I. THREE BRONZ CISE TAG E BURIAL . SCOTLANDNE N I S . BY WILLIAM KIRK, B.A., AND JOHN McKENZIB, M.B., Cn.B. During the late summer and autumn of 1954 farming operations in NE. Scotland produced their customary crop of Bronze Age cists. On 30th August farm workers removing gravel with a mechanical excavator from a rounded hilloce far th f Nethe mo n ko r Criggie, paris f Dunnottarho , Kin- cardineshire, 3 miles SW. of Stonehaven, unsettled the side stone of a short cist containing skeletal remain thred san e beakers (Nat. Grid ref. 37/838823). Ten days later workmen bulldozing trees from Bught Park on the outskirts of Inverness were responsible for raising the capstone of a cist which had become entwined in the roots of an ancient beech, and revealed a grave containing a skeleton and a bronze dagger (Nat. Grid ref. 28/656437). 'Then on 1st Novembe thirra d expose s cis wa tfir a agriculturaf my do b l drainage contractors while cutting a trench to the smallholding of Upper Cairn, Memsie, in the parish of Rathen, 3 miles SSW. from Fraserburgh (Nat. Grid ref. 38/973622). This containe e sherd a th broked f o s n o beaken t bu r skeletal remains. Each of the sites was examined shortly after their dis- covery by members of the Geography and Anatomy Departments of Aberdeen University, and by kind permission of the landowners concerned the Criggie and Memsie finds are to be housed with the related collection in the Anthropological Museum of Marischal College, and the Bught Park Invernese findth n si s Museum.1 DESCRIPTION OF GRAVES AND CONTENTS. 1. Nether Criggie, Dunnottar. mechanicaAe sth l excavato onld rha y unseate side deon stone shore ,th t stone cist and its contents were found in a remarkably fine state of preserva- tion, and it was possible to obtain a good stratigraphical section of its position in the working face of the gravel quarry (fig. 1). The cist had been built of local sandstone slabs in the floor of a steep-sided pit sunk some 6 ft. below the upper surface of a natural mound of fluvio-glacial gravels. Such mound commoe sar n feature north-ease th f so t zon Strathmorf eo oftend ean , thin i s a case, consis skia f pebblf nto o y drift mantlin gcora consolidatef eo d sand and fine gravel. Under the outer skin freely-drained conditions obtain, 1 We are indebted to Professor R. D. Lockhart for his help during these investigations and for the photograph of the Bught Park cist. VOL. LXXXVIII. 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1954-56. and it is significant that at the time of inspection, following a very wet summer, the cist was found to be bone-dry. Further protection was afforded by the use of a single capstone seated firmly upon and overlapping the squared uppe stoned e cistth en r f .e sid d o sfaceth Thes ean f o s e were firmly bedded in the gravel, with side stones overlapping end stones and the «->o s •^c: v-" ' "Qoo;«S3S: u fl -"^--G j a r-roQjQ OfL-crs^ FEET I, Gravel Pebbly Drift Disturbed Ground ||||i| Black Soil . Nethe1 Fig. r Criggie, Dunnottar: Section. entire structure packed around with rubble innee Th r. spac containeo es d measured 3 ft. by 1 ft. 6 ins. by 1 ft. 6 ins., was paved with small thin slabs of stone and its long axis orientated NE.—SW. Within lay an adult skeleton with its head towards the west, and the relative positions of the bones indicated that the body had been placed on its back with knees drawn up ove trune rrestinth d kan g agains southere tth s it n nO sid . e 1) wal , I lL (seP e left, two beakers stood close together against the northern wall, and a few inche ease th smalle ta o st r beake places rwa d betwee adule nth t skeletod nan THREE BRONZ CISE TAG E BURIAL . SCOTLANDNE N I S 3 . fragmente th child'a f o s s skeleton north-ease lyinth n gi t corneciste th .f ro Two worked flint flakes (fig. 2) were found on the surface of the gravel scree immediately outsid e south-weseth t cornee cisth t f whero r e flood eth ha r been disturbed during the unseating of the southern side stone and can almost certainl ascribee y b buria e th o dt l also. The adult remains recovered are indicated in fig. 3 (A), as the black area d hav e followinan s th e g characteristics e surface skulth Th .f l o e (PL I, 2) is rough and pitted, but the muscular attachments are poorly defined. The supraorbital ridges, mastoid processes, superior nuchal (occipital) crests and more general features are typically feminine. The basilar suture