3 Mineral and Metal Scenario AL SCENARIO AL

National Mineral Scenario and 23 minor minerals (including building and other materials). 3.1 Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw Mineral Production materials for many basic industries and are a major 3.3 Based on the overall trend so far, the index of resource for development. The history of mineral mineral production (base 1993-94=100) for the year extraction in dates back to the days of the

MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL 2008-09 is expected to be 175.38 as compared to Harappan civilization. The wide availability of the 171.57 for 2007-08 showing a positive growth of minerals in the form of abundant rich reserves made it 2.34%. The trend of index of mineral production for very conducive for the growth and development of the the last five years is depicted in Figure 3.1. mining sector in India. 3.4 The total value of mineral production (excluding 3.2 The country is endowed with huge resources of atomic minerals) during 2008-09 is estimated at many metallic and non-metallic minerals. Mining sector Rs. 115980.53 crores, which shows an increase of about is an important segment of the Indian economy. Since 7.10% over that of the previous year. During 2008- independence, there has been a pronounced growth 09, provisional value for fuel minerals would account in the mineral production both in terms of quantity for Rs. 73063.37 crores or 62.25% metallic minerals, and value. India produces as many as 86 minerals, which Rs. 29189.32 crores or 25.17% of the total value and include 4 fuels, 10 metallic, 46 non-metallic, 3 atomic

Figure 3.1 Index of Mineral Production

8 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 9 Price Trend Price 3.5 2009 (base 1993-94=100) stood at 609.0 in January, The wholesale price index for non-fuel minerals 2008 was and the corresponding index for January, 471.1. The minerals included in the wholesale price index are Bauxite, Chromite, Iron ore, Manganese ore, Fluorite, Fireclay, Asbestos, Barytes, Dolomite, Felspar, Ochre, Limestone, Magnesite, Gypsum, Kaolin, The Phosphorite, Silica sand, Steatite and Vermiculite. Figure 3.2 Figure Figure 3.3 Figure . The trend of Value of Mineral Production (By Groups) of Mineral Production Value Trends in Value of Mineral Production, Export & Import Export Production, of Mineral in Value Trends Annexure 3.3 and . The details of Export and Import of Annexure 3.2 non-metallic minerals including minor minerals Rs. 13727.84 crores or 11.84% of the total value. Information on production and value of selected minerals from 2004-2005 to 2008-09 is given in Annexure 3.1 Minerals during the period 2003-04 to 2007-08 is given in value of mineral production for last five years is depicted in figure 3.2. The value of minerals by groups for the 3.3. last five years is given in Figure wholesale price index for metallic minerals was 917.0 Table 3.1 in January, 2009 as compared to 691.6 in January, 2008 Number of Reporting Mines and that of other minerals was 122.5 in January, 2009 Sector 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 as compared to 122.9 in January, 2008. The wholesale price index for coal stood at 251.8 in January, 2009 as All Minerals* 3005 2854 2954

compared to 251.9 in January, 2008. The wholesale Coal (including AL SCENARIO AL price index of mineral oils stood at 389.3 in January, Lignite) 570 569 569 2009 and that in January, 2008 it was 403.5. Metallic Minerals 639 676 691 Gross Domestic Product From Mining & Quarrying Non-Metallic Sector Minerals 1796 1609 1694 3.6 The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) accrued from * Excluding atomic minerals, petroleum (crude), natural mining and quarrying sector at 1999-2000 price is gas (utilized) and minor minerals. estimated by Central Statistical Organisation(CSO). In 2008-09 (Advanced Estimate), the mining and MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL followed by (11.61%), Jharkhand quarrying sector accounted for about 1.94% of GDP. (8.94%), (7.83%), The contribution of mining and quarrying sector to GDP (6.46%), (5.09%), (5.00%), in 2008-09 (AE) at Rs. 64,891 crores indicated an (4.39%), Goa (3.35%), Assam (3.14%) increase of 4.7% over that in the preceding period. and West Bengal (3.11%) in the total value of mineral Mining production. Remaining 11 States/Union Territories having individual share of less than 3% together 3.7 Indian mining industry is characterized by a large accounted for 7.02% of total value during the year number of small operational mines. The number of under review. mines which reported mineral production (excluding minor minerals, petroleum (crude), natural gas and 3.9 State-wise analysis revealed that during 2008-09, atomic minerals) in India was 2954 in 2008-09 as the value of mineral production in most of the principal against 2854 in the previous year. Out of 2954 mineral producing States was on higher side as reporting mines, 433 were located in Gujarat followed compared to that in the previous year. State-wise by Andhra Pradesh (406), Madhya Pradesh (298), increase in the value of mineral production was Jharkhand (298), Rajasthan (252), Orissa (236), Meghalaya (51.05%), Bihar (44.54%), Goa (41.95%), Karnataka (230), Tamil Nadu (159), Maharashtra (154), Orissa (16.62%), Karnataka (14.61%), Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh (150) and West Bengal (113). These 11 (13.65%), West Bengal (3.74%) and Assam (2.52%), states together accounted for 92.38 % of total number during the year under review. The all India Reserves & of mines in the country in 2008-09. The number of Resources of various minerals as on 01.04.2005 as per reporting mines are given in Table 3.1 UNFC system is given in Annexure 3.4.

3.8 During 2008-09, mineral production was reported 3.10 During 2007-08, the Public Sector continued from 23 States and Union Territories of which the bulk to play a dominant role in mineral production of value of mineral production of about 78.99% was accounting for 67% or Rs.72,863 crores in the total confined to 8 States (Including offshore areas) only. value. Small mines, which were mostly in the private Offshore areas continued to be in leading position, in sector, continued to be operated manually either as terms of value of mineral production in the country proprietary or partnership ventures. The minerals which and had the share of 19.36% in the national output. were wholly mined/recovered by the public/joint sector Next in order was Orissa with a share of 14.70% in 2007-08 were Copper ore & concentrate Diamond, Dunite, Fluorite (graded) & concentrate Phosphorite/

10 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 11 . Annexure 3.6 precious stones by the domestic cutting and polishing cutting and stones by the domestic precious imports of raw to depend on India continued industry, The re-exports. for their value-added uncut stones in respect of various principal degree of self-sufficiency / ferro-alloysminerals and metals is given in 2007-08 in PRODUCTION TRENDS Metallic Minerals 3.13minerals in 2007-08 at The value of metallic the increased by about 31% over Rs.24,038 crores Among the principal metallic minerals, previous year. crores or 76.9%, iron ore contributed Rs.18,495 lead & zinc chromite Rs.2020 crores or 8.4%, manganese ore (concentrate) Rs. 1080 crores or 4.5%, Rs. 383 Rs. 1098 crores or 4.6%, copper (concentrate) or 2.2%, gold crores or 1.6%, bauxite Rs. 526 crores the remaining was Rs. 283 crores or 1.17%, while jointly shared by silver and tin concentrates. 206.45 million The production of iron ore at about of 10% over tonnes in 2007-08 registered an increase 32% of the total production About the previous year. Sector Companies like SAIL was shared by Public share of Private (including IISCO), NMDC, etc. The Steel (formerly Tata Sector was 68% which includes of iron ore TISCO) (7%). Almost the entire production Chhattisgarh, (94%) accrued from Orissa, Karnataka, The remaining Goa and Jharkhand during the year. 6% production was reported from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh, The production of copper concentrate at 159 thousand tonnes in 2007-08 increased by about 6% as compared Average metal content in copper to the previous year. concentrate was 21.75% Cu. The production of chromite at 4.80 million tonnes in 2007-08 decreased Orissa by 9% as compared to the previous year. reported almost entire output of chromite (99.7%) in A nominal production was reported from the country. Mining of chromite was mostly dominated Karnataka. (formerly Steel by private sector producers; viz, Tata Ltd., Jindal Strips Private Balasore Alloys TISCO), IMFAL, jointly having their own plants, Ltd. and FACOR Annexure . 3.12 India continued to be wholly or largely self- primary mineral sufficient in minerals which constitute as, thermal power raw materials to industries, such generation, iron & steel, ferro-alloys, aluminium, china clay-based cement, various types of refractories, soda, soda ash, ceramics, glass, chemicals like caustic etc. India is, by calcium carbide, titania white pigment, of the exception and large, self-sufficient in coal (with by the steel plants) very low ash coking coal required and lignite among mineral fuels, bauxite, chromite, iron, manganese ores, ilmenite and rutile among metallic minerals; and almost all the industrial minerals with of chrysotile asbestos, borax, fluorite, the exception kyanite, potash, rock phosphate and elemental sulphur. some quantities Despite high degree of self-sufficiency, carbon, of flaky and amorphous graphite of high fixed kaolin and ball clay for special applications, very low silica limestone, dead-burnt magnesite and sea water etc. were magnesia, battery grade manganese dioxide, imported to meet the demand for either blending with locally available mineral raw materials and/or for manufacturing special qualities of mineral-based meet the increasing demand of uncut products. To diamonds, emerald and other precious and semi- 3.11 production ranking in 2007-08 in world India’s chromite and talc/steatite/ was 2nd in barytes, and bauxite, 4th in pyrophillite, 3rd in coal & lignite in manganese ore iron ore and kyanite/sillimanite, 5th 8th in aluminium. and steel (crude), 7th in zinc and world production of The statistics on indigenous and given in principal minerals and metals are 3.5 in Minerals & Mineral-Based Products Self-Reliance Rock phosphate, Rock salt, Sand (others), Selenite and salt, Sand (others), Rock phosphate, Rock of entire production large, almost the By and Sulphur. indigenous secondary of Gold (primary and Lignite, In 2007- Sector. was from Public origin) and Gypsum 92% accounted for sizeable Sector 08, the Public 85% of petroleum (crude), 76% production of Coal, 97% concentrate, 76% of Tin of Natural gas (utilized), and 71% of Sillimanite of Kyanite, of Barytes, 75% 68% of Magnesite. accounted for 63% of total production during 2007- at Rs. 3446 crores during 2007-08 increased by 2.8% 08. Three Public Sector Companies; viz, Orissa Mining as compared to the previous year. Limestone retained Corporation (OMC), Mysore Mineral Ltd. (MML) and its leading position by contributing 70% of the total Industrial Development Corp. of Orissa Ltd. (IDCOL) value of non-metallic minerals in 2007-08. The other together reported 30% of the total production in 2007- non-metallic minerals in the order of importance were 08. The production of manganese ore at 2.6 million phosphorite/rock phosphate (9%), kaolin (4.5%),

