The Polycomb Complex PRC2 Supports Aberrant Self-Renewal in a Mouse Model of MLL-AF9;Nrasg12d Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Polycomb Complex PRC2 Supports Aberrant Self-Renewal in a Mouse Model of MLL-AF9;Nrasg12d Acute Myeloid Leukemia Oncogene (2013) 32, 930 --938 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/13 www.nature.com/onc SHORT COMMUNICATION The Polycomb complex PRC2 supports aberrant self-renewal in a mouse model of MLL-AF9;NrasG12D acute myeloid leukemia J Shi1,2,7, E Wang1,7, J Zuber1,3, A Rappaport1,4, M Taylor1, C Johns1, SW Lowe1,5,6 and CR Vakoc1 The Trithorax and Polycomb groups of chromatin regulators are critical for cell-lineage specification during normal development; functions that often become deregulated during tumorigenesis. As an example, oncogenic fusions of the Trithorax-related protein mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) can initiate aggressive leukemias by altering the transcriptional circuitry governing hematopoietic cell differentiation, a process that requires multiple epigenetic pathways to implement. Here we used shRNA screening to identify chromatin regulators uniquely required in a mouse model of MLL-fusion acute myeloid leukemia, which revealed a role for the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in maintenance of this disease. shRNA-mediated suppression of PRC2 subunits Eed, Suz12 or Ezh1/Ezh2 led to proliferation arrest and differentiation of leukemia cells, with a minimal impact on growth of several non-transformed hematopoietic cell lines. The requirement for PRC2 in leukemia is partly because of its role in direct transcriptional repression of genes that limit the self-renewal potential of hematopoietic cells, including Cdkn2a. In addition to implicating a role for PRC2 in the pathogenesis of MLL-fusion leukemia, our results suggest, more generally, that Trithorax and Polycomb group proteins can cooperate with one another to maintain aberrant lineage programs in cancer. Oncogene (2013) 32, 930--938; doi:10.1038/onc.2012.110; published online 2 April 2012 Keywords: chromatin; leukemia; epigenetics; MLL; PRC2 INTRODUCTION direct repression of pro-differentiation genes.12 --14 Additionally, Cellular identity in multicellular organisms is reinforced by master- several lines of evidence link the function of PRC2 to the regulatory transcription factors in concert with chromatin modify- pathogenesis of human cancer. Ezh2 is overexpressed in many ing activities. A major epigenetic regulatory axis maintaining the different malignancies and mutations that elevate its tri-methyl- ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ state of transcription is composed of the Trithorax and transferase activity are found in subtypes of lymphoma, together 5,15 --17 Polycomb groups of chromatin regulators, respectively (for review suggesting a pro-tumorigenic role for this complex. How- see1,2). First discovered in Drosophila based on their antagonistic ever, Ezh2 loss-of-function mutations have also been observed in regulation of homeotic phenotypes,3,4 Trithorax and Polycomb myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), suggesting a tumor suppressor 18,19 group proteins have emerged as key regulators of transcriptional function in certain cellular contexts. Interestingly, Ezh2 loss-of- programs underlying embryonic development, tissue homeostasis function mutations are rarely observed in primary acute myeloid and the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including leukemia (AML), suggesting that a role for PRC2 in myeloid cancer cancer.5 Trithorax and Polycomb group proteins possess diverse might be highly dependent on cellular and genetic context (Ross regulatory activities directed toward chromatin, including lysine Levine, personal communication). methyltransferase, ubiquitin ligase, chromatin remodeling ATPase, In mammals, a major class of Trithorax-group genes belongs to as well as a host of histone-binding modules.1,2 the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) subfamily. MLL (also known as Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates gene silencing MLL1) encodes a histone H3K4 methyltransferase essential for through catalysis of histone H3K27 methylation.6--8 PRC2 is hematopoietic development through maintenance of transcrip- 20 minimally comprised of two essential non-catalytic subunits, Eed tion of specific target genes, most notably HOX clusters. Mutant and