DOCSLIB.ORG

The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law Volume I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law Volume I THE MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME I Published under the Auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Edited under the Direction of Riidiger Wolfrum MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS List of Entries in Volume I xii List of Abbreviations xvii VOLUME I AAPL v Sri Lanka Case to Casamance Conflict VOLUME II Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v France) to Delagoa Bay Arbitration VOLUME III Delagoa Bay Railway Arbitration to Federal States VOLUME IV Feminism, Approach to International Law to Human Rights, Treaties, Extraterritorial Application and Effects VOLUME V Human Rights, Treaties, Third-Party Effect to International Organizations or Institutions, Headquarters VOLUME VI International Organizations or Institutions, History of to Martens Clause VOLUME VII Martini Case to Ozone Layer, International Protection VOLUME VIII Pacific Islands to San Marino VOLUME IX Sanctions to Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation VOLUME X Treaties, Provisional Application to Zones of Peace LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME I AAPL v Sri Lanka Case IRMGARD MARBOE 1 Abduction, Transboundary STEPHAN WILSKE 4 Aboriginal Title HANRI MOSTERT 9 Abu Dhabi Oil Arbitration RUDOLF DOLZER 18 Abuse of Rights ALEXANDRE KISS 20 Abyei Arbitration BROOKS W DALY AND GARTH SCHOFIELD 26 Access to Information on Environmental Matters JONAS EBBESSON 31 Access to Justice in Environmental Matters JONAS EBBESSON .' 37 Accretion RAM P ANAND • 44 Achille Lauro Affair (1985) CHIARA RAGNI 41 Acquiescence NUNO SERGIO MARQUES ANTUNES 53 Acquis communautaire MEINHARD HILF 58 Act of State Doctrine FAUSTO DE QUADROS AND JOHN HENRY DINGFELDER STONE 62 Administrative Boards, Commissions, and Tribunals in International Organizations ANNA RIDDELL 66 Admiralty Law THOMAS DE LA MOTTE 77 Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations (Advisory Opinions) THOMAS M FRANCK 87 Adriatic Sea BUDISLAV VUKAS 89 Advisory Opinions HUGH THIRLWAY 97 Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice on Issues of the International Labour Organization ANNE-MARIE LA ROSA AND EMMANUELLE SAINT-PIERRE GUILBAULT 106 Aegean Sea JON M VAN DYKE 113 Aerial Incident Cases before International Courts and Tribunals KAY HAILBRONNER AND DANIEL HEILMANN 119 Afghanistan, Conflict EBRAHIM AFSAH 127 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) FATSAH OUGUERGOUZ 136 African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACommHPR) RACHEL MURRAY 147 African Court of Justice (ACJ) BIJAN TAVAKOLI 154 African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACtHPR) FRANS VILJOEN 157 African Union (AU) FRANS VILJOEN 162 Age Discrimination STEFAN RUPPERT AND KRISTINA LOVRIC-PERNAK 174 Agenda 21 DINAH SHELTON 184 Agenda for Development NicoJ SCHRIJVER 189 Agenda for Peace HANSPETERNEUHOLD 196 Aggression YORAM DINSTEIN 201 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994) DANIEL GERVAIS 210 LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME I Xlll Ahmadou Sadio Diallo Case (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) KIRSTEN SCHMALENBACH 224 Air Defence Identification Zones J ASHLEY ROACH 231 Air Law LISATOMAS 233 Air Transport Agreements, Regulation of Liability LISATOMAS 242 Air Transport Disputes, Arbitrations on RODERICK D VAN DAM 246 Air Warfare YORAM DINSTEIN , 251 Airspace STEPHAN HOBE 263 Akayesu Case ERIKMOSE 267 Alabama Arbitration TOM BINGHAM 272 Al-Adsani Case ECKART KLEIN 275 Aland Islands STEN HARCK 279 Aliens KAYHAILBRONNERANDJANAGOGOLIN 285 Aliens, Expulsion and Deportation WALTER KALIN 294 Aliens, Integration NORMAN WEISS 299 Alliances LOUISE FAWCETT 305 Altmark, The TOBIAS PIERLINGS ..312 Amazon River GEORGE (ROCK) PRING AND CHRISTIAN TRONCOSO 313 Ambatielos Case WOLFGANG WEISS 317 Amco v Indonesia Case IRMGARD MARBOE 320 American Civil War (1861-65) PETER MALANCZUK 324 American Convention on Human Rights (1969) GERALD LNEUMAN 327 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) CLAUDIO M GROSSMAN 336 American-Canadian Ocean Boundary Disputes and Co-operation TED L MCDORMAN AND DAVID L VANDERZWAAG 342 American-Mexican Boundary Disputes and Co-operation GUNTHERHANDL 348 Amnesties ANJASEIBERT-FOHR 358 Amnesty International (AI) RAMIN MOSCHTAGHI 365 Amu and Syr Darya Rivers and Aral Sea GEORGE (ROCK) PRING AND BRADEN ANGEL 369 Analogy in International Law SILJA VONEKY 374 Andean Community of Nations (CAN) RAFAEL A PORRATA-DORIAJR 381 Andean Community of Nations, Court ofjustice RAFAEL A PORRATA-DORIAJR .... 