 117 units won the star club title, the number continues to rise in 2014; “one school one ball and one exercises” mode of Jiangyin led the campus physical entered a new stage of development, the introduction of cheerleading has injected new vitality into the large recess; the same year, Education Healthy Art Department and Gymnastics Center jointly launched the “cheerleading training delivery to the grassroots” public welfare activities, aims to cultivate more professional cheerleading teachers, lay a good foundation for the popularization and development of cheerleading; in January 2015, the National Cheerleading News Committee was established in Beijing, including Chinese Sports Newspaper, the People Daily, Guangming Daily, the Central People’s broadcasting station, Sina Sports and Sohu Sports and many other mainstream media, the cheerleading plays a crucial role in the promotion and publicity in China; in 2016, the first National Cheerleading creative exhibition held in Zhengzhou jinshui District, from all 31 provinces and autonomous 56. Cheerleading representative team of nearly 2000 students participated in the exhibition, aimed at: exploration of campus sports reform, based on the research of new school sports and the big break activities of law, show the youth and vitality of contemporary students, campus sports culture play the function and artistic value, break the simple cheerleading competition routines model , ingenious combination of the elements of campus life and era development, the rich body language with the rhythm of the music show;held in December 6, 2016 in Switzerland Lausanne International Olympic Committee (IOC) board meeting, the international cheerleading Federation (ICU) by the International Olympic Committee granted temporary approval for a period of three years, the international Cheerleading Sports Federations and will be able to get from the International Olympic Committee funds for the development plan of the project, this is a milepost significance of the results but for academic research started late and the professional theoretical research cheerleading system is not optimistic, in 2012 the National Cheerleading Committee organized “The First National Cheerleading

30 Scientific Papers Report” until 2016, held a total of 4 the cheerleading department reported, to lead the technological development of cheerleading with advanced scientific theory. Theoretical research is strong support for the long-term development of the foundation of practice, in order to make more people understand the cheerleading in the field of academic research and the latest appearance of cheerleading and front problems, especially in this expansion of research and analysis cheerleading literature, the cheerleading internalized in the heart, outside of the shape. The 588 articles based on the CNKI for retrieval classification, comparison, analysis, the purpose is to reveal the Chinese cheerleading research situation and development trend, constantly develop the strengths, make researchers more quickly in front of cheerleading study, make up previous research gaps, and improve the research progress of cheerleading in theory.

1. Study on the Status of Cheerleading 1.1 Cheerleading literature cassification statistics of the situation “Cheerleading” for full-text search words in CNKI retrieved a total of 4787 results, but there is a lot of space and other research fields are not binding, the main research contents, and so on “cheerleading” as the keyword search, the search results to 588. According to the research theme of the literature the author, to organize the data, as shown in the following table: Table 1. 2006-2016 Cheerleading Literature Classification Statistics. Research topic Number (piece) Percentage (%) Function value 5 0.85 layout 47 8.00 Technical Training 75 12.76 Damage 11 1.87 Rule 29 4.93 Teaching 238 40.48 Culture 170 28.91 Industry 13 2.20 Total 588 100.00 According to the analysis on the table can be related to cheerleading teaching literature accounted for the largest proportion is 40.48%, next is the cheerleading culture, technical training, research the proportion of arrangement are: 28.91%, 12.76%, 8%, rules, industry, injury, function value were: 4.93%, 2.20%, 1.87%, 0.85%. Because the cheerleading literature research dabbled in the field are different, so the author of this theme category the above literature into 4 major research directions: teaching status, cultural value, technical training, and industry development, in order to expand it and elaborate analysis. 1.2 Cheerleading publication of journal of statistics level The number of cheerleading related journals is rising in recent years, but compared with other projects, the number of contributors tends to be lagging behind, coupled with China’s sports journals level limit, and raise the right the requirements of the project of academic research. The project will be conducted in the following statistics of China’s cheerleading Journal level. Chinese Journal of sports level is mainly divided into: the core, important and public three levels, by Table 2, table 3, table 4 analysis, there are a lot of cheerleading related academic research papers published, but the level is mainly distributed in China’s public level and some provincial publications; in our country the important level of publication, the number of cheerleading related research is one of the few; and for the Chinese core journals, only Journal of Beijing Sport University, Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, Journal of Xi’an Physical Education University published a few, most of the remaining core journals published rate of 0. In conclusion can be drawn, we should improve the cheerleading related academic level of journals published. At the same time to improve the number of articles, but also pay attention to improve the quality of 31 content. This requires the Chinese cheerleading academic researchers to discover and to explore the cultural connotation and value of hidden deep in the practice; secondly there must be innovation, do not goback to the way and in combination with the actual situation, to keep pace with the times, new problems deeply; finally must strengthen self professional literacy and writing skills, to look at the problem rom the perspective, divergent thinking, digging deeper content with keen eyes.

