Gratitude Moderates the Relationship Between Happiness and Resilience
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Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Gratitude As an Emotion
Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Gratitude as an Emotion Bachelor Degree Project in Cognitive Neuroscience Basic level 15 ECTS Spring term 2016 Mirna Solaka Supervisor: Kristoffer Ekman Examiner: Judith Annett GRATITUDE; AS AN EMOTION 2 Abstract Gratitude is an emotional response when people feel grateful for the good things that happen to them or acknowledgment of a benefit received from another person. Gratitude is an important component of positive psychology and the world’s largest religions emphasize the importance of gratitude in their teaching. Research has begun to explore factors that enhance human life and one such factor is the effect of positive emotions on mental health outcomes. Gratitude is considered to be a positive emotion and grateful individuals tend to be happier, less depressed, less stressed and more satisfied with their lives. Gratitude may have a strong link with mental health and wellbeing and research has recently started to understand its positive effects. Despite the research findings showing the effectiveness of gratitude interventions, the neural mechanisms involved in gratitude are relatively unknown. It is important to investigate the neural processes involved in gratitude because it may provide clues as to how gratitude as a positive emotion can influence mental health and wellbeing. Gratitude has many definitions and this essay will present the different definitions of the experience of gratitude, what happens in the brain when experiencing gratitude and as a positive emotion and how -
Psychological Resilience and Its Downstream Effects for Business
Article Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Psychological Resilience and 1–23 ! The Author(s) 2018 Its Downstream Effects Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/1042258718801597 for Business Survival in journals.sagepub.com/home/etp Nascent Entrepreneurship Ingrid C. Chadwick1 and Jana L. Raver2 Abstract While scholars frequently argue that nascent entrepreneurs will be more successful if they are resilient, this assumption remains untested and the mechanisms for its potential benefits are unknown. To establish the utility of this psychological construct, we draw from Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory (1998) to develop and test theory on the processes through which psy- chological resilience influences first-time entrepreneurs’ business survival. Results of a time-lagged study of nascent entrepreneurs followed over a 2-year period support this theory, highlighting the cognitive and behavioral ways in which psychological resilience helps nascent entrepreneurs become less vulnerable to their stressful circumstances. Keywords resilience, nascent, new ventures, cognition, proactivity Although launching a new venture is challenging for all entrepreneurs (Lanivich, 2015; Stevenson, 1983), it is particularly demanding for nascent entrepreneurs who are burdened with the ‘‘liability of newness’’ when tackling resource constraints, ambiguity, and risks (Politis, 2005; Shepherd, Douglas, & Shanley, 2000). Nascent entrepreneurs’ failure rates are high (Reynolds, 2007; Ucbasaran, Shepherd, Lockett, & Lyon, 2013), with half of new ventures failing in the first 5 years (e.g., Headd, 2003; Phillips & Kirschhoff, 1989). The difficulty of coping with these demands takes its toll on entrepreneurs’ health and well-being—including rumination, anxiety, and overall negativity—which harms their chances of success (Cocker, Martin, Scott, Venn, & Sandereson, 2012; Kariv, 2008; Schonfeld & Mazzola, 2015). -
A State Gratitude Approach
Is It Necessary for Gratitude to Have an Object? A State Gratitude Approach Shueh-Chin Ting, Professor, Department of Education, National University of Tainan, Taiwan ABSTRACT Is it necessary for gratitude to have an object? What are the objects of gratitude? Previous studies have not yet made clarifications on this subject, indicating that there are still unclear areas in the basic concept of gratitude. According to past literature, gratitude can be divided into trait gratitude and state gratitude. This study explores state gratitude. We interviewed 15 adults who have experience with gratitude, asking them to share their gratitude story. We found that even though their reasons for being grateful are different, they all expressed that their gratitude has an object. The object of their gratitude included people, God, the earth, and animals. We found that when the interviewees indicated that their gratitude was directed towards people, classmates, wives, teachers, officials, parents, and even enthusiastic strangers were mentioned. Keywords: emotion, gratitude, reciprocity RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND MOTIVES At present, studies have shown individuals who express gratitude has positive outcomes on oneself, for example, well-being (Toussaint & Friedman, 2009; Wood, Joseph, & Maltby, 2009); has positive effects on others, for example, altruism (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006; Tsang, 2006); has positive effects on the organization, for example, creating repurchase intention and positive word-of-mouth (Soscia, 2007) and producing long term performance benefits (Palmatier, Jarvis, Bechkoff, & Kardes, 2009). Therefore, gratitude is a topic worth advocating. If gratitude can be effectively utilized in society and in management systems, it can contribute to social harmony and organizational performance. -
