DOCSLIB.ORG

Psychological Trauma and Physical Health: a Psychoneuroimmunology Approach to Etiology of Negative Health Effects and Possible Interventions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Psychological Trauma and Physical Health: a Psychoneuroimmunology Approach to Etiology of Negative Health Effects and Possible Interventions Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy © 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 1, No. 1, 35–48 1942-9681/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0015128 Psychological Trauma and Physical Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Approach to Etiology of Negative Health Effects and Possible Interventions Kathleen Kendall-Tackett Texas Tech University School of Medicine People who have experienced traumatic events have higher rates than the general population of a wide range of serious and life-threatening illnesses including cardio- vascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, and cancer. An important ques- tion, for both researchers and clinicians, is why this occurs. Researchers have discov- ered that traumatic events dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. More recently, research from the field of psychoneuro- immunology (PNI) suggests that traumatic life events can lead to health problems through dysregulation of another key system: the inflammatory response. Prior trauma “primes” the inflammatory response system so that it reacts more rapidly to subsequent life stressors. Elevated inflammation has an etiologic role in many chronic illnesses. Recent PNI studies also suggest some interventions that can serve as adjuncts to traditional trauma treatment. These treatments include long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, and sleep interventions. Each of these interventions downregulates inflam- mation, which will likely halt the progression to chronic disease for some trauma survivors. Keywords: trauma, inflammation, depression, PTSD, omega-3s For more than a decade, researchers have Trauma Increases the Risk of Health explored the impact of traumatic events on Problems physical health. Trauma survivors often have significant physical health problems that can The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) linger for many years after the traumatic event study, with more than 17,000 participants from has ended and are often above and beyond the a large California health maintenance organiza- effects of direct physical injury (Kendall- tion (HMO), was the first large-scale study to Tackett, 2007; Kibler, Joshi, & Hughes, in demonstrate the link between childhood trauma press). The question of trauma’s impact and and organic health conditions. Felitti and col- health is at the junction of mind-body medicine. leagues (1998) found that patients who experi- It has important implications for not only health enced four or more types of adverse childhood care costs, but also for trauma practice, and how events had higher rates of ischemic heart dis- we can best meet the needs of people who have ease, cancer, stroke, chronic bronchitis, emphy- experienced trauma. In this article, I review sema, diabetes, skeletal fractures, and hepatitis research on psychological trauma and physical than their nontraumatized counterparts. The health using a psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) childhood events they studied included all types approach. PNI research can describe some of of maltreatment including psychological, phys- the possible mechanisms by which trauma af- ical, or contact sexual abuse and exposure to fects health. It also suggests some viable addi- parental substance abuse, mental illness, inti- tions to traditional trauma treatments that will mate partner violence, or criminal behavior. address the physical health sequelae. Since publication of that study, others have followed with similar findings. In the National Comorbidity Study, women who were mal- Correspondence concerning this article should be ad- treated as children had a ninefold increase in dressed to Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Department of Pedi- atrics, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, 1400 N. cardiovascular disease compared with nonmal- Coulter Street, Rm 4301, Amarillo, TX 79106. E-mail: treated women (Batten, Aslan, Maciejewski, & [email protected] Mazure, 2004). In a sample of primary care 35 36 KENDALL-TACKETT patients, those who experienced childhood Leserman, and colleagues (Drossman, Li, abuse or partner violence in adolescence or Leserman, Toomey, & Hu, 1996; Leserman et adulthood reported twice as many symptoms on al., 1996) found that 60% of women in treat- a review of systems than their age-matched, ment for functional gastrointestinal (GI) illness nonabused counterparts. They were also more (such as irritable bowel syndrome) had a history likely to abuse substances and report a wide of abuse, as children or adults. In another study variety of chronic pain syndromes (Kendall- (Drossman, Leserman, Li, Keefe, Hu, & Tackett, Marshall, & Ness, 2000, 2003). Toomey, 2000), half of the women referred to a Patients with diagnoses of posttraumatic GI treatment center had been physically or sex- stress disorder (PTSD) report similar symp- ually abused. Fourteen percent reported severe toms. Data from the Canadian Community abuse. Patients who had been more severely ϭ Health Survey (N 36,984) indicated that par- abused had poorer health status relative to the ticipants with PTSD had significantly higher other patients. rates of cardiovascular disease, respiratory dis- Sachs-Ericsson, Kendall-Tackett, and Her- eases, chronic pain syndromes, gastrointestinal nandez (2007), using data from the National illnesses, and cancer (Sareen, Cox, Stein, Afifi, Comorbidity Study, noted that patients with a Fleet, & Asmundson, 2007). PTSD was also history of childhood or partner abuse reported strongly associated with chronic fatigue syn- more pain when describing their current health drome and multiple-chemical sensitivity, but symptoms. Van Houdenhove, Luyten, and Egle not diabetes. PTSD following a human-made disaster (2009) found that 64% of patients who had showed similar health effects (N ϭ 896; either fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome