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Research Article *Corresponding author Yohannes Dereso, Department of Biology, Assosa University, Ethiopia, Email: [email protected] Regeneration Study of Submitted: 07 December 2018 Accepted: 27 December 2018 Published: 31 December 2018 abyssinica in ISSN: 2333-6668 Copyright Mandura District, Northwest © 2018 Dereso OPEN ACCESS

Ethiopia Keywords • Germination; Regeneration; Oxytenanthera Yohannes Dereso* abyssinica; Threatened; Seed germination; Petri-dish; Seed viability; Mixed soils; Protected forests; Wild Department of Biology, Assosa University, Ethiopia forests; Offshoots; Clump

Abstract Lowland vegetation is threatened by cutting, decay of new shoots, mass flowering, agricultural expansion, over grazing, fire and cutting style of which fire is the most leading threat reported. The lowland bamboo forest in the Woreda was flowered in 1998 E.C. The Woreda has patchily distributed vegetation features characterized by Combrutum molle and Entada abyssinica growing in association with Oxytenanthera abyssinica, commonly known as lowland bamboo. The present study is about germination and regenration issues of the multipurpose lowland bamboo inManduraWoreda. Seed germination of the species was found to take on average three to four times faster in Petri-dish than in soils. Two years stored seeds showed less viability, about65% and 2 days slower rates of germination. Mixed soils found to increase seed viability from 37.5% to 68.78%. Number of culms per clump is highest in protected forests and least in wild forests. The percentage natural expansion (reproduction) was highest in cultivated and wild forest habitats. The ability of clumps to produce new offshoots is directly proportional with the clump circumference.

INTRODUCTION plays a vital role in environmental amelioration, bio-diversity preservation soil and water conservation and has waste Background of the study The pure natural bamboo forest in Ethiopia is the largest conservation potential, multiple use and adaptability to low in Africa, over about 1 million hectare, and 85% of this area is qualitypurification sites, potential bamboo has [1,7]. the Given capacity its tofast redress growth, most high of soil the covered by lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) [1]. O. deforestation- related problems. abyssinica is an indigenous bamboo to Ethiopia and endemic to tropical Africa. It belongs to the family and subfamily In the past, lowland bamboo forests were located in the Bambusoideae [2]. more inaccessible areas, which protected them from destruction. Lowland bamboo forests at Assosa, Metekel, and Mandura, in Bamboo naturally propagates both sexually from seeds western Ethiopia are examples. These forests are now decreasing rapidly as result of demand for construction and new roads methods includes planting of off-sets, culm cuttings, layering, and that are being constructed (personal observation). The rate and asexually by rhizomes. Artificial propagation by vegetative grafting of rhizome [3]. Some bamboo species are successfully of clearance is accelerating as more forests are cleared due to regenerated using culm cuttings [4]. On the other hand, although agricultural expansion or burning to increase grazing land and the gregarious flowering cycle of the species is about 20 years [5], the intervening period [6]. This is not the case with most bamboo dueObjectives to natural mass flowering of the plant [6]. it also produces seeds from sporadic out-of-phase flowering in die. New bamboo growth may then emerge again on the site General objectives: This researchattempts to explore fromspecies, germinating they flower seeds only ifonce the inland their is leftlife undisturbedtime gregariously and seed and thegermination factors and regeneration potential of lowland predation is not detrimental. For these reasons O.abyssinica bamboo forest in Mandura Woreda. is being established now, and will probably also in the future Specific objectives: depend on seed rather than vegetative propagules. Knowledge of 1. Investigate seed The viability, specific soil objectives type and were depth to related is thus vital for successful establishment and expansion of the factors that affect bamboo seedling emergence; speciesfactors that[6]. influence seedling emergence, survival and growth 2. Compare vegetative regeneration (expansion) potential Bamboo forest is a material source for furniture, building, of bamboo in different habitats (wild, cultivated and pulp, particleboard, bio-energy, food, forage and medicine. It protected forests).