385 Andorra RAMON VINAS FARRE 388 Angary, Right of WOLFF HEINTSCHEL VON HEINEGG 391 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case ALEXANDER ORAKHELASHVILI 396 Angola INGO WINKELMANN 400 Annexation RAINER HOFMANN 408 Antarctica SILJA VONEKY AND SANGEADDISON-AGYEI 418 Anti-Dumping EDWIN VERMULST 436 Anti-Semitism ROBBIE SABEL 445 Antitrust or Competition Law, International JURGEN BASEDOW 450 ANZUS Pact (1951) WILFRLED HOLZ 458 Apartheid JULIA GEBHARD 461 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Case (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro) WILLIAM A SCHABAS 468 Xiv LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME I Aqaba, Gulf of ANDREA GIOIA 475 Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004) MERVAT RISHMAWI 480 Arab Free Trade Area Agreement (1997) KILIAN BALZ 493 Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) RACHID OUAISSA 496 Arab-Israeli Conflict SUSAN M AKRAM AND MICHAEL LYNK 499 Arbitral Commission on Property, Rights and Interests in Germany ROLAND BANK 525 Arbitration CHARLES H BROWER II 531 Arbitration and Conciliation Treaties NICHOLAS BUTLER 549 Archipelagic Waters CARLOS JIMENEZ PIERNAS 553 Archives THOMAS FITSCHEN 560 Arctic Region MICHAEL BYERS 567 Argentina-Chile Frontier Cases XIMENA HINRICHS OYARCE 575 Argentine Debt Crisis JORN AXEL KAMMERER 579 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo Cases ROBERT UERPMANN-WITTZACK 587 Armed Attack KARL ZEMANEK 595 Armed Conflict, Effect on Contracts NIELS PETERSEN 600 Armed Conflict, Effect on Treaties SILJA VONEKY " 606 Armed Conflict, International EMILY CRAWFORD 612 Armed Conflict, Non-International THILO MARAUHN AND ZACHARIE F NTOUBANDI 626 Armed Forces JEAN-MARIE HENCKAERTS 637 Armistice YORAM DINSTEIN 640 Arms, Traffic in ANTHONY E CASSIMATIS AND KATE GREENWOOD 646 Arrest Warrant Case (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium) MATTHIAS GOLDMANN 653 Artificial Islands, Installations, and Structures ALEX G OUDE ELFERINK 661 Asama Maru Incident (1940) INGO VENZKE 665 Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) SHIKHARRANJAN 667 Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) RAINERGROTE 674 Assembly, Freedom of, International Protection NORMAN WEISS 678 Assimilation, Forced WALTER KALIN 684 Association, Freedom of, International Protection ANA PAULA BARBOSA-FOHRMANN 689 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) PETER MALANCZUK 695 Astronauts VLADLEN S VERESHCHETIN 710 Asylum, Diplomatic PRAKASH SHAH 713 Asylum, Territorial KAY HAILBRONNER AND JANA GOGOLIN 716 Asymmetric Warfare WOLFF HEINTSCHEL VON HEINEGG 725 Atlantic Charter (1941) MOHAMED BENNOUNA 734 Atmosphere, International Protection CHARLOTTE KREUTER-KIRCHHOF 737 Austrian StateTreaty (1955) GERHARD HAFNER 744 Aut dedere aut iudicare MICHAEL P SCHARF 749 Autonomy MARKKU SUKSI 754 Avena and Other Mexican Nationals Case (Mexico v United States of America) PIERRE-MARIE DUPUY AND CRISTINAHOSS 768 Badinter Commission (for the Former Yugoslavia) MALGOSIA FITZMAURICE 775 Balance of Power DETLEV VAGTS 786 LIST OF ENTRIES IN VOLUME I XV Balkan Pact (1953-54) MAJASMRKOLJ 790 Baltic Sea PETER EHLERS 794 Baltic States PETER VAN ELSUWEGE 803 Banco de Bilbao v Sancha and Rey Case MATTHIAS HERDEGEN 817 Bandung Conference (1955) MOHAMED BENNOUNA 819 Bank for International Settlements (BIS) MARC JACOB 821 Bankovic Case CHARLOTTE STEINORTH 826 Barcelona Traction Case STEPHAN WITTICH 832 Barents Sea SUZANNE LALONDE 840 Barrios Altos Case STEFANO BRUGNATELLI 847 Baselines TULLIO SCOVAZZI 852 Bays and Gulfs ANDREA GIOIA 859 Beagle Channel Dispute LOUISE ANGELIQUE DE LA FAYETTE 863 Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) EDUARDSOMERS 869 Belize Dispute HAZEL FOX 874 Belligerency VALENTINA AZAROV AND IDO BLUM 878 Belts and Sund KAARE BANGERT 883 Bering Sea SUZANNE LALONDE 888 Berlin (1945-91) JOCHEN A FROWEIN 894 Berlin Congress (1878) SINA VAN DEN BOGAERT 900 Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-85) ANTONY ANGHIE 906 Best Practices HOLLIN DICKERSON 908 Bhutan PETER MACALISTER-SMITH 914 Biafra Conflict HENNING LAHMANN 920 Biological Diversity, International Protection NELE MATZ-LUCK 927 Biological Safety MARKUS BOCKENFORDE 937 Biological Weapons and Warfare DOMINIKA SVARC 944 Black Sea KATRIN TIROCH 949 Blaskic Case GIDEON BOAS 956 Blockade WOLFF HEINTSCHELVON HEINEGG 960 Bogota Pact (1948) EDUARDO VALENCIA-OSPINA 972 Bombardment AVRIL MCDONALD AND THOMAS BRUHA 979 Bonn and Paris Agreements on Germany (1952 and 1954) FRANK SCHORKOPF .... 