Table 2. The Core Journals Published Statistics the Number of Cheerleading (2005-2016). Journal Title Issue number China Sport Science 0 Journal of Physical Education 0 Journal of Sports and Science 0 China Sport Science and Technology 0 Journal of Beijing Sport University 5 Journal of Shanghai University of Sport 0 Journal of Shenyang sport University 0 Journal of Tianjin University of Sport 0 Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education 4 Journal of Xi’an Physical Education University 5

Table 3. The Important Journals Published Statistics the Numberof Cheerleading (2005-2016). Journal Title Issue number Journal of Sport University 6 Journal of Guangzhou Sport University 4 Sports Culture Guide 2 Journal of Shandong Institute of Physical Education 1 Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education 1 Journal of Nanjing Sport Institute Social Science 0

Table 4. The Public Journals Published Statistics the Number of Cheerleading (2005-2016). Journal Title Issue number Contemporary Sports Technology 103 China School Physical Education 53 Journal of Hubei Sports Science 14 Sports Science 9 Journal of Sports Adult Education 5 Journal of Harbin Institute of Physical Education 3 Tiyu Shiyou 3 Liaoning Sport Science and Technology 3 Fujian Sports Science and Technology 3 Journal of Anhui Sports Science 2 Zhejiang Sports Science and Technology 2

2. Research and Analysis of the Field of Cheerleading 2.1 Cheerleading teaching research and analysis In CNKI retrieved by “cheerleading teaching” as the theme of the result of the term is 238, accounting for 40.48% of the total research, scientific research shows that scholars attach great importance to the promotion of cheerleading in the campus. As early as 2005 academic journals, Sun Tieming and Li Huijuan pointed out that the cheerleading in Guangdong and Guangxi areas of colleges and universities to carry out the more popular, and put forward the project is suitable for