Exploration of Resilience in Relation to Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Styles
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-10-03 Exploration of Resilience in Relation to Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Styles Kurilova, Jana Kurilova, J. (2013). Exploration of Resilience in Relation to Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Styles (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26075 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1125 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Exploration of Resilience in Relation to Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Styles by Jana Kurilova A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DIVISION OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2013 © Jana Kurilova 2013 ii Abstract This study utilized a cross-sectional design (N = 114) to investigate relationships between the constructs of resilience, mindfulness, self-compassion, and attachment styles with the goal of gaining better insights into the nature of these relationships and shedding light on the possible mechanisms through which these constructs may interact and contribute to positive mental health outcomes. Resilience was significantly positively correlated with mindfulness and self- compassion, as well as significantly inversely correlated with attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. -
Strengthening Resilience Through Compassion and Gratitude
Strengthening Resilience Through Compassion and Gratitude Kaiser Permanente December 15, 2020 Rick Hanson, Ph.D. Greater Good Science Center, UC Berkeley www.RickHanson.net Resilience from Compassion and Gratitude Resilience enables us to cope with adversity and maintain a core of well-being along the way. Resilience is supported by psychological factors such as mindfulness, grit, sense of purpose, compassion and gratitude. For example, compassion fosters resilience by connecting us with others; self-compassion helps us feel supported, and it buffers against the harsh self-criticism that wears us down. And gratitude antidotes despair, gladdens the heart when things are hardest, and highlights the good that endures. From States to Traits We can have passing experiences – states – of compassion and gratitude. And through “experience-dependent neuroplasticity,” we can turn those states into traits of compassion, gratitude – and resilience. We become more compassionate by repeatedly internalizing experiences of compassion. We become more grateful by repeatedly internalizing experiences of gratitude. We become more resilient by repeatedly internalizing experiences of resilience – and its related factors. Gradually Changing the Brain For the Better But – experiencing does not equal learning. Experiencing without internalizing may be enjoyable or useful, but no trait strengths are developed. What fraction of our experiences of compassion, gratitude, and resilience foster lasting changes in neural structure or function? The Negativity Bias The Negativity Bias As the nervous system evolved, avoiding “sticks” was usually more consequential than getting “carrots.” 1. So we scan for bad news, 2. Over-focus on it, 3. Over-react to it, 4. Turn it quickly into (implicit) memory, 5. -
Gratitude Schmatitude
Topic of the Month Subscribe at www.sawtoothmountainclinic.org Free - Help Yourself! Gratitude On being grateful Schmatitude when everything stinks. “ Bah! ” said Scrooge, “ Humbug! ” At times, it can seem like we’re expected to feel only positive - A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens emotions and that there are unspoken time and intensity limits for the emotions that fall outside of that approved positive range. The arrival of the holiday season brings with it more than just some time off from work. Holidays are important landmarks that There can be benefits, though, to acknowledging and investigating help us navigate our way through the unfurling of our lives, and “negative” emotions. Emotions are sources of information that their traditions connect us to other people, places, and times. help us understand our lives. Cutting ourselves off from any source of information limits our ability to know ourselves and what But this year, instead of our traditions bringing us joy and comfort, matters to us. Emotions (even uncomfortable ones) are signals COVID has twisted some of them into sources of risk. This year we that help us to know where we need to focus our attention, and have to choose between being with our loved ones and keeping they can fuel us as we work toward creating change in our lives. them safe, and this choice has left many of us feeling resentful, worried, and lost. Like many things, it’s “the dose that makes the poison.” To a point, anger, fear, and sadness are important emotional signals, In the face of this struggle, we’re often implored to put down our deserving of acknowledgment and action. -
Relation of the Psychological Constructs of Resilience, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion on the Perception of Physical and Mental Health