AL SCENARIO AL tonnes in 2007-08 increased by about 21% compared dolomite (3.7%), barytes (1.6% ) and talc/ soapstone/ to that in the previous year. (MOIL) continued to be steatite(1.5%), gypsum(1.6%), silica sand(1.2%) and the largest producer of manganese ore with a share of garnet (abrasive) & magnesite (about 1% each). The 50% of the total production in 2007-08 followed by remaining 5% was from other non-metallic minerals. Tata Steel (12%), SMIOR (9%) and Mangilal Rungta The production of limestone at 188 million tonnes in (4%). Of the total production of manganese ore in 2007-08 registered a decrease of 4% over the previous 2007-08, Orissa contributed 27%, Maharashtra 33%, year. Limestone is widely produced in India. As much Madhya Pradesh 22%, Karnataka 12% and Andhra as 84% of the total output in 2007-08 was contributed Pradesh 5%. The remaining 7.1% was jointly shared MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL by seven principal States; viz, Andhra Pradesh (20%), by Goa and Jharkhand. Rajasthan (16%), Madhya Pradesh (14%), Gujarat The production of gold at 2858 kg (excluding by-product (12%), and Tamil Nadu (9%), Chhattisgarh and gold recovery from imported concentrates) in 2007-08 Karnataka (8% each). The remaining 13% of the total registered an increase of about 14.9% as compared to production was shared by other limestone producing the previous year. Karnataka was the leading producer States. About 53% of the total production was of gold accounting for 94% of the total production. The reported by 15 private sector companies. Some of them remaining production was reported from Jharkhand. The are Grasim Industries Ltd., The Associated Cement Cos. production of bauxite at 23.08 million tonnes in 2007- Ltd. and Ultra Tech Cement Ltd. (9% each), India 08 increased by 47% compared to the previous year. Cement Ltd. and Gujarat Ambuja (5% each), Birla The five major companies; namely, NALCO, Corporation Ltd. and Madras Cement Ltd. (3% each). HINDALCO, Prabhu Das Vithal Das, BALCO and The production of phosphorite/rock phosphate at 1860 Bombay Minerals Limited engaged in bauxite mining in thousand tonnes increased by 17% in 2007-08 as the country, jointly contributed 49% of the total compared to the previous year. The entire production production of bauxite in 2007-08. Gujarat accounted was from Public Sector. Jhamarkotra mine of Rajasthan for 54% of the total output of bauxite during 2007-08 State Mines & Minerals Ltd. (RSMML) alone accounted followed by Orissa (20%), Chhattisgarh and for 94% of the total production in India and the entire Maharashtra (8% each) and Jharkhand (5%). production of Rajasthan during 2007-08. Madhya During 2007-08, the production of lead concentrate Pradesh contributed the remaining 6% of the at 126 thousand tonnes increased by 17% and that of production. The production of dolomite at 5117 zinc concentrate at 1036 thousand tonnes showed an thousand tonnes in 2007-08 registered 1% decrease increase of 9% over the previous year. Average metal as compared to the preceding year. Four major content in lead concentrate was 61.74% Pb and that companies; viz, SAIL (21%), Rashtriya Ispat Nigam in zinc concentrate was 53.21% Zn. Rajasthan Ltd. (13%), Bisra Stone Lime Co. (12%) and Tata Steel accounted for the entire production of lead concentrate (formerly TISCO) (9%) together accounted for 55% and zinc concentrate during 2007-08. of the dolomite produced in 2007-08. Orissa (32%), Chhattisgarh (23%) and Andhra Pradesh (25%) were Non-Metallic Minerals the principal producing States of dolomite. The 3.14 The value of production of non-metallic minerals remaining 20% was contributed by six States during

12 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 13 2008-09, mineral production was 2008-09, mineral production remaining States and Union Territories was less than Territories States and Union remaining 1% each. had revealed that building stone Mineral-wise analysis of 24.5% to the value of minor the largest share by brick-earth 20.9%, road metals minerals followed ordinary sand 6.4%, quartzite 17.1%, marble 12.1%, limestone 3.6%, gravel 3.3%, & sandstone 5.2%, and 1.5%, ordinary earth 1.4% murrum 1.8%, kankar The remaining minerals together ordinary clay 1.1%. of value of minor minerals. The share contributed 1.1% in the value of mineral production of minor minerals 11.6% in 2005-06. was about 10.4% in 2004-05 and State-wise Mineral Scenario 3.16 of which During Territories reported from 23 States and Union of about the bulk of value of mineral production (including offshore 78.99% was confined to 8 States Offshore areas continued to be in leading areas) only. production in the position, in terms of value of mineral % in the national country and had the share of 19.36 with a share of output. Next in order was Orissa (11.61%), 14.70% followed by Chhattisgarh (7.83%), Andhra Jharkhand (8.94%), Madhya Pradesh (5.00%), (6.46%), Gujarat (5.09%), Karnataka Pradesh Assam (3.14%) Maharashtra (4.39%), Goa (3.35%), the total value of mineral Bengal (3.11%) in and West 11 States/Union Territories production. Remaining having individual share of less than 3% together accounted for 7.02% of total value during the year in the The contribution of States/Regions under review. value of mineral production during 2008-09 is pictorially 3. 4. shown in Figure 3.17 State-wise analysis revealed that during 2008- 09, the value of mineral production in most of the principal mineral producing States was on higher side State wise as compared to that in the previous year. increase in the value of mineral production was Meghalaya (51.05%), Bihar (44.54%), Goa (41.95%), (14.61%), Chhattisgarh Orissa (16.62%), Karnataka Bengal (3.74%) and Assam (2.52%), (13.65%), West during the year under review. 3.15 The value of minor minerals at Rs 10,467.4 crores in 2005-06 was higher by 23.7% as compared with share Andhra Pradesh to that in the previous year. of 32.2% in the value of minor minerals produced in continued to occupy the top position. the country, Rajasthan remained at second place and had a share of 24.6 % to the value of minor minerals. Next in the with a share of 14.8%, Bihar order were Uttar Pradesh 10.4%, Gujarat 4.2%, Maharashtra 3.5% and Madhya 2.2%. The individual share of Haryana and Pradesh was about 1.4% each . The contribution of Kerala Minor Minerals The production of talc/soapstone/ steatite in 2007-08 The production of talc/soapstone/ by about 12% over at 826 thousand tonnes increased State Rajasthan, the principal the previous year. in 2007- accounted for 70% of the total production principal producers in Rajasthan; namely, 08. Five Co. (P) Ltd. (25%), Associated Soapstone Distributing Syndicate (P) Ltd. Udaipur Mineral Development Mines (6%) Nalwaya Mineral (23%), Parbatia Mining and Industrial Industries Pvt. Ltd. and Katiyar for 64% of the Corp. (5% each) together accounted total production of talc/ soapstone/ steatite in 2007-08. The production of kaolin in 2007-08 at 1292 thousand The production of the by 12% as compared to that in tonnes decreased of kaolin in Nearly 38% of total output previous year. from Gujarat followed by Kerala 2007-08 was reported of gypsum (16%). Production (30%) and by Rajasthan in 2007-08 registered a decrease at 2.61 million tonnes By and large, to the previous year. of 13% as compared of gypsum was reported from the entire production The remaining 1% was from Jammu Rajasthan (99%). Sector Companies; Public and Gujarat. Two & Kashmir Corporation of India Ltd. RSMML and Fertilizer namely, production. The accounted for almost the entire tonnes during production of magnesite at 248 thousand to the previous 2007-08 increased by 4% as compared year. the year, namely, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Gujarat, Jharkhand, namely, the year, Rajasthan. and Maharashtra Pradesh, Madhya Figure 3.4

Share of States in the Value of Mineral Production 2008-09 (Estimated)

