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Alexander Barclay, Poet and Preacher Author(S): John M. Berdan Source: the Modern Language Review, Vol Alexander Barclay, Poet and Preacher Author(s): John M. Berdan Source: The Modern Language Review, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul., 1913), pp. 289-300 Published by: Modern Humanities Research Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3712680 Accessed: 29-02-2016 16:35 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Modern Humanities Research Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Modern Language Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 163.13.97.21 on Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:35:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions VOLUME VIII JULY, 1913 NUMBER 3 ALEXANDER BARCLAY, POET AND PREACHER. 'OUT of Laten, Frenche, and Doche into Englysshe tonge,'' in the yere of our Lorde god M.CCCCC.VII,' Alexander Barclay translated the Ship of Fools, a book both notorious and unknown. In scholarship it is well remembered for the quaint fifteenth century woodcuts; and these woodcuts have usually been the limit of scholarly curiosity. For this condition the first great explanation lies in the fact that the poem is both long and dull, consisting as it does of a long catalogue of undifferentiated fools, unrelieved by poetic feeling. The second reason, however, is that the problem of its origin is both complex and difficult, since although the Barclay itself is readily accessible in Jamieson's edition of 1874 and the German in Zarncke's of 1854, the other two elements, the French and the Latin, are extremely rare'. And as few scholars have had the opportunity of consulting the versions in all four languages, almost all the recent studies on Barclay have neces- sarily treated the problem as doubtful. Without the originals, all that could be done was the problematical inference. Actually, however, the time for inference has gone by. Fraustadt's careful study on the Ship of Fools2 enables us to state definitely Barclay's mode of procedure. The genealogical tree' of the poem is as follows: Brant (1494) Locher (149 Rivi6re (1497) Droyn (1498) Badius (1505) Watson (1509) Anonymous (1530) 1 I am indebted to Mr Wilberforce Eames of the New York Public Library for the use of the first edition of the Barclay, and to the generosity of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan for the great opportunity to consult at my leisure here in New Haven the rare Latin version of Locher and the superlatively rare French version of Droyn. 2 F. Fraustadt, Uber das Verhaltnis von Barclay's Ship of Fools zur lateinischen, franzosischen und deutschen Quelle...Inaugural-Dissertation, Breslau; Druck von R. Nischkowsky, 1894. For the use of this dissertation I am indebted to the kindness of the Harvard Library. 3 Taken from Zarncke, via Fraustadt. M. L. R. VIII. 19 This content downloaded from 163.13.97.21 on Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:35:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 290 Alexander Barclay, Poet and Preacher Now Barclay tells us: But amonge diuers inuencions composed of the sayde Sebastian brant I haue noted one named ye Shyp of Foles moche expedient and necessary to the redar which the sayd Sebastian composed in doche langage. And after hym one called James Locher his Disciple translated the same into Laten to the understondinge of al Christen nacions where Laten is spoken. Than another (whose name to me is unknowen) translated the same into Frenche. I haue ouersene the fyrst Inuention in Doche and after that the two translations in Laten and Frenche whiche in blaminge the disordred lyfe of men of our tyme agreeth in sentence1. But as the Droyn version has the name of the translator, 'Et finalle- ment translatee de rime en prose auecques aulcunes additions nouuelles par maistre iehan droyn bachelier es loix et en deccret,' the French version referred to by Barclay is that of Rivi6re. We are concerned then merely with a comparison between the Brant, Locher and Riviere. This comparison is not so difficult as would first appear. The Brant has 7034 verses, the Locher 5672, the Riviere 17133, and the Barclay 140342. As the tendency of all translators, and in particular of Barclay himself, is toward expansion, a priori then the Riviere is not the immediate original. Of the two remaining, the Brant and the Locher, owing to their wide divergence, it is easy to judge. Written in dialect, the octosyllabic couplets of Brant are vivacious and colloquial; the chapters, although the normal length is thirty-four lines, yet have considerable variance; the allusions, as would be natural in a work localized by its dialect, are familiar, drawn largely from the Bible and the Apocrypha. Since the scheme proved unexpectedly popular-there were three additional impressions that same year-the obvious course was to present it free from dialectic limitations for a European audience. With Brant's concurrences, and under his direction4, Jacob Locher adapted the poem (traducta), as Barclay phrases it, 'to the under- stondinge of al Christen nacions where Laten is spoken.' But this joint production is far from being a translation from the German. In the first place, it is obviously composed with the printed page in mind. 1 Jamieson, Vol. I, p. 9. 