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CLYDE WAHRHAFTIG Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkley, California

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CLYDE WAHRHAFTIG Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkley, California CLYDE WAHRHAFTIG Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkley, California Stepped Topography of the Southern Sierra Nevada, California Abstract: Irregular steps characterize the topogra- much more rapid weathering of granitic rocks where phy on granitic terrane on the west slope of the buried than where exposed. Weathering is predomi- southern Sierra Nevada. These steps are a few nantly by partial alteration and expansion of biotite, hundred leet to a few thousand feet high, one- which shatters the rock. The disintegrated rock can quarter to 5 miles wide, and up to 10 miles long. be moved readily by small streams. The unweath- Most steps face the San Joaquin Valley, but others ered outcrops exposed by accelerated erosion act as line the canyons of the major rivers, facing the local baselevels, because their large joint blocks can- streams. Part of the eastern edge of the San Joaquin not be moved by even the largest streams. Valley is a smooth plain bevelled across granite, and Alternative hypotheses include faulting, differ- has an origin similar to the steps. Outcrops are com- ential erosion due to variations in bedrock lithology mon on the fronts of the steps, and near the outer or in spacing of joints, and parallel retreat of the edges of the step treads, but are rare on the back fronts, with the treads aspiedmonttreppen. Evidence parts oi the treads, which are underlain by disinte- is presented that renders each of these hypotheses grated granitic rock as much as 100 feet thick. doubtful. Treads tend to slope back toward the next higher The proposed hypothesis raises questions about front. the validity of ancient erosion surfaces in the Sierra The stepped topography is confined to granitic Nevada. rocks, and is believed to result primarily from the CONTENTS Introduction 1166 5. Longitudinal profiles of the basalt-capped Acknowledgments 1167 table mountains ol the lower San Joaquin Previous work 1167 River, and of Auberry and Big Sandy Geologic setting 1168 valleys '.1170 Climate and vegetation 1171 6. Temperature and precipitation at three sta- Description of the steps 1171 tions in the Sierra Nevada 1172 Origin of the steps 1176 7. Topographic map of steps on the north side ot Statement of the hypothesis 1176 the canyon of the San Joaquin River . 1173 Evidence for differential weathering 1177 8. Topographic map of three steps in the foothills The weathering process 1178 of the Sierra Nevada: Squaw Valley, Hills Origin ot the steps according to the hypothesis 1179 Valley, and Shannon Valley 1174 Discussion of alternative hypotheses 1182 9. Topographic map of the Big Sandy Bluffs and The stepped topography and ancient erosion sur- the valley of Tollhouse Creek 1175 faces 1186 10. Profiles of streams in the stepped topography 1176 Other examples of stepped topography 1187 11. Sketches of roadcuts, showing distribution of Practical implications 1187 fresh and weathered granodiorite .... 1178 References cited 1187 12. Longitudinal profiles illustrating the develop- ment of nickpoints along streams during Figure uplift or tilting 1180 1. Index map of central California 1166 13. Cross profiles illustrating the fixing of a stream 2. Profiles across the foothill part of the Sierra in a solid bedrock notch and nickpoint . 1180 Nevada, California, projected to east-west 14. Development of hillside outcrops 1181 planes 1167 15. Four stages in the capture of a stream by one 3. Index map showing locations ot quadrangles ot its tributaries 1182 and some ot the localities mentioned in 16. The development of trellised drainage and the text 1168 backward-sloping treads by stream cap- 4. Map oJ the western Sierra Nevada between ture 1183 Mariposa and the Kings River, showing 17. Three mechanisms for joint control of stepped general geology and the distribution of topography 1184 step fronts 18. Topographic map showing relationship be- Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1165-1190, 19 figs., 2 pis., October 1965 1165 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/76/10/1165/3427644/i0016-7606-76-10-1165.