AL SCENARIO AL MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL

The State wise value of mineral production during Cuddapah, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool, Nellore and 2004-05 to 2007-08 is given in Annexure 3.5. Prakasam districts; calcite in Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Visakhapatnam districts; china clay in SCENARIO OF MINERAL RICH STATES Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, East 3.18 The review of Mineral rich States of India is given Godavari, West Godavari, Guntur, Kurnool, Mahaboob- in subsequent paragraphs. nagar, Nalgonda, Nellore, Rangareddy, Visakhapatnam and districts; coal in Adilabad, East and West 1. ANDHRA PRADESH Godavari, Karimnagar, Khammam and Warangal Mineral Resources districts; corundum in Anantapur and Khammam districts; dolomite in Anantapur, Khmmam, Kurnool and Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of chrysotile Warangal districts; felspar in Anantapur, West Godavari, asbestos, barytes, mica, felspar, vermiculite, quartz, Hyderabad, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar, Nellore, laterite, silica sand, dolomite and limestone. State Rangareddy and Vizianagaram districts; fireclay in accounts for 94% barytes, 63% ball clay, 61% Adilabad, Chittoor, Cuddapah, East Godavari, West corundum, 40% diamond, 39% calcite, 28% mica, Godavari, Kurnool, Nalgonda and Srikakulam districts; 26% garnet, 23% ilmenite, 20% limestone and 15% garnet in East Godavari, Khammam and Nellore dolomite resources of the country. State is endowed districts; granite in Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, with the internationally known black, pink, blue and Guntur, Khammam, Medak, Nalgonda, Nellore, multicoloured varieties of granites. Krishna-Godavari Prakasam, Rangareddy, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and basin areas of the State have emerged as new promising Warangal districts; iron ore (hematite) in Anantapur, areas for hydrocarbons-specially natural gas. Important Cuddapah, Guntur, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool and minerals occurring in the State are apatite in Nellore districts; iron ore (magnetite) in Adilabad, Visakhapatnam district; asbestos in Cuddapah district; Prakasam and Warangal districts; lead-zinc in ball clay in ; barytes in Anantapur, Cuddapah, Guntur and Prakasam districts; limestone

14 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 15 The principal minerals produced in the State were coal, in the State minerals produced The principal (crude), petroleum (utilised), limestone, natural gas ore, ore, manganese iron dolomite, felspar, barytes, (crude), which laterite and mica silica sand, ball clay, for 66% of total value of mineral together accounted State during 2007-08. Coal alone production in the of the total value of mineral contributed 45% State. production in the the third position among the claims Andhra Pradesh to with a contribution of 9.1% States in the country of the mineral production. The share the total value of minerals in the production of principal Andhra Pradesh 99%, felspar 88%, was barytes 99%, mica (crude) 48%, silica sand vermiculite 84%, quartz 33%, laterite 19% and limestone 55%, dolomite 25%, clay (others) 20% in the country. in the State, Among the important minerals produced manganese ore output of iron ore increased by 73%, 11%. In the same by 120% and petroleum (crude) by increase was observed in silica sand 136%, manner, 19%, limestone ochre 86%, quartzite 67%, dolomite of asbestos the production 9% and coal 8%. However, clay others by decreased by 33%, barites by 36%, fireclay by 26%, 38%, kaoline by 80%, felspar by 6%, by 14%. sand others by 25% and steatite was estimated The production value of minor minerals The number at Rs. 3,367 crores for the year 2007-08. of reporting mines in the State was 372 in 2007-08 as The index of compared to 415 in the previous year. (base 1993- mineral production in Andhra Pradesh 94=100) was 178.3 in 2007-08 as against 167.39 in the previous year. 2. CHHATTISGARH Mineral Resources Chhattisgarh is the sole producer of tin concentrates and is one of the leading producers of coal, dolomite and iron ore. State accounts for about 38% tin ore, 28% diamond, 19% iron ore (hematite), 16% coal and Important 11% dolomite resources of the country. mineral occurrences of the State are bauxite in Bastar, Kawardha Kanker, Dantewada, Jashpur, Bilaspur, The value of mineral production in Andhra Pradesh at The value of mineral production in Andhra Pradesh Rs.9841 crores in 2007-08 was higher by about 14% Almost all as compared to that in the previous year. important minerals are produced in Andhra Pradesh. Production Other minerals that occur in the State are bauxite in Other minerals that occur in the districts; chromite East Godavari and Visakhapatnam copper in Guntur, in Khammam and Krishna districts; districts; diamond and Prakasam Khammam, Kurnool districts; fuller’s Krishna and Kurnool in Anantapur, districts; gold in earth in Medak and Rangareddy graphite in districts; Chittoor and Kurnool Anantapur, Godavari, Khammam, Srikakulam, East Godavari, West Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts; gypsum in in districts; kyanite Nellore and Prakasam Guntur, districts; magnesite Khammam, Nellore and Prakasam in Cuddapah district; marble in ; Godavari sillimanite in West district; pyrite in Kurnool district; silver in Guntur district; titanium minerals in East Godavari, Krishna, Nellore, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts; and tungsten in . in Adilabad, Anantapur, Cuddapah, East Godavari, Cuddapah, East Anantapur, in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Godavari, Guntur, West Nalgonda, Nellore, Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool, Krishna, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam, Rangareddy, manganese ore in Adilabad, Vizianagaram districts; in Vizianagaram districts; mica Srikakulam and districts; ochre in Cuddapah, Khammam and Nellore and Visakhapatnam Kurnool Godavari, Guntur, West in Anantapur district; quartz/silica districts; pyrophyllite Godavari, West Cuddapah, Chittoor, sand in Anantapur, Kurnool, Hyderabad, Khammam, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam, Medak, Nalgonda, Nellore, Mahaboobnagar, Srika-kulam, Visakhapatnam, Rangareddy, districts; quartzite in Vizianaagram and Warangal Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam and Vizianagram Kurnool, Cuddapah, Chittoor, districts; steatite in Anantapur, districts and vermiculite in Khammam and Kurnool and Petroleum Nellore and Visakhapatnam districts. are located in the natural gas deposits of importance onshore and offshore areas of Krishna-Godavari basin of the State. (Kabirdham), Korba, Raigarh and Sarguja districts; china production of limestone. There was a decrease in clay in Durg and Rajnandgaon districts; coal in Koria, production of Tin concentrate 39%, kaoline 37.5% Korba, Raigarh and Sarguja districts; dolomite in Bastar, and quartzite by 86%. Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh and Raipur districts; iron ore The production value of minor minerals was estimated (hematite) in Dantewada district, Bailadila deposit in at Rs. 53 crores for the year 2007-08. The number of Dantewada district, Chhote Dongar deposit in Kanker

AL SCENARIO AL reporting mines in Chhattisgarh was 142 in 2007-08 as district, Rowghat, Chargaon, Metabodeli and against 144 in the previous year. The index of mineral Hahaladdi deposits in Rajnandgaon district, Boria Tibbu production in Chhattisgarh (base 1993-94=100) was deposits in Dalli-Rajhara area, Durg district. Bailadila- 219.0 in 2007-08 as against 200.72 in the previous year. Rowghat hill ranges in the State are considered to be one of the biggest iron ore fields in India. Limestone 3. GOA occurs in Bastar, Bilaspur, Durg, Janjgir-Champa, Kawardha (Kabirdham), Raigarh, Raipur and Mineral Resources Rajnandgaon districts; quartzite in Durg, Raipur, Goa is well known for its iron and manganese ores. Rajnandgaon and Raigarh districts; and talc/steatite in

MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL Bauxite and laterite are the other minerals produced in Durg district. Other minerals occurring in the State the State. Iron and manganese ore belts extend from are corundum in Dantewada district; diamond and South-East to North-West of the State. Important iron other gemstones in Raipur, Mahasamund and Dhamtari ore deposits are located in Bicholim, Sanguem and Satari districts; gold in Raipur, Jashpur, Kanker and talukas. Manganese ores are associated with iron ores Mahasamund districts; fire clay in Bilaspur, Raigarh and and occur as pockets of various sizes in a form of Rajnandgaon districts; fluorite in Rajnandgaon district; concretionary pebbles in shales. Important manganese garnet and marble in ; emerald and gold ore deposits are confined to the Southern and South- in Raipur district; granite in Bastar, Kanker and Raipur Eastern parts of Sanguem taluka. Bauxite occurs in districts; quartz/silica sand in Durg, Raigarh, Raipur and South-Eastern parts of Goa. Rajnandgaon districts; and tin in Bastar and Dantewada districts. Production

Production The value of mineral production in Goa at 2421 crores in 2007-08 increased by 24% as compared to the The value of mineral production in Chhattisgarh at Rs. previous year. About 99% of the total value of mineral 10511 crores in 2007-08, increased by 17.5% as production in Goa was contributed by iron ore. compared to that in the previous year. The State is Production of bauxite and minor minerals was also ranked second in the country and accounted for 9.7% reported from the State in 2007-08. During the year of the total value of the production. The important under review, production of bauxite increased by 16% minerals produced in the State in 2007-08 were coal, and iron ore by 2% over the previous year, whereas bauxite, iron ore, dolomite and limestone, which there was no production of manganese ore during together accounted for about 99% of the entire value 2007-08. The reasons for fall in production in respect of mineral production in the State. Chhattisgarh was of manganese ore was due to engagement of labour the sole producer of tin concentrate. The State was in development work. The production value of minor the second leading producer of coal and dolomite and minerals was estimated at Rs. 6 crores for the year iron ore with a share of 20%, 23% and 15% 2007-08. There were 76 reporting mines in 2007-08 respectively in the country. During 2007-08, the as against 72 in the previous year. The index of mineral production of steatite increased by 58%, bauxite by production in Goa (base 1993-94=100) was 205.4 in 10%, coal by 8%, iron ore by 7%, dolomite by 6% 2007-08 as against 203.18 in the previous year. and bauxite 10%. There was marginal increase in

