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The Shipwrecks of Ventotene, Santo Stefano and Zannone

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The Shipwrecks of Ventotene, Santo Stefano and Zannone assemblage 13 (2014): 26-38 Deep discoveries from the seabed of the Pontine Islands: the shipwrecks of Ventotene, Santo Stefano and Zannone by MANUELA RITONDALE Since 2008 the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage of Lazio (on behalf of the Ministry of Culture) has cooperated with AURORA Trust, an international not-for-profit organisation, in the field of underwater archaeology, to carry out an extensive survey of the seabed surrounding the islands of Ventotene, Santo Stefano and Zannone, out to the 150m contour, in order to create an archaeological map of the seabed of the Pontine Islands. Research was conducted using a Klein System 3900 side scan sonar, Klein 3310 sub bottom profiler, and Seaeye Falcon ROV. After three seasons, nine ancient shipwrecks were found, dating back to different phases of the Roman period. All wrecks were well preserved with cargoes of amphorae found still stacked in their original position. The study of these nine wrecks and their cargo is currently on-going. Further, the Superintendence is planning to install cameras on the sites to allow for simultaneous monitoring and accessibility. These important discoveries shed light on many current problems and future considerations for underwater archaeology. Chief among these issues are preservation in situ and accessibility, as highlighted by the UNESCO Convention of 2001. Due to the evolution of technologies available for surveys, deeper sites represent a convenient new frontier for maritime archaeology. Deep water sites are in fact quite often well preserved, scarcely affected by waves or looters. These nine shipwrecks potentially represent a useful and challenging test for the ability of sites to preserve in situ whilst ensuring a full understanding of their context and import. Keywords: underwater archaeology, shipwrecks, trade, surveys, UNESCO Convention Introduction Included in the Archeomar Project, are the Pontine Islands, located off the Tyrrhenian coast between Lazio and In recent years underwater archaeology has Campania, which were already the object of a changed, mainly due to the use of new specific deep water research project (Figures 1 technologies and the increasing application of and 2). The Superintendency of Cultural sophisticated instrumentation used for marine Heritage of Lazio (on behalf of the Ministry of geophysics, such as side scan sonar, sub Culture) has entered, since 2008, into a bottom profiler, multi-beam, magnetometry partnership with an international and Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV). These organization, the AURORA Trustii. AURORA is instruments and techniques give access to involved in the exploration of the seafloor previously unreachable depths which in turn aimed at studying and spreading the marine have led to significant new archaeological cultural heritage of the Mediterranean Sea. discoveries and have been essential, in Italy, The main aim of the ongoing project is to carry within the ‘Archeomar Project – Register of out an extensive survey of the seabed underwater archaeological sites’. The principal surrounding the islands of Ventotene, Santo aim of the project, coordinated by the Ministry Stefano, Ponza and Zannone, from the 50 to of Cultural Heritage, was to identify, locate the 150 metre contour. and document all the submerged sites in order to create an archaeological map and a registry of the underwater cultural heritage. The first regions to be investigated since 2004 as part of the ‘Archeomar 1 Project’, were those in the Study Area and methodology south of Italy: Campania, Basilicata, Puglia, and Calabria. Since October 2009 the project, The choice of location and depth for the called ‘Archeomar 2’, involved the Regions of investigation was the result of a careful series Toscana and Lazio; the results will be available of considerations. Deep sites are still relatively shortly on the official website of the projecti. Manuela Ritondale- [email protected] © Ritondale 2014 © assemblage 2014 assemblage Figure 1 Nautical chart of Pontine Islands. (Image courtesy Aurora Trust 2009). poorly known because it is only recently that Sicily), during which eight ancient shipwrecks new technologies allow reaching and in- were found at a depth of about 800 m, and the vestigating them. Compared to shallow sites, archaeological maritime exploration that he deeper ones are generally better preserved has been carried out in the Black Sea between because they are scarcely affected by wave 2000 and 2003 within a long term project action and looters. Due to the evolution of developed by the Institute for Exploration technologies available for marine geophysics, (IFE) in collaboration with the University of such as the