Cite this article: Dereso Y (2018) Regeneration Study of Oxytenanthera abyssinica in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia. Int J Plant Biol Res 6(6): 1108. Dereso (2018) Email: [email protected]

Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the study area Location: was established in 1994 as one of the nine regional states of The Benishangul Gumuz Regional State (BGRS) Amhara region in the North, Oromiya in the South east and Ethiopia. The BGRS borders the Republic of Sudan in the west, to 3 zones (Metekele, Assosa, and Kemashi) that are divided in toGambella 19 Woredas, region and in one the South.special Administratively,Woreda. Metekel zone it is dividedis divided in

55’-11 36’ into 7 Woredas out0 of which0 ManduraWoreda, the study0 areais0 located North 10 90’ latitude North and 30 12’-30 alsolongitude the Zonal east (Figuretown. The 1) comprising Woredas has 17 rurallarge Kebelestopographic and 3 drops town fromKebeles. east Gilgel to west. Belese is the centere of Mandura Woredas and Figure 1 The location of study Kebeles in Mandura Woreda Metkel Zone, Ethiopia. Sampling methods Site selection: Five Kebeles (villages) were selected based on (1) availability of bamboo resources, (2) utilization potentials to capturing as much socio-economic information as possible, and (4)significance the manufacturing to the surrounding and consumption community, of bamboo (3) convenience products.

Vegetation data: sampling method were used and vegetation data werecollected To describe the vegetation the stratified werefrom from10×10 cultivated m quadrats bamboo lied forest,in homogeneous other two quadrats vegetation (5 andunits. 8) wereA total in of protected 8 quadrats bamboo were forest,considered. and the Two rest quadrates four quadrats (6 and (1-4) 7) were laidin wild forest of bamboo (2 from Duanzbaguna and 2 Figure 2 O. abyssinica. Graph showing IAP value of different associated with offrom similarity Ajenta Villages).(Ss Community similarityrmula: among quadrats was quantified using Sørensen similarity coefficient. This coefficient 98.3% 2a Ss = ) was defined using the fo ()2a+ b + c 76.7

Wherea = number Ss = Sørensenof species similarity common tocoefficient both quadrat 33.3% b = number of species in quadrat 1 c = number of species in quadrat 2 1.7% Association among O. Abyssinica and other woody trees was germinated Dormant Dormant calculated using Jaccard’s index. The Jaccard index of species germinated association (IA) is based on species presence (p) (Figure 2): seeds of 2004 seeds of 2002 Index of association for presence (IAP) = [a/(a + b + c Figure 3 Comparisons of seed viability between seeds collected in Where, )] x 100. IAP= Jaccard index 2004 and 2002 E.C. a = number of quadrat in which the two species under Seed viability test comparison occur together Seed viability of O. abyssinica was evaluated by germinating b = number of quadrat in which one of the two species occur seed under predetermined conditions. Sixty seeds from each alone

c = the number of quadrat in which the other species is found sample were divided in to 3 replicates of 20 seeds each. Seeds alone [8]. germinationcollected in test 2002 was and free 2004 of moulds E.C. were or other germinated micro-organisms on Petri- dishes with filter paper in the laboratory. The substrate used for

Int J Plant Biol Res 6(6): 1108 (2018) 2/6 Dereso (2018) Email: [email protected]

Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access and provided with adequate aeration and moisture [9]. This was RESULT AND DISCUSSION Analysis of vegetation feature doneSeed in 2004 viability E.C. and length of time was compared between check how time length of seed storage affects effectiveness and different patchy distribution of forests that contain plants like Vegetation feature of Mandura Woredas is made up of durationseeds collected of germination. in 2002 and 2004 E.C. by using student’s t-test to Combrutum molle, Entada abyssinica, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus and clumps of O. abyssinica associated among themselves. Impact of sowing depth and soil type on germination Seeds for sowing depth test and soil type were collected from fromAccording cultivated to the forest.Sørensen And coefficient, the lowest highest similarity similarity of vegetation of forest vegetation was found between quadrats 6 and 7 that were taken forest in Assossa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia (11º14´ N and 36º16´ an extensively flowered and heavily seeded lowland bamboo was between quadrats 3 and 6, and quadrats 3 and 7. Although E) by Pawie Agricultural Research Centre (PARC). The experiment cultivationboth of the activityquadrats of were humans classified and theas low other land plants bamboo except forest, O. however vegetation in quadrat 6 and 7 was influenced by sandon sowing and peat depth soil (ratio was conducted 1 sand: 1 peat) using and plastic 16 plastic polyethene polyethene 0.5 l abyssinica are removed as wild. The second highest similarity volume, 16 plastic polyethene bags were filled with a mixture of of forest vegetation was found between quadrats 4 and 8. Some A randomised complete block design was used in the experiment. valuable vegetation such as Combrutum molle, Entada abyssinica Inbags the were experiment, filled with each pure block natural consisted peat soilof 4 (unmixed)polyethene of bags. the area.Four and Lonchocarpus laxiflorus were found in common. seeds were sown at random and in embryo end up orientation The lowest similarity of vegetation between quadrats was in each of the various depth categories. The depths were: 0 mm found among quadrats 3 and 6, and quadrats 3 and 7. Although units).(surface), During 5 mm, the 10 experiment, mm and 15 seedling mm and emergencewas replicated four recorded times, cultivationboth of the activityquadrats of werehumans classified and the as other lowland plants bamboo are removed forest, oni.e., a4 dailyseeds basis× 4 treatments for four consecutive × 2 blocks (i.e., weeks a total starting of 32 from sample the ashowever wild. vegetation in quadrat 6 and 7 was influenced by statistical software. Block means of the different treatments In Mandura Woreda, O. Abyssinica grows mixed with first germination. Data was analysed by using version 19 SPSS different trees species. In the quadrats surveyed, it was clear that impact of sowing depth and soil type on germination. Combrutum molle and Entada abyssinica have high association were applied for one-way ANOVA calculations to investigate the with O. abyssinica (IAP= 62.5 %). These plants range from shrub Vegetative expansion potential to small trees in their habit, so that their existences do not affect O. abyssinica forming canopy shad. Some species such as To study reproductive potential and population of lowland Trilepisium madagascariense, and Lonchocarpus laxiflorus have bamboo, ten bamboo clumps were taken from quadrants of the less association with O. Abyssinica (IAP = 12.5 %). These plants 3 habitat categories: Category P (protected habitat), Category C are tall trees that can form canopy so that O. abyssinica is less (cultivated habitat) and Category W (wild habitat). Population associated with these species. size was counted based on number of culms in all of the clump observation, whereas reproductive ability of O. Abyssinica was Seed viability test examined by counting number of newly developing culms in three different categories of habitats (P,C and W) and circumference The seedling emergence speed of lowland bamboo seeds were generally fast, less than 5 days on Petri dish but 9-12 days classes. This was done by taking ten clumps of O. abyssinica from quadrants of the three habitats (protected, cultivated and in soil. The percentage of viability is more (98%) on Petri dish wild habitat) randomly and the total number of newly emerged and less (65.8%) in soil. This is deu to good moisture on petridish culms in the study year, number of cut culms, and number of than in soil. decayed suckers was counted from each clumps. Then the total found most successful and practical propagation materials. relationship between circumference and newly emerging culms According to Kassahun E [10], lowland bamboo seeds are wasnewly made emerging using culms Pearson’s were correlation compared usingby using ANOVA the andformula the speed of viability, in this experiment two years difference in (Table 2). The duration of seed storage causes variation on efficiency and

viabilitystorage durationis 33.3% decreasesand germinates seed viabilityin 4 days by for 65%. seeds Viability collected of seeds collected in 2004 E.C. is 98.3% and germinat in 2 days, but that reported lose of bamboo seed viability about 2-3 months afterin 2002 harvest. E.C. (Figure The fast 3). and This high lies seedling in agreement emergence with percentRao IV [11],of O. For this part, data collection was carried out in September abyssinica agree with the result reported by Prasad P et al. [12], by counting newly emerging shoots from sample clumpes, when for Bauhinia retusa. the young culms developed from bud (youngest rhizomes); they were distinguishable from those sprawtingoutofmature culms. Seed germination Thus it helped to compare vegetative reproduction potential of O. Percentage of seedling emergence varied with the type of abyssinica in different habitats and different clump sizes.

soil condition and sowing depth. Students t-test (at sig=0.05) Int J Plant Biol Res 6(6): 1108 (2018) 3/6 Dereso (2018) Email: [email protected]