16 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 17 Sabarkantha districts; graphite in Panchamahals district; in Panchamahals districts; graphite Sabarkantha Vadodara Banaskantha and and marble in lead-zinc Vadodara and Panchamahals manganese ore in districts; district; and in Vadodara districts; vermiculite district. wollastonite in Banaskantha Production production in Gujarat in 2007-08 The value of mineral as marginally increased by 0.5% at Rs.6179 crores The State was in the previous year. compared to that the country and accounted for about ranked seventh in production in India 5.7% of the total value of mineral Gujarat was the sole producer of agate, during the year. and the leading chalk and fluorite (concentrate) in the country. producer of bauxite and clay (others) largest producer of The State was also the second and natural gas quartz, lignite, petroleum (crude) of Production (utilised) in the country during 2007-08. 112% and gypsum lignite increased by 20%, bauxite by in production during 121%. The minerals reporting fall limestone 35%, 2007-08 were Natural gas(ut) 11%, dolomite 46%, silica sand 37%, clay(others) 32%, in production due fireclay and steatite 56% each. Fall of labour and lack to less plant requirement, shortage of pozydone clay of demand of silica sand due to use for manufacturing of cement. was estimated The production value of minor minerals at Rs.440 crores for the year 2007-08 same as of The number of reporting mines in the previous year. State was 430 in 2007-08 as compared to 457 in the The index of mineral production in previous year. Gujarat (base 1993-94=100) was 125.4 in 2007-08 as against 122.74 in the previous year. 5. JHARKHAND Mineral Resources 2000 is Jharkhand carved out of Bihar in November, one of the leading mineral producing States. It is one of the leading producers of coal, kyanite, gold, silver, Uranium ore is being mined and bauxite and felspar. processed by Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) for use as fuel in the country’s nuclear power reactors through four underground mines, an opencast mine, ahals, Panchm Kheda, Kachchh, Other minerals that occur in the State are apatite and district; calcite in Amreli rock phosphate in Panchmahals and Bharuch districts; copper ore in Banaskantha district; granite in Banaskantha, Mehesana and Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar, Vadodara Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar, districts; and steatite in Sabarkantha district. and Valsad Important mineral occurrences in the State are agate Important mineral flows in ; bauxite found in Deccan Trap Junagadh, Kheda, Jamnagar, in Amreli, Bhavnagar, ball clay districts; Valsad Sabarkantha and Kachchh, districts; and Patan in Banaskantha, Bharuch, Kachchh Kachchh Jamnagar, bentonite in Amreli, Bhavnagar, clay in Amreli, and Sabarkantha districts; china Junagadh, Jamnagar, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, districts; chalk Mehsana and Sabarkantha Kachchh, district; diatomite in Bhavnagar district; in Porbandar and Vadodara Panchmahals dolomite in Bhavnagar, Mehsana, districts; fireclay in Bharuch, Kachchh, Surendranagar Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat and and Bharuch districts; districts; fluorite in Vadodara fuller’s districts; earth in Bhavnagar and Kachchh Junagadh, Kachchh Jamnagar, gypsum in Bhavnagar, lignite in Bharuch, and Surendranagar districts; in and Surat districts; limestone Kachchh Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Amreli, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Porbandar, Panchmahals, Junagadh, Kheda, Kachchh, and Valsad Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Vadodara Kachchh districts; ochre in Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, districts; perlite in Rajkot district; petroleum and Patan Kalol, and natural gas in oil fields of Ankaleshwar, Navgam, Balol and Cambay in Cambay onshore and offshore basins; quartz/silica sand in Bharuch, Dahod, Bhavnagar, Gujarat is the sole producer of agate, chalk, and perlite Gujarat is the sole of fluorite (concentrate), and is leading producer and lignite, laterite, petroleum silica sand, fireclay, State is the bauxite in the country. natural gas and sole holder of country’s resources of perlite, 69% of 18% of bentonite and 10% fluorite, 28% of diatomite, of wollastonite. Mineral Resources Mineral 4. GUJARAT two processing plants and a by-product recovery plant, East Singhbhum districts; and vermiculite in Giridih and all in East Singhbhum district. Jharkhand accounts for Hazaribagh districts. about 35% rock phosphate, 29% coal, 28% iron ore Production (hematite), 27% apatite, 22% andalusite, 16% copper ore and 10% silver ore resources of the country. The value of mineral production in Jharkhand during 2007-08 at Rs.9258 crores increased by about 11.5%

AL SCENARIO AL Important minerals occurring in the State are bauxite over the previous year. The State claiming fifth position in Dumka, Gumla, Lohardaga and Palamau districts; in the country accounted for 8.6 % of the total value china clay in Dumka, Hazaribagh, Lohardaga, East & of mineral production during 2007-08. Jharkhand was West Singhbhum, Sahebganj and Ranchi districts; coal the leading producer of coal and kyanite and second in Bokaro, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Giridih, Godda, leading producer of gold in the country. The State was Hazaribagh, Palamau, Pakur, and Ranchi districts; third leading producer of felspar and graphite during copper in Hazaribagh and East Singhbhum districts; the year. Coal, the principal mineral produced in the dolomite in Garhwa and Palamau districts; felspar in State contributed 91% of the total value of mineral Deoghar, Dhanbad, Dumka, Giridih, Hazaribagh, production in the State. The other principal minerals MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL Koderma and Palamau districts; fireclay in Dhanbad, produced in the State were iron ore, bauxite, dolomite, Dumka, Giridih, Godda, Hazaribagh, Palamau, Ranchi gold and limestone. Silver was not reported during and West Singhbhum districts; gold in East Singhbhum 2007-08 in the State. district; graphite in Palamau district; iron ore (hematite) in West Singhbhum district; iron ore (magnetite) in Among the important minerals, production of coal Gumla, Hazaribagh, Palamau and East Singhbhum increased by 2.44%, iron ore 12%, limestone 6% districts; kyanite in East & West Singhbhum districts; dolomite 15% and manganese ore about 20 times limestone in Bokaro, Dhanbad, Garhwa, Giridih, during 2007-08 as compared to the previous year. Hazaribagh, Palamau, Ranchi, East & West Singhbhum However, the output of bauxite declined by 13%, gold districts; manganese ore in East & West Singhbhum 82%, pyroxenite 38% and kyanite 46% owing to districts; mica in Giridih and Koderma districts; ochre disruptions by naxal outfits and less market demand. in West Singhbhum district; dunite/ pyroxenite in East Singhbhum district; quartz/silica sand in Deoghar, The production value of minor minerals was estimated Dhanbad, Dumka, Giridih, Godda, Hazaribagh, at Rs. 40 crores. The number of reporting mines in Koderma, Palamau, Ranchi, Sahebganj, East & West Jharkhand during 2006-07 and 2007-08 was 293. The Singhbhum districts; and quartzite in East & West index of mineral production in Jharkhand (Base1993- Singhbhum districts. 94=100) was 123.7 in 2007-08 as compared to 119.96 in the previous year. Other minerals that occur in the State are andalusite and rock phosphate in Palamau district; apatite, 6. KARNATAKA chromite, cobalt, nickel, gold and silver in East Mineral Resources Singhbhum district; asbestos in East & West Singhbhum districts; barytes in Palamau and East Singhbhum Karnataka has the distinction of being the main gold districts; bentonite in Pakur and Sahebganj districts; producing State in the country. The State is the sole garnet in Hazaribagh district; granite in Deogarh, producer of felsite and leading producer of iron ore, Dhanbad, Dumka, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Hazaribagh, chromite and dunite. Karnataka hosts country’s 78% Koderma, Lohardaga, Palamau, Ranchi and East vanadium ore, 74% iron ore (magnetite), 42% Singhbhum districts; sillimanite in Hazaribagh district; tungsten ore, 38% asbestos, 33% titaniferous talc/steatite in Giridih, Palamau, East & West magnetite, 30% limestone, 25% granite, 22% Singhbhum districts; titanium minerals in Ranchi and manganese ore, 19% corundum, 18% dunite, 17%