is still distinctsuturee vaulte th th f thersigd o o f sn closuro f ,an ,y no s e i an n ei either insid r outsideo e metopiA . c suture runs fro e nasioe mth th o nt Fig. 2. Nether Criggie, Dunnottar: Flints. corona l halveo suturetw f whice o s th , h angln meea f t 160°eo a t . Con- siderable erosion of the facial bones has occurred around the nasal aperture, lower orbital margins and maxillse, but there is no evidence in the upper denta teety l arcan hf h o havin g been lost during lifeocclusae th ; l surface of the third molar projects backwards as well as downwards. Similarly in the mandible all teeth were present at death, and the vertical axis of the last mola tiltes ri d forwards. There are, e indeedth f o sign o y n , weaf san o n ri teeth. The remaining bones of the skeleton are slender and finely marked. Epiphyse lone th gl firmln sbono al e year united, although some epiphyseal line stile sar l recognisable vertebraw fe e Th 3 .als o show distinct epiphyseal rings, although som incompletee ear onle th yd regioan , n wher epiphysin ea s shows evidence of detachment is the iliac crest, much of which, however, has crumbled away. In the small part of the hip bone the greater sciatic notch does not show definite sex characters, but the gentle sweep of the pelvic bri s mcertainli y female e nitrogeTh . n contene boneth f s i o st assesse t 1-3d a cenr 8pe t (Weile Straussd ran , Oxford) comparison i , thao nt t of 4-1 r cen fresr 5pe fo t h bone. Measurement e skul lond th f an lgso bones are give Tabln ni . eI 1 1 " . .in bones preserved under broadly the same conditions the nitrogen content of their protein (ossein) is lost at a relatively slow, and on an average uniformly declining rate." See Weiuer, J. S., Oakley, K. P., and Le Gros Clark, W. E., "The Solution of the Piltdown Problem", Bull. Brit. Mw. (Nat. Hist.), Geology , 1412 , 1953. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1954-56. (A) (B) Pig . Skeleta3 . l remains Nethe) (A : r Criggie, Dunnottar Bugh) (B ; t Park, Inverness. Bones recovered shown in black. THREE BRONZ CISE EAG T BURIAL . SCOTLANDNE N I S . TABLE I (measurements in mm.). Skull: Maximum head length. 163 Endobasion-bregmatic height . 123 Maximum head breadth 122 Auricula . .9r . heigh8 . t Breadth-length inde. x 74-8 Bigonial breadth .... 100 Minimum frontal diameter . .102 Long bones: Right femur, length 435 approx. Bight tibia, middle of shaft: Angle of neck 126° transverse diameter 23 Angl torsiof eo . n 30° ant.-post. diameter 29 Upper shaft: Platycnemic index 79-3 transverse diameter 29 Bight fibula, length 357 ant.-post. diameter 22 Left ulna, lengt h. 271 Platymeric index . 75-8 Stature as calculated from lengt femu. f ho r159 5 approx. The infanbonee th show e f sar o t PIn . ni II .The y includ bode eth f yo the mandible, part of the left temporal bone, the left ilium, the shaft of both femora, and fragments of the humeri, ribs and vertebrae. Comparison -with modern full-time foetal bones suggests that the child died about the time of birth—indee s birtweldy it hma l haveo t bee- cause 20 nth deate f eo th f ho 25-year-old female with buriedwhos wa mt i . The pottery recovered from the cist was completely intact and is shown in fig. 4. Beaker No. 1 is a well-constructed vessel of CA form with a smooth russet surface and coarse, grey-black core. It is 5-3 ins. high, with a rim diameter of 4-7 ins., base of the neck diameter of 4-0 ins., maximum body diamete 4-f o r5 insbasd an . e diamete f 3-r o 0 ratie ins necf Th oo . k height bodo t ornamentatios yIt heigh . :3 2 s i t precisels ni deepld yan y inscribed, giving the vessel a sharp, finished appearance. The entire surface of the neck from constriction to lip is decorated by narrow bands of alternately oblique impressions bounde y horizontab d l grooves which accentuate interposed plain ridges. An additional lower ridge and groove emphasise e constrictioth e junctioth t na f bod no neckd yan , whil e interioeth m ri r bevel is ornamented with cross-hatching. Immediately below the con- striction there occurs a broad plain band in a manner characteristic of numerous northern beakers of this type, while the globular body has two zones of decoration, namely, an upper narrow zone comprising a band of crosses contained within horizonta l a lowerlines d an , broader zone con- sistin f horizontao g l lined alternatinan s g band f verticao s l impressions, crosses and oblique impressions.