Brain Imaging Evanjali Pradhan* *Department of Microbiology, Utkal University, India

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Brain Imaging Evanjali Pradhan* *Department of Microbiology, Utkal University, India Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Editorial Brain Imaging Evanjali Pradhan* *Department of Microbiology, Utkal University, India EDITORIAL The use of lipid isolates from the acid-resistant archaea The 'human circulation equilibrium,' proposed by Italian Sulfolobus islandicus has conferred on the order of 10% neuroscientist Angelo Mosso, could non-invasively calculate the survival of liposome-encapsulated agents as they pass through transfer of blood during emotional and intellectual activity, is the the stomach; one research field has been around the use of first chapter in the history of neuroimaging. The technique of lipid isolates from the acid-resistant archaea Sulfolobus ventriculography was invented by American neurosurgeon Walter islandicus, which confers on the order of 10% survival of Dandy in 1918. By injecting filtered air directly into one or both liposome-encapsulated agents as they pass through the lateral ventricles of the brain, X-ray images of the ventricular system stomach. Neuroradiologists are physicians who specialise in inside the brain were obtained. Dandy also discovered that air conducting and interpreting neuroimaging in a clinical injected into the subarachnoid space through lumbar spinal setting. Neuroimaging is divided into two categories: puncture could penetrate the cerebral ventricles, as well as the 1. Structural imaging examines the nervous system's cerebrospinal fluid compartments around the base and over the structure and aids in the diagnosis of gross (large- surface of the brain. Pneumoencephalography was the name of the scale) intracranial disease (such as a tumour) and procedure. Egas Moniz invented cerebral angiography in 1927, injury. which allowed for the detailed visualisation of both regular and 2. Functional imaging is a form of imaging that can be irregular blood vessels in and around the brain. Magnetic resonance used to diagnose metabolic disorders and lesions on imaging (MRI or MR scanning) was created almost simultaneously a smaller scale (such as Alzheimer's disease), as well by researchers such as Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur, who as for neurological and cognitive science research shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003. Clinical and the development of brain-computer interfaces. MRI was launched in the early 1980s, and the 1980s saw a veritable explosion of scientific refinements and diagnostic MR applications. The broad blood flow changes calculated by PET could be imaged The transmission of information by brain centres, for example, by the correct form of MRI, scientists discovered quickly. Because of can be visualised directly using functional imaging. The involved its low invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, and wide region of the brain increases metabolism and "lights up" on the availability, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been scan as a result of this processing. The study of "thought the de facto standard in the field of brain mapping since the 1990s. identification" or "mind-reading" is one of the most contentious applications of neuroimaging. *Correspondence to: Evanjali Pradhan, Department of Microbiology, Utkal University, India, E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 06, 2021; Accepted: March 13, 2021; Published: March 20, 2021 Citation: Pradhan E (2021) Brain Imaging. J Biomed Eng & Med Dev. 6:155. Copyright: © 2021 Pradhan E. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J Biomed Eng & Med Dev, Vol.6.3:155 .
Recommended publications
  • Radiation Protection Guidance for Diagnostic X Rays
    Disclaimer - For assistance accessing this document or additional information, please contact [email protected]. EPA 520/4-76-019 FEDERAL GUIDANCE REPORT NO. 9 RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDANCE FOR DIAGNOSTIC X RAYS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP ON MEDICAL RADIATION FEDERAL GUIDANCE REPORT NO. 9 RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDANCE FOR DIAGNOSTIC X RAYS Interagency Working Group on Medical Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 October 1976 PREFACE The authority of the Federal Radiation Council to provide radiation protection guidance was transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency on December 2, 1970, by Reorganization Plan No. 3. Prior to this transfer, the Federal Radiation Council developed reports which provided the basis for guidance recommended to the President for use by Federal agencies in developing standards for a wide range of radiation exposure circumstances. This report, which was prepared in cooperation with an Interagency Working Group on Medical Radiation formed on July 5, 1974, constitutes a similar objective to provide the basis for recommendations to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure due to medical uses of diagnostic x rays. The Interagency Working Group developed its recommendations with the help of two subcommittees. The Subcommittee on Prescription of Exposure to X rays examined factors to eliminate clinically unproductive examinations and the Subcommittee on Technic of Exposure Prevention examined factors to assure the use of optimal technic in performing x-ray examinations. Both subcommittees also considered the importance of appropriate and properly functioning equipment in producing radiographs of the required diagnostic quality with minimal exposure. Reports by these subcommittees were made available for public comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurological Critical Care: the Evolution of Cerebrovascular Critical Care Cherylee W