18 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 19 bauxite stone, The production of dolomite declined ale rose by 12%, 21%, 23%, 72%, 46% and Kannad, Raichur and Shimoga districts; corundum in Shimoga districts; Raichur and Kannad, Mandya, Hassan, Chitradurga, Bellary, Bangalore, districts; fuller’s Belgaum earth in Tumkur Mysore and granite in Bagalkot, Bangalore, and Gulbarga districts; Hassan, Gulbarga, Chamrajanagar, Bijapur, Bellary, and Tumkur Raichur Uttar Kannad, Koppal, Kolar, and Mysore districts; in Kolar districts; graphite and district; molybdenum in Kolar gypsum in Gulbarga district; nickel in Uttar Kannad Raichur districts; districts; and Dakshin Kannad sillimanite in Hassan and Raichur districts; titanium silver in Chitradurga and Shimoga minerals in Hassan, Uttar Kannad and Raichur Kolar districts; tungsten in Dharwad, and Uttar Kannad districts; vanadium in Hassan, in Hassan, Mandya Shimoga districts; and vermiculite and Mysore districts. Production during in Karnataka The value of mineral production by 23% over the 2007-08 at Rs.4495 crores increased Iron ore, gold, manganese ore, limestone previous year. minerals produced in and dolomite being the important 99% of the total the State together accounted for about Karnataka the year. value of mineral production during the leading producer was the sole producer of felsite and limeshell (73%) of of gold with a share of 99% and The State was also the total production in the country. second leading producer of iron ore, chromite, corundum and dunite. Among the important minerals, production of iron ore, gold, manganese ore, lime and sh respectively. 23%, by 12%, laterite 43% and magnesite 58%. Decline in production was also noticed in silica sand 39%, kaoline 70%, dunite 51%, felsite 69%, quartz 81% and steatite 63%. The production value of minor minerals was estimated at Rs.26 crores for the year 2006-07. The number of was 218 in 2007-08 as reporting mines in Karnataka The index of mineral against 231 in the previous year. was 305.1 (Base 1993-94=100) production in Karnataka in 2007-08 as compared to 248.3 in the previous year. Other minerals that occur in the State are asbestos in and Shimoga Hassan, Mandya, Mysore Chickmagalur, districts; barytes and pyrite in Chitradurga district; calcite in Belgaum, Bijapur and Mysore districts; copper Chitradurga, Gulbarga,Hassan, Uttar in Chickmagalur, gold (primary), 13% kyanite and 11% iron ore and 11% 13% kyanite gold (primary), occurring important minerals resources. The (hematite) in Belgaum, Chickmagalur, are bauxite in the State clay in districts; china Kannad Uttar and Dakshin Chickmagalur, Bidar, Bellary, Bangalore, Belgaum, Uttar and Hassan, Haveri, Kolar, Dharwad, Gadag, districts; Shimoga and Tumkur Dakshin Kannad, viz. district and in two belts chromite in Hassan and Nanjangud in Mysore district; Nuggehalli Arsikhera Chitradurga, Belgaum, Bijapur, dolomite in bagalkot, dunite/ districts; Tumkur and Mysore, Uttar Kannad and Mysore Hassan in Chickmagalur, pyroxenite Chitradurga, districts; felspar in Bangalore, Belgaum, districts; fireclay in Bangalore, Hassan and Kolar Shimoga and Kolar, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Hassan, districts; gold in Chitradurga, Dharwad, Tumkur Raichur and Tumkur Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Kolar, Bijapur, Bellary, districts; iron ore (hematite) in Bagalkot, Dharwad, Uttar Kannad, Chitradurga, Chickmagalur, in districts; iron ore (magnetite) Shimoga and Tumkur and Uttar and Dakshin Kannad Hassan, Chickmagalur, in Chickmagalur, Shimoga districts; kyanite and Dakshin Chitradurga, Mandya, Mysore, Shimoga Belgaum, districts; limestone in Bagalkot, Kannad Chitradurga, Davangere, Chickmagalur, Bijapur, Bellary, Uttar and Dakshin Gadag, Gulbarga, Hassan, Mysore, and Udupi districts; Tumkur Shimoga, Kannad, districts; manganese magnesite in Mandya and Mysore Chitradurga, Chickmaglur, ore in Belgaum, Bellary, Shimoga and Tumkur Davangere, Uttar Kannad, districts; ochre in Bellary and Bidar districts; quartz/ silica sand in Bagalkot, Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Chitradurga, Davangere, Dharwad, Chickmagalur, Mandya, Koppal, Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Kolar, Shimoga, Raichur, Mysore, Uttar & Dakshin Kannad, and steatite in Bellary, and Udupi districts; Tumkur Chitradurga, Hassan, Mandya, Mysore, Chickmagalur, districts. Raichur and Tumkur 7. MADHYA PRADESH Betul and Sidhi districts; gypsum in ; lead-zinc in Betul district; molybdenum in Balaghat Mineral Resources district; potash in ; quartzite in Sehore Madhya Pradesh is the only diamond producing State district; rock phosphate in Chhatarpur, Jhabua and and is the leading producer of copper concentrate Sagar districts; and sillimanite in Sidhi disitrict. pyrophyllite and diaspore. State hosts country’s 68%

AL SCENARIO AL Production diaspore, 41% molybdenum ore, 46% pyrophyllite, 32% diamond, 29% copper ore, 17% rock phosphate, The value of mineral production in Madhya Pradesh at 16% each of manganese ore and fireclay and 11% Rs.8062 crores in 2007-08 increased by about 17% as ochre resources. Important mineral occurrences in the compared to the previous year. Madhya Pradesh State are bauxite in Balaghat, Guna, , Katni, contributed 7.4% to the total value of mineral , Rewa, Satna and Shahdol districts; calcite in production and was sixth among States in the country. Badwani, Jhabua and Khargone districts; china clay in The State was the sole producer of diamond and slate. Betul, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, , , The State was the leading producer of pyrophyllite with

Jabalpur, Khargone, Narsinghpur, Raisen, Satna, a share of 83%, copper concentrates 52% and diaspore MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL Shahdol and Sidhi districts; copper in Balaghat, Betul 54% in the national output of respective mineral. and Jabalpur districts; coal in Betul, Shahdol and Madhya Pradesh was also the second leading producer Sidhi districts; diamond in Panna district; diaspore & of clay (others) (30%), shale (20%) and phosphorite/ pyrophyllite in Chhatarpur, Shivpuri and Tikamgarh rock phosphate (6%). During 2007-08, the production districts; dolomite in Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, of coal increased by 14%, manganese ore 20%, iron Damoh, Dewas, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, ore 83%, copper concentrates 4%, bauxite 142%, Mandla, Narsinghpur, Sagar and Seoni districts; fireclay pyrophyllite 49%, diaspore 23% and laterite 49%. in Betul, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Katni, Narsinghpur, However, downward trend in production was shown Panna, Sagar, Shahdol and Sidhi districts; iron ore in limestone 10%, phosphorite 38%, clay (others) 45%, (hematite) in Betul, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Katni districts; diamond 73%, kaolin 31% and steatite 65%. limestone in Balaghat, Chhindwara, Damoh, Dhar, The production value of minor minerals was estimated Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Khargone, Katni, at Rs.232 crores for the year 2007-08. The number of Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, reporting mines in Madhya Pradesh was 319 in 2007- Sehore, Shahdol and Sidhi districts; manganese ore in 08 as against 336 in the previous year. The index of Balaghat, Chhindwara and Jhabua districts; ochre in mineral production in Madhya Pradesh (base 1993- Dhar, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Mandla, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol 94=100) was 199.4 in 2006-07 as against 176.76 in and Umaria districts; quartz/silica sand in Balaghat, the previous year. Dewas, Dhar, Jabalpur, Khandwa, Khargone, Morena, Rewa and Shahdol districts; talc/steatite/soapstone in 8. MAHARASHTRA Dhar, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Narsinghpur and Sagar districts; and vermiculite in . Mineral Resources

Other minerals that occur in the State are calcareous Maharashtra is the sole producer of corundum and is shales (used in slate pencil) in ; barytes the second largest producer of manganese ore after in Dewas, Dhar, Shivpuri, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts; Orissa. The principal mineral-bearing belts in felspar in Jabalpur and Shahdol districts; fuller’s earth Maharashtra are area in the East and Konkan in ; gold in Jabalpur and Sidhi districts; area in the West. Important mineral occurrences are granite in Betul, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, bauxite in Kolhapur, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Jhabua, Panna, Seoni and Shivpuri districts; graphite in Sindhudurg and Thane districts; china clay in Amravati,