Suz12, as well as one of two SET domain containing forms of MLL also act as potent oncogenes in AML pathogenesis, methyltransferase subunits, Ezh1 or Ezh2.6--9 Recruitment of which are generally associated with chemotherapy-resistant 21 PRC2 generally occurs at CpG-rich promoter sequences in the disease (reviewed in Krivtsov and Armstrong ). MLL can often genome, mediated through an assortment of protein--protein and be mutated via chromosomal translocation, where the N-terminal protein--RNA interactions to establish localized domains of H3K27 fragment of MLL is fused to the C-terminus of one of over 50 methylation.10,11 This histone mark serves as a docking site for known partner genes, with AF9 being the most common in AML.22 other Polycomb complexes, which exert a repressive effect on MLL-AF9 acts in a gain-of-function manner via aberrant recruit- transcription.6 A key function of PRC2 in mammals is to regulate ment of AF9-interacting proteins to normal MLL target genes, stem cell function, where it can promote self-renewal through resulting in transcriptional hyperactivation. The biological con- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; 2Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; 3Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria; 4Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; 5Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA and 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. 7These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence: Dr CR Vakoc or Dr SW Lowe, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Received 4 January 2012; revised 2 February 2012; accepted 23 February 2012; published online 2 April 2012 PRC2 supports aberrant self-renewal in MLL-leukemia J Shi et al 931 sequence of MLL-AF9 expression is a blockade of myeloid signaling pathway (e.g., NRASG12D), is thought to be sufficient for maturation and an enduring state of self-renewal. Coupling of leukemic transformation.23,24 As one of the only known examples MLL-AF9 expression with activating mutations in the MAP kinase- of a proto-oncogene chromatin regulator, MLL-fusion leukemia Polr2b 64 50 Myc Pcna 30 Men1 32 Rpl15 40 Eed Rpa3 cells 16 Kdm1a 20 Rpa1 30 G12D Suz12 8 4 20 10 2 10 MLL-AF9;Nras Relative growth inhibition Ren Relative G1E growth inhibition 1 Relative EML growth inhibition 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Relative growth inhibition Ren.713 Ren.713 Eed.1820 Rpa3.457Myc.2105 Eed.1820 Rpa3.457Myc.2105 Men1.2310 Men1.2310 32D myeloblast cells Suz12.1676Kdm1a.2435 Suz12.1676Kdm1a.2435 25 15 50 Leukemia Leukemia Leukemia 20 32D 32D 40 32D 10 15 30 10 20 5 5 10 Relative growth inhibition Relative growth inhibition Relative growth inhibition 0 0 0 Ren. Eed. Eed. Eed. Eed. Eed. Ren. Suz12. Suz12. Suz12. Suz12. Ren. Men1. Men1. Men1. Men1. 713 949 710 1397 1083 1820 713 3979 909 1842 1676 713 219 1457 2707 2310 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 RNA level RNA level RNA level 0.6 0.6 0.6 Eed 0.4 0.4 0.4 Men1 Suz12 0.2 0.2 0.2 Relative Relative 0.0 Relative 0.0 0.0 Ren. Eed. Eed. Eed. Eed. Eed. Ren. Suz12. Suz12. Suz12. Suz12. Ren. Men1. Men1. Men1. Men1. 713 949 710 1397 1083 1820 713 3979 909 1842 1676 713 219 1457 2707 2310 Ren. Eed. 1.0 1st infection 2nd infection 713 9491397 710 1083 1820 LMN-mCherry LMN-GFP αH3K27me3 Ren.713 Ren.713 αH3 Ezh1.4105 Ren.713 0.5 Ren.713 Ezh2.781 Ezh1.4105 Ezh2.781 Suz12. Relative mCherry+ Ren. GFP+% (normalized) 713 3979 909 1842 1676 αH3K27me3 0.0 αH3 1 24681012 Days post-infection Figure 1. RNAi screen identifies Eed and Suz12 as unique requirements for growth of MLL-AF9;NrasG12D leukemia. (a) Scatter-plot comparison of the relative growth inhibition conferred by LMN-shRNAs in MLL-AF9;NrasG12D leukemia and 32D myeloblasts. All shRNAs evaluated were identified from a pooled negative-selection shRNA screen reported previously.25 MLL-AF9;NrasG12D leukemia or 32D myeloblasts were transduced with individual LMN-shRNA vectors (MSCV-miR30-shRNA-PGK-NeoR-IRES-GFP), followed by measurement of the GFP-per- centage at day 2 and day 12 postinfection using a Guava Easycyte (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Growth inhibition was calculated as the ratio of the GFP percentage measured at day 2 to day 12 of partially transduced cell populations. As leukemia and 32D cells grow at comparable rates in vitro (Supplementary Figure 1), relative GFP depletion is a suitable assay for comparing growth effects in each