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Table 1: Time length and Percentage of seed germination of O. abys- (higher in mixed soil than the unmixed soil). Time taken for sinica. showed that seedling emergence was significantly different Mixed soil Unmixed soil condition. Depth % of seed X days for % of seed X of days for seedling emergence was not significantly different in the two soil germination germination germination germination Seed germination of any plant is affected by different factors like temperature, moisture, soil type and sometimes light. In this - experiment seed germination of O. abyssinica is mainly affected 50 mm 50 10.5 0 by soil type and moisture. Seeds in Petri dish germinated in 9.5 9.5 less than 5 days where as seeds sown in soil took 9-12 days for 75 10 50 10.5 germination, this is a fast seedling emergence speed. This in 1015 mm 100 11 50 lines with the result reported by Kassahun E et al. [6], in which Total av- 50 11 50 10.5 seeds of O. abyssinica germinate in two weeks time after sowing. erage Seedlings that are germinated in the Petri dish survive effectively 275 150 10.5 when transplanted to soil. 68.75 10.25 37.5 10.17 Table 2: Seedling emergence (viability) is 98% in Petri dish and 65.8% sowing depth. ANOVA of difference in seedling immergence in different df Mean Square F Sig. respect to short viability and low germination rate of bamboo 3 1.338 .922 in soil. This is a very high value in the germination efficiency with seeds reported by other researchers [4,13]. The variation in speed 1.452 of germination and percentage of viability could be due to the Between Groups .478 Total difference in moisture in the two conditions. In Petri dish, seeds Within Groups 7 10 is controlled by laboratory condition. Whereas,in the soil the in different habitats. As shown in (Table 3) the mean number moistureget sufficient is lost moisture due to and evaporation, the loss of down moisture ward by percolation evaporation of protected forest, wild forest and cultivated forest. The number of that moisture is inadequate for seed germination. of culms per clump varied significantly (P=0.016) between water and fixation of water molecules between soil particles, so More than half of seeds in mixed soil emerged as seedling culms is smallest in the wild forest (47 per clump) and highest in the protected forest (86 per clump). But according to the INBAR [16], the average number of culms per clump is 72.3. According with in 12 days. Regarding sowing depth, cumulative emergence are harvested from common property resources in situations whereto Jodha access NS [17], appears most ofto the be nonneither timber restricted forest products nor regulated (NTFPs) so half(percentage) of seeds emerged was highest as seedling. in 10 mm In depthunmixed (100%) soil the and cumulative lowest at surface (0 mm) and 15 mm. In unmixed (pure peat) soil less than that resources are depleted. In cultivated lowland bamboo forest, emergence percentage was equal in the four depths. the number of culms per clump was high (85). This agrees with Soil type is another factor for seed germination; seeds sown in unmixed soil (pure forest soil) have less percentage of seed of control of vegetation forests to a few individuals can lead to a situationthe finding where of Arnold a use ofJE forests [18] in is which, denied privatization access to informal or transfer users of forest products, so that the forests can be well managed. viability (37.5%) than mixed soil (68.78%). Student’s t-test show significant difference in seed viability between two types The reason for less number of culms per clumps in the wild of soils (sig=0.05). But difference in duration of germination is forest could be due to uncontrolled harvesting by the community, insignificant in the two types of soil and sowing depth (Table 1). reported that better seedling emergence speed and cumulative uncontrolled harvesting of bamboo culms, the way of cutting seedlingIn contrast emergence to this; Kassahun at and near E, Iji the PA, surface Yorinori is NA, in conformity [10,14,15], animal disturbance and fire. In the wild forest in addition to with the general trend of increasing seedling emergence with observed that culms were cut near the earths’ surface. On the decreasing sowing depth. otherwas not side, properly. the elders During in the thecommunity field observation claimed that the when researcher culms The variation in viability percentage in the two types of soil of lowland bamboo are cut near the earth’s surface, the ability condition could be due to that there is good porosity, drainage of clump to produce new shoot decreases. So uncontrolled and and aeration in mixed soil, so that moisture and air circulates unwise harvesting of lowland bamboo culms in the wild forest contributed to the decrease in number of culms per clumps. conditions are low, so that the viability of seeds decreases. sufficiently to seeds to germinate, but in the unmixed soil these On the other side, cultivated and protected forests of O. Another factor that affected seed germination in O. abyssinica abyssinica in Mandura Woreda, has high number of calms per clump. The reason for large number of culms could be due to controlled system of harvesting culms, proper management and is sowing depth. Seedling emergence is highest in 10mm depth wise way of cutting and being protected from over disturbance and(100%) 15mm and but lowest no any at surface seedling (0 germination mm) in mixed is observedsoil. In unmixed on the by domestic animals. surfacesoil half (Table of seeds 1,2). germinated at sowing depth of 5mm, 10mm Vegetative expansion ability: During this study the Population and expansion ability vegetative reproduction of O. Abyssinica is observed with a production of new shoot. The percentage of expansion ability of Population size: The number of culms of O. abyssinica varied

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Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access new culms varied in different habitats (protected, cultivated and potential of production of new culms of lowland bamboo is not wild forests habitats.