Dirkzwager, van der Velden, Grievink, & had experienced at least one type of either child Yzermans, 2007). In this study, PTSD was as- or adult trauma. More concerning was that 39% sociated with new vascular events as well as had experienced both, indicating a lifelong pat- physician-reported vascular, musculoskeletal, tern of revictimization and abuse. and dermatological problems. These problems appeared even after controlling for previous Possible Mechanisms: The health problem, smoking, and demographic characteristics. Psychoneuroimmunology of Trauma Not surprisingly, people with PTSD use more The negative health effects of trauma and health care services than those without PTSD. PTSD, at this point, are fairly well established. In a study of women seeking health care at A wide range of traumatic exposures and expe- Veterans’ Administration facilities (Dobie et riences can lead to poor health. Some of this is al., 2006), women with PTSD had more outpa- attributable directly to injury suffered during tient visits to the emergency department, pri- mary care, medical or surgery subspecialities, the trauma. Others result from the effects of the ancillary services, and diagnostic tests. They trauma. The question then becomes why does had higher rates of hospitalizations and surgical this occur? It’s an important question to ask procedures. Women with PTSD were signifi- because it has implications for not only treating cantly more likely to have a service-related dis- trauma survivors currently seeking care, but ability, have chronic pain, and to be obese. They also for prevention of these health problems in were also more likely to smoke and abuse alco- the future. hol. Seventy-five percent of the women with Research in the field of PNI is a useful PTSD also screened positive for depression. framework for understanding these effects. According to PNI research, many of these Trauma and Chronic Pain illnesses are because severe or overwhelming stress, and any resultant PTSD, alters and Researchers studying chronic pain syn- dysregulates the key systems that are part of dromes were among the first to note an associ- the stress response. To understand these find- ation between trauma and health (Gross, Doerr, ings, it’s helpful to review the three compo- Caldirola, Guzinski, & Ripley, 1980; Harrop- nents of the stress system. These are de- Griffiths et al., 1988). For example, Drossman, scribed in the following section. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH 37 How Humans Respond to a Perceived interleukin 1-␤ (IL-1␤), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Threat tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣), and inter- feron-␥ (IFN-␥). These findings are an impor- Human bodies have a number of interdepen- tant part of the picture when studying the health dent mechanisms in place designed to preserve effects of traumatic events and are the focus of life in the face of danger: catecholamine, hypo- this article. thalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and im- The human stress response has a number of mune response. In response to threat, the sym- checks and balances built in to ensure that var- pathetic nervous system responds by releasing ious components do not become overactive. Un- the catecholamines norepinephrine, epineph- fortunately, in the case of severe or overwhelm- rine, and dopamine. This is the fight-or-flight ing stress, the normal checks and balances fail, response. The HPA axis responds with a chem- causing inflammation levels to be abnormally ical cascade: the hypothalamus releases cortico- high. For example, cortisol (which is normally trophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which antiinflammatory and keeps proinflammatory causes the pituitary to release adrenocortico- cytokines in check) can actually change func-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Social Psychoneuroimmunology: Understanding Bidirectional Links Between Social Experiences and the Immune System
    Brain, Behavior, and Immunity xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain Behavior and Immunity journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybrbi Viewpoint Social psychoneuroimmunology: Understanding bidirectional links between social experiences and the immune system Keely A. Muscatell University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States Does the immune system have a “social life,” wherein our social have historically signaled) increased likelihood of injury (e.g., ostra­ experiences can affect and be affected by the activities of the immune cism) or infection (e.g., socially connecting with others) will lead to system? Research in the nascent subfield of social psychoneuroimmunol­ changes in the activities of the immune system (Kemeny, 2009; Eisen­ ogy suggests that the answer to this question is a resounding “yes” – there berger et al., 2017; Gassen and Hill, 2019; Slavich and Cole, 2013; are profound bidirectional connections between social experiences and Leschak and Eisenberger, 2019). The second core tenant is that the brain the immune system. Yet there are also vast opportunities for discovery in is constantly monitoring the physiological state of the body and inte­ this new subfield. In this article, I briefly define and outline some core grating this information with signals from the broader environment to tenants of social psychoneuroimmunology (Fig. 1). I also highlight op­ gauge metabolic demands and guide adaptive behavior (Sterling, 2012). portunities for future work in this area. Bringing together social psy­ As such, even relatively minor fluctuationsin immune system activation chological and psychoneuroimmunology research will undoubtedly lead outside of an experience of acute illness, injury, or chronic disease, can to important discoveries about the interconnections between the im­ feed back to the brain to guide social cognition and behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Years of Psychoneuroimmunology and Viral Infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