    50TH ANNIVERSARY ARTICLE Neurological Critical Care: The Evolution of Cerebrovascular Critical Care Cherylee W. J. Chang, MD, FCCM, KEY WORDS: acute ischemic stroke; cerebrovascular disease; critical FACP, FNCS1 care medicine; history; intracerebral hemorrhage; neurocritical care; Jose Javier Provencio, MD, FCCM, subarachnoid hemorrhage FNCS2 Shreyansh Shah, MD1 n 1970, when 29 physicians first met in Los Angeles, California, to found the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), there was little to offer for the acute management of a patient suffering from an acute cerebrovascular Icondition except supportive care. Stroke patients were not often found in the ICU. Poliomyelitis, and its associated neuromuscular respiratory failure, cre- ated a natural intersection of neurology with critical care; such was not the case for stroke patients. Early textbooks describe that the primary decision in the emergency department was to ascertain whether a patient could swallow. If so, the patient was discharged with the advice that nothing could be done for the stroke. If unable to swallow, a nasogastric tube was inserted and then the patient was discharged with the same advice. In the 50 intervening years, many advances in stroke care have been made. Now, acute cerebrovascular patients are not infrequent admissions to an ICU for neurologic monitoring, observa- tion, and aggressive therapy (Fig. 1). HISTORY Over 50 years ago, stroke, previously called “apoplexy” which means “struck down with violence” or “to strike suddenly,” was a clinical diagnosis that was confirmed by autopsy as a disease of the CNS of vascular origin (1). In the 1960s, approximately 25% of stroke patients died within 24 hours and nearly half died within 2 to 3 weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Pneumoencephalographic Planimetry in Neurological Diseaset
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.32.3.241 on 1 June 1969. Downloaded from J. Nearol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1969, 32, 241-248 Pneumoencephalographic planimetry in neurological diseaset H. E. BOOKER, C. G. MATTHEWS, AND W. R. WHITEHURST2 From the Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The outline of the ventricular system on the In the present investigation planographic rather pneumoencephalogram (PEG) can be easily than linear measures of ventricular size were used. measured and lends itself to quantification. Several The subjects were not selected on the basis of a methods have been developed which utilize linear particular aetiology nor on the basis of presence or measures of the ventricles, or ratios of ventricle to absence of asymmetry of the lateral ventricles. skull size. Planographic measurements of the area of Detailed clinical and electroencephalographic data the ventricles have been employed in a few studies, were available on all subjects for purposes of but have generally been dismissed as too cumber- diagnostic classification, and, in addition, a stan- some for use (Bruijn, 1959). dardized battery of neuropsychological tests pro- While a number of previous investigators have viding quantitative measurement of intellectual and Protected by copyright. related quantitative PEG findings to clinical motor-sensory status was administered to the neurological and psychometric data, most studies majority of the subjects. PEG data on a group of have suffered from one or more limitations. Studies subjects without clinical, neurological, or electro- reporting measurements on a large number of PEGs encephalographic evidence of neurological disease have usually been limited in amount and specificity were also included for comparison purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Esotropia: Unusual Complication of Myelography and Pneumoencephalography
    278 Esotropia: Unusual Complication of Myelography and Pneumoencephalography Harris Newmark 111,1 Norman Levin,2 Richard K. APV and Jack D. Wax2 Myelography and pneumoencephalography are invasive years later showed occasional diplopia on left gaze. The patient procedures with many complications. We report two cases was asymptomatic 10 years later. of esotropia that developed 8 and 7 days after a Pantopaque myelogram and a pneumoencephalogram, respectively. For­ Discussion tunately, the esotropia was temporary in both cases. This rare complication, of which very few radiologists are aware, These cases are interesting in that they illustrate that was presumably secondary to the lumbar puncture per­ esotropia can be a complication of myelography and pneu­ formed for the procedure. moencephalography, although it is extremely rare. It has been reported to be a complication