32 various kinds of schools, but also in the middle school and the popularization. Wang Lijuan and Lv Wangang just for the fifteen sports colleges in China cheerleading analysis of the special course system, thought cheerleading course mainly include the theory and the technology part, and the list of colleges and universities to carry out classification of cheerleading curriculum content primarily and secondarily as well as teachers and students of the scores [1]. In the study of cheerleading teaching status in many research and new learning mode of combining the Nie Yingtao and Wang Yingning suggested “flip the classroom” the new teaching mode into the cheerleading teaching, through the comparison with traditional teaching mode “flip the classroom” mode of autonomous learning can promote students, while enhancing the team cooperation ability, fully embodies the science and technology promote the progress of education [2]. Zhu Rongping thought the applications of cooperative teaching mode to cheerleading curriculum is the inevitable trend in aerobics teaching, thus can promote the teachers and students exchange, more in line with the cheerleading project [3]. Wang Huili will feature character education teaching idea of TPSR applied to the American cheerleading practice teaching, the experiment found that the implementation of the teaching strategy of TPSR group the students’ autonomous learning ability and interpersonal relationship ability can be improved greatly, also stressed that the students should pay attention to moral ability, make the body full of technology to show the unique cultural connotation [4]. After the above analysis, the research status of Chinese cheerleading teaching literature comprehensively, the scope is very wide, has set up the status analysis of university aerobics cheerleading, cheerleading aerobics course content analysis, innovation cheerleading class mode analysis and control the implementation of cheerleading teaching factors and other aspects. But here is the need to put forward, for cognitive order of things should be from practice to theory, then from theory to practice, and guide practice. So in view of the above literature research situation of cheerleading in various fields to describe not only in theory, but to carry on the profound analysis to promote the scientific development of cheerleading. 2.2 The research and analysis of the cultural value of cheerleading With the cheerleading sports popularization, its cultural value is increasingly highlighted, the scope of function value and construction of campus cheerleading culture. The cheerleading number length of the construction of campus culture occupies 80%. Cultural and spiritual wealth created by human beings and their creation process then, cheerleading culture includes what? Wang Huili pointed out that the college cheerleading sports culture structure was divided into the spiritual and cultural layer, system culture, material culture, behavior culture; features mainly in the stability, diversification, originality, incentive and community aspects [5]. Qi Jiaojiao thought cheerleading promoting the construction of socialist culture in china especially has positive significance in youth culture construction, cheerleading should be based on their own law of development and characteristics of physical and mental development of young people, in promoting the development and dissemination of cheerleading, at the same time, give full play to the value of cheerleading sports culture [6]. ZhangJing and ZengJi pointed out that cheerleading culture and the different ways of thinking, leading to the different cheerleading level. Zhong Haiming analysed China’s cheerleading development situation and performance and discussed the spirit of national culture fusion cheerleading, and points out that only the cheerleading combined with our excellent traditional culture, can not only promote the development of Chinese traditional sports culture but also make Chinese cheerleading development to a new level [7]. Xu Feixue pointed out that cheerleading itself contains the sports culture gradually began to affect the campus culture and college students’ spiritual and cultural development, but due to the influence area of subjective and objective factors, some colleges and universities in the college cheerleading sports culture building and construction there are still many problems need to improve and enhance. So the cheerleading sports culture need to continuous enrichment, and looking forward to its future development [8]. Shao Wenxing hold an attitude is that as a new sport, it played a role can not be underestimated in the development of campus culture, not only promote the construction of harmonious campus culture connotation, but also enrich the students after-school life [9]. Han Li Meixuan hold that