    BRAIN, BEHAVIOR, and IMMUNITY Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21 (2007) 273–280 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybrbi Named Series: Twenty Years of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Twenty years of psychoneuroimmunology and viral infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Robert H. Bonneau a, David A. Padgett b, John F. Sheridan b,* a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA b Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Received 8 September 2006; received in revised form 5 October 2006; accepted 7 October 2006 Available online 8 December 2006 Abstract For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmun- ology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune–viral pathogen relationship. Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction This review focuses on the studies of viral infections and anti-viral vaccines in humans and animal models that have It is common in the course of a literature review to com- appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior and Immunity ment on the important and perhaps unique scientific con- during the past 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress and Psychoneuroimmunology
    Alternative Journal of Nursing July 2006, Issue 11 Stress and Psychoneuroimmunology Revisited: Using mind-body interventions to reduce stress Madeline M. Lorentz, RN, MSN Stress is a fundamental component of life. It is an unconscious response to a demand and when the demand is perceived as excessive, stress results along with diseases and conditions. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has given importance to the relationship between stress and its physiological effects on the body. Scientists in this growing field have discovered that stress modulates the activities of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Mind-body medicine is developing unconventional methods for coping with stress-related disorders. Nurses are empowered to implement mind-body interventions, such as meditation, imagery, therapeutic touch, and humor, to reduce stress and promote self-control and positive well-being for their patients. To ensure meeting the needs of the entire individual, mind, body and spirit, holistic nurses promote the concept of the mind-body connection. Their practice is based on a holistic view of the patient as they help patients manage their illness; how to think about it, cope with it and respond to it. Holistic approaches in health care hold promise for positive outcomes when the mind-body model is embraced. The concept of mind- body connection may be first attributed to Florence Nightingale who wrote in her Notes on Nursing in 1862 about the healing power of sensory stimulation and personal connection. A new discipline evolved from this type of thinking and is referred to as psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). The growing field of psychoneuroimmunology was established by scientists who were interested in gaining a better understanding of the interrelationship between the mind and body.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathological Responses to Terrorism
    Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 1793–1805 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/05 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Pathological Responses to Terrorism ,1 1 1 1 Rachel Yehuda* , Richard Bryant , Charles Marmar and Joseph Zohar 1 Psychiatry OOMH, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA Many important gains have been made in understanding PTSD and other responses to trauma as a result of neuroscience-based observations. Yet there are many gaps in our knowledge that currently impede our ability to predict those who will develop pathologic responses. Such knowledge is essential for developing appropriate strategies for mounting a mental health response in the aftermath of terrorism and for facilitating the recovery of individuals and society. This paper reviews clinical and biological studies that have led to an identification of pathologic responses following psychological trauma, including terrorism, and highlights areas of future-research. It is important to not only determine risk factors for the development of short- and long-term mental health responses to terrorism, but also apply these risk factors to the prediction of such responses on an individual level. It is also critical to consider the full spectrum of responses to terrorism, as well as the interplay between biological and psychological variables that contribute to these responses. Finally, it is essential to remove the barriers to collecting data in the aftermath of trauma by creating a culture of education in which the academic community can communicate to the public what is and is not known so that survivors of trauma and terrorism will understand the value of their participation in research to the generation of useful knowledge, and by maintaining the acquisition of knowledge as a priority for the government and those involved in the immediate delivery of services in the aftermath of large-scale disaster or trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment and Psychoneuroimmunology
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Attachment and psychoneuroimmunology Katherine B Ehrlich In this review, I outline how attachment experiences in loneliness, social support, conflict) are thought to influ- adulthood are thought to be related to the immune system. ence measures of the immune system, including markers After a brief primer on the two branches of the immune system, I of inflammation and cellular immunity [9]. To date, only a describe a theoretical model that explains how adults’ handful of studies have examined how individuals’ attach- attachment orientation could influence various immune ment orientation might influence immune processes, but processes. I then review recent findings documenting novel there is growing interest in testing these links [10 ]. associations between attachment orientation and measures of Attachment theory is particularly well suited to explain the immune system, including inflammatory processes and why certain qualities of close relationships could influ- cellular immunity. I conclude with a discussion about future ence the immune system. Attachment theory describes directions focused on how we can advance our understanding how the availability of a responsive and dependable about the role of attachment in shaping immune processes in caregiver or relationship partner influences healthy devel- ways that could shape our health over the lifespan. opment across the lifespan [11]. In the sections that follow, I begin with a brief overview of the immune Address system, and I describe a theoretical framework that out- University of Georgia, Department of Psychology and Center for Family lines how attachment-related experiences can become Research, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA biologically embedded in immune cells.