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Stereotypes About Agnostics
To Believe or Not to Believe: Stereotypes About agnostics by Veronica Nilendra Zivana Bergstrom A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Psychology University of Toronto © Copyright by Veronica Nilendra Zivana Bergstrom 2018 To Believe or Not to Believe: Stereotypes About agnostics Veronica Nilendra Zivana Bergstrom Master of Arts Department of Psychology University of Toronto 2018 Abstract The present study investigated which stereotypes agnostics share with atheists, and which stereotypes are unique to each group. In Study 1, participants reported stereotypes that they believed society held about agnostics, atheists, Christians, and Muslims. Common stereotypes for agnostics were indecisive and questioning, but for atheists were immoral and intolerant. In Study 2, participants rated how representative 10 key traits from Study 1 were of agnostics, atheists, and four religious groups. Results revealed that agnostics were stereotyped less negatively than atheists. In Study 3, participants had to judge whether a target’s actions, such as being immoral, morally indecisive, or indecisive in general were representative of an agnostic/atheist/Christian/Muslim. Inconsistent with Studies 1 and 2, no significant differences were found for perceptions of agnostics versus atheists. Findings from Studies 1-2 suggest that nonreligious individuals are sometimes viewed as a heterogeneous group, but future research must determine when stereotypes converge and diverge. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thanK my supervisor, Dr. Alison Chasteen, for her invaluable guidance and support. Secondly, I would liKe to thanK my subsidiary advisor, Dr. Jason PlaKs, for his feedbacK and expertise. Lastly, I would liKe to thanK my external examination committee member, Dr. -
Asharism and Atheism- a Glimpse Into Two Parallel Ideologies
Btibsjtn!bne!Buifjtn;! B!Hmjnqtf!Jnup!Uxp! Qbsbmmfm!Jefpmphjft Autor: Ali Boriqee Source: Multaqa Ahlul-Hadeet Compiled by: al-Mustaqeem Publicatons This page left intentionally blank +)#0 ; رب ا+"2<!، و(.- >; و:.9 و28رك /.- 5'234 1)#0 و/.- آ+& و()'& أ$#"! 0"8 >+9E4./ FGH ورAB8* ;< C#Dت I initiate this discussion to enrich the understanding of the Muslims and to solidify what some of them can somewhat already perceive, but only in a general fashion. It may be funny, but it has a great element of tragedy in that those who follow the Ash’ari school of thought, who claim to be the followers of rationalism, simply do not see the rationale and conclusive ramifications of what their school of thought leads to. Whenever the theological topics concerning “limit” and or “place” for Allah comes up, the two heated sides are usually the salafis who are labeled as the anthropomorphists versus the Ash’aris (and we can add the Maturidis) and who are labelled the “Jahmis”. However, what many from Ahlu-Sunnah among the salafis/ahlul-hadeeth have been slightly unaware of, is that the polemic is much graver than simply the kalaam arguments for “limit”, “jism”, and “place” respectively. Little will they realize that discussion on each one of these topics are actually connected to the topic of ilhaad (atheism) and that the formulated doctrines of the later day Ash’aris is nothing less than an institutionalized form of atheism. We will, in this endeavor, highlight Athari Imaams who have either explicitly stated this fact or who have implied this fact. -
Bananas, Beliefs and the Being
Bananas, Beliefs and The Being: A Pragmatic Refutation of Determined Agnostheism and its Harmful Effects Submitted by Margaret Jean Schneider Philosophy To The Honors College Oakland University In partial fulfillment of the requirement to graduate from The Honors College Mentor: Fritz J. McDonald, Associate Professor of Philosophy Philosophy Department Oakland University December 11, 2018 Schneider 1 Introduction Is the claim that “God’s existence is unknowable” a valid premise for a religious belief? This paper seeks to argue that “determined agnostheism”, a specific version of agnosticism that claims the existence of God unknowable, is an inadequate assertion. “Determined agnostheism” is a logically conceivable proposition that many individuals assert as a religious belief, yet, due to its claim that knowledge on God’s existence is ultimately unfathomable, its originating premise eliminates it from religious discussions. Previous philosophers of religion such as Richard Dawkins have expressed dissatisfaction with the “wishy-washy” tendencies of agnosticism, but none have gone as far as to prove its argument as incoherent. In order to accomplish this goal of proving this specific version of agnosticism as a false religious belief, an analytic approach that focuses on an explicit use of definitions, premises, and conclusion is implemented. The paper defines basic terms such as belief, doubt, and religion, followed by a contextual explanation of the most commonly held religious positions in relation to each other, namely atheism and theism. Next, agnosticism is explicitly defined, introducing the new term “determined agnostheism”. This version of agnosticism is evaluated under its logical existence as a proposition, and its actual existence as a religious belief using a process of logical deduction, implementing modus tollens. -