33 cheerleading as a young sport, pay attention to team, fashion, vitality, meet the needs of the contemporary campus culture construction [10]. To sum up, there are a few quantity about our country hold cultural value research literature, and the research involves the aspect mainly for cheerleading in the university campus culture construction, from this view, at present the cheerleading cultural value of research in the field of main positions are university campus [11-15], with its interactive system are campus culture, but for now the cultural value of the connotation of anatomy and its hidden behind the cultural significance of related research is rare, few scholars compare the cultural construction of chinese cheerleading team with that of foreign countries, to further explore its cultural development and inheritance of culture. Cheerleading is a strenuous sport, which contains besides associated with campus cultural interaction, and deeper connotation is worth us to explore and discuss, the successive scholars should pay more from the aspects of culture of “diversity” to dig the cultural value of heritage and influence. 2.3 Cheerleading training technology research and analysis China’s cheerleading started late, but the development of technology has made a major breakthrough, thanks to China’s cheerleading career people actively explore the experience of foreign countries and make unremitting efforts of their own. “Cheerleading technical training” as the theme of the word in the CNKI retrieval for 75, accounts for about the total length of the 12.76%. In 2011 outstanding papers, Li Xiaohua mentioned: China’s cheerleading started late, but in recent years the level of technology development and progress, the overall level of the individual team in the world, but the overall level of Japan and Europe and the United States compared to the larger gap, on the cognition, cheerleading culture professional and technical aspects need further study, thinking and exploration, especially technology and project progress professionals need to careful study the complete the movement quality and the difficulty of action selection. With cheerleadinbg updated the research on technical training gradually refined to specific difficulty in this paper. In the optimization of Zuo Yi thought that the dance cheerleading difficulties are divided into three categories: rotation, jump, flexibility and balance, in which three kinds of difficult movements, rotating is not easy to grasp, and there are many factors which affecting the difficulty of fouetts, the interrelationships between these factors, only do each factor coordination to complete the difficulty [16]. Ge Shengnan pointed out the practice of “a la seconde” this kind of revolving difficulty need to pay attention to some problems as well as and “a la seconde ”action training methods [17]. At the same time, many constraints of cheerleading training problems also exist in reality, Yan Hong proposed the Sichuan province college cheerleading training is not enough emphasis on leadership, training funds, lack of less research problems. And some scholars of China’s cheerleading development team to solve these problems. Compared with high level foreign Chinese cheerleading Li Jiajia thought cheerleading carry out a short time, has always been to foreign teams as the study object. Compared with the country with a high level of China’s cheerleading, cheerleading operation content, technical level is still in its infancy, therefore, chinese cheerleading in reference to his country’s development success at the same time, according to the actual situation of our country, find a suitable for china’s cheerleading development. There are a lot of china’s cheerleading related research in the areas of technical training [18-26], so our cheerleading professionals in order to improve China’s cheerleading technical level to pay hard work. In these studies the difficulty movement of cheerleading widely, a large number of literature have been refined to a difficulty the paper expounds the specific, but here it is worth noting that cheerleading technology training is not only the difficulty of training, it also includes: the scientific method of cheerleading training, physical coordination and other auxiliary exercises. Zhang Lingling (2008) made a research about Chinese cheerleading training, and she divided it into two aspects: the theory of education and training. The training will be refined to the part of physical training, technical training, art training, the overall effect of the training, dance training, music training, psychological training, agitation and tactical training in view of 9 aspects. Cheerleading training contains many projects, while Chinese scholars mainly study on its difficulty is more extensive, other related

34 research is very simple, so the author hopes that in the future academic research and technical training for cheerleading can more comprehensive and perfect, practical, promote multi-disciplinary cross interactive, and better promote the development of China’s cheerleading. 2.4 Cheerleading development research and industry analysis Today, China’s sports market has begun to take shape, with the development of market economy, the deepening of the reform of sports, the sports industry gradually formed the pattern. In our country, more and more people to participate in cheerleading, it is no longer a few patents, not just for the health needs of the body, but had more on the spirit of cultural needs. At the same time, the population increased gradually led to the rise of industrial culture. The cheerleading sports industry is an emerging industry in our country, so the “cheerleading industry” as the theme of word retrieval only 13 papers in CNKI. From the earliest reference in 2007, Feng Daoguang pointed out that there are two major problems which include lack of educational resources and popularization is not comprehensive, these factors restricting the development of cheerleading market. Qiu Jiangang pointed out: if we want to form the perfect cheerleading sports market, it is necessary to expand the cheerleading participation, enhance people’s awareness of scientific fitness, a large number of host related sports events, so as to promote the harmonious development of cheerleading [27]. He Jie compared cheerleading industry development situation of China and the United States, pointed out that china’s cheerleading industry should learn and understand the meaning of the sports industry, mining sports culture, learn from foreign advanced experience, combined with China’s own development, one has to explore the cheerleading industry development road with Chinese characteristics [28]. Liu Yang pointed out: forward sports development will gradually develop to the direction of industrialization, and the establishment of sports club is the only way which must be passed to the development of sports industry, the rapid development in China’s cheerleading exercise today, the establishment of cheerleading club with tenImportant [29]. Liang Yaqi and Li Xianxiong pointed out cheerleading industry development is not perfect, the radiation range is not balanced, lack of quality events of the contractors [30]. Cheerleading has been developed in China for more than and 10 years, although its popularity has been greatly improved but is still in the exploratory stage of industrial development related to production and business activities. The common features of Chinese cheerleading industry development status summary of the existing literature that has not yet formed a complete industrial chain, so there are a lot of restrictive problems during the implementation [31-35]. In the academic research in the future, make a special analysis for China’s unique environment, summed up the problem at the same time, more to give advice and suggestions,do what little one can to help China’s cheerleading industry further development .