Psychology Research and Behavior Management Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Relation of the Psychological Constructs of Resilience, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion on the Perception of Physical and Mental Health This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Psychology Research and Behavior Management – Ángela Asensio-Martínez1 3 Purpose: Health factors that enhance an individual’s ability to perceive and maintain health – Bárbara Oliván-Blázquez1 3 and well-being are referred to as “health assets”. Of these assets, resilience, mindfulness and Jesús Montero-Marín1,2 self-compassion are considered to be of special importance. The objective of this study was – Bárbara Masluk 1 3 to analyze the association between these psychological constructs on the perception of Ricardo Fueyo-Díaz2,3 physical and mental health in a general population. – Patients and methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted Santiago Gascón-Santos 1 3 with 845 participating subjects. The outcome variable was the individual´s perception of Francisco Gudé 1,4 1,5 physical and mental health, measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The independent Arturo Gónzalez-Quintela variables were: sociodemographic variables, medical information, physical activity perfor- 1,2,6 Javier García-Campayo mance (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), tobacco and alcohol con- 1,2,6 Rosa Magallón-Botaya sumption, anxiety and/or depression (using the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale), 1Research Network on Preventive resilience (using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), mindfulness (with the Five Facets Activities and Health Promotion of Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form) and self-compassion (using the Self-compassion (RedIAPP), Zaragoza 50009, Spain; 2Health Research Institute of Aragon, scale-short form). -
Gratitude for Help Among Adult Friends and Siblings
Evolutionary Psychology www.epjournal.net – 2014. 12(4): 673-686 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article Gratitude for Help among Adult Friends and Siblings Anna Rotkirch, Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto – Finnish Family Federation, Finland. Email: [email protected] (Corresponding author). Minna Lyons, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, UK. Tamas David-Barrett, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK. Markus Jokela, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. Abstract: Although gratitude is a key prosocial emotion reinforcing reciprocal altruism, it has been largely ignored in the empirical literature. We examined feelings of gratitude and the importance of reciprocity in same-sex peer relations. Participants were 772 individuals (189 men; mean age = 28.80) who completed an online survey using a vignette design. We investigated (i) differences in reported gratitude and the importance of reciprocity among same-sex siblings and same-sex friends, and (ii) how relationship closeness moderates these associations. Based on the theory of kin altruism, we expect that people would feel more grateful towards friends than towards their siblings, and that lack of gratitude or failure to pay back a loan would bother more with friends than with siblings, irrespective of emotional closeness. Results showed that levels of gratitude and expectations of reciprocity were higher towards friends compared to siblings. This was the case also after controlling for emotional closeness. Being close generally made participants feel more grateful and expect lower displays of gratitude in the other. Closeness was also strongly associated with emotional gratitude among siblings compared to friends. We conclude that feelings and displays of gratitude have a special role in friendships. -
Emotional Intelligence, Hope and Gratitude Among Adolescents of Kashmir Valley: a Comparative Study
To International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 2020, 9(1): 1-19 International Journal of Modern Social Sciences ISSN:2169-9917 Journal homepage:www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJMSS.aspx Florida, USA Article Emotional Intelligence, Hope and Gratitude among Adolescents of Kashmir Valley: A Comparative Study Irfan Fayaz Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Amity University India Email: [email protected] Article history: Received 16 July 2019, Revised 12 February 2020, Accepted 15 February 2020, Published 24 February 2020. Abstract: The present study examines the relationship between Emotional intelligence, Hope and Gratitude. The paper also tries to explore the significance of difference between adolescent boys and girls on Emotional intelligence, Hope and Gratitude. The sample consist of 100 (n-100) adolescents, fifty (50) boys and fifty (50) girls taken from two (2) different schools from Kashmir valley. Three questionnaires including Trait Meta-Mood Scale: - (TMMS; Salovey et al., 1995) measuring three aspects of Emotional intelligence i.e. Emotional Attention, Emotional Clarity and Emotional repair. The Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6; McCullough 2013) was used for measuring Gratitude and Hope scale by Snyder et al, (1991) for measuring the hope. The results showed significant correlation between two dimensions of emotional intelligence i.e. Emotional clarity with hope (r = .523, p<0.01), Emotional clarity (r = .346, p<0.01) and Emotional repair shows significant correlation with hope (r = .317, p<0.01), Emotional repair shows significant correlation with gratitude (r = .496, p<0.01). The study also revealed significant difference between boys and girls on Emotional clarity (t = 3.519, p<0.01), Emotional repair (t = 2.104, p<0.05), and it also revealed significance of difference between adolescent boys and girls on Gratitude (t = 2.251, p<0.05). -
An Upward Spiral Between Gratitude and Humility