Canadian Demographics at a Glance
Catalogue no. 91-003-X ISSN 1916-1832 Canadian Demographics at a Glance Second edition by Demography Division Release date: February 19, 2016 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following toll-free numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-877-287-4369 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Standard table symbols Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, The following symbols are used in Statistics Canada reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has publications: developed standards of service that its employees observe. To . not available for any reference period obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics .. not available for a specific eferencer period Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are ... not applicable also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > 0 true zero or a value rounded to zero “Standards of service to the public.” 0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded p preliminary Note of appreciation r revised Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a x suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the of the Statistics Act citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other E use with caution institutions. -
Law's Religion: Rendering Culture Benjamin L
Osgoode Hall Law Journal Article 2 Volume 45, Number 2 (Summer 2007) Law's Religion: Rendering Culture Benjamin L. Berger Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Religion Commons Article Citation Information Berger, Benjamin L.. "Law's Religion: Rendering Culture." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 45.2 (2007) : 277-314. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol45/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Osgoode Hall Law Journal by an authorized editor of Osgoode Digital Commons. Law's Religion: Rendering Culture Abstract This article argues that constitutional law's inability to deal with religion in a satisfying way flows, in part, from its failure to understand religion as, in a robust sense, culture. Once one begins to understand the Canadian constitutional rule of law itself as a cultural form, it becomes apparent that law renders religion in a very particular fashion, and that this rendering is a product of law's symbolic categories and interpretive horizons. This article draws out the elements of Canadian constitutionalism's unique rendering of religion and argues that, although Canadian constitutionalism claims to understand religion as a culture, this is true only in the thinnest of senses. More accurate (and more illuminating) is the claim that law's view of religion is, itself, profoundly cultural. Keywords Constitutional law; Religion; Canada; Culture This article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol45/iss2/2 LAW'S RELIGION: RENDERING CULTURE© BENJAMIN L. -
The Hidden Economy: How Faith Helps Fuel Canada's
THE HIDDEN ECONOMY: HOW FAITH HELPS FUEL CANADA’S GDP Brian J. Grim Melissa E. Grim President Senior Research Fellow Religious Freedom & Business Foundation Religious Freedom & Business Foundation SEPTEMBER 21, 2020 SUMMARY This report summarizes the first documented quantitative national estimates of the economic value of religion to Canadian society, using similar metrics as used in similar studies of US society (Grim and Grim 2016; 2019) and of faith congregations in Toronto (Daly 2016). The study provides conservative, mid-range, and high estimates. The study’s most conservative and beginning-point estimate, which takes into account only the revenues of faith-based organizations, is more than $30 billion CAD annually. While this first estimate has the most concrete data, we believe that it is certainly an undervaluation because it focuses on annual revenues rather than on the fair-market value of the goods and services that religious organizations provide. Our second, mid-range estimate corrects for this in three ways: by providing an estimate of the fair-market value of goods and services provided by religious organizations and charities, by including faith-related food businesses, and by including a valuation of the substance- abuse recovery support groups hosted by congregations. This mid-range estimate puts the value of religion to Canadian society at more than $67 billion annually. By way of comparison, this would make religion the country’s ninth-largest enterprise, just behind TC Energy and ahead of Bank of Montreal (Disfold 2020). Or in terms of national economies, it would make Canadian religion the world’s seventy-second-largest economy, putting it ahead of more than 110 countries (World Bank 2019). -
Religion and the Secular State in Canada
