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Evaluation of Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Truckee Meadows Area Washoe County, Nevada

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Evaluation of Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Truckee Meadows Area Washoe County, Nevada Evaluation of Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Truckee Meadows Area Washoe County, Nevada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-S Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Evaluation of Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Truckee Meadows Area Washoe County, Nevada By PHILIP COHEN and OMAR J. LOELTZ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PA P E B 1779-S Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pr'nting Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract___ -___-_---_-_____-_-----_____-____---__--__-_---_-_-_.. SI Introduction._____________________________________________________ 1 Purpose and scope of the investigation__________________________ 1 Location and general features of the area.________________________ 3 Previous investigations.________-_--______________-____---_-_-__ 4 Acknowledgments. ____________________________________________ 5 Numbering system of wells, springs, and chemical analyses _________ 5 Geology________________________________---_____________________ 6 Geomorphology _______________________________________________ 6 Mountains_ _____________________________________________ 6 Upland erosional surfaces___________________________________ 7 Alluvial fans._____________________________________________ 8 Streams __________________________________________________ 8 Hydrogeologic character of the rocks________________-_-__--_____- 8 Consolidated rocks_______________________________________ 8 Pre-Tertiary rocks.____________________________________ 8 Tertiary rocks_______________________________________ 9 Tertiary and Quaternary rocks___________________-___-__ 10 Bleached rocks_____--____-_---____-_-___--___---_-_-__ 10 Unconsolidated and partially consolidated rocks_______________ 11 Structure. ___-_____-_______-__-_--__-__-___-_-___-_-_-_-----__ 15 Geologic history_______________________________________________ 16 Ground water_____________________________________________________ 18 Occurrence.__________________________________________________ 18 Movement_ _ _-___-_____-_____-_-___-_____-_____-_-_-----_-__ 19 Recharge._ ___________________________________________________ 20 Infiltration of water diverted for irrigation__________________ 20 Infiltration of streamflow____-_-_____-___-_____-___-----_-_- 21 Infiltration of precipitation.________________________________ 22 Underflow from tributary valleys___-_______-__---__--------- 22 Summary of ground-water recharge_______-____-____-----_-_- 23 Discharge ____________________________________________________ 24 Area south of the Huffaker Hills__________________---_-_--- 24 Area north of the Huffaker Hills___________________________ 25 Pumpage-_-_____-____-__________-______--__----_-_-_---_- 26 Underflow-...---.____________________________--____ 26 Summary of ground-water discharge.________-__-__--___--- 26 Ground-water budget. _________________________________________ 27 Fluctuations of ground-water levels._____________________________ 27 IV CONTENTS i'age Hydrogeochemistry_________________________________________ S30 Source and reliability of data_________________________________ 30 Units used in reporting data___________________________________ 31 Dissolved solids_______________________________ 31 Specific conductance.____________________________________ 42 Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)_________________________ 42 Hardness _ __ _____________________________________________ 42 Major chemical constituents___________________________________ 42 Sodium_______________________________________ 42 Potassium. ______________________________________________ 43 Calcium and magnesium________________________________ 43 Carbonate and bicarbonate._______________________________ 44 Sulfate__________________________________ 44 Chloride____________________________________ 45 Minor chemical constituents.__________________________________ 46 Iron and manganese____-___._-____________________________ 46 Lithium__________________________________________________ 46 Uranium__________________________________________.____ 46 Fluoride______________________________________ 47 Nitrate.________________________________________ 47 Boron________________________________________________ 47 Temperature____________________________________________ 47 Variations in chemical quality.________________________________ 48 Movement and blending of the waters ___________________________ 51 Suitability for use________________________________________ 52 Domestic___________________________________________ 53 Irrigation_______________________________________________ 54 Industrial. ____________________________________________ 56 Heat and power__________________________________________ 56 Future development-_____________________________________________ 57 References cited.__ _____________ _________________________________ 58 Index._________________________________________________________ 61 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in poc^etl PLATE 1. Reconnaissance geologic map of the Truckee Meadows area, Washoe County, Nevada, showing the location of selected wells and springs. 2. Generalized piezometric map showing the altitude of water levels in wells and test borings in the Truckee Meadows area, Washoe County, Nevada. 3. Hydrogeochemical map of the Truckee Meadows area, Washoe County, Nevada. Page FIGURES 1,2. Representative hydrographs of wells in the Truckee Meadows area: 1. Wells 18/20-7dcl and 19/19-llbdl-____________ S28 2. Wells 19/19-lOccl, 19/19-24ccl, 19/19-25ccl, r.nd 19/20- 8adl________________________________ 29 3. Classification of the waters of the Truckee Meadows area__ 49 4. Diagram for classifying irrigation water_ _________________ 55 CONTENTS V TABLES Paga TABLE 1. Average monthly precipitation at Eeno, Nev., 187l-1959__ S4 2. Hydrogeology and distribution of Tertiary consolidated rocks in the Truckee Meadows area, Nevada_________ 9 3. Hydrogeology and distribution of Tertiary and Quaternary consolidated rocks in the Truckee Meadows area, Nevada___________________________________________ 10 4. Selected pumping-test data for wells in the Truckee Meadows area, Nevada____________________________ 15 5. Chemical analyses of the waters of the Truckee Meadows area, Washoe County, Nev_-___-___-____--__-__---__ 32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES EVALUATION OF HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDRO GEO­ CHEMISTRY OF TRUCKEE MEADOWS AREA, WASHOE COUNTY, NEVADA By PHILIP COHEN and OMAR J. LOELTZ ABSTRACT Practically all the ground water of economic importance in the Truckee Meadows area, an alluviated intermontane basin in western Nevadr, is in the valley fill, which consists of unconsolidated and partially consolidated sedimentary deposits. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic consolidated rocks of the mountains bordering the valley contain some water in fractures ani other openings, but they have virtually no interstitial permeability. The permea­ bility of the valley fill is extremely variable. The Truckee Formation, which is the oldest deposit of the valley fill, yields very little water to well". Per­ meable lenses of sand and gravel in the valley fill that are younger than the Truckee Formation yield moderate to large amounts of water to weir*. The estimated average annual recharge to and discharge from the ground- water reservoir is 35,000 acre-feet. About 25,000 acre-feet of the recharge is from the infiltration of irrigation water diverted from the Truckee River. Most of the discharge is by evapotranspiration and by seepage to ditches and streams. Some water in the area is unsuitable for many uses because of its poor chemical quality. Water in the Steamboat Springs area is hot and tas high concentrations of chloride and dissolved solids. Both water draining areas of bleached rock and ground water clowngradient from areas of Peached rock have high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved solids. Surface water of low dissolved-solids content mixes with and dilutes some highly mineral­ ized ground water. Increased pumping in discharge areas will help to alleviate waterlogged conditions and will decrease ground-water losses by evapotranspiration. In­ creased pumping near the Truckee River may induce recharge from the river to the ground-water system. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION In the Truckee Meadows area, the second largest population cen­ ter in Nevada, practically all water for irrigation and most water for municipal supply is diverted from the Truckee River. During S2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE TJJSTTED STATES periods of drought, as in 1959-61, deficient precipitation and runoff cause serious water shortages. The rapid increase cf the area's population during the past two decades has caused an increased demand for water in the valley. Hence, water shortages during future periods of drought may be more serious. On the average, surface water diverted into the valley for irriga­ tion exceeds in amount the water beneficially used by crops. As a result, some of the land formerly used for agriculture in the north­ eastern part of the valley is waterlogged; that land is not suitable for urban development. In some parts of the valley, ground water is unsuitable for many uses because of its poor chemical quality.
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