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University SW Publications School of Social Work 2018 The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers Jill Littrell Georgia State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/ssw_facpub Part of the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Littrell, Jill, "The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers" (2018). SW Publications. 86. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/ssw_facpub/86 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Social Work at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in SW Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Psychoneuroimmunology 1 The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers July 1, 2018 Revision: August 24, 2018 Psychoneuroimmunology 2 The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers Abstract A wealth of information regarding how the immune system can influence the brain and result in changes in mood and behavior has accumulated. Inflammation is a causal factor in some cases of major depression and psychotic disorders, and predicts whether trauma will result in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Fortunately, studies in the area of psychoneuroimmunology have also suggested ways to decrease inflammation. Knowledge of this information is vital for social workers so that the impact of their interventions can be maximized. Moreover, for macro-practice social workers the information underscores the importance of access to nutritional food, access to safe places for exercise, and the time for food preparation and exercise, which should be considered as social justice issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoneuroimmunology and Health Psychology: an Integrative Model
    BRAIN, BEHAVIOR, and IMMUNITY Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 17 (2003) 225–232 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybrbi Invited minireview Psychoneuroimmunology and health psychology: An integrative model Susan K. Lutgendorf * and Erin S. Costanzo Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA Received 9 December 2002; received in revised form 9 February 2003; accepted 15 February 2003 Abstract The biopsychosocial model describes interactions between psychosocial and biological factors in the etiology and progression of disease. How an individual interprets and responds to the environment determines responses to stress, influences health behaviors, contributes to the neuroendocrine and immune response, and may ultimately affect health outcomes. Health psychology interventions are designed to modulate the stress response and improve health behaviors by teaching individuals more adaptive methods of interpreting life challenges and more effective coping responses. These interactions are discussed in the context of aging. Ó 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 1. Introduction processes include factors that affect interpretation of and response to life events and stressors, such as mental In 1977 George Engel published a landmark article in health and mood factors, personality characteristics, and Science in which he argued that biological factors such resources such as social relationships. Health behaviors as genetics do not account for all health outcomes; ra- such as exercise, nutrition, and smoking serve as indirect ther, a proper understanding of the etiology and pro- pathways by which psychosocial processes can influence gression of disease must take into account the health, as they may be strongly influenced by factors interactions of psychological and social factors along such as mood (Kiecolt-Glaser, McGuire, Robles, & with biological processes (Engel, 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Stress-Response Systems for the Pathogenesis and Progression of MS
    Review TRENDS in Immunology Vol.26 No.12 December 2005 The role of stress-response systems for the pathogenesis and progression of MS Stefan M. Gold1, David C. Mohr2, Inge Huitinga3, Peter Flachenecker4, Esther M. Sternberg5 and Christoph Heesen6 1Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, NRB1 (Rm 479), 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 2Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCSF, 4150 Clement Street (116-A), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA 3Netherlands Institute for Brain Research and MS Centre, VUmc, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands 4Neurologisches Rehabilitationszentrum Quellenhof, Kuranlagenallee 2, 75323 Bad Wildbad, Germany 5Integrative Neural Immune Program Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology & Behavior, NIMH/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane (MSC-9401), Rockville, MD 20852, USA 6Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) – an exacerbation is consistent with effect sizes accepted by the inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative field as clinically significant. disease with a presumed T-cell driven autoimmune origin – has long been hypothesized to be associated Glossary with stress. However, this notion has only recently been supported by prospective clinical studies. Several Astrocytes: a class of large (macroglial) cells in the CNS. Astrocytes are stellate shaped with many long processes that form the glial limitans and maintain the clinical and molecular studies in MS and its animal blood–brain barrier. Astrocytes perform several functions that are essential for models have recently shown disruptions in the com- neuronal activity, including glutamate metabolism, KC and HC buffering and munication between the immune system and the two water transport.