use of sonar to map the sea bed, Pennsylvania, the Massachusetts Institute of several important deep water research project Technology and the Institute of Nautical have been carried out during the last decades. Archaeology (Ward and Ballard 2004:2-13). In this context, during the last thirty years, Ballard’s work has been honoured with several France and America have been the main actors awards in America (the Hubbard Medal, both experiencing increasingly innovative conferred by the National Geographic Society technologies, although with a rather different in Washington) while has been harshly methodological approach. In 1977 French criticised by part of the scientific community, carried out a remote sensing survey on the especially Italian, because of his intrusive shipwreck of Bénat 4 (328 metres deep); in action on sites, investigated without following 1987 both French and Americans used the principles of stratigraphic excavation. submarines on archaeological sites (Long 1987: 99-108; McCann and Freed 1994: 93- Moreover it was considered suspect the choice 98). In 1985 the joint French-American to operate in international waters taking expedition carried out by Jean-Louis Michel of advantage of the legal vacuum of the Italian IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods legislation which until 1997 had not declared Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1985, led to its archaeological borders as required by the discovery of the RMS Titanic. Article 303 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (United Besides the main American projects, the Nations 1982). archaeological maritime exploration carried out by Robert Ballard between 1989 and 2003 In Italy, in addition to the already mentioned in the site of Skerki Bank (about 80 km NW of ‘Archeomar Project’, several deep sea arch- -27- RITONDALE aeological exploration have been carried out in along almost three main directions: the North Sicily by the ‘Soprintendenza del Mare’ African coasts, the island of Sardinia, and the covering specific areas in the Egadi, Aeolian Gallic Provinces. Thousand of boats must and Pelagie Islands, Syracuse and Messina have certainly passed by the Pontine Islands harbours and coastal belts. The through the centuries. With historical Superintendency has worked in association precedence the remains of numerous Roman with two American foundations: the AURORA shipwrecks have been noted in the vicinity of Trust and the RPM Nautical Foundation. the islands, in particular: The sea around Syracuse and around Panarea - the shipwreck of Punta dell’Arco (Ventotene), in the Aeolian Islands, has been investigated dating back to the first century BC, by the AURORA Trust along with the RPM carrying lead ingots with inscribed names Nautical Foundation. There has been an of famous metal dealers from Spain extensive survey in the Egadi Islands, where (Gianfrotta 1986: 213-222); alongside the discovery of some ancient wrecks - the so-called shipwreck of ‘Secca dei Mattoni’ were also found bronze rams in the north of (Ponza) with its cargo of Dressel 1A, the island of Levanzo, suggesting it was the Dressel 1B and Lamboglia 2 amphorae, site of the famous battle between the Romans oil amphorae from Brindisi and and Carthaginians in 241 BC (Tusa 2009). Campanian pottery (De Rossi 1993a: 95- 97; Gianfrotta 1986: 213-222; Bertuzzi The Pontine Islands are a group of islands in 1988: 312-315; Galli 1993: 117-129; Galli the Tyrrhenian Sea, lying off the Gulf of Gaeta, 2002: 157-166; Galli – La Russa 2011). with the ancient names of Pontia (today - the shipwreck of ‘Le Grottelle’, discovered in Ponza), which is the largest island; Palmaria the seabed between Ventotene and Santo (now Palmarola); and Sinonia (now Zannone) Stefano which was carrying Dressel 1B (Plin.Nat. 3.6. s. 12; Strabo, 5.3; Mel. 2.7.18). amphorae, precious furniture, several The possibility of finding shipwrecks on the artefacts in bronze, and plates of bone and seabed of Pontine Islands was high. There are ivory, which were part of the typical two main reasons behind this statement. First, Roman bed-couch called a klinai. This navigation in this region is more dangerous wreck dates back to the middle of the first due to the presence of headlands and reefs century BC (De Rossi 1993a: 95-97; which create an increased risk of sinking. Gianfrotta 1986: 213-222; Bertuzzi 1988: Second, the islands of Ventotene and Ponza 312-315; Galli 1993: 157-164). All of these are located along some of the main shipping materials, together with several other routes of antiquity. Even before the arrival of sporadic finds, are now collected in the Romans (De Rossi 1993: 10-25; Gianfrotta local Museum and recorded in the 2002: 67-90), the Pontine archipelago had forthcoming database of the ‘Archeomar2 been at the centre of maritime trade due to the Project’. presence of obsidian in the
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