2 This numeration from Fraustadt. s Nuper ego stultos vulgari carmine scripsi: Est satis hic noster notus ubique labor. Narragonum quando nobis fabricata carina est: Theutonico qualem struximus eloquio. Quam deinde ut volui contexere, forte latino Scommate pro doctis: prinoipiumque dedi: Occurrere mihi tam crebra negotia passim: Quae versu exorsum, detinuere pedem. Quo fit, ut incaeptum tam dignum opus, ipse reliqui: Brant: Exhortatio ad Jacobum Pbilomusum. 4 The title reads: per Iacobum Locher,...in latinum traducta eloquium: et per Sebastianum Brant: denuo seduloque revisa. This content downloaded from 163.13.97.21 on Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:35:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN M. BERDAN 291 At the top of the page are four lines as a motto, then the woodcut, and then four lines at the bottom; the following page has thirty lines. Consequently the great majority of the Locher chapters are limited to thirty-four lines, and in the exceptions to multiples of thirty with four added, sixty-four, ninety-four, etc. This Procrustean bed necessarily alters the original. For example, the German chapter 'Of disordered love' is cut down from ninety-four to the normal thirty-four lines. To do this he omits the illustrations from the stories of Circe, Calypso, Dido, Medea, Tereus, Nessus, Scylla, Hyacinthus, Leander, Mars, Procris, Sappho, Siraen, Cyclops and Pan, Leucothoe, Myrrha and Adonis, Byblis, Danae, Nyctimine, Echo, Thisbe, Atalanta, David and Bathseba, Samson and Dalilah, Amon, Joseph, Bellerophon, the medieval story of Vergil in the tower, and Ovid. From the German he takes allusions to the Phaedra story, Pasiphae, and Messalina, and expands the Troy story. The mass of his chapter is devoted to Antony and Cleopatra. In general, he changes the stress from biblical to classical characters. Consequently to speak of Locher's work as a translation is scarcely accurate; founded upon the German, and in most cases preserving the ideas and illustrations of the German, it is yet an independent work, on the same subjects and with the same illustrations. The colloquial vivacity has been crushed into sonorous Latin. But it is this poem which had the great effect upon the literature of Western Europe. Consequently while it is Brant in one sense, yet the Ship of Fools shows not so much the literary relation between England and Germany, as the wide range of humanistic literature. This point, once conceded, has a direct bearing upon Barclay because it is not Brant but Locher whom he imitates-imitates avowedly. The confusion which has arisen is due to the fact that Jamieson did not reprint the first edition. There on the title-page credit is given to Locher, and in the second, the 1570 edition, it reads ' Latino sermone in nostrum vulgarem versa.' Moreover the Latin versions of the various prefaces and chapters immediately precede the English, as Barclay points out-a sentence which has no meaning in the Jamieson edition -' And to the extent yt this my laboure may be the more pleasaunt unto lettred men, I haue adioyned unto the same ye verses of my Actour with dyuerse concordaunces of the Bybyll to fortyfy my wrytynge by the same, and also to stop the bnuyous mouthes (If any shuche shal be) of them that by malyce shall barke ayenst this my besynes.' Consequently he is quite careful to differentiate his own envoys, 'Envoy of Barklay to the Foles,' from those he translates from Locher, 19-2 This content downloaded from 163.13.97.21 on Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:35:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 292 Alexander Barclay, Poet and Preacher 'Envoy of the Actour.' Moreover he follows the Latin rather than the German. As a striking example of this, the German alludes to the story of Jonah and the inhabitants of Nineveh; Locher confuses it with inhabitants of the Nile valley, with the result that Barclay comments: The rightwyse god also dyd sore chastyce The Nilicolyans and them utterly destroy1.
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