Conclusion Through the above research status of domestic cheerleading analysis, we can find that the Chinese cheerleading academic researchers are rich in paper, around the cheerleading development such as: functional value, cheerleading arrangement, technical training, injury, rules, teaching, culture, industry and other aspects are covered, reflecting China’s the sports scholars pay more attention to the cheerleading project. At the same time, there are many related literatures of cheerleading, from the study period can be seen in the cheerleading spread when scholars make research on the cheerleading related prediction of the development in our country has not been in the domestic home. Scholars of the cheerleading will research achievements lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of China’s cheerleading, and can provide scientific theoretical guidance system for cheerleading coaches, and improve the overall level of China’s cheerleading. But there are still some problems that can not be ignored: 1. The number of research papers in recent years cheerleading is rising year by year, but the number of the core quality status is not optimistic, mainly because of the cheerleading performance is not enough new topics, meaning description and present situation too much, lack of a sense of the value of opening minds and eyes, the overall lack of innovation. 35 2. The research methods involved in the papress are too simple, too few samples, resulting in the workload are not full and lack of convincing. Lack of interdisciplinary study, and develop cheerleading cannot “just exercise talk about exercise”, or the conclusion of the study will be limited to this. We should expand the interdisciplinary research, the cheerleading combine with physical innovation education, semiotics, aesthetics, imitation acoustics, audience psychology etc. subject combination, promoting interdisciplinary research. 3. Research papers should be “people-oriented” concept. Cheerleading injury rate is very high in the process of training, but the cheerleading sports injury prevention research literature is very scarce, hope in the future study much more analysis of the literature on cheerleading sports injury appeared as cheerleading athletes to provide more scientific training support. The above problems and put forward reasonable suggestions, finally look at our academics to expand the scope of the study of cheerleading, deeper to dig its potential cultural characteristics, improve their professional quality, to provide scientific theoretical guidance for the development of China’s cheerleading.