ROSALIE JUKIER JOSÉ WOEHRLING Religion and the Secular State in Canada I. THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF CANADA Canada is a country of 33.8 million people populating a vast geographic area of almost 10 million km2, stretching 8,000 km from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Its current demographic composition is both a natural consequence of its founding peoples, the French Roman Catholics who settled New France (or Lower Canada, now the province of Quebec), the English Protestants who settled Upper Canada (now Ontario) and the aboriginal communities that lived here for millennia,1 as well as the product of a robust immigrant population from around the world. These complexities make it difficult to pinpoint the religious and social composition of Canada in just one or two sentences. It would be most accurate to describe Canada as a bilingual, multicultural federation operating within a pluralistic society.2 The data pertaining to the religious and social composition of Canada that was used in the original prepration of this Report in 2010 was compiled in the 2001 census, at a time when Canada’s population was only 30 million.3 Its results reveal that seven out of every ten Canadians self-identified as either Roman Catholic or Protestant,4 with almost ROSALIE JUKIER is Professor in the Faculty of Law at McGill University and a member of its Paul-André Crépeau Research Centre of Private and Comparative Law. Her principal academic interests lie in the area of comparative private law. Professor Jukier wishes to thank Corey Omer and Michael Otto for their invaluable research assistance which was made possible by the generosity of the Wainwright Trust of the Faculty of Law, McGill University. -
Religion and Secularism in the Politics of Canadian Federalism
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 2014 Faith in Sovereignty: Religion and Secularism in the Politics of Canadian Federalism Benjamin Berger Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected] Source Publication: Istituzioni del Federalismo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Berger, Benjamin. “Faith in Sovereignty: Religion and Secularism in the Politics of Canadian Federalism.” Istituzioni del Federalismo, vol. 35, no. 4, 2014, pp. 939-961. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. 939 Faith in Sovereignty: Religion and Secularism in the Politics of Canadian Federalism Benjamin L. Berger Abstract L’articolo muove dalle recenti dispute per la composizione delle differenze re- ligiose in Canada e intende svolgere una riflessione più attenta sulle relazioni tra federalismo, sovranità e principio di laicità nel Paese. Il lavoro indaga le origini politiche e il dibattito scaturito dalla Charter of Québec Values, un do- cumento proposto nel 2013-2014 dal Parti Québécois, partito indipendentista di minoranza che ha tentato di promuovere una peculiare visione di Stato “laico”. Nel contestualizzare questo documento nell’ambito della lunga storia canadese, dove il peculiare rapporto tra Stato e religione è servito a fornire argomenti per sostenere la diversità politica e culturale del Québec e per le conseguenti rivendicazioni di sovranità, l’articolo suggerisce che le afferma- zioni sulla natura e sulle esigenze del principio di laicità abbiano fornito un moderno e potente strumento utilizzabile nelle politiche del federalismo. -
THE ADVENT of a PUBLIC PLURIFORMITY MODEL: FAITH-BASED SCHOOL CHOICE in ALBERTA John L. Hiemstra & Robert A. Brink
THE ADVENT OF A PUBLIC PLURIFORMITY MODEL: FAITH‐BASED SCHOOL CHOICE IN ALBERTA John L. Hiemstra & Robert A. Brink Four typical arrangements for relating faith to schooling were developed in Canada during the nineteenth century. All resulted from compromises between the assimilating traditions of Christian Constantinianism and Enlightenment liberalism. These arrangements only reluctantly accommodate the religious diversity within society. Although scholars classify Alberta’s system as non‐sectarian public schooling with minority denominational districts, evidence suggests the advent of a new pragmatic pluriform public school system. This new system contains many types of school authorities and structures; all but one permit some form of faith‐based schooling. A broad spectrum of faiths is expressed within these school authorities. Key words: school choice, religion, pluralism, public policy, social cohesion La relation entre la confession religieuse et l’éducation a donné lieu à quatre types d’aménagements au Canada au cours du XIXe siècle. Ils étaient tous le résultat de compromis entre les traditions assimilatrices du constantinisme et du libéralisme du siècle des Lumières. Ces aménagements répugnaient à accorder une place à la diversité religieuse au sein de la société. Bien que les chercheurs qualifient le système d’éducation publique de l’Alberta comme non sectaire avec des districts pour certaines minorités confessionnelles, les faits observés semblent indiquer l’émergence d’un nouveau système d’école publique pragmatique et pluriel. Ce dernier regroupe de nombreux types d’administrations et de structures scolaires ; tous sauf un permettent une forme ou l’autre d’éducation confessionnelle. Un vaste éventail de confessions religieuses sont exprimées au sein de ces administrations scolaires. -
