Dibujando La Estética De Milton Glaser: La Importancia Del Dibujo En El Diseño Gráfico Neoyorquino De La Década De Los Ochenta

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Dibujando La Estética De Milton Glaser: La Importancia Del Dibujo En El Diseño Gráfico Neoyorquino De La Década De Los Ochenta Studies in Visual Arts and Communication: an international journal Vol 3, No 1 (2016) on-line ISSN 2393 - 1221 Dibujando la estética de Milton Glaser: la importancia del dibujo en el diseño gráfico neoyorquino de la década de los ochenta Sandra Sánchez García* Resumen El presente artículo está enfocado, en primera instancia, en reafirmar la importancia del dibujo como base previa al diseño gráfico neoyorquino de la década de los años ochenta, dentro de la estética de Milton Glaser. Por consiguiente, en el siguiente estudio, se analizan desde la base los postulados estéticos del célebre diseñador gráfico e ilustrador neoyorquino. El estudio Push Pin Graphics, fundado por el ya mencionado Milton Glaser, Seymour Chwast, Reynold Ruffins y Edward Sorel, fue uno de los grandes pioneros del diseño gráfico, llegando a contribuir en el campo con excelentes obras. La ilustración y los diseños que iban desarrollándose a finales de la década de los 70 marcaron un punto de inflexión tanto para profesionales destacados, como para aquellos artistas que buscaban hacerse un hueco en la industria y acababan de sumergirse en este campo. Las nuevas bases que surgieron entonces estaban marcadas por el dibujo como punto de partida de cualquier estética gráfica, logrando además que el proceso informativo nunca perdiese ni la fuerza ni la original intención del diseño gráfico. Esto, sin duda, dio lugar a obras cargadas de pericia, en primera instancia, además de obtener una resolución magistral enriquecida gracias a una sencillez y claridad que ya iban aventurando los principios minimalistas de inicios del siglo XXI. Por consiguiente, las innovaciones y las bases que se asentaron en la década de los 80, en cuanto al diseño gráfico neoyorquino se refieren, tienen una importante repercusión en la actualidad. Abstract This article is focused, firstly, to reaffirm the importance of drawing as a previous base of the New York graphic design from the eighties, in the aesthetics of Milton Glaser. Moreover, in the following study, it is analysed the base of the New York famous graphic designer and illustrator. Push Pin Graphics Studio, founded by the aforementioned Milton Glaser, Seymour Chwast, Reynold Ruffins and Edward Sorel, was one of the great pioneers of graphic design, contributing in the field with excellent works. Illustration and designs that were developed in the late 70s, started a point for both outstanding professionals, for those artists that seeking to gain a foothold in the industry and for those that had just immerse themselves in this field. The new bases that emerged then, were marked by the drawing as a starting point of any graphic aesthetic, also making that the communication process never lost neither the strength nor the original intent of graphic design. This undoubtedly, brings works full of expertise firstly, moreover with a master result enriched by simplicity and clarity that was proposing minimalist principles of early twenty-first century. To add, innovations and foundations settled in the 80s, as the New York graphic design is concerned, currently have a important impact today. Keywords: Graphic Design, Visual Arts, Milton Glaser, Drawing, New York School Desde que la figura de Milton Glaser propio desarrollo del mundo del grafismo y las emergió en el panorama de las artes gráficas, artes visuales. A partir de su incursión en el arte sus trabajos adquirieron una importancia clave y en el colectivo de agencias de publicidad, no sólo para la historia y evolución del diseño Glaser exploró las posibilidades que ofrecía este gráfico y la ilustración, sino también para el campo, además de experimentar con las * Ph.D. Student of Art History (Universidad de Oviedo) 1 Sandra Sánchez García diferentes técnicas de cada momento y las manera considerable. Este sector de exiliados adecuó a una estética propia. Tal y como culturales, residió en diferentes áreas, como en apostaba el diseñador neoyorquino en muchas el Downtown en un primer momento; en obras publicadas y en diferentes conferencias, la Greenwich Village, ya en la década de los 50 y 60; clave y a la vez punto de partida de sus diseños en el SoHo, hacia los 70; East Village, en los 80; y fue el dibujo. Sin esta importante técnica, el Lower East Side, ya en los 902. La vida cultural utilizada a lo largo de toda la Historia del Arte, neoyorquina que podemos encontrar en la sus obras no hubiesen obtenido el resultado que actualidad fue el fruto de esta continua se esperaba de ellas, ni mucho menos su autor diversidad de personalidades e ideas y del hubiera alcanzado, ni la importancia ni el éxito, trabajo de muchos artistas en diferentes que posee en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, el disciplinas. Este multiculturalismo artístico fue dibujo fue para Milton Glaser el elemento