985 Booty in Warfare YORAM DINSTEIN ." 990 Borchgrave Case CRISTINA HOSS 993 Border and Transborder Armed Actions Case (Nicaragua v Honduras; Nicaragua v Costa Rica) ANDRE VON WALTER 998 Bosphorus Case NICOLA WENZEL 1001 Boundary Disputes in Africa JACQUES JACOBS AND HANRI MOSTERT 1008 Boundary Disputes in Latin America MARIA TERESA INFANTE CAFFI 1017 Boundary Settlements of Germany after World War II DANIEL-ERASMUS KHAN 1028 Boycott CHRISTOPHER CJOYNER 1039 Brahmaputra River GEORGE (ROCK) PRING AND SHAWN M DAVLIN 1045 Brazilian Loans Case and Serbian Loans Case GERALD G SANDER 1049 Brest-Litovsk, Peace of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A/HRC/46/61/Add.1 General Assembly
    United Nations A/HRC/46/61/Add.1 General Assembly Distr.: General 15 March 2021 English only Human Rights Council Forty-sixth session 22 February–19 March 2021 Agenda items 2 and 5 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Human rights bodies and mechanisms Facts and figures with regard to the special procedures in 2020* * Reproduced as received, in the language of submission only. GE.21-03461(E) A/HRC/46/61/Add.1 Contents Page I. Fact sheet on special procedures 2020 ............................................................................................. 3 II. Statistics on current mandate holders (as at 31 December 2020) ..................................................... 4 III. Overview of standing invitations ..................................................................................................... 5 IV. Statistics on standing invitations ...................................................................................................... 9 V. Overview of country and other official visits conducted in 2020 .................................................... 10 VI. Statistics on country visits conducted in 2020 ................................................................................. 11 VII. Overview of States not yet visited by any mandate holder .............................................................. 12 VIII. Status of country visits from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • As of 10 Oct. 2020
    As of 10 Oct. 2020 - Subject to change Provisional list of special procedure mandate-holders and other experts scheduled to make presentations to the Third Committee of the General Assembly at its seventy-fifth session Thursday 8 October 2020 (am) - Item 27 (a - c): Social development 1. Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Mr. LIU Zhenmin 2. Director of the Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD), DESA, Ms. Daniela BAS 3. Assistant Director-General for Education, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Ms. Stefania GIANNINI 4. Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons, Ms. Claudia MAHLER (GA res. 74/125, para 54 and HRC res. 42/12, para 2) - Item 111, 112, & 113: Crime; Information and Technologies; Drugs 5. Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Ms. Ghada WALY Friday, 9 October 2020 (am) - Item 28: Advancement of women 1. Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women and girls, Ms. Elizabeth Broderick (HRC res. 41/6, para. 11 and 44/17, para. 13) 2. Deputy Executive Director, Normative Support, UN System Coordination and Programme Results, UN-WOMEN, Ms. Asa REGNER 3. Deputy Executive Director (Programme), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Ms. Diene KEITA 4. Chair of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Ms. Hilary GBEDEMAH (GA res. 73/162, para 3 5. Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Dubravka ŠIMONOVIC (GA res. 73/148, para 24 and HRC res.