20 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 21 manganese ore (35%), sillimanite(54%) and silica(40%). and ore (35%), sillimanite(54%) manganese in respect of was reported in production Fall Dolomite(73%), Corundum(50%), Kaoline(100%), Shale (14%), Quartz (11%), Fireclay Pyrophyllite(45%), (13%) and Sand(others) 7 %. (17%), Limestone of minor minerals was The value of production The crores for the year 2006-07. estimated at Rs. 362 as mines was 149 in 2007-2008 number of reporting The index of mineral previous year. against 154 in the in (base 1993-94 = 100) production in Maharashtra as against 179.4 in the previous 2007-08 was 185.3 year. 9. ORISSA Mineral Resources chromite, graphite, Orissa is the leading producer of sillimanite, quartzite, bauxite, manganese ore, iron ore, and dolomite. The State hosts country’spyroxenite group of metals. sole resources of ruby and platinum It accounts country’s nickel ore, 95% chromite, 92% 51% titaniferous 69% cobalt ore, 55% bauxite, 33% iron magnetite, 40% limestone, 36% pyrophyllite, each fireclay and ore (hematite), 26% sillimanite, 25% and 20% vanadium garnet, 24% each coal and zircon ore resources. State are bauxite Important minerals that occur in the , Keonjhar, Kalahandi, in Boudh, Bolangir, Malkangiri and Sundergarh districts; china clay in Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Bargarh, Boudh, Bolangir, Sambalpur and Sundergarh districts; chromite in Balasore, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Jajpur and Keonjhar districts. Chromite deposits of Sukinda and Nuasahi ultramafic belt constitute 95% of the country’s chromite resources. Coal occurs in IB river Valley coalfield, coalfield, Sambalpur district and Talcher Koraput, Dhenkanal district; dolomite in Keonjhar, Sambalpur and Sundergarh districts; dunite/pyroxenite fireclay in Angul, Bhubaneswar, district; in Keonjhar Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Jharsuguda, Khurda, Puri, Sambalpur and Sundergarh districts; garnet in Ganjam and Sambalpur districts; graphite in Bargarh, Boudh, Nuapada, Rayagada and Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, The value of mineral production in Maharashtra during 2007-08 at Rs.5110 crores increased by 16% as Maharashtra compared to that in the previous year. accounted for about 4.7% of the total value of mineral production in the country during the year under review. It was the largest producer of corundum in 2007-08. The State was the largest producer of manganese ore sharing 33% of total production of the mineral. Among other important minerals, the State reported higher production during 2007-08 in respect of laterite, (more than 3 folds), fluorite graded (75%), bauxite (31%), Production Other minerals that occur in the State are barytes in Other minerals that occur in the copper in Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts; Gadchiroli and districts; Bhandara, Chandrapur, in Bhandara and felspar in Sindhudurg district; gold Chandrapur, Nagpur districts; granite in Bhandra, , Nasik, Sindhudurg Dhule, Gadchiroli, Nagpur, Sindhudurg district; and Thane districts; graphite in in Bhandara and lead-zinc in ; marble in Chandrapur Nagpur districts; ochre and tungsten in Bhandara and Nagpur districts; silver and vanadium and Sindhudurg district; steatite in Bhandara, Ratnagiri districts; and titanium minerals in Gondia and Ratnagiri districts. Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Sindhudurg and Thane Sindhudurg Nagpur, Chandrapur, Bhandara, Nagpur Chandrapur, chromite in Bhandara, districts; Chandrapur coal in Nagpur, districts; and Sindhudurg Nagpur in Chandrapur, districts; dolomite and Yavatmal Chandrapur, districts; fireclay in Amravati, and Yavatmal in districts; fluorite and Shale Nagpur and Ratnagiri iron ore (hematite) in Chandrapur, ; ore Sindhudurg districts; iron Gadchiroli and and district; kyanite in Bhandara (magnetite) in Gondia limestone district; laterite in Kolhapur Nagpur districts; Dhule, Gadchiroli, Nagpur, Chandrapur, in Ahmednagar, ore districts; manganese Nanded, Sangli and Yavatmal districts; corundum, in Bhandara, Nagpur and Ratnagiri district; quartz pyrophyllite and sillimanite in Bhandara Gondia, and silica sand in Bhandara, Gadchiroli, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts Nagpur, Kolhapur, districts. and quartzite in Gondia and Nagpur Sambalpur districts; iron ore (hematite) in Dhenkanal, mineral in India during the year 2007-08. The State Jajpur, Keonjhar, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur and was also the leading producer of graphite with a share Sundergarh districts; limestone in Bargarh, Kalahandi, of 44% in the total production in the country. Koraput, Malkangiri, Nuapada, Sambalpur and Of the important minerals, production of iron ore Sundergarh districts; manganese ore in Bolangir, increased by 7%, fireclay 13%, pyroxenite & silleminite Keonjhar, Koraput, Sambalpur and Sundergarh districts;

AL SCENARIO AL 20% each, coal 10%, dolomite 3%, limestone 2% and Pyrophyllite in Keonjhar district; quartz/silica sand in quartzite 28% in 2007-08 as compared to that in the Boudh, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Sambalpur and Sundergarh previous year. On the other hand, production of districts; quartzite in Bolangir, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, chromite decreased by 9%, manganese ore by 3%, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur and Sundergarh graphite 43%, garnet(abrasive)132%, talc /soapstone districts; sillimanite in Ganjam and Sambalpur districts; /steatite 94%, silica sand 53%, kaoline 13%, quartz talc/steatite in Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Sambalpur 38%, fireclay 2% and pyrophyllite by 19% during the districts; titanium minerals in Dhenkanal, Ganjam, year under review. Jajpur and Mayurbhanj districts; and zircon in Ganjam

district. The production value of minor minerals was estimated MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL at Rs.86 crores for the year 2006-07. The number of Other minerals that occur in the State are cobalt in reporting mines in 2007-08 was 227 as against 233 in Cuttack and Jajpur districts; copper in Mayurbhanj and the previous year. The index of mineral production in Sambalpur districts; granite in Angul, Boudh, Bolangir, Orissa (base 1993-94 = 100) was 420.8 in 2007-08 Cuttack, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Keonjhar, as against 378.7 in the previous year. Khurda, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Nuapada, Rayagada and Sambalpur districts; lead in Sargipalli area, Sundergarh 10. RAJASTHAN district and nickel in Cuttack, Jajpur, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj districts. Occurrences of ruby and emerald Mineral Resources are reported from Bolangir and Kalahandi districts, Rajasthan is the sole producer of jasper, lead & zinc respectively. Platinum Group of Metals occur in concentrate and wollastonite. Rajasthan was the sole Keonjhar district; silver in Sundergarh district; tin in producer of garnet (gem) till 2004-05. Almost entire Koraput and Malkangiri districts; and vanadiferous production of calcite and natural gypsum in the country magnetite occurs in Balasore and Mayurbhanj districts. comes from Rajasthan. State is a major producer of Production asbestos, copper concentrate, ochre, phosphorite/rock phosphate, silver, steatite, ball clay, fluorite and felspar. The value of mineral production in Orissa at Rs. 12,987 The State is also an important producer of marble crores in 2007-08 increased by 29% over the previous having various shades. Makrana area is world famous year. The State contributed 12% of the total value of centre for marble mining. mineral production and claims second position among the State in the country during the year under review. Country’s more than 90% resources of wollastonite, The important minerals produced in Orissa were coal, lead & zinc ore and potash are located in Rajasthan. bauxite, chromite, iron ore, manganese ore, limestone State has a main share in the total resources of silver and dolomite which together accounted for about 99.2% ore (84%), gypsum (81%), bentonite (80%), fuller’s of the total value of mineral production in 2007-08. earth (74%), diatomite (72%), ochre (71%), marble (63%), felspar (62%), calcite (53%), mica (51%), talc/ Orissa was the leading producer of iron ore with a share steatite/soapstone (50%), asbestos (49%), copper of 33%, bauxite 20%, chromite 99.8%, dolomite 32%, (48%), ball clay (36%), rock phosphate (31%), sillimanite 31%, pyroxenite 84%, manganese ore 26% tungsten (31%), fluorite (26%), granite (23%), gold and quartzite 47% in the total production of respective (primary) (17%) and china clay (14%).