line. Control shRNAs are indicated with white circles. Box indicates shRNAs with leukemia-specific growth inhibition. (b-- f) Relative growth inhibition conferred by indicated LMN shRNAs in EML, G1E, leukemia and 32D cell lines, calculated as in a (n ¼ 3). (g-- i) Quantitative reverse transcription PCR measuring knockdown efficiency in 32D myeloblast cells following transduction with LMN-shRNAs and selection with G418. Measurements were normalized to Gapdh, with the relative mRNA level in the cells with control Ren shRNA set to 1 (n ¼ 3). (j) Relative change double- transduced cell percentage following cotransduction transduced with indicated LMN-shRNAs linked to either GFP or mCherry reporters. The results were normalized to the GFP þ /mCherry þ percentage measured at day 1, set to 1 (n ¼ 3). (k, l) H3K27me3 western blotting of acid extracted histones prepared from 32D cells transduced with the indicated LMN-shRNA following G418 selection. The levels of total histone H3 serve as a loading control. A representative experiment of three replicates is shown. All error bars represent s.e.m. & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited Oncogene (2013) 930 --938 PRC2 supports aberrant self-renewal in MLL-leukemia J Shi et al 932 represents a paradigm for understanding causality between disease.
Recommended publications
  • O-Glcnacylation Regulates the Stability and Enzymatic Activity of the Histone Methyltransferase EZH2
    O-GlcNAcylation regulates the stability and enzymatic activity of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 Pei-Wen Loa, Jiun-Jie Shieb, Chein-Hung Chena, Chung-Yi Wua, Tsui-Ling Hsua, and Chi-Huey Wonga,1 aGenomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; and bInstitute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan Contributed by Chi-Huey Wong, May 16, 2018 (sent for review February 1, 2018; reviewed by Michael D. Burkart, Benjamin G. Davis, and Gerald W. Hart) Protein O-glycosylation by attachment of β-N-acetylglucosamine maintenance and differentiation in embryonic stem cells (14, 15). (GlcNAc) to the Ser or Thr residue is a major posttranslational It was suggested that O-GlcNAcylation might play an important glycosylation event and is often associated with protein folding, role in the regulation of PRC1-mediated gene expression, and stability, and activity. The methylation of histone H3 at Lys-27 along this line the O-GlcNAcylation of EZH2 at S76 in the PRC2 catalyzed by the methyltransferase EZH2 was known to suppress complex was reported to stablize EZH2 in our previous study (16). gene expression and cancer development, and we previously The PRC2 complex is composed of Enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2), reported that the O-GlcNAcylation of EZH2 at S76 stabilized Suppressor of Zeste 12 (Suz12), Extraembryonic endoderm (EED), EZH2 and facilitated the formation of H3K27me3 to inhibit tumor AE binding protein 2 (AEBP2), and retinoblastoma binding protein suppression. In this study, we employed a fluorescence-based method 4/7 (RBBP4/7) (17, 18). Within the PRC2 complex, EZH2 catalyzes the di- and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (K27) to form of sugar labeling combined with mass spectrometry to investigate H3K27me2/3 to regulate embryonic and cancer development EZH2 glycosylation and identified five O-GlcNAcylation sites.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mutational Landscape of Myeloid Leukaemia in Down Syndrome
    cancers Review The Mutational Landscape of Myeloid Leukaemia in Down Syndrome Carini Picardi Morais de Castro 1, Maria Cadefau 1,2 and Sergi Cuartero 1,2,* 1 Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; [email protected] (C.P.M.d.C); [email protected] (M.C.) 2 Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Leukaemia occurs when specific mutations promote aberrant transcriptional and proliferation programs, which drive uncontrolled cell division and inhibit the cell’s capacity to differentiate. In this review, we summarize the most frequent genetic lesions found in myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome, a rare paediatric leukaemia specific to individuals with trisomy 21. The evolution of this disease follows a well-defined sequence of events and represents a unique model to understand how the ordered acquisition of mutations drives malignancy. Abstract: Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to haematopoietic disorders. Paediatric