Low-Dimensional Chiral Physics: Gross-Neveu Universality and Magnetic Catalysis

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Low-Dimensional Chiral Physics: Gross-Neveu Universality and Magnetic Catalysis Low-Dimensional Chiral Physics: Gross-Neveu Universality and Magnetic Catalysis Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat) vorgelegt dem Rat der Physikalisch-Astronomischen Fakult¨at der Friedrich-Schiller-Universit¨at Jena von Dipl.-Phys. Daniel David Scherer geboren am 19. Dezember 1982 in N¨urnberg Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Holger Gies, Friedrisch-Schiller-Universit¨at Jena 2. Prof. Dr. Christian Fischer, Justus-Liebig-Universit¨at Gießen 3. Jun. Prof. Dr. Lorenz Bartosch, Goethe-Universit¨at Frankfurt Tag der Disputation: 27. September 2012 Niedrigdimensionale Chirale Physik: Gross-Neveu-Universalit¨atund magnetische Katalyse Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird das 3-dimensionale, chiral symmetrische Gross-Neveu Mo- dell untersucht. Diese niedrigdimensionale Quantenfeldtheorie beschreibt den Kontinuumslimes des Niedrigenergiesektors bestimmter auf dem Gitter realisierter Modelle. Die funktionale Renormierungsgruppe erlaubt es, auf nichtperturbative Art und Weise die physi- kalischen Eigenschaften quantenmechanischer Vielteilchensysteme und Quantenfeldtheorien zu stu- dieren. Den Startpunkt hierf¨ur stellt eine auf 1-Schleifen Niveau formal exakte Flussgleichung f¨ur das erzeugende Funktional der 1-Teilchen irreduziblen Vertexfunktionen dar. Im Rahmen einer Gradientenentwicklung - ideal f¨ur die Bestimmung der Infrarotasymptotik der impuls- und fre- quenzabh¨angigen Vertizes der Theorie – untersuchen wir das Regime starker Kopplung ¨uber den formalen Limes unendlicher Flavorzahlen hinaus. Dieses Regime wird durch einen entsprechenden Fixpunkt kontrolliert, der gleichzeitig eine kritische Mannigfaltigkeit definiert, welche wiederum eine Phase masseloser von einer Phase massiver Dirac-Fermionen trennt. Der zugeh¨orige Quanten- phasen¨ubergang ist von 2. Ordnung. Nach einer ersten Analyse der Theorie in rein fermionischer Formulierung wird vermittels einer Hubbard-Stratonovich-Transformation zu einer partiell boson- isierten Beschreibung ¨ubergegangen. Innerhalb dieser bosonisierten Sprache werden universelle kritische Exponenten mit hoher Genauigkeit und exzellenter Ubereinstimmung¨ mit bekannten Re- sultaten aus 1/Nf-Entwicklungen und Monte Carlo Simulationen bestimmt, welche bez¨uglich ihrer G¨ultigkeit bereits exisitierende Ergebnisse ¨ubertreffen. ¨uber den Renormierungsgruppenfluss erhal- ten wir tiefere Einblicke in die globale und auch lokale Struktur der kritischen Mannigfaltigkeit und ebenso ein besseres Verst¨andnis der relevanten Richtungen im Raum der Kopplungen, die hier von der Gaußschen Klassifikation abweichen. F¨ur das sogenannte “asymptotic safety” Szenario – relevant f¨ur die Konstruktion einer echten Kontinuumstheorie – liefert das Gross-Neveu Modell ein einfaches und intuitives Beispiel einer nichtperturbativ renormierbaren Quantenfeldtheorie. Weiterhin untersuchen wir die Gross-Neveu Betafunktionen unter dem Einfluss endlicher Tem- peratur. Wir bestimmen die kritische Temperatur f¨ur die Wiederherstellung der chiralen Symme- trie, also dem “Schmelzen” des chiralen Kondensats. Der Phasen¨ubergang bei endlicher Temperatur f¨allt in die 2d Ising Universalit¨atsklasse. Dar¨uber hinaus nutzen wir die Flussgleichungen um eine quantitative Aussage ¨uber die Unterdr¨uckung der sogenannten Ginzburg-Region mit einer erh¨ohten Flavor-Zahl zu erhalten. Im letzten Teil der Dissertation betrachten wir die niedrigdimensionalen fermionischen Freiheits- grade unter Minimalkopplung an ein externes Hintergrundmagnetfeld, welches uns zum Ph¨anomen der magnetischen Katalyse f¨uhrt. Das ¨außere Magnetfeld ver¨andert bereits die Modenstruktur der freien Dirac-Theorie zu relativistischen Landau-Niveaus. Hierdurch wird das System durch dimensionelle Reduktion im Wesentlichen empfindlicher auf fluktuationsinduzierte Quanteneffekte. Spontane Symmetriebrechung wird durch die Anwesenheit des externen Feldes f¨ur beliebige Kop- plungsst¨arken induziert. Hier gewinnen wir die entsprechende Flussgleichung und k¨onnen auf deren Basis den Renormierungsgruppenmechanismus hinter magnetischer Katalyse verstehen. Mittels der Flussgleichung bestimmen wir die Feldabh¨angigkeit der dynamisch erzeugten spektralen L¨ucke. Low-Dimensional Chiral Physics: Gross-Neveu Universality and Magnetic Catalysis Abstract In this thesis, we investigate the 3-dimensional, chirally symmetric Gross-Neveu model with func- tional renormalization group methods. This low-dimensional quantum field theory describes the continuum limit of the low-energy sector in certain lattice systems. The functional renormalization group allows to study in a nonperturbative way the physical properties of many-body systems and quantum field theories. The starting point is a