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 CLYDE WAHRHAFTIG—STEPPED TOPOGRAPHY, CALIFORNIA tween step fronts and master joints east Plate Facing of Raymond, California 1185 1. Jointing and stepped topography in the south- 19. Effect of backward retreat of a front on the ern Sierra Nevada, California 1176 altitude of its crest, according to the pied- 2. Drainage and weathering phenomena in stepped monltreppen hypothesis 1186 topography, southern Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia 1177 and wherever granitic rocks are exposed, exam- INTRODUCTION ples of stepped topography are to be found. The western slope of the southern Sierra Ne- The steps have been observed throughout vada (Fig. 1), south of Yosemite, rises as a series the southern Sierra Nevada from the Tuolumne of giant irregular steps a few hundred to a few River to the Kern River. They are best devel- thousand feet high, and a quarter of a mile to 5 oped in the region between Mariposa to the miles broad. The fronts of these steps are bold northwest and Camp Nelson to the southeast escarpments with abundant granitic outcrops. (Fig. 3), on the lower part of the western slope, Their treads are nearly level uplands, relatively below 9000 feet. Above 9000 feet the stepped free from outcrops and underlain by a thick mantle ot gruss (disintegrated granite in place). Commonly, each tread declines eastward to the base of the front above it and is drained by a stream flowing along its back edge, so that each step is a little higher on its western side than on its eastern side, and the profiles of the major in- terfluves are slightly sawtoothed (Fig. 2A). The stepped topography contrasts sharply with the northern Sierra Nevada, north of Yose- mite, where broad, flat-topped interfluves cap- ped by remnants of Tertiary gravels and vol- canic rocks rise evenly from the Great Valley al- most to the summit of the range (Fig. 2B) (Lindgren and Turner, 1894;Lindgren, 1911, p. 28-54; Piper and others, 1939, p. 61-84). These J3 •— . 1 !^.-''__ ' 33- flat-topped interfluves and their westward-til ted but otherwise little-detormcd cover are part of Figure 1. Index map of central California, the evidence that the Sierra Nevada is a tilted showing location of Figures 3, 4, 7-9, and 18 fault block (Le Conte, 1886; Lindgren, 1911; Louderback, 1924). The northern and southern Sierra Nevada topography, if present, is obscured by the effects differ not only in topography and extent and of glaciation.1 type of Tertiary cover, but also in the nature of The stepped topography is believed to be the predominant bedrock. Northwest of an ir- caused by differences in the rate of weathering regular line that extends southward from west in the two environments to which granitic rocks of Lake Tahoe (Fig. 1) through Mariposa to in the Sierra Nevada are subject. Where buried Raymond (Fig. 3), the bedrock is predominant- by overburden or gruss, the solid granitic rocks ly mctamorphic, and granitic rocks occur as iso- are moist most of the year, and disintegrate lated plutons (Lindgren, 1911, PI. 1; Jenkins, comparatively rapidly to gruss; where exposed, 1946. PI. 3; Bateman and others, 1963, p. 3). the solid granitic rocks dry after each rain and Southeast of this line the predominant bedrock therefore weather slowly. Small streams, even is granitic, and metamorphic rocks are in narrow overland flow, can transport the gruss, but the septa and roof pendants (Bateman and others, unweathered rock is jointed into blocks so huge 1963; Knopf, 1918, Pis. 1 and 2; Whitney, 1865, p. 217-222, 364-437; Miller and Webb, 1 The stepped topography is clearly shown on topo- 1940, PI. 2; Troxell and Morton, 1962, PI. 1). graphic maps. It is desirable while reading this paper to The stepped topography of the southern Sierra consult the twenty-two 15-mmute quadrangle sheets Nevada is confined to areas of granitic bedrock, shown on Figure 3. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/76/10/1165/3427644/i0016-7606-76-10-1165.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 INTRODUCTION 1167 that not even the largest rivers can move them. stepped topography. The results of some studies Consequently, any exposure of solid rock is a made on drill cores collected by the Depart- temporary base level, to which the country up- ment of Irrigation, University of California, stream or upslope can be leveled, but below Davis, under the direction of R. J. Burgy and which it cannot be reduced. Irregular lines of W. D. McMillan, are incorporated in this such outcrops, formed during periods of down- study. Paul C. Bateman, N. King Huber, and cutting or accelerated erosion, grow into es- Dallas Peck of the U. S. Geological Survey pro- carpments irregular in height and ground plan. vided unpublished information on the distribu- These are the step fronts. The areas between tion of igneous rocks. Richard f. Janda and G. them become flattened by weathering and ero- Brent Dairymplc assisted in some of the field sion to form the treads of the steps. Thus, the work. Harold Johnson of the Johnson Drilling stepped topography is caused by the develop- Company, Fresno, California, and Don Schroe- der of Orosi, California, provided water-well in- formation. John T. Hack, Paul C. Bateman, M. N. Christensen, Garniss Curtis, R. f. Janda, G. B. Dairymple, N. King Huber, and C. B. Hunt criticized the manuscript. I am grateful to all the aforementioned and to Allan Cox, David M. Hopkins, Warren B. Hamilton, Charles Meyer, Richard L. Hay, and Arthur D. Howard for much helpful discussion and many useful ideas.
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