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The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography ‘TRUE BIOGRAPHIES OF NATIONS?’ THE CULTURAL JOURNEYS OF DICTIONARIES OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY ‘TRUE BIOGRAPHIES OF NATIONS?’ THE CULTURAL JOURNEYS OF DICTIONARIES OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY KAREN FOX Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760462741 ISBN (online): 9781760462758 WorldCat (print): 1097202530 WorldCat (online): 1097202413 DOI: 10.22459/TBN.2019 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode The ANU.Lives Series in Biography is an initiative of the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University, ncb.anu.edu.au. Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2019 ANU Press CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..........................................vii 1. The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of Biography. 1 Karen Fox PART I: THE DIGITAL AGE 2. Individual Lives and National Truths: Locating Biographies within a National Encyclopedia .............................21 Jock Phillips 3. The Irish World: How to Revise a Long-Standing Dictionary Project .......................................37 Turlough O’Riordan 4. What is National Biography For? Dictionaries and Digital History ......................................57 Philip Carter 5. Using Lives: The Australian Dictionary of Biography and Its Related Corpora ...................................79 Melanie Nolan PART II: THE REPRESENTATIONAL CHALLENGE 6. Why Gender Matters: Fostering Diversity in the American National Biography with Lessons Learned from Notable American Women . 101 Susan Ware 7. Women and the Biographies of Nations: The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women . 119 Elizabeth Ewan 8. An Indigenous Australian Dictionary of Biography .............139 Shino Konishi 9. Writing the Nation in Two Languages: The Dictionary of Welsh Biography . 159 Dafydd Johnston PART III: THE TRANSNATIONAL DIMENSION 10. Writing a Dictionary of World Biography ....................179 Barry Jones 11. British National Biography and Global British Lives: From the DNB to the ODNB—and Beyond?. 193 David Cannadine 12. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography and the Irish Diaspora .....209 David A. Wilson Contributors .............................................225 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book had its genesis in a conference held in Canberra in 2016. Titled ‘“True Biographies of Nations”? Exploring the Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography’, it was organised by the National Centre of Biography (NCB) at The Australian National University (ANU) and supported by the National Library of Australia (NLA), and it sought to bring together practitioners working on national dictionaries of biography, along with librarians, archivists, fellow researchers, and others interested or involved in biographical dictionary enterprises. Heartfelt thanks are due to my fellow conference organisers, Melanie Nolan and Christine Fernon; to Scott Yeadon, Karen Ciuffetelli, and all my colleagues at the NCB; to the National Library of Australia, particularly to Margy Burn and Kathryn Favelle; to the ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, which provided funding; to the volunteers, who helped things run so smoothly; and to all the speakers and attendees, who made the two days of the conference so stimulating and enjoyable. A great many debts have also been incurred in the preparation of this book. First and foremost, I am grateful to all the contributors: Jock Phillips, Turlough O’Riordan, Philip Carter, Melanie Nolan, Susan Ware, Elizabeth Ewan, Shino Konishi, Dafydd Johnston, Barry Jones, David Cannadine, and David A. Wilson. It has been a pleasure to work with each of them, and I am lucky to have had such a gentle introduction to the art of editing a collection. My sincere thanks to you all. I am most grateful to Melanie Nolan, the chair of the editorial board for the ANU.Lives Series in Biography, who has been a source of guidance and support from the moment this project was conceived. I thank the reviewers of the manuscript, and the members of the ANU.Lives editorial board, for their suggestions and feedback, which was much appreciated. Thanks are also due to the staff of ANU Press, especially Emily Hazlewood, for all their help and support as this book was in preparation, and to Geoff Hunt, vii ‘TRUE Biographies of Nations?’ whose fine copyediting has greatly benefited the final work. Financially, the production of this book was assisted by an ANU Publication Subsidy, for which I am very grateful. Every effort has been made to locate the copyright holders for material that has been quoted. I offer my apologies to any copyright holders I have been unable to identify or trace. Any individual or organisation that may have been overlooked or misattributed may contact the publisher. I wish also to record my gratitude to my colleagues and friends at the National Centre of Biography/Australian Dictionary of Biography and the School of History at ANU. It is a delight to be part of such a warm and lively scholarly community, and to share in the triumphs and tribulations of historical research and writing with you all. I am especially grateful to Christine Fernon for her support and advice during the preparation of this manuscript. No acknowledgements would be complete without mention of my family. During the preparation of this book we have welcomed its newest member, Carlin Eric McDonald, and his smile and giggle shared across the Tasman in photos and videos have helped to remind me of the joy and wonder in discovery that is so central to human life, as it is to historical research. And, as always, I thank Jamie, my beloved partner and friend. Mere words can never capture what you are to me. Karen Fox March 2019 viii 1 THE CULTURAL JOURNEYS OF DICTIONARIES OF BIOGRAPHY KAREN FOX Fifty years after the publication of the first volume of the Australian Dictionary of Biography, in mid-2016 participants from around the English-speaking world gathered in Canberra for the conference ‘“True Biographies of Nations”? Exploring the Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography’.1 Organised by the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University (ANU) and supported by the National Library of Australia (NLA), the conference provided a rare opportunity for those involved in the production of dictionaries of national biography to come together, along with archivists, librarians, fellow researchers, and members of the public, to reflect on the purpose and place of national biographies in the twenty-first century. The aim was to explore the cultural journeys taken by dictionaries of national biography, to consider the challenges and opportunities facing such projects today, and to gauge the extent of their development into truly national biographies. Thematically and institutionally the 2016 gathering was the sequel to an earlier conference on national biographies, organised by the Humanities Research Centre and the Australian Dictionary of Biography at ANU, and the NLA, and held in Canberra in 1995. Setting out to ‘explore the literary and historical character of the genre’ of national biography, and to 1 The term ‘cultural journey’ is also used in relation to dictionaries of national biography by Marcello Verga. Marcello Verga, ‘The Dictionary is Dead, Long Live the Dictionary! Biographical Collections in National Contexts’, in Setting the Standards: Institutions, Networks and Communities of National Historiography, eds Ilaria Porciani and Jo Tollebeek (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 89. 1 ‘TRUE Biographies of Nations?’ ‘compare a variety of its modern manifestations’, it took place over three days, with the proceedings published as National Biographies and National Identity: A Critical Approach to Theory and Editorial Practice.2 Musing on the genre in the introduction to the collection, Iain McCalman suggested that the genre of the national biographical dictionary stood ‘at the heart of the most ferocious and divisive contemporary debates about the epistemology and hermeneutics of knowledge’.3 In the late twentieth- century context of fracturing national identities and the assertion of multiculturalism and multilingualism in Europe and the antipodes, he stated, ‘[m]akers of national biographies stand in the front line of these identity wars’.4 McCalman’s characterisation of dictionaries of national biography as prisms through which debates over identity—national, global, or even individual—are refracted remains pertinent 20 years later. Many of the issues discussed at the earlier conference, and in the resulting collection of papers, involved questions about the nation: its composition, its meanings, or its future. James Walter asked ‘seven questions’ of national biography, including how well such works could encapsulate ‘the imaginative life of the nation’ or embody the whole community rather than merely elites within a society, and what role collective biography plays in nation building.5 Focusing on female lives, Patricia Grimshaw too considered ‘the tradition of nation-making’, suggesting that recording women’s significance in these processes required understanding ‘the racial and gender dimensions of the construction of the idea of “nation”’, as well as the ways in which women were themselves ‘enmeshed in’ that idea.6 Elizabeth Baigent
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