myeloid malignancies in DS occur at an unusually high frequency and generally follow a well-defined stepwise clinical evolution. First, the acquisition of mutations in the GATA1 transcription factor gives rise to a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in DS newborns. While this condition spontaneously resolves in most cases, some clones can acquire additional mutations, which trigger myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). These secondary mutations are predominantly found in chromatin and epigenetic regulators—such as cohesin, CTCF or EZH2—and Citation: de Castro, C.P.M.; Cadefau, in signalling mediators of the JAK/STAT and RAS pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Leukemia and Lymphoma: Molecular and Therapeutic Insights
    This is a free sample of content from Leukemia and Lymphoma: Molecular and Therapeutic Insights. Click here for more information on how to buy the book. Index A PRPF8, 307 AA. See Aplastic anemia SF3B1, 307 ABL1, 347, 368–369 SRSF2, 307 ABL2, 369 SUZ12, 120 ABT-199, 368 TET2, 117, 119, 121, 305 ABT-731, 181 U2AF1, 307 ACIN1, 374 U2AF2, 307 Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). See also B- ZRSR2, 307 progenitor acute lymphoblastic therapeutic targeting leukemia; T-cell acute lymphoblastic combination therapy, 123–124 leukemia histone epigenetic mechanisms, 121, 123 epidemiology specific epigenetic mechanisms, 121 adult, 32–33 induced pluripotent stem cell models, 257–259 pediatric, 29–30 leukemia stem cell studies. See Leukemia stem cell Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) model children without Down syndrome, 326–329 mouse models. See Mouse models Down syndrome association pathophysiology, 295–296 clinical and biological features, 324–325 recurrent mutations GATA1 CEBPA, 301–302 cooperation with trisomy genes, 323–324 GATA2, 302 mutations, 323 NPM1, 300–301 genetic susceptibility, 321–322 RUNX1, 301 transforming mutation acquisition, 325–326 signal transduction mutations overview, 319–320 CBL, 303 RNA-binding proteins, 153 FLT3, 302 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) KIT, 302–303 chromosomal abnormalities KRAS, 303 core binding factor rearrangements, 296–297 NF1, 303–304 KMT2A rearrangements, 298–299 NRAS, 303 rare translocations, 299–300 PTPN11, 303 clonal hematoipoiesis, 75 therapeutic targeting epidemiology CD123, 91–92 adult, 31–32 CD33,
    [Show full text]
  • The Polycomb Group Protein Suz12 Is Required for Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiationᰔ† Diego Pasini,1 Adrian P
    MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, May 2007, p. 3769–3779 Vol. 27, No. 10 0270-7306/07/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/MCB.01432-06 Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. The Polycomb Group Protein Suz12 Is Required for Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiationᰔ† Diego Pasini,1 Adrian P. Bracken,1 Jacob B. Hansen,2 Manuela Capillo,3,4 and Kristian Helin1* Centre for Epigenetics and BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark1; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark2; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy3; and Institute of Molecular Oncology of the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy4 Received 3 August 2006/Returned for modification 10 October 2006/Accepted 22 February 2007 Downloaded from Polycomb group (PcG) proteins form multiprotein complexes, called Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs). PRC2 contains the PcG proteins EZH2, SUZ12, and EED and represses transcription through methylation of lysine (K) 27 of histone H3 (H3). Suz12 is essential for PRC2 activity and its inactivation results in early lethality of mouse embryos. Here, we demonstrate that Suz12؊/؊ mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be established and expanded in tissue culture. The Suz12؊/؊ ES cells are characterized by global loss of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and higher expression levels of differentiation-specific genes. Moreover, Suz12؊/؊ ES cells are impaired in proper differentiation, resulting in a lack of repression of ES cell markers as well as activation of differentiation-specific genes. Finally, we demonstrate that the PcGs are actively recruited to several genes during ES cell differentiation, which despite an increase in H3K27me3 levels is not always http://mcb.asm.org/ sufficient to prevent transcriptional activation.