    [Show full text]
  • This Written Input
    [email protected] www.fatfplatform.org Input of Global NPO Coalition on FATF to the UN Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact Working Groups on Criminal Justice, Legal Responses and Countering the Financing of Terrorism and Promoting and Protecting Human Rights and the Rule of Law while Countering Terrorism and Supporting Victims of Terrorism 13 November 2020 Introduction The Global NPO Coalition on FATF (Coalition) appreciates this opportunity to provide input to the Working Groups on the timely and important questions presented in the Call for Input. The Coalition is a network of diverse nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that advocates the effective, risk-based implementation of FATF Recommendations affecting NPOs, particularly Recommendation 8 (R8). Since 2014, the Coalition has brought together NPOs from around the world to address FATF-related issues. It established a constructive relationship with the FATF Secretariat, enabling transparent engagement. Most notably, in 2016 this engagement resulted in revision of R8 and update of the accompanying guidance documents. Both the FATF standards and UN Security Council Resolution 2462 (SCR 2462) state that CFT measures should be consistent with States’ obligations under international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL). The Coalition supports development of guidance to help States implement this mandate. Much needs to be done to achieve this goal, as evidenced by the findings in the 3 June 2020 UN report1 on implementation of UNSC Res. 2462. In summarizing the 112 responses to survey questions regarding IHRL, the report notes that fewer than 60 percent of States answered these questions, with even fewer describing concrete measures taken.
    [Show full text]
  • Third Committee) United Nations General Assembly, 75Th Session
    Social, Humanitarian & Cultural Issues (Third Committee) United Nations General Assembly, 75th Session Overview of Thematic and Country Discussions Photo: UN WebTV (8 October 2020) 1 http://webtv.un.org/search?term=third+committee&sort=date Summary of Interactive Dialogues 5 October 2020 – Opening, Organizational matters, General Debate .............................................................3 6 October 2020 – Presentation by the President of the General Assembly and General Debate ...................4 7-8 October 2020 – General Debate on Social development ...........................................................................4 9 October 2020 – Interactive Dialogue on the Advancement of women’s rights and on the Rights of children .............................................................................................................................................................5 12 October 2020 – Interactive Dialogue on the Rights of children and the Rights of indigenous peoples .....8 13 October 2020 – Presentation of reports of the Secretary-General and the High Commissioner for Human Rights ................................................................................................................................................ 10 14 October 2020 – Interactive Dialogue with the High Commissioner for Human Rights ............................ 12 15 October 2020 – Interactive Dialogues on Torture, International Solidarity, Countering terrorism and Independence of judges and lawyers. ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UN Monitor: COVID-19 Round-Up on Human Rights - 20-04-2020
    UN Monitor: COVID-19 Round-Up on Human Rights - 20-04-2020 The global impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the responses have raised a wide range of human rights concerns. UN human rights experts and the UN High Commissioner have spoken out, collectively and individually, issuing statements covering the full range of civic, political, economic and cultural rights. These can be found on the UN OHCHR website: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/COVID-19- and-Special-Procedures.aspx Ms. Michele Bachelet, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has issued a statement saying: “Instead of taking action to increase the health response, some leaders are seeking to capitalize on people’s fear of COVID-19 by deflecting anger toward vulnerable communities like migrants—people already unfairly blamed for society’s ills.” Read more … A group of over 60 UN Special Procedures experts urged States to assist without exception to all during these times of COVID crisis and reminded that everyone has right to life-saving interventions. Read more... A group of 26 UN human rights experts have urged States to avoid overreach of security measures in their response to the coronavirus outbreak and reminded them that emergency powers should not be used to quash dissent. Read more… A group of 57 UN human rights experts have expressed grave concern at the multiplication of accounts of police killings and other acts of violence within the context of COVID-19 emergency measures. Read more... Mr. Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, the UN Independent Expert on foreign debt and human rights, urged States to increase spending that targets inequalities and poverty caused by the COVID-19 crisis, and not just bail out corporations, banks and investors without human rights or social conditions attached.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Special Procedures Mandate
    Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights in Eritrea JULY Alena Douhan Daniela Kravetz The Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council are English, Russian Spanish, English independent human rights experts with mandates to report and [email protected] [email protected] advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. The system of Special Procedures is a central element of the United Nations human rights machinery and Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its covers all rights: civil, cultural, economic, political, and social. 2020 causes and consequences Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran Dubravka Šimonovic As of November 2018, there are 56 Special Procedures (44 Javaid Rehman English, thematic mandates and 12 mandates relating to countries or English [email protected] territories) with currently 80 mandate-holders. [email protected] With the support of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Special Procedures Independent expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity Independent Expert on the situation of human rights undertake country visits; act on individual cases and concerns Victor Madrigal-Borloz in Mali of a broader, structural nature by sending communications to Spanish, English Alioune Tine States in which they bring alleged violations to their attention; [email protected] English conduct thematic studies and convene expert consultations, [email protected] develop international human rights standards, engage in advocacy, raise public awareness; and provide advice and Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and support for technical cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • November 13, 2020
    QE Index Djokovic leads soars over the star cast as 320 points London bids last week farewell to Finals Business | 12 Sport | 14 FRIDAY 13 NOVEMBER 2020 27 RABIA 1-1442 VOLUME 25 NUMBER 8440 www.thepeninsula.qa 2 RIYALS Recharge using the app and get health insurance as a gift! Deputy PM signs military cooperation UN official: Lift sanctions agreement with Libyan Defence Minister against Qatar immediately IRFAN BUKHARI she said that imposition of sanc- a frank and open dialogue. She THE PENINSULA tions against Qatar by the four will present a full report to the states lacked any legal basis. United Nations Human Rights Terming the unilateral restric- She thanked the gov- Council in September 2021. tions imposed against Qatar by ernment of Qatar for enabling During her stay in Qatar, four blockading countries on and supporting her visit. She said she met with H E Prime Min- June 5, 2017 and later as ‘violation that the purpose of the visit was ister and Minister of Interior; H of international legal standards’, to assess the impact of unilateral E Deputy Prime Minister and the UN Special Rapporteur on sanctions imposed by Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs; H E unilateral coercive measures and Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Deputy Prime Minister and human rights, Alena Douhan, has Bahrain and Egypt on the Minister of State for Defence called upon Saudi Arabia, the enjoyment of human rights by Affairs; senior government offi- UAE, Bahrain and Egypt to people living in Qatar, people cials, representatives of inter- immediately withdraw all such living in the four countries and national organisations, diplo- restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2020 Volume XLIII, Bulletin No. 6 Contents Page I. Ad Hoc Liaison
    June 2020 Volume XLIII, Bulletin No. 6 Contents Page I. Ad Hoc Liaison Committee of donors holds ministerial level meeting 1 II. Palestinian Rights Committee holds United Nations Forum on “Threats of Annexation and the Prospects for Peace” 3 III. Organization of Islamic Cooperation rejects Israeli annexation 8 IV. Arab Group in the UN opposes election of Israel as Sixth Committee Vice Chair 12 V. UN Special Rapporteurs and Experts call on the international community to ensure accountability for annexation 12 VI. Human Rights Council adopts four resolutions on the Human Rights Situation in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories 15 VII. UN Special Coordinator appeals to Middle East Quartet to restart negotiations between Israel and Palestine 36 VIII. Donors pledge US$ 130 million for UNRWA 38 IX. UN Secretary-General calls on Israel to renounce West Bank annexation plans in briefing to Security Council 39 Contents Page X. UN Special Coordinator reiterates grave concern over the continuing threat of Israeli annexation while reporting on implementation of resolution 2334 (2016) 40 XI Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Norway and the UK issue joint statement on annexation following Security Council meeting 44 XII. UN Special Rapporteur issues statement on the role of the EU and looming Israeli annexation 45 XIII. UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices issues end-of- mission statement 48 XIV. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urges Israel to halt West Bank annexation plans 50 The Bulletin can be found in the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL) on the Internet at: https://www.un.org/unispal/data-collection/monthly-bulletin/ Disclaimer: The texts cited in this Monthly Bulletin have been reproduced in their original form.
    [Show full text]