Article Social Psychological and Personality Science 1-10 An Upward Spiral Between Gratitude ª The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permission: and Humility sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1948550614534700 spps.sagepub.com Elliott Kruse1, Joseph Chancellor2, Peter M. Ruberton2, 2 AQ 1 and Sonja Lyubomirsky Abstract In two experiments and one diary study, we examined the relationship between self- and other-oriented processes by considering AQ 2 how gratitude can influence humility and vice versa. Humility is characterized by low self-focus, secure sense of self, and increased valuation of others. Gratitude is marked by a sense that one has benefited from the actions of another. In the first experiment, participants who wrote a gratitude letter showed higher state humility than those who performed a neutral activity. In the second experiment, baseline state humility predicted the amount of gratitude felt after writing a gratitude letter compared to a neutral activity. Finally, in a 14-day diary study, humility and gratitude mutually predicted one another, even after controlling for the other’s prior level. Our results suggest that humility and gratitude are mutually reinforcing. Keywords humility, gratitude, self-focus, upward spiral That the self is embedded in a network of social relationships is may be grouped together (e.g., as facets of a larger factor) and one of the oldest social psychological observations (Mead, rarely teased apart. 1934). Over the past century, researchers have theorized how perceptions of others can influence self-perceptions (Cooley, 1902; Hogg & Terry, 2000; Turner, 1985), and how Humility self-perception can drive person perception (Cronbach, 1955; Humility is a hypoegoic state (Leary & Guadagno, 2011) the- Robbins & Krueger, 2000). -
A Model for Cognitively-Based Compassion Training: Theoretical…
Social Theory & Health https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285-019-00124-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE A model for cognitively‑based compassion training: theoretical underpinnings and proposed mechanisms Marcia Ash1 · Timothy Harrison2 · Melissa Pinto3 · Ralph DiClemente4 · Lobsang Tenzin Negi2 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Across cultures and belief systems, compassion is widely considered to be benefcial for the development of personal and social wellbeing. Research indicates that com- passion-training programs have broad health benefts, but how and why compassion- training programs are efective is still relatively unknown. This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings of a specifc compassion-training program, CBCT® (Cog- nitively-Based Compassion Training), and proposes an integrative model that draws on existing health behavior constructs to identify CBCT’s core components and hypothesizes their directionality and interaction. The model includes two primary categories of skill development: (1) intrapersonal skills leading to greater resiliency, and (2) interpersonal skills leading to greater compassion. It is hypothesized that these two pathways are mutually reinforcing and both contribute to greater wellbe- ing. This model provides a foundation for theory-driven research on the underlying mechanisms in CBCT training. An understanding of CBCT’s mechanisms is a criti- cal step towards optimizing and personalizing the intervention to meet the needs of specifc populations. Keywords Compassion · Wellbeing · Resilience · Contemplative practice · Mechanisms of behavior change Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual model that explains how the components of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT ®) lead to greater resilience, compassion, and wellbeing. There is a compelling body of evidence to support the role of compassion in improving health and wellbeing (Hofmann et al. -
An Online Positive Psychology Intervention to Promote Resilience
An online positive psychology intervention to promote resilience Masterthesis Jop Masselink s0189847 Supervisory committee Sanne M.A. Lamers Linda J.M. Bolier UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE ENSCHEDE August, 2013 Abstract Psyfit is a positive psychology online mental fitness training for adults with mild symptoms of depression and anxiety. The current study aims at determining whether Psyfit can promote a psychological resilient reaction as well. To do this the research of Bolier et al. (in press) was extended. A comparison was made between participants who experienced a critical life event (N=86) and participants who did not (N=57). In addition, it was assessed if the effectiveness of the intervention depended on the type of critical life event. The outcome measures were well-being measured with the WEMWBS and depressive symptoms measured with the CES-D. Online measurements were taken at baseline, two months after baseline at posttest, and after six months at follow-up. It was not proven that the effectiveness of the intervention depended on whether or not participants experienced a critical life event, concerning well-being at posttest (F(1,141)=0.52, p=0.47) and follow-up (F(1,141)=0.12, p=0.74) and depression at posttest (F(1,141)=0.49, p=0.49) and follow-up (F(1,141)= 0.03, p=0.87). No evidence was found that the effectiveness of the intervention depended on the type of critical life event concerning well-being at posttest (F(4,81)= 0.62, p= 0.65) and follow-up (F(1,86)= 0.85, p= 0.50) and depressive symptoms at posttest (F(1,81)= 0.89, p=0.47) and follow-up (F(1,119)=0.41, p=0.66).