    [Show full text]
  • Automethylation of PRC2 Promotes H3K27 Methylation and Is Impaired in H3K27M Pediatric Glioma
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 5, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Automethylation of PRC2 promotes H3K27 methylation and is impaired in H3K27M pediatric glioma Chul-Hwan Lee,1,2,7 Jia-Ray Yu,1,2,7 Jeffrey Granat,1,2,7 Ricardo Saldaña-Meyer,1,2 Joshua Andrade,3 Gary LeRoy,1,2 Ying Jin,4 Peder Lund,5 James M. Stafford,1,2,6 Benjamin A. Garcia,5 Beatrix Ueberheide,3 and Danny Reinberg1,2 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA; 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA; 3Proteomics Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA; 4Shared Bioinformatics Core, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA The histone methyltransferase activity of PRC2 is central to the formation of H3K27me3-decorated facultative heterochromatin and gene silencing. In addition, PRC2 has been shown to automethylate its core subunits, EZH1/ EZH2 and SUZ12. Here, we identify the lysine residues at which EZH1/EZH2 are automethylated with EZH2-K510 and EZH2-K514 being the major such sites in vivo. Automethylated EZH2/PRC2 exhibits a higher level of histone methyltransferase activity and is required for attaining proper cellular levels of H3K27me3. While occurring inde- pendently of PRC2 recruitment to chromatin, automethylation promotes PRC2 accessibility to the histone H3 tail. Intriguingly, EZH2 automethylation is significantly reduced in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) cells that carry a lysine-to-methionine substitution in histone H3 (H3K27M), but not in cells that carry either EZH2 or EED mutants that abrogate PRC2 allosteric activation, indicating that H3K27M impairs the intrinsic activity of PRC2.
    [Show full text]
  • PALI1 Facilitates DNA and Nucleosome Binding by PRC2 and Triggers an Allosteric Activation of Catalysis
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24866-3 OPEN PALI1 facilitates DNA and nucleosome binding by PRC2 and triggers an allosteric activation of catalysis Qi Zhang1,3, Samuel C. Agius1,3, Sarena F. Flanigan1, Michael Uckelmann1, Vitalina Levina1, Brady M. Owen1 & ✉ Chen Davidovich 1,2 1234567890():,; The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase that maintains cell identities. JARID2 is the only accessory subunit of PRC2 that known to trigger an allosteric activation of methyltransferase. Yet, this mechanism cannot be generalised to all PRC2 variants as, in vertebrates, JARID2 is mutually exclusive with most of the accessory subunits of PRC2. Here we provide functional and structural evidence that the vertebrate- specific PRC2 accessory subunit PALI1 emerged through a convergent evolution to mimic JARID2 at the molecular level. Mechanistically, PRC2 methylates PALI1 K1241, which then binds to the PRC2-regulatory subunit EED to allosterically activate PRC2. PALI1 K1241 is methylated in mouse and human cell lines and is essential for PALI1-induced allosteric activation of PRC2. High-resolution crystal structures revealed that PALI1 mimics the reg- ulatory interactions formed between JARID2 and EED. Independently, PALI1 also facilitates DNA and nucleosome binding by PRC2. In acute myelogenous leukemia cells, overexpression of PALI1 leads to cell differentiation, with the phenotype altered by a separation-of-function PALI1 mutation, defective in allosteric activation and active in DNA binding. Collectively, we show that PALI1 facilitates catalysis and substrate binding by PRC2 and provide evidence that subunit-induced allosteric activation is a general property of holo-PRC2 complexes. 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • The EZH1–SUZ12 Complex Positively Regulates the Transcription of NF-Κb
    © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2016) 129, 2343-2353 doi:10.1242/jcs.185546 RESEARCH ARTICLE The EZH1–SUZ12 complex positively regulates the transcription of NF-κB target genes through interaction with UXT Shuai-Kun Su, Chun-Yuan Li, Pin-Ji Lei, Xiang Wang, Quan-Yi Zhao, Yang Cai, Zhen Wang, Lianyun Li* and Min Wu* ABSTRACT zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) (Shen et al., Drosophila Unlike other members of the polycomb group protein family, EZH1 2008). EZH2 mimics the function of E(Z) in and is the has been shown to positively associate with active transcription on a main methyltransferase for H3K27 in mammalian cells (Shen et al., genome-wide scale. However, the underlying mechanism for this 2008). However, controversial reports exist about EZH1, which behavior still remains elusive. Here, we report that EZH1 physically