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Balanced Cross Section of the Northeast of Adiyaman, Turkey

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Balanced Cross Section of the Northeast of Adiyaman, Turkey Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 2013 Balanced cross section of the northeast of Adiyaman, Turkey Mustafa Tuncer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons, and the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Tuncer, Mustafa, "Balanced cross section of the northeast of Adiyaman, Turkey" (2013). Masters Theses. 7580. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7580 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BALANCED CROSS SECTION OF THE NORTHEAST OF ADIYAMAN, TURKEY by MUSTAFA TUNCER A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY&GEOPHYSICS 2013 Approved by John Patrick Hogan, Advisor Kelly Liu Stephen Gao 2013 MUSTAFA TUNCER All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Deformation during closure of an ocean basin and continent-continent collision in southeast Anatolia Turkey during the Late Cretaceous to Middle Miocene was investigated by construction of a geologic map, structural cross-section and retrodeformed palinspastically restored cross-section. The area of study is a N-S transect across the Bitlis Suture Zone of Northeast of Adiyaman. The study area is situated in the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt which includes, from south to north, the Arabian platform, the zone of Imbrication, and the zone of Nappes. A geologic map of this region was prepared in order to construct balanced and restored cross sections from the Bitlis Suture Zone, Northeast of Adiyaman, Turkey. This balanced cross section integrates surface and subsurface data to analyze the structural geometry of the region, calculate the vertical extension and tectonic shortening. The cross section was restored using the line and area balancing methods. A balanced structural cross section suggests that structural uplift in the Bitlis Suture Zone was the result of a thin skinned, imbricated thrust and fold system. The imbricated thrust system sequence is composed of Late Cretaceous and younger strata. Shortening and vertical length estimates based on the direct comparison between the present-day balanced cross section and the reconstructed section from Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene time indicate 24.6 % shortening in the horizontal direction. Vertical thickening is greater in the north 36.56 % than in the south 11.18 % consistent with maintaining a wedge with a critical taper necessary for continued south directed thrusting during continent-continent collision. The interpreted structural evolution model from the restoration of geological structure will assist planning for petroleum exploration in this area. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to Associate Professor Dr. John Hogan for his precious time to provide consultancy and reviewing this project. Also, I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Kelly Liu and Dr. Stephen Gao for helpful advice and all staff in the Department of Geology at Missouri University of Science and Technology, for their support during my study. I would like to acknowledge Turkish Petroleum Corporation for permission to use well data. Many thanks to all my friend for their encouragement and help with the administrative work involve in my project. This project is dedicated to my family whom I am grateful for their understanding, continue support and assistance while studying. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................ vii SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................................................................... 1 1.2. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ............................................................................. 3 1.3. METHODS OF STUDY ..................................................................................... 3 1.4. PREVIOUS STUDIES........................................................................................ 5 1.5. GEOLOGICAL SETTING ................................................................................. 5 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY ......................................................................................... 10 2.1. STRUCTURAL UNITS AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA ..................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 The Arabian Platform .............................................................................. 12 2.1.1.1 Lower autochthonous succession. ...............................................12 2.1.1.2 Lower allochthonous units. .........................................................13 2.1.1.3 Upper autochthonous succession. ...............................................14 2.1.1.4 Upper allochthonous units. .........................................................14 2.1.2 The Zone of Imbrication .......................................................................... 14 2.1.3 The Nappe Zone. ..................................................................................... 15 2.2. SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA STRATIGRAPHY ALONG THE BALANCED CROSS SECTION ........................................................................................... 21 3. METHOD AND INVESTIGATION ....................................................................... 26 3.1. DATA ACQUISITION ..................................................................................... 26 3.2. FIELD WORK .................................................................................................. 26 3.3. THICKNESS OF STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS ................................................. 27 3.4. CONSTRUCTING CROSS SECTION ............................................................ 27 4. RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 31 vi 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 31 4.2. RESULT FROM FIELD OBSERVATIONS ................................................... 31 4.3. BALANCED CROSS SECTION ..................................................................... 34 4.4. PALINSPASTIC RESTORATION .................................................................. 45 5. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 48 5.1. BALANCED AND RESTORED CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE PAST AND PRESENT-DAY STRUCTURE OF THE BITLIS SUTURE ZONE .............. 48 5.1.1. Structural Style and Geometry. .............................................................. 48 5.1.2 Shortening of Study Area. ....................................................................... 49 5.1.3. Hydrocarbon Prospects. .......................................................................... 50 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................... 52 6.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 52 6.2. RECOMMEDATION ....................................................................................... 53 APPENDICES A. PREVIOUS STUDIES ..................................................................................... 54 B. DIP-STRIKE MEASUREMENTS OF STUDY .............................................. 57 C. SATELITE IMAGE OF STUDY AREA ......................................................... 59 D. LOCATION OF MAJOR CONTACTS ........................................................... 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 63 VITA ............................................................................................................................ 65 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1.1 Map showing location of the study area (Northeast of Adiyaman) Turkey, Google Earth, 2013). ..........................................................................................2 Figure 1.2 A flowchart detailing the steps needed to complete the study. ..........................4 Figure 1.3 (A) A simplified geologic map showing major plates and their boundary faults in the Eastern Mediterranean region (Tasgin et al., 2011) (B) Simplified neotectonic map showing major fault zones in the area surrounding and location of the study area, Adiyaman (Tasgin et al., 2011). ...6 Figure 1.4 Geologic map of the Southeast Anatolia (Yilmaz, 1993). ..................................9 Figure 2.1 Generalized (composite) stratigraphic section of the Arabian Platform in southeastern Anatolia (Modified after Yilmaz, 1993). ....................................11 Figure 2.2 Plate-tectonic models for the Mesozoic evolution of southeast Anatolia (Yilmaz, 1993). ................................................................................................17
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