in 0.25%-1.00% of lumbar punctures [1 , 2], but we believe it is much rarer Case Reports since none of us, or any of our colleagues, could recall a Case 1 similar episode. The probable pathogenesis is that cerebrospinal fluid A 27-year-old man had a lumbar myelogram for a suspected leaks through the dura at the puncture site. The cerebro­ herniated nucleus pulposus at L5-S1 which caused right-sided leg spinal fluid pressure is less in the lumbar region than in the pain . The lumbar puncture was performed with ease on the first attempt with an 18 gauge spinal needle. The cerebrospinal fluid intracranial area after this procedure. Subsequently the was clear and the laboratory test results were normal except for a brain stem shifts caudally and the cranial nerves are slightly slight elevation of protein.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Scan Echoencephalography in Measurement of the Cerebral Ventricles
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.31.3.245 on 1 June 1968. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1968, 31, 245-249 A-scan echoencephalography in measurement of the cerebral ventricles ANAND G. GARG AND ALEX. R. TAYLOR From the Department ofNeurological Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland The first attempts at ultrasonic visualization of the METHOD cerebral ventricles were made by Dussik (1948), The ventricular measurements obtained at echoen- Ballantine, Ludwig, Bolt, and Hueter (1950), and cephalography were compared with the x-ray measure- Hueter and Bolt (1951), using the transmission ments made at pneumoencephalography. method. The possible use of the pulse-echo method ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS The third and lateral (echoencephalography) for the diagnosis of hy- ventricles are supratentorial structures. The third ventricle lies between the two thalmi, communicating drocephalus was suggested by Leksell (1956). Later in front with the lateral ventricles through the inter- Kikuchi, Uchida, Tanaka, and Wagai (1957) and de ventricular foramina and behind with the aqueduct of Vlieger and Ridder (1959) recorded echoes from the the midbrain. The septum lucidum and the third ventricle walls of the lateral ventricles. According to Gordon lie in the central plane of the brain. Protected by copyright. (1959), and de Vlieger and Ridder (1959), the width The lateral ventricle is a C-shaped cavity lying within of the third ventricle can also be measured. ter the cerebral hemisphere. It consists of a central body and Braak, Crezde, Grandia, and de Vleger (1961) used three horns-anterior, posterior, and temporal-running pneumoencephalography to study the origin of into the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes respec- ventricular echoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroradiology Back to the Future: Brain Imaging
    Published December 8, 2011 as 10.3174/ajnr.A2936 50TH ANNIVERSARY PERSPECTIVES Neuroradiology Back to the Future: Brain Imaging E.G. Hoeffner SUMMARY: The beginning of neuroradiology can be traced to the early 1900s with the use of skull S.K. Mukherji radiographs. Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography were introduced in 1918 and 1919, re- spectively, and carotid angiography, in 1927. Technical advances were made in these procedures A. Srinivasan during the next 40 years that lead to improved diagnosis of intracranial pathology. Yet, they remained D.J. Quint invasive procedures that were often uncomfortable and associated with significant morbidity. The introduction of CT in 1971 revolutionized neuroradiology. Ventriculography and pneumoencephalogra- phy were rendered obsolete. The imaging revolution continued with the advent of MR imaging in the early 1980s. Noninvasive angiographic techniques have curtailed the use of conventional angiography, and physiologic imaging gives us a window into the function of the brain. In this historical review, we will trace the origin and evolution of the advances that have led to the quicker, less invasive diagnosis and resulted in more rapid therapy and improved outcomes. ABBREVIATIONS: CPA ϭ cerebellopontine angle; EDH ϭ epidural hematoma; LP ϭ lumbar punc- ture; NMR ϭ nuclear magnetic resonance; SDH ϭ subdural hematoma fforts to image the CNS began with skull radiographs duced by trauma, surgery, or infection.3 Skull radiographs Eshortly after Roentgen’s discovery of x-rays.1-3 In the early were also used to diagnose fractures and foreign bodies.9 20th century, contrast studies of the brain, by using air for Obtaining a single skull radiograph took minutes, with the contrast, were developed with the introduction of ventriculog- radiograph being produced on a glass plate with a slowly re- raphy and pneumoencephalography.4,5 Shortly thereafter, ce- sponding photographic emulsion.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Spect with Tl-201 Ddc