22 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 23 and Udaipur districts; mica in Bhilwara district; ochre in Bhilwara district; districts; mica and Udaipur and Sawai Madhopur Chittorgarh, Jaipur, in Bikaner, in Sikar district; pyrophyllite districts; pyrite in Udaipur Rajsamand and Udaipur districts; Jhunjhunu, Alwar, Bhilwara, Bharatpur, Alwar, in Ajmer, quartz/silica sand Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, Dausa, Jaipur, Bundi, Bikaner, Sikar, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Pali, Kota, Jodhpur, districts; quartzite in Ajmer, and Udaipur Sirohi, Tonk rock and Sawai Madhopur districts; Jhunjhunu Alwar, Jaisalmer and Banswara, Jaipur, phosphate in Alwar, talc/steatite/soapstone in Ajmer, Udaipur districts; Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Banswara, Bharatpur, Alwar, Pali, Karauli, Jhunjhunu, Jaipur, Dausa, Dungarpur, and Udaipur Sirohi, Tonk Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Barmer districts; and districts; vermiculite in Ajmer and Sirohi and Pali, Dungarpur, wollastonite in Ajmer, Udaipur districts. in the State are Other important minerals that occur bauxite in Kota apatite in Udaipur and Sikar districts; Jaisalmer and Jhalawar district; bentonite in Barmer, district; diatomite in Barmer districts; corundum in Tonk and Rajsamand and Jaisalmer districts; emerald in Ajmer Jaisalmer and Bikaner, districts; fuller’s earth in Barmer, and Sirohi districts; Jodhpur districts; gold in Banswara Bhilwara, Banswara, Barmer, Alwar, granite in Ajmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, Chittorgarh, Jaipur, Sirohi, Sikar, Sawai Madhopur, Rajsamand, Pali, Jodhpur, Alwar and Udaipur districts; graphite in Ajmer, Tonk and Banswara districts; kyanite and sillimanite in Udaipur district; manganese ore in Banswara, Bhilwara, and Nagaur districts; potash in Jaisalmer and Pali Jaipur, Bhilwara, Jhunjhunu, districts; silver in Ajmer, Rajsamand and Udaipur districts; tungsten at Degana deposits are also reported in Nagaur district. Tungsten Sirohi and Udaipur districts. Pali, to occur in Jaipur, Production The value of mineral production in Rajasthan during 2007-08 at Rs.4931 crores increased by 6% as Its share to the total compared to the previous year. value of mineral production in the country in 2007-08 was about 4.6%. The State produces almost all varieties Rajasthan was the sole of minerals in the country. Important minerals occurring in the State are asbestos in the State are minerals occurring Important Pali, Dungarpur, Bhilwara, in Ajmer, (amphibole) in Bikaner, districts; ball clay and Udaipur Rajsamand Bharatpur, in Alwar, districts; barytes Nagaur and Pali Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Jalore, Pali, Bhilwara, Bundi, Alwar, districts; calcite in Ajmer, Sikar and Udaipur Sirohi and Sikar, Pali, Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara, Jaipur, Bharatpur, Barmer, china clay in Ajmer, Udaipur districts; Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa, Jaipur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Sawai Pali, Nagaur, Kota, Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, districts; and copper in Khetri Madhopur and Udaipur in Alwar district. belt in Jhunjhunu district and Dariba to occur in Ajmer, Deposits of copper are also reported Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Bharatpur, Sirohi and Udaipur Rajsamand, Sikar, Pali, Jaipur, Banswara, Alwar, districts. Dolomite occur in Ajmer, Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jaipur, and Udaipur districts; felspar in Ajmer, Sikar Jodhpur, Sikar and Tonk Rajsamand, Pali, Bhilwara, Jaipur, Alwar, Bikaner, Bharatpur, Barmer, districts; fireclay in Alwar, Jhunjhunu and Sawai Madhopur districts; Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Dungarpur, fluorspar in Ajmer, Bhilwara, in Ajmer, Sirohi and Udaipur districts; garnet districts; gypsum in Sikar and Tonk Jhunjhunu, Jaipur, Hanumangarh, Churu, Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner, Barmer, iron ore districts; Jalore, Nagaur and Pali Jaisalmer, Sikar and Jhunjhunu, (hematite) in Dausa, Jaipur, in Bhilwara, Udaipur districts; iron ore (magnetite) Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts; lead-zinc in Zawar in Rajpura-Dariba in Udaipur district, Bamnia Kalan, Rajsamand and Rampura/Agucha in Bhilwara district. occurrences are also reported from Ajmer, Lead-zinc and Sirohi districts. Lignite deposits Chittorgarh, Pali Jaisalmer and Nagaur districts. Bikaner, occur in Barmer, Flux grade limestone occurs in Jodhpur and Nagaur districts and chemical grade limestone in Jodhpur, Nagaur and Alwar districts. Cement grade deposits of Alwar, limestone are widespread and occur in Ajmer, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Churu, Banswara, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Nagaur, Kota, Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Dungarpur, Sirohi and Udaipur districts. Sikar, Sawai Madhopur, Pali, and Udaipur Pali Dungarpur, Magnesite occurs in Ajmer, Banswara, Bhilwara, Bundi, districts; marble in Ajmer, Sirohi Sikar, Nagaur, Jaipur, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, producer of jasper, lead concentrate, zinc concentrate Kanyakumari, Thanjavur, Tirunelveli and Kottabomman and wollastonite. However, no production of jasper districts; granite in Dharmapuri, Erode, Kanchipuram, was reported during 2007-08. Almost the entire Madurai, N. Arcot & Ambedkar, P. Muthuramalingam, production of calcite and mineral gypsum, in the Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, country was reported from the State. Besides, Vellore and Villupuram districts; graphite in Madurai, Rajasthan was the leading producer of copper Ramnathapuram, Shivganga and Vellore districts and

AL SCENARIO AL concentrate accounting for 47%, ochre 93%, gypsum in Coimbatore, Perambalur, Ramnathapuram, phosphorite/rock phosphate 93.6%, silver 99.6%, Tiruchirappalli Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Virudhanagar talc/soapstone/steatite 69.7%, ball clay 63%, fireclay districts. Lignite deposits are located in Cuddalore 31%, felspar 9%, mica (w/s) 20%, and quartz 12% Ariyalur, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam and of the total production in the country. Increase in Ramanathapuram districts; limestone in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Kanchipuram, Karur, Madurai, production was reported in respect of lignite 31%, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur, Salem, natural gas(ut.) 7%, copper concentrate 7%, lead Thiruvallur, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Vellore, concentrate 17%, zinc concentrate 9%, silver 57%, Villupuram and Virudhunagar districts; magnesite in phosphorite 25% and limestone 10% as compared to Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Namakkal, Nilgiri, MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL that in the previous year. No production of asbestos Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore districts; was reported during 2007-08. Production of gypsum quartz/silica sand in Chengai-Anna, Chennai, declined by 12%, mica(crude) 98%, ochre 14%, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, dolomite 69%, barites 17% and magnesite 100% Kanchipuram, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Periyar, during the year under review. Perambalur, Salem, Thiruvallur, Thiruvarur, The value of production of minor minerals was Nagapattinam, Tiruchirapalli, Villupuram, estimated at Rs.2,578 crores for the year 2007-08. The Virudhunagar and Vellore districts; steatite in Coimbatore, Salem, Tiruchirappalli and Vellore districts; number of reporting mines in Rajasthan was 207 in titanium minerals in Kanyakumari, Nagapattinam, the year 2007-08 as against 217 in previous year. The Ramanathapuram, Thiruvallur, Tirunelveli and Tuticorin index of mineral production in Rajasthan (base 1993 - districts; vermiculite in Dharmapuri, Tiruchirappalli and 94 = 100) was 200.5 in 2007-08 as against 176.9 in Vellore districts and zircon in Kanyakumari district. the previous year. Other minerals that occur in the State are apatite in 11. TAMILNADU Dharmapuri and Vellore districts; barytes in Erode, Mineral Resources Madurai, Perambalur, Tirunelveli and Vellore districts; bentonite in Chengai-Anna district; calcite in Salem Tamil Nadu is leading producer of garnet (abrasive), district; china clay in Cuddalore, Dharampuri, graphite, lignite, magnesite, lime kankar and dunite. Kanchipuram, Nilgiri, Sivaganga, Thiruvallur, State accounts country’s 81% lignite, 77% vermiculite, Tiruvannamalai, Tiruchirappalli and Villupuram districts; 70% dunite, 63% rutile, 52% molybdenum, 49% chromite in Coimbatore and Salem districts; copper, garnet, 33% ilmentie and 24% sillimanite resources. lead-zinc and silver in Villupuram district; corundum Important minerals occurring in the State are bauxite and gold in Dharmapuri district; dolomite in Salem in Dindigul, Namakkal, Nilgiri and Salem districts; and Tirunelveli districts; emerald in Coimbatore district; dunite/pyroxenite in Salem district; felspar in iron ore (magnetite) in Dharmapuri, Erode, Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Kanchipuram, Karur, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruchirappalli and Villupuram Namakkal, Salem and Tiruchirapalli districts; fireclay in districts; kyanite in Kannyakumari and Tirunelveli Cuddalore, Kanchipuram, Perambalur, Pudukottai, districts; molybdenum in Dharmapuri, Dindigul and Sivaganga, Thiruvallur, Tiruchirapalli, Vellore and Vellore districts; pyrite in Vellore district; sillimanite in Villupuram districts; garnet in Chidambaram, Kanyakumari, Karur and Tirunelveli districts; tungsten