sin duda, la base y la causa de una exitosa indispensable y sin el cual no se explicaría todo evolución concerniente a todos los campos del el éxito que envuelve al diseñador neoyorquino. arte en Nueva York. Los movimientos artísticos De todos es sabida la importancia del siguientes a la segunda oleada de vanguardias mensaje dentro de las artes gráficas. Los afectaron a todos los sectores del mundo del avances que se contemplan en la actualidad arte, e incluso se hizo patente la reacción y dentro de este ámbito son el fruto del trabajo de siguiente post-modernismo que comenzó a los diseñadores e ilustradores a lo largo del imperar dentro de las artes plásticas. Todas siglo XX. No obstante, la comunicación tal y estas corrientes de estilo además de las ligadas como la conocemos actualmente fue posible a la pintura contemporánea, tuvieron cabida gracias al trabajo del profesor canadiense también en el diseño gráfico y la ilustración, Marshall McLuhan. Con su célebre pensamiento llegando a ser demandas por los clientes. Este sobre el mensaje y el medio, recalca la campo de las artes gráficas confluyó de manera importancia de ambos y su función. Por paralela a la pintura contemporánea, aunque si consiguiente, apuesta por el poder del medio, ya bien es cierto, con sus propias características y que es el que “modela y controla la escala y particularidades, las cuales vinieron dadas forma de las asociaciones y trabajo humanos” 1. principalmente por los demandantes de estos Esta teoría revolucionó la comunicación y todos trabajos, así como el factor utilitario y los campos que se nutrían de ella, llegando a comunicativo que poseen el diseño gráfico y la intervenir dentro del proceso de creación de las ilustración. artes visuales a partir de la década de 1960. Por su parte, el trabajo del diseñador gráfico sufrió ciertos cambios importantes a Contexto geográfico del diseño gráfico partir de la década de 1940. Con la llegada del siglo XX la ilustración comenzó a cambiar La ciudad de Nueva York, a lo largo del siglo sustancialmente, al igual que ocurrió también XX, fue el lugar idóneo para que el diseño gráfico con el papel de los ilustradores. Los postulados alcanzase la cima internacional en el último estéticos pasaron a depender de las agencias o cuarto de ese mismo siglo. Uno de los factores de clientes individuales que tenían poder para determinantes para el futuro, la evolución y el dar prioridad a determinados tipos de creación. desarrollo de las artes en la Gran Manzana, fue Todo esto pasó a trasladarse a los posters y las el número de artistas exiliados y procedentes de carteleras, donde paulatinamente comenzó a otros territorios del país estadounidense que se imperar el tratamiento de los mismos muy habían mudado a la ciudad. Conocida como la cercano a las bellas artes. Francia jugó un papel cuna del Arte Contemporáneo, Nueva York, al relevante dentro de esta evolución estética, igual que había ocurrido en París en la década puesto que el nuevo diseño adaptado por los de 1920, acogió entre sus filas a diferentes publicistas de Nueva York, provenía de los artistas, tales como pintores, realizadores, publicistas franceses 3. La creación de posters bailarines, músicos, poetas, escritores y para revistas, periódicos, libros y demás diseñadores, entre otros. A partir de la segunda formatos, favoreció la adopción de unos mitad del siglo XX el número de artistas que llegaban a la ciudad neoyorquina creció de 2 Germano Celant, y Lisa Dennison, New York, New York: Fifty Years of Art, Architecture, Cinema, Performance, Photography and Video (Milán: 1 Marshall Mcluhan, Comprender los medios de comunicación. Las Skira, 2006), 271. extensiones del ser humano (Barcelona: Paidós, 1996), 30. 3 Michele Helene Bogart, Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 81-83. 2 Studies in Visual Arts and Communication: an international journal Dibujando la estética de Milton Glaser: la importancia del dibujo en el diseño gráfico neoyorquino de la década de los ochenta postulados estéticos dentro del campo del análisis lógico de los elementos integrantes del diseño gráfico y la ilustración. Hasta la década diseño9. A finales de los 60, este estilo comenzó de los cuarenta, el sistema de creación era a imperar en el diseño gráfico americano, como bastante rígido. La realización del proyecto reacción contra el Modernismo de la etapa recaía en un artista, encargado por un director anterior10. Entre los precursores de esta de arte. Este último llevaba a cabo la corriente estilística se encuentran Milton Glaser, concepción, el diseño básico y el tema del Seymour Chwast y Herb Lubalin, los tres proyecto 4. Los artistas rara vez entraban en pertenecientes a la Escuela de Nueva York. El contacto con el cliente u otras personalidades éxito de esta escuela se explica debido a que la de la agencia de publicidad. Sin embargo, este ciudad neoyorquina pasó a convertirse, a rígido sistema comenzó ya había comenzado a mediados del siglo XX, en el centro cultural del cambiar anteriormente hacia mediados de la mundo 11.
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