    BRAIN SPECT WITH TL-201 DDC INIS-mf —11361 BRAIN SPECT WITH TL-201 DDC BRAIN SPECT WITH TL-201 DDC ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof, dr S.K. Thoden van Velzen, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit (Oude Lutherse Kerk, ingang Singel 411, hoek Spui), op donderdag 21 april 1988 te 13.30 uur door Johan Frederik de Brume geboren te 's Gravenhage AMSTERDAM 1988 Promotor : Prof, dr J.B. van der Schoot Copromotor : Dr E.A. van Royen To my parents Joey, Joost and Duco The publication of this thesis was financially supported by: The Netherlands Heart Foundation CIL, BV, Mallinckrodt General Electric Medical Systems Printed in the Netherlands Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam ISBN: 90-900-2127-2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Current methods in neuroimaging and cerebral blood flow measurements 5 2.1. Angiography and digital subtraction angiography 5 2.2. Duplex sonography 7 2.3. Technetium-99m pertechnetate brainscintigraphy 8 2.4. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements with Xenon-133 8 2.5. Computed tomography and Xenon-enhanced computed tomography 9 2.6. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging 13 2.7. Positron emission tomography 15 2.8. Single-photon emission computed tomography 16 2.9. Regional cerebral blood flow imaging and blood- brain barrier 25 2.10. Cerebral blood flow tracers for SPECT 27 2.11. Possible applications of SPECT brain studies 32 Chapter 3: Functional brain imaging with 1-123 amphetamine First experience in the Netherlands 53 Chapter 4: Thallium-201 diethyldithiocarbamate 69 4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 38Th ANNUAL MEETING of the AMERICAN SOCIETY of NEUROIMAGING
    NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICIANS, BY CLINICIANS h 38 Anua JANUARYMeeting 15-18, 2015 Carefree Resort Carefree, Arizona ONSITE PROGRAM WELCOME TO THE 38th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEUROIMAGING Table of Contents General and CME Information Page 2 Board & Committee Members Page 3 Program at a Glance Page 4-5 2015 Course Directors and Faculty Page 6 Meeting Program Pages 7-17 Faculty Disclosures Pages 18-19 Presidential Address & Awards Luncheon Agenda Pages 20-21 All ASN Members are encouraged to attend January 18, 2014 Minutes Pages 22-23 2015 Awards Page 24 Abstract Titles Page 25-28 Exhibitors Page 29-30 Social Events Page 31 HANDOUTS Pre-registered attendees were sent a link to the meeting handouts prior to the meeting. The link was sent from [email protected] ABSTRACTS Abstract titles and authors are listed on pates 25-28. Full text abstracts can be found online at www.asnwweb.org CME CREDITS Attendees will be sent a link to the online evaluation form after the meeting. The email will come from [email protected]. The CME form can be downloaded from the last page of the overall meeting evaluation. Please save your CME form for your records; ASN does not track attendee CME hours. General and CME Information ASN Mission Statement The American Society of Neuroimaging (ASN) is an international, professional organization of clinicians, technologists and research scientists who are dedicated to education, advocacy and research to promote neuroimaging as a crucial to the treatment and investigation of disorders of the nervous system. The ASN supports the right of qualified physicians to utilize neuroimaging modalities for the evaluation and management of their patients, and the right of patients with neurological disorders to have access to appropriate neuroimaging modalities and to physicians qualified in their use and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Neuroimaging and The
    1/7/2013 Oldendorf-1978-Wartenburg Lecture to AAN 1895-Roentgen and Xray History of Neuroimaging 1918-Dandy-Pneumo and Ventriculography and the ASN 1922-First myelogram by a general surgeon 1927-Moniz and cerebral arteriography 1961- Oldendorf- Basis for CT Scanning Jack Greenberg MD 1973- Houndsfield- Noble for CT Scan William Kinkel MD 2003- Lauterber and Mansfield-Nobel for MR William Oldendorf MD- First William Oldendorf President of the ASN-we were the Professor of Neurology- UCLA and VA beneficiaries of his Hospital in Los Angeles accomplishments Predicted CT would take over neurology. Embrace it-Get on Board or be left at the station First President of ASN. Won Lasker Award for his original work on basis of CT in 1975. 1 1/7/2013 At his funeral, the following was First CT Scanners said: "Bill's mind was Einstein's universe, finite, but boundless. Always reaching Mass General into spheres you wouldn't imagine." These are the words of L. Jolyon West, Mayo Clinic MD, Chairman of Psychiatry at UCLA. Rush Medical School-Neurology Dept Bill died from the complications of heart disease on December 14, 1992' The 4th- Bill Kinkle, Dent Neurologic Institute, scientific community has been well aware of his prodigious research and Buffalo, NY fundamental observations in blood-brain th barrier mechanisms, cerebral metabolism, and perhaps most 16 - Bill Stewart in Atlanta importantly, the th principles of computed tomography. 29 - Jack Greenberg in Philadelphia-first in Pennsylvania. Jim Toole pushed the AAN to get William Kinkle MD- second involved President of ASN-the real father of the ASN.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychology 610-27 Neuroimaging Seminar and Lab Fall Semester, 2018 Class Meetings: Instructor: Dr