Reference [1] Wang Lijuan, Lv Wangang. Construction of Teaching Content System of Special Curriculum in China Sports Colleges Aerobics Cheerleading [A]. Journal of Wuhan Sports Institute, 2015, 49 (3) 75-79. [2] Nie Yingtao, Wang Yingning. Flipping the Classroom Teaching Mode in College Aerobics Teaching Analysis of the Advantages [A]. Sports Science and Technology, 2016, 37 (3) 139-140. [3] Zhu Rongping. Application of Cooperative Teaching Mode in College Aerobics Teaching in the Value Analysis [A]. Science and Technology Consulting, 2016, (5) 90. [4] Wang Huili. TPSR Teaching Strategy in Cheerleading Teaching Application [A]. Sports Research and Education, 2014, 29 (1) 64-66. [5] Wang Huili. University Cheerleading Sports Culture Research [A]. Journal of Wuhan Sports Institute, 2013, 47 (3). [6] Qi Jiaojiao. Cheerleading Sports Culture Value [A]. Cheerleading Sports Training Science, 2015, 5 (28) 53. [7] Zhong Haiming. The Cheerleading and the National Culture of Fusion Research [A]. 2012, 9 (49) 145. [8] Xu Feixue. University Cheerleading Sports Culture Research [A]. School of Sports Science, 2015, 5 (34). [9] Shao Wenxing. Cheerleading Sport’s Research Value in Colleges [A]. Contemporary Sports Technology, 2014, 4 (7). [10] HanLi Meixuan.Cheerleading Promote Campus Sports Culture Construction Research [A]. Sports Training, 2015, 5 (27). [11] Li Hui, Guo Xiuping. The Cultural Elements of Cheerleading Performance [A]. Chinese School Physical Education, 2014, 1 (3) 21. [12] Zhang Yiwen. Evaluation of College Cheerleading Sports Culture Value [A]. Youth Sports, 2014 (17). [13] Mu Sa. China and United States the Culture of the Comparative Analysis [A]. Inner Mongolia Education, 2015. [14] Dong Chunshan, Xu Yan. Study on the influence of Cheerleading China on traditional culture [A]. Chinese School Physical Education, 2014, 1 (8) 36-38. 36 [15] Zhou Ting, Hou Erniu. Cheerleading Culture in China Fusion with Chinese Style in Aesthetic Perspective [A]. Hubei Sports Science and Technology, 2016, 35 (3) 208-210. [16] Zuo Yi. Dance Cheerleading Training in Fouetts Difficulty Movement Optimization Study [D]. , 2013. [17] Ge Shengnan. Technical Characteristics and Training Methods of a La Seconde [J]. sports world, 2013 (1). [18] Zhao Jie. The basic technology of Cheerleading movements [A]. Journal of Nanjing Sport Institute (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 10 (3) 64-66. [19] Yang Wenting. Study on the Characteristics of Cheerleading Movement Basic Hand [D]. Chengdu Sport University, 2014. [20] Zhou Shiye. Project Training Characteristics and Status of Physical Analysis of Cheerleading in China [D]. Shaanxi Normal University, 2014. [21] Liu Xiaojing. Study on cheerleading Handspring Difficulty Training Method [D]. Beijing Sport University, 2010. [22] Zhao Ningning. To Analyze the Influencing Factors of Xi’an College Dance Cheerleading [D]. Xi’an Physical Education University, 2013. [23] Liu Shuang. Experimental Study on the Difficulty of Rotating Dance Cheerleading Training [D]. Jilin Institute of physical Education, 2015. [24] Zhao Jie. Study on Cheerleading Core Strength Training Method [A]. Journal of Nanjing Sport Institute (Natural Science Edition), 2013, 12 (1) 55. [25] Cao Sen. Study on Cheerleading Athletes Core Stability in China [D]. Beijing Sport University, 2011. [26] Gao Li. Study on Cheerleading Special Physical Training [D]. Hunan Normal University, 2014. [27] Qiu JianGang. Chinese Cheerleading Project Market Promotion Strategy Research—Take “National Cheerleading Routine” as an Example [J]. Journal of Xi’an Physical Education University, 2012 (6). [28] He Jie. China and United States Hold Comparative Study on the Industry Development [D]. Chengdu Sport University, 2013. [29] Liu Yang. China’s Cheerleading Club Established the Feasibility of the Research [D]. Chengdu Sport University, 2013. [30] Liang Yaqi, Li Xianxiong.China’s Cheerleading Industry Development Prospect Research [A]. Business Forum Industry Economy, 2015 (19) 275. [31] Zhao Yanjie. The Study on the Arrangement of Performing Cheerleading of our Famous Cheerleading Sports Industry Under the Occupation [D]. Shanxi Normal University, 2014. [32] Deng Chenliang. Research on the Development and Mode of Chinese Gymnastics Industry [D]. Chengdu Sport University, 2012. [33] Zhao Yanjie, Wang Tong.Analysis of the Sports Industry in China Under the Perspective of Cheerleading Choreography Style Show [A]. Combat Sports Forum, 2014, 6 (5). [34] Yin Yanli, Wu Minyue. Discussion on Chinese Cheerleading Industrialization Development [A]. Neijiang Science and Technology, 2010 (1). [35] Yuan Youchao. Study on Market Operation of China’s Cheerleading Competitions [A]. Contemporary Sports Science and Technology, 2015, 5 (23) 139-140.

37