means its activities have been a puzzle for a long time. Compared interacts with UXT, a small chaperon-like transcription co-activator. with EZH2, EZH1 has lower enzymatic activity, suggesting it might UXT specifically interacts with EZH1 and SUZ12, but not EED. have distinct functions (Margueron et al., 2008). Several groups Similar to upon knockdown of UXT, knockdown of EZH1 or SUZ12 reported that EZH1 methylates histone H3K27 and compensates for through RNA interference in the cell impairs the transcriptional the functions of EZH2 upon its absence (Bae et al., 2015; Hidalgo activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB target genes induced by TNFα. et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2008). Recently, Mousavi et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Alu Elements in ANRIL Non-Coding RNA at Chromosome 9P21 Modulate Atherogenic Cell Functions Through Trans-Regulation of Gene Networks
    Alu Elements in ANRIL Non-Coding RNA at Chromosome 9p21 Modulate Atherogenic Cell Functions through Trans-Regulation of Gene Networks Lesca M. Holdt1,2,3, Steve Hoffmann1,4, Kristina Sass2, David Langenberger1,4, Markus Scholz1,5, Knut Krohn1,6, Knut Finstermeier1,2, Anika Stahringer2,3, Wolfgang Wilfert2,3, Frank Beutner1,2,7, Stephan Gielen1,7, Gerhard Schuler1,7, Gabor Ga¨bel8, Hendrik Bergert8, Ingo Bechmann9, Peter F. Stadler1,4,10,11, Joachim Thiery1,2, Daniel Teupser1,2,3* 1 LIFE – Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universita¨t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 2 Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 3 Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, 4 Transcriptome Bioinformatics Group and Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 5 Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 6 Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 7 Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 8 Department of General, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany, 9 Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 10 Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, 11 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America Abstract The chromosome 9p21 (Chr9p21) locus of coronary artery disease has been identified in the first surge of genome-wide association and is the strongest genetic factor of atherosclerosis known today. Chr9p21 encodes the long non-coding RNA (ncRNA) antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL). ANRIL expression is associated with the Chr9p21 genotype and correlated with atherosclerosis severity.
    [Show full text]
  • Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 Function in Breast Cancer (Review)
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 57: 1085-1094, 2020 Polycomb repressor complex 2 function in breast cancer (Review) COURTNEY J. MARTIN and ROGER A. MOOREHEAD Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada Received July 10, 2020; Accepted September 7, 2020 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5122 Abstract. Epigenetic modifications are important contributors 1. Introduction to the regulation of genes within the chromatin. The poly- comb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a multi‑subunit protein Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation complex that is involved in silencing gene expression through and histone modifications, play an important role in gene the trimethylation of lysine 27 at histone 3 (H3K27me3). The regulation. The dysregulation of these modifications can dysregulation of this modification has been associated with result in pathogenicity, including tumorigenicity. Research tumorigenicity through the increased repression of tumour has indicated an important influence of the trimethylation suppressor genes via condensing DNA to reduce access to the modification at lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) within transcription start site (TSS) within tumor suppressor gene chromatin. This methylation is involved in the repression promoters. In the present review, the core proteins of PRC2, as of multiple genes within the genome by condensing DNA well as key accessory proteins, will be described. In addition, to reduce access to the transcription start site (TSS) within mechanisms controlling the recruitment of the PRC2 complex gene promoter sequences (1). The recruitment of H1.2, an H1 to H3K27 will be outlined. Finally, literature identifying the histone subtype, by the H3K27me3 modification has been a role of PRC2 in breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis and suggested as a mechanism for mediating this compaction (1).