    Psy 610-27 Human Brain Imaging Page 1 Psychology 610-27 Neuroimaging Seminar and Lab Fall Semester, 2018 Class meetings: Instructor: Dr. Hoi-Chung Leung Tuesday 1 – 4 pm Office: Psych B, Room 314 Psych A, Room 141 Office Hours: By appointment Course Description This is a multidisciplinary graduate-level course that aims to survey the current advances and issues in the field of human brain imaging. The course will cover several imaging techniques and their applications in studying human behavior and brain function. The course starts by an overview of in vivo neuroimaging in animals and humans. It then covers the basics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): physics of image formation, resolution limits, physiological basis of fMRI signal, etc. We will discuss statistical, data analysis, and date interpretation issues. Other topics include diffusion and perfusion MRI, pharmacological imaging (e.g., PET), neuromodulation (e.g., TMS), etc. In the lab portion, students will receive training on fMRI experimental design, image acquisition, and image processing and analysis. Class Format The class will be in the format of seminar style lectures, laboratory exercises and discussions. Students will conduct a group project in the form of a small scale experiment to practice the basic neuroimaging skills. Credits: 0-1: lectures only; 3: lectures and lab (mandatory) COURSE PREREQUISITE ( optional but preferred): Basic matlab and scripting skills, and introductory or college-level subjects in biopsychology (e.g., Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience and Neuroanatomy), probability, linear algebra, differential equations, physiology, chemistry, and physics. COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Obtain a basic understanding of various brain imaging approaches and techniques used for studying human and animal brain function.
    [Show full text]
  • GUIDELINE for DIAGNOSIS and MANAGEMENT of POST DURAL PUNCTURE HEADACHE in OBSTETRICS Background Symptoms of PDPH
    GUIDELINE FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POST DURAL PUNCTURE HEADACHE IN OBSTETRICS Background CSF acts as a cushion supporting and protecting the brain. Leakage of CSF from the subarachnoid space through a dural breach, can lead to loss of this support. The resulting traction on the innervated tissues around the brain can be responsible for the headache that follows.This headache, called post-dural puncture (PDPH), or low-pressure headache (LPH), is postural and usually self limiting, appearing on the first or second day after dural puncture and lasting less than seven days. However, in cases where the headache is severe enough that the mother is unable to cope with her normal daily tasks and look after her newborn baby, conservative management becomes unsustainable. Epidural blood patch (EBP), if not contraindicated, is the treatment of choice in these cases, especially if symptoms suggestive of cranial nerve involvement are present. The incidence and severity of headache is directly related to the size and the design of the needle used. The majority of parturients suffering inadvertent dural puncture with a Tuohy needle will develop a PDPH, severe enough to require EBP, while the introduction of small-gauge needles with pencil points has greatly reduced the incidence of headaches after spinal anaesthesia. Although the headache is self limiting, the possibility, however remote, of a serious complication such as a subdural haematoma to occur if the hole in the dura is not sealed, has to be kept in mind. Symptoms of PDPH PDPH is classically fronto-occipital and is often associated with neck stiffness.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation: Going Inside the Black Box
    Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation: Going inside the black box Benzi M. Kluger M.D., M.S. Director, Movement Disorders Center Associate Professor of Neurology & Psychiatry University of Colorado OUTLINE I. What is neuroimaging and neurostimulation? II. Brief history of neuroimaging and neurostimulation in Parkinson’s? III. Why is this important? IV. What’s in the research pipeline? V. What else is happening at the University of Colorado? The Black Box I. What is neuroimaging and neurostimulation? Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system. Neuroimaging What can we see inside the head? • Structure • Molecules • Blood Flow • Metabolic/Chemicals Activity • Electrical Activity Neuroimaging • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Scans (e.g. DAT Scan) • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Megnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) • Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) CT, PET and SPECT DAT Scan MRI MEG/EEG NIRS Neurostimulation is a therapeutic activation of part of the nervous system using various techniques. Neurostimulation • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) • Gene Therapy • Cell Transplantation/Stem Cells • (Ultrasound) DBS TMS tDCS Gene Therapy Stem Cells IIa. Brief History of Neuroimaging History of Neuroimaging Neuroimaging and Parkinson’s • There is no brain scan that can diagnose PD • There is nothing that can be seen on an MRI • DAT scan can assist in detecting a loss of dopamine neurons • PET scans have found patterns of brain activity associated with both motor and nonmotor symptoms • MRI scans have found changes in both grey matter and white matter IIb.
    [Show full text]