    [Show full text]
  • 863753V1.Full.Pdf
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/863753; this version posted December 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Belay et al Modulation of T helper 1 and T helper 2 immune balance in a stress mouse model during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection +Tesfaye Belay1, Elisha Martin1, Gezelle Brown1, Raenel Crenshaw1, Julia Street1#a, Ashleigh Freeman1#b, Shane Musick1#CTyler Kinder1#d 1Bluefield State College, Bluefield, WV 24701 #a Current address: Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hinton, WV 25951 #b Current address: Princeton High School, Princeton, WV 24740 #c Current address: Medical School of Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701 #d Current address: Dept of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of KY, Lexington, KY 40506 Running Title: Stress and Chlamydia muridarum genital infection Key words: T helper 1 & 2 cytokines, chlamydia, stress, mouse model Corresponding Author: +Tesfaye Belay, Bluefield State College, School of Arts and Sciences, 219 Rock Street, Bluefield, WV 24701. E-mail: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/863753; this version posted December 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 2 Belay et al ABSTRACT A mouse model to study the effect of cold-induced stress on Chlamydia muridarum genital infection and immune response has been developed in our laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Health Problems After Single Trauma Exposure: When Stress
    JAP17610.1177/1078390311425187D’Andr 425187ea et al.Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Original Articles Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Physical Health Problems After Single 17(6) 378 –392 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: http://www. Trauma Exposure: When Stress Takes sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1078390311425187 Root in the Body http://jap.sagepub.com Wendy D’Andrea1, Ritu Sharma2, Amanda D. Zelechoski3, and Joseph Spinazzola4 Abstract Research has established that chronic stress, including traumatic events, leads to adverse health outcomes. The literature has primarily used two approaches: examining the effect of acute stress in a laboratory setting and examining the link between chronic stress and negative health outcomes. However, the potential health impact of a single or acute traumatic event is less clear. The goal of this literature review is to extend the literature linking both chronic trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder to adverse health outcomes by examining current literature suggesting that a single trauma may also have negative consequences for physical health. The authors review studies on health, including cardiovascular, immune, gastrointestinal, neurohormonal, and musculoskeletal outcomes; describe potential pathways through which single, acute trauma exposure could adversely affect health; and consider research and clinical implications. Keywords posttraumatic stress trauma, health, health behavior, comorbidity The question of
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and Stress
    Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu.Rev. Psychol.1993. 44:53~5 Copyright© 1993 by AnnualReviews Inc. All rights reserved PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY: CONDITIONINGAND STRESS Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen Departmentof Psychiatry and Microbiologyand Immunology,University of Rochester Schoolof Medicineand Dentistry, Rochester, NewYork 14642 KEYWORDS:psychoneuroimmunology, conditioning, stress CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 53 CONDITIONEDMODULATION OFIMMUNITY ................................................................ 54 Effectsof Conditioningon Humoraland Cell-Mediated Immunity ..................... 55 Effectsof Conditioningon NonimmunologicallySpecific Reactions .................. 59 AntigenasUnconditioned Stimulus ..................................................................... 60 BiologicImpact of ConditionedChanges in Immunity ........................................ 61 Conditioningin Human Subjects ......................................................................... 61 STRESSANDIMMUNITY ...................................................................................................... 63 Effectsof Stresson Disease .................................................................................. 64 Effectsof Stresson Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity ................................ 66 Effectsof Stresson Nonimmunologically Specific Reactions .............................. 69 MEDIATIONOF BEHAVIORALLYINDUCED
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunology.Pdf
    INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY Jorge H. Daruna Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Tulane University School of Medicine AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier Academic Press 200 Wheeler Road, 6th Floor, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright ß 2004, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Customer Support’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 0-12-203456-2 For all information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Brandon and Caroline ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank. PREFACE This book presents an introduction to psychoneuroimmunology, which is the scientiWc discipline best poised to elucidate the complex processes that underlie health.
    [Show full text]