    [Show full text]
  • EED Orchestration of Heart Maturation Through Interaction with Hdacs Is H3k27me3-Independent
    EED orchestration of heart maturation through interaction with HDACs is H3K27me3-independent The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ai, S., Y. Peng, C. Li, F. Gu, X. Yu, Y. Yue, Q. Ma, et al. 2017. “EED orchestration of heart maturation through interaction with HDACs is H3K27me3-independent.” eLife 6 (1): e24570. doi:10.7554/ eLife.24570. http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24570. Published Version doi:10.7554/eLife.24570 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:32630546 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA RESEARCH ARTICLE EED orchestration of heart maturation through interaction with HDACs is H3K27me3-independent Shanshan Ai1†, Yong Peng1†, Chen Li1, Fei Gu2, Xianhong Yu1, Yanzhu Yue1, Qing Ma2, Jinghai Chen2, Zhiqiang Lin2, Pingzhu Zhou2, Huafeng Xie3,7, Terence W Prendiville2§, Wen Zheng1, Yuli Liu1, Stuart H Orkin3,4,7,5, Da-Zhi Wang2,4, Jia Yu6, William T Pu2,4*‡, Aibin He1*‡ 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China; 2Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States; 3Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States;
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging Chromatin: PRC2 Structure Meets Function
    www.nature.com/bjc REVIEW ARTICLE Engaging chromatin: PRC2 structure meets function Paul Chammas1, Ivano Mocavini1 and Luciano Di Croce1,2,3 Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a key epigenetic multiprotein complex involved in the regulation of gene expression in metazoans. PRC2 is formed by a tetrameric core that endows the complex with histone methyltransferase activity, allowing it to mono-, di- and tri-methylate histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me1/2/3); H3K27me3 is a hallmark of facultative heterochromatin. The core complex of PRC2 is bound by several associated factors that are responsible for modulating its targeting specificity and enzymatic activity. Depletion and/or mutation of the subunits of this complex can result in severe developmental defects, or even lethality. Furthermore, mutations of these proteins in somatic cells can be drivers of tumorigenesis, by altering the transcriptional regulation of key tumour suppressors or oncogenes. In this review, we present the latest results from structural studies that have characterised PRC2 composition and function. We compare this information with data and literature for both gain-of function and loss-of-function missense mutations in cancers to provide an overview of the impact of these mutations on PRC2 activity. British Journal of Cancer (2020) 122:315–328; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0615-2 BACKGROUND and embryonic ectoderm development (EED) (Table 1). These Transcriptional diversity is one of the hallmarks of cellular three proteins form the minimal core that confers histone identity. It is largely regulated at the level of chromatin, where methyltransferase (HMT) activity. A fourth factor, retinoblastoma- different protein complexes act as initiators, enhancers and/or binding protein (RBBP)4/7 (also known as RBAP48/46), has a repressors of transcription.
    [Show full text]
  • EED Orchestration of Heart Maturation Through Interaction With
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 EED orchestration of heart maturation through interaction with HDACs is H3K27me3- 10 independent 11 12 Shanshan Ai1*, Yong Peng1*, Chen Li1, Fei Gu2, Xianhong Yu1, Yanzhu Yue1, Qing Ma2, 13 Jinghai Chen2, Zhiqiang Lin2, Pingzhu Zhou2, Huafeng Xie3, Terence W. Prendiville2,†, Wen 14 Zheng1, Yuli Liu1, Stuart H. Orkin3,4,5, Da-Zhi Wang2,4, Jia Yu6 15 William T. Pu2,4,7§ & Aibin He1,7§ 16 17 18 19 20 21 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 22 Beijing 100871, China 23 2Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 24 02115, USA 25 3Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatric 26 Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 27 4Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 727W, 28 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 29 5Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 30 6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical 31 Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical 32 Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China. 33 7Co-senior author 34 35 *Contributed equally to this work. 36 †Present address: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital 37 Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland. 38 39 40 41 §Correspondence: Aibin He ([email protected]) or William T. Pu 42 ([email protected]) 43 44 45 46 - 1 - 47 ABSTRACT 48 In proliferating cells, where most Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) studies have 49 been performed, gene repression is associated with PRC2 trimethylation of H3K27 50 (H3K27me3).
    [Show full text]