formally exact flow equation with 1-loop structure for the generating functional of 1-particle irreducible vertices. Within a gradient expansion - tailor-made for extracting the infrared asymptotics of the momentum and frequency dependent vertices of the theory - we study the strong-coupling fixed point of the Gross-Neveu model even beyond the formal limit of infinite flavor number. This fixed point controls a 2nd order quantum phase transition from a massless phase to a phase with massive Dirac fermions. After a first analysis of the purely fermionic theory, a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation is used to partially bosonize the theory. Within this bosonized description, we find universal critical exponents that are in excellent quantitative agreement with available results from 1/Nf-expansions and Monte Carlo simulations and are expected to improve upon earlier results. The renormalization group flow allows us to gain insights into the global and local structure of the critical manifold within given truncations and better understanding of the relevant directions in the space of couplings, which in general do not coincide with the Gaußian classification. Within the framework of the so-called “asymptotic safety”-scenario relevant for the construction of proper field theories, the fixed-point theory could be determined exactly in the limit of infinite flavor number. Here, the Gross-Neveu model yields a simple and intuitive example for how to define a nonperturbatively renormalizable quantum field theory. Going beyond the determination of critical exponents, we analyze the Gross-Neveu beta functions at finite temperature. The critical temperature for the 2nd order phase transition within the 2d- Ising universality class is determined as a function of the number of fermion species and we try to quantitatively describe the suppression of the so-called Ginzburg region with the number of fermion flavors. Finally we analyze the minimal coupling of the fermionic degrees of freedom to a background magnetic field that leads to the phenomenon of magnetic catalysis. The external magnetic field modifies the mode structure of the free theory to relativistic Landau levels, enhancing the efficiency of quantum fluctuations by dimensional reduction, thus leading to spontaneous symmetry breaking even for subcritical values of the coupling. We identify the corresponding renormalization group mechanism and quantitatively study the magnetic field dependence of the dynamically generated spectral gap. Table of Contents 1 Why 3-dimensional Chiral Quantum Field Theories? 3 2 Quantum Field Theory and the Functional Renormalization Group 10 2.1 Functional Integral Quantization and Partition Functions . 10 2.2 Flow-Equation for the Effective Average Action . 13 2.3 Fixed Points and Linearized Flows . 19 3 The 3-dimensional Gross-Neveu Model 21 3.1 DefinitionoftheModel . 21 3.2 Spacetime and Chiral Gross-Neveu Symmetries . 23 3.3 Classification of Compatible Operators . 26 4 Gross-Neveu Universality and Chiral Quantum Phase Transition 30 4.1 Mean-Field Theory and 1/Nf-Expansion.................. 33 4.2 LocalFermionicTruncation. 39 4.3 LocalBoson-FermionTruncation . 44 4.4 VacuumInfraredProperties. 48 4.5 Fixed Point Structure and GN3 Universality Classes . 51 5 Chiral Restoration at Finite Temperature 62 5.1 Mean-FieldPhaseDiagram. 63 5.2 Many-FlavorPhaseDiagram . 71 5.3 Ising-Scaling and Ginzburg Region. 77 5.4 ChallengesandOpenQuestions. 78 6 Magnetic Catalysis in the Gross-Neveu Model 82 6.1 Dirac Fermions in Abelian Gauge Background . 83 6.2 Magnetic Beta Function . 87 6.3 Dynamical Mass Generation by External Fields . 94 7 Conclusions and Outlook 99 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Bibliography 101 A Technical Details 111 A.1WickRotation............................. 111 A.2 FourierConventions. 112 A.3 Superfield Formalism . 113 A.4 Projection Rules for LPA0 Truncations. 115 A.5 ThresholdFunctionsatZeroTemperature . 117 A.6 Threshold Functions at Finite Temperature . 118 + A.7 Sketch of Derivation for the Dirac Propagator G (x, x0) in a Gauge Background . 122 A.8 G˜+(p)-FactoroftheDiracPropagatorinaGaugeBackground. 123 A.9 Covariantly Regularized Dirac Propagator in a Gauge Background . 125 B Description of Numerical Code 126 B.1 Solving ODEs for Polynomial Effective Potentials . 126 B.2 Solving the PDE for the Full Effective Potential . 127 Chapter 1 Why 3-dimensional Chiral Quantum Field Theories? Chiral theories of fermionic fields have a long history in the realm of quantum field theory. In particle physics the quantum field theory called the standard model aims at a description of phys- 1 9 ical phenomena in 4-dimensional Minkowski spacetime in the energy range of 10− eV to several TeV [1, 2]. There chirality was implicitly introduced by the discovery of Dirac fermions as the correct relativistic generalization of Pauli
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