Religion and Ethnicity in Ontario and North America, 1880–1930 Benjamin Bryce
Document généré le 28 sept. 2021 18:53 Journal of the Canadian Historical Association Revue de la Société historique du Canada Entangled Communities: Religion and Ethnicity in Ontario and North America, 1880–1930 Benjamin Bryce Volume 23, numéro 1, 2012 Résumé de l'article Cet article analyse les rapports entre la religion, l’ethnicité et l’espace en URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1015732ar Ontario entre 1880 et 1930. Il retrace la croissance de l’Église luthérienne en DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1015732ar Ontario, ainsi que les connexions qui liaient les congrégations de langue allemande de l’Ontario à celles des États-Unis et de l’Allemagne. Ce faisant, cet Aller au sommaire du numéro article cherche à transcender les frontières nationales dans l’étude de la religion au Canada. À partir d’études menées sur les influences internationales sur d’autres confessions au Canada, cet article rend compte de l’évolution Éditeur(s) singulière de l’Église luthérienne. Il offre de nouvelles perspectives pour comprendre les rapports entre la langue et la religion en Ontario, la montée en The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada importance d’une Église protestante théologiquement centriste et le rôle fédérateur des réseaux institutionnels dans un grand espace. L’article soutient ISSN que les liens régionaux, nationaux et transnationaux ont façonné le développement de nombreuses communautés luthériennes germanophones au 0847-4478 (imprimé) niveau local en Ontario. 1712-6274 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Bryce, B. (2012). Entangled Communities: Religion and Ethnicity in Ontario and North America, 1880–1930. -
Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief
ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver Ralph W Hood Jr Jim Tucker Professor Professor (Co-Chair) (Co-Chair) Valerie C. Rutledge David Rausch Professor Assistant Professor (Committee Member) (Committee Member) Anthony J. Lease A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the College of Health, Education Dean of the Graduate School and Professional Studies ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 By Christopher Frank Silver All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Extensive research has been conducted in exploration of the American religious landscape, however recently has social science research started to explore Nonbelief in any detail. Research on Nonbelief has been limited as most research focuses on the popularity of the religious “nones” or the complexities of alternative faith expressions such as spirituality. Research has been limited in exploring the complexity of Nonbelief or how non-believers would identify themselves. Most research assumes nonbelievers are a monolithic group with no variation such as Atheism or Agnosticism. Through two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, this study explored identity of Nonbelief. Study one (the qualitative study) discovered that individuals have shared definitional agreement but use different words to describe the different types of Nonbelief. Moreover, social tension and life narrative play a role in shaping one’s ontological worldview. -
Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief
ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver Ralph W Hood Jr Jim Tucker Professor Professor (Co-Chair) (Co-Chair) Valerie C. Rutledge David Rausch Professor Assistant Professor (Committee Member) (Committee Member) Anthony J. Lease A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the College of Health, Education Dean of the Graduate School and Professional Studies ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 By Christopher Frank Silver All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Extensive research has been conducted in exploration of the American religious landscape, however recently has social science research started to explore Nonbelief in any detail. Research on Nonbelief has been limited as most research focuses on the popularity of the religious “nones” or the complexities of alternative faith expressions such as spirituality. Research has been limited in exploring the complexity of Nonbelief or how non-believers would identify themselves. Most research assumes nonbelievers are a monolithic group with no variation such as Atheism or Agnosticism. Through two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, this study explored identity of Nonbelief. Study one (the qualitative study) discovered that individuals have shared definitional agreement but use different words to describe the different types of Nonbelief. Moreover, social tension and life narrative play a role in shaping one’s ontological worldview.