24 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 25 uses- overhead conductors and uses- overhead conductors rt- auto, aerospace, rail and marine in the world bauxite reserve base. The th ackaging- protection, storage and preparation for ackaging- protection, storage and preparation weather-proofing, light constructions such as weather-proofing, canopies. conservatories and industries. food and drinks. and power cables. underground power-lines gastric upsets, anti-perspirants. is non-toxic and impervious (hence used in the food used in the impervious (hence and is non-toxic conductor and is also a superb industries) and packaging include high properties Other valuable of electricity. and heat conduction. heat barrier properties reflectivity, the and easily worked by The metal is malleable and shaping processes. common manufacturing metal are as follows:- 3.20 Uses of aluminium (i) doors, cladding, In construction- windows, (ii) In transpo (iii) P (iv) Electrical (v) treatment and medicine-antacid to combat Water (vi) Machineries and Equipments. (vii) Castings- Domestic Utensils. the largest consumer 3.21 In India the electrical sector is usage is in of aluminium. Bulk of the Aluminium cables used in overhead conductors and power generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Aluminium is used in switchboards, coil windings, capacitors, and many other applications as well. 3.22 The global aluminium production which was 381.30 lakh tonnes in 2007 rose to 399.09 lakh tonnes (March, 09). in 2008, as per CRU Monitor-Aluminium The world aluminium consumption in 2007 and 2008 was 378.38 lakh tonnes and 376.68 lakh tonnes India produced 12.33 lakh tonnes respectively. aluminium in 2007-08 and 13.48 lakh tonnes in 2008- was a little over 3% of world 09 which approximately production. 3.23 India is endowed with rich bauxite reserve of 6.76% of the world total) 2300 million tonnes (approx. and ranks 5 3.19 Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. It ranks second, next only to steel, in terms stems from which of volumes used due to its versatility, chemical and diverse range of physical, its excellent and mechanical properties. Aluminium, which is only one-third the weight of steel is highly resistant to most forms of corrosion, is non-magnetic, non-combustible, Aluminium Metal Scenario The number of reporting mines was 156 in 2007-08 as The index of mineral against 177 in the previous year. Nadu (base 1993 - 94 = 100) was production in Tamil 196.2 in 2007-08 as against 193.90 in the previous year. On the other hand, production of gypsum and steatite On the other hand, production of 16%, graphite(rom) decreased by 100%, petroleum by kanker 15%. The by 17%, quartz 12% and lime was estimated at production value of minor minerals Rs.59 crores for the year 2007-08. The value of mineral production in Tamil Nadu at production in Tamil The value of mineral as in 2007-08 increased by 5.4% Rs.3007 crores State The in the previous year. compared to that in the total value of mineral contributed 2.8% country during the year under review. production in the produced in the State were The principal minerals (crude), natural gas (utilised), garnet, lignite, petroleum together accounted limestone and magnesite, which produced in for 97.5%, of the value of the minerals was the leading the State in 2007-08. The State graphite (rom) producer of garnet (abrasive) 99%, 72%, lime kankar 44%, lignite 63.88%, magnesite production of 99.5% and dunite 78% in national year under review, respective minerals. During the increased by 4%, production of natural gas (utilised) vermiculite 13%, garnet (abrasive) 1%, dunite 38%, 3%, fireclay 40%, limestone 2%, ball clay 21%, lignite silica sand 20% and magnesite 5%. Production in Madurai and Dindigul districts; and wollastonite in districts; and wollastonite and Dindigul in Madurai districts. and Tirunelveli Dharmapuri primary aluminium industry in India consists of five since July, 2008, the aluminium prices have fallen by producers viz. National Aluminium Company Limited around 60% from a high of $3291.50/tonne in July, (NALCO), HINDALCO Industries Limited, Bharat 2008 to $1290 /tonne in March, 2009. One of the Aluminium Company Limited (BALCO), Madras primary producers in India, viz. M/s MALCO Aluminium Company Limited (MALCO) and Vedanta temporarily shut down its aluminium production line Aluminium Limited(VAL). VAL started its operations in which had a capacity of 40,000 tonnes per annum.

AL SCENARIO AL April, 2008. Out of these Companies, only NALCO is in the Public Sector. The production of aluminum by Though the producers worldwide have taken action Primary Aluminium Producers in the last three years is for curtailing the capacity of high cost smelters, still given in Table 3.2. huge surplus of metal is available in the market. The Table 3.2 inventory with the all Indian primary producers also Production of Aluminum by Primary Producers increased from 9177 tonnes at the end of financial year 2007-08 to 22,392 tonnes at the end of financial year (in Tonnes) 2008-09, a jump of about 144%. Name of the Aluminium production company Copper Industry In India MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 (Provisional) 3.25 Copper is the base metal of strategic importance NALCO 3,58,734 3,59,213 3,61,262 – an essential component of energy efficient motors and transformers. Its exceptional strength combined HINDALCO 4,42,686 4,77,723 5,24,133 with ductility and resistance to creeping and corrosion MALCO 37,652 37,635 23,224# makes it the preferred and safest conductor. Copper is BALCO 3,13,189 3,58,671 3,56,781 a critical metal being used in areas such as defence, space programme, railways, power cables, mint, Tele- VAL - - 82,785 communication Cables etc. Total 11,52,261 12,33,242 13,48,185 3.26 At present, the demand for copper minerals for # MALCO had closed its smelter in December, 2008 primary copper production is met through two sources The total sales figures of aluminium during the last three i.e. Copper ore mined from indigenous mines and years is given in Table 3.3 imported concentrates. The indigenous mining activity Table 3.3 among the primary copper producers is limited to only Sale of Aluminium Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL). The other primary copper producers in the private sector import the (In tonnes) required mineral in the form of concentrate. HCL also Sale 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 imports some quantity of copper concentrates for its (Provisional) Smelter Plants to supplement the shortfall in indigenous Domestic 8,83,111 9,28,544 9,52,958 production. Indian Copper ores have low grade and Export 26,379 3,03,643 3,81,870 large scale mechanisation in the underground mines is Total 11,59,490 12,32,187 13,34,828 rendered difficult due to the geometry of the ore body (narrow width and a flatter inclination). Manufacture Growth 6.27% 8.33% of primary copper based on indigenous ores is 3.24 The price of aluminium fixed by the primary characterised by high energy consumption because of producers in India is generally aligned to the London low scale of operations and minimal automation. Metal Exchange (LME) prices. The LME prices of 3.27 Till 1997, the only producer of primary refined aluminium climbed up to more than $3,000/tonne in copper was Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), a public first half of 2008. However, due to global slowdown

26 MINERAL AND METAL SCENARIO 27 (In tonnes) 08-09 (prov.) 5,00,000 3,20,930 Price of Copper Price to London of copper is linked domestic price 3.28 The (LME) price. The price of Copper Metal Exchange till 1998-99. Thereafter it was declined sharply US $ 1450 & 1800 per tonne. fluctuating between has LME price is rising steadily and Since 2003-04, the Metal The London levels. Recently, reached historical which was hovering (LME) price of copper Exchange US $ 7,000 to US $ 8,600 per tonne in the ranges from September’08during the months of April’08 to had a October’08drastic fall during the month of with an price of LME has average of US $ 4925 per tonne. The further fall during November’08 and December’08. As LME price, due to selling price is determined by would be drastically downward trend the realisation a slight recovery reduced. Since then, there has been was US $ 3750 and the average price during March’09 reckoned for the Copper price per tonne per tonne. to US $ 5864 as entire year (2008-09) averaged average of US $ compared to previous year (2007-08) all the copper 7584. In view of the current situation, be severely affected. producers, particularly HCL, would per tonne of copper The year wise average LME price 3.5. is shown in the following Table Table 3.4 Table 1 4,00,000 3,39,294 Factories Capacity 20 Copper) 1 Units No. of Installed during Production Production of Copper Cathode by Major Players of the Industry during 2008-09 Production Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd. Hindustan Copper Ltd.Hindalco Ind. Ltd. (Unit: Birla 2 47,500 44,742 Total 9,47,500 7,04,966 The details of production of major players in copper The details of production of major 3.4. industry during 2008-09 are given Table sector enterprise under the Ministry of Mines. The Ministry of Mines. under the sector enterprise at its copper production capacity for refined installed plants was around 47,500 tonne two integrated copper 25-30% which used to meet approximately per year, The balance for refined copper. of India’s requirement the through imports. However, demand was met the drastically after coming of scenario has changed producers of Copper in private sector other two primary and Ind. Ltd. (Unit: Birla Copper) namely M/s Hindalco Ltd. Their present annual M/s. Sterlite Industries(I) MT of refined capacities are 5,00,000 MT and 4,00,000 of M/s Hindalco Ind. The plants copper respectively. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd. (Unit: Birla Copper) and M/s concentrate. Besides, Ltd. are based on imported copper Copper Ltd. another private player viz. M/s Jagadia operating its 50,000 (formerly SWIL Ltd.) has started route. Continuous tonnes plant based on secondary plants of M/s TDT and M/s Finolex (CCR) Cast Rod The capacity for are based on imported cathode. has risen from a production of primary copper in India 1997 to 9,47,500 mere 47,500 tonnes per year till that India is now a tonnes in 2008-09, with the result net exporter of refined copper. Table 3.5 level of economic development. Per capita consumption Year wise average LME price per tonne of Copper in India is in the order of 0.45 Kg as compared to 10 Kg in developed nations. YEAR Average LME price of Copper (US $ per ton) During 2007-08, consumption of refined copper in the country was approximately 5,30,000 MT and its export 1995-96 2844

AL SCENARIO AL was 2,00,000 MT. During 2008-09, production of 1996-97 2257 refined copper was 7,04,966 MT. It is apprehended 1997-98 2096 that Demand growth is expected to be 7 to 8% during financial year 2009-10. 1998-99 1581

1999-2000 1670 Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications sectors account for nearly 52% of copper usage in India. The 2000-2001 1806 demand again is primarily from the telecom, power 2001-2002 1527 and infrastructure sectors. There has been substantial reduction in demand of copper in telecom sector with MINERAL AND MET AND MINERAL 2002-2003 1586 increased application of Fibre optic cables and fast 2003-2004 2046 penetration of wireless communication through cell 2004-2005 3000 phones, Wireless in Local Loop and DTH Telecasting.

2005-2006 4097 3.29 In the household wiring sector, despite many advantages of using copper conductors, aluminum 2006-2007 6970 conductors are widely used. The trend, however, has 2007-2008 7584 started reversing and increased usage of copper in this 2008-2009 5864 sector is perceptible. But unfortunately, in place of cables and wirings made from high grade electrolytic TRENDS IN COPPER CONSUMPTION tough pitch copper, applications are mostly of cables and wirings made from “Scrap recycled” (Commercial Developing countries account for over one-third of copper) resulting to substantial electrical energy loss refined copper consumption and industrialized countries to the country without counting indirect losses and account for 60%. Global industrial demand for refined other costs due to failure of these wirings. Usage of copper is over 14 million tones and its usage is growing copper in building construction, as prevalent in Western by around 3% per annum. World, is slowly making inroads into the country, mainly Copper consumption in a country is an indicator of its in metro cities and industrial projects.

28