Human impact on certain habitat such as tropical forest significantly different between protected and wild forest (group is responsible for the spread of bamboo that is able to strive PCONCLUSION and group W) [20]. AND RECOMENDATION Conclusion under disturbed conditions [7,19]. The percentage reproductive clump) and wild forests (16.83 average new shoot per clump) of Mandura Woreda has different patchily distributed ability is high in cultivated (33.08 average new shoots per vegetation features containing plants like Combrutum molle, protected forests (Table 4). Similar survey in Bambassi Woreda Entada abyssinica, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus and O. abyssinica. In lowland bamboo (38.77% and 36% respectively) and lowest in the study Woreda O.abyssinica grows mixed with different tree average number of new shoots per clump per year to be 22. species. Combrutum molle and Entada abyssinica grows more of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State by INBAR [16], showed the The success in the cultivated and wild forests of low land associated with O. abyssinica. bamboo accounts for high percentage of new shoot production Seed germination of O. abyssinica is fast which took average due to the presence of disturbance in the forests. When there is 3 days on Petri dish and 9-12 days in soil. Duration of storage moderate disturbance in any vegetation, the vegetation expansion of seeds before germination has its own effect on speed and and vegetation diversity increases. In the cultivated forests the effectiveness of seed germination. So, seeds stored for two years owners collect mature calms for different uses properly and this loss their viability by 65% and speed of germination slows by 2 moderate disturbance activates the clumps to produce many new days on Petri dish test. Using mixed soil with sand in the ratio shoots. In the same manner, in the wild forest of lowland bamboo there is severe disturbance by human beings, domestic animals, different authors reported the effect of depth of sowing on of 1:1 increases seed viability from 37.5% to 68.78%. Although own negative effects on the reproductive ability of the plant, they activatewild animals the clump and fire. to produce Even though more thisnew allshoots. factors do have their germination speed and efficiency, in this research the effect of depthNumber is not significant of culms on per speed clump of germination. of O. abyssinica varied in In this study the productive ability of new shoot in each different habitats (Table 5). The mean number of culms per clump is positively correlated with circumphrance of clumps clump is highest in protected forests and least in wild forests due correlation between new shoot production and circumference of disturbance and wrong cutting style. with corrolation value of r=0.66. This shows that there is strong to uncontrolled harvesting of the community, animal and fire O. abyssinica is means of regeneration clumpsFurther that moreis significant the new at culm 0.01 production confidence difference level (2- tailed).in the three in which new shoots emerge from the rhizoid every rainy season. TheVegetative percentage expansion expansion of (reproduction) is different in wild, protected and cultivated habitats. It is highest in cultivated and andhabitats cultivated was tested (group by P Tukys’and group honesty C) and test among (p<0.05). cultivated The newand wildculms forest production of lowland was significantly bamboo (group different C and among group the W). protected But the wild forest habitats (38.77% and 36%) per year respectively, Table 3:

SourceSummary of variation table for ANOVA to determine(SS) the significant difference(df) of number Meanof culms Square in the (MS) three types of habitats Fof lowland bamboo.Sig. 2 4.664

Between Groups 12118.722 33 6059.361 0.016 WithinTotal Groups 42874.91754993.639 35 1299.240

Significance level at P<0.05 Table 4: Percentage of new culms production in the three habitats of low land bamboo. Average of Group Average of total culm % of new culm new culm P 86

C 85.33 17.83 20.73 W 33.0816.83 38.7736 46.75 Table 5:

Group(I) Tukey HSD test to determineGroup(J) the significant differenceMean of number Difference of new (I-J) culms in the three types of habitatsStd. Error of lowland bamboo.Sig. P C *

* C W -15.25000 3.40992 .000 16.25000 3.40992 .000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Int J Plant Biol Res 6(6): 1108 (2018) 5/6 Dereso (2018) Email: [email protected]

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Kassahun E. Study on Ecological aspects and resource management to produce new shoots is directly proportional with the of bamboo forests in Ethiopia. Acta Universitatis Agriculture Sueciae 10. circumferencebut least in protected of the clump. forest (20.73%). The ability of clumps 11. Recommendation Silvestria. 2003; 273: 1-25. Rao IV. Delivery systems for planting materials: requirements and Since the seeds of O. abyssinica require good moisture and approaches. In: constraints to production of Bamboo and Rattan. good soil aeration and porocity to germinate effectively. So the 12. INBAR, IDRC Technical Report No.5. 1994. seeds should be sown in highly humid environment and well Prasad P, Nautiyal AR. Influence of seed orientation on seedling aireted. 23: 861-864. emergence in Bauhinia retusa Ham. ex Roxb. Seed Sci Technol. 1995; 13. REFERENCES to pre-rooted and pre-rhizomed branch cuttings and tissue culture. 1. Kassahun E. The indigenous bamboo forests of Ethiopia: an overview. Banik RL. Techniques of bamboo propagation with special reference

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Cite this article Dereso Y (2018) Regeneration Study of Oxytenanthera abyssinica in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia. Int J Plant Biol Res 6(6): 1108.

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