1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4337 156. By Mr. BUSH: Petition of members of their resolution with reference to the sponsibility for the malfeasance of its agents: of the men's.Sunday school class, the Metho­ United States Government taking an active to the Committee on the Judiciary. dist Church, Shinglehouse, Pa., urging the position of leadership in the United Nations 160. Also, petition of the secretary, Na­ Congress to take action to remove alcoholtc for negotiation of a moratorium on all nu­ tional Sojourners, Washington Chapter No. 3, beverage advertising from our homes; to the clear explosions detectable by a United Washington, D. C., petitioning consideration Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ Nations monitoring agency, as a first step of their resolution with reference to the Im­ merce. to gain experience in and build confidence migrat.ion and Nationality Act and the ad­ 157. Also, petition of citizens of Shingle­ in the United Nations as the instrument mission of Hungarian refugees, etc.; to the house, Potter County, Pa., and vicinity, urg­ for inspected universal disarmament; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ing the Congress to take action to remove Committee on Foreign Affairs. 161. Also, petition of the president, Texas alcoholic beverage advertising from our 159. Also, petition of the president, Na­ Tank Truck Carriers Association, Dallas, homes; to the Committee on Interstate and tional Health Federation, San Francisco, Tex., petitioning consideration of their reso­ Foreign Commerce. Calif., petitioning consideration of their lution with reference ·to requesting passage 158. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the resolution with reference to requesting pas­ of legislation for repeal of the Federal trans­ chairma~. Federation of American Scientists, sage of H. R. 1817 to demonstrate the policy portation tax; to the Committee on Ways Washington, D. C., petitioning consideration of Government in accepting :financial re- and Means.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Address Hon. Estes Kefauver, of Ten­ to replace the age of imperialism and colo­ a coming age of rockets and atomic energy by nialism, of how the new nations, bursting and cities in the sky." nessee, to the Young Democratic Club with a sense of nationalism, are to live to­ This all sounds wonderful-and this prog­ of America gether. ress was made possible, I may note in pass­ You, as young Democrats, will have to live ing, by the vision of Franklin D. Roosevelt in that world. You, therefore, have a vital and Harry Truman who had the courage to EXTENSION OF REMARKS interest in its shaping. turn the scientists loose, with adequate sup­ OF The sense of change is just as profound port and appropriations from the Govern­ within the borders of our own Nation. The ment, to make it possible to harness the HON. ESTES KEFAUVER seeds of new social and economic problems atom. OF TENNESSEE are being planted. You and I will have to But while we are exulting over this peek IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES live with them. One of the most important into the future, let us not forget that it is size-size of the industrial unit and eco­ raises new social and economic problems Monday, March 25, 1957 nomic power which it represents. which you as young Democrats will have to Let's take a look into this future for a live with and concerning which the pat­ Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, I few minutes. tern may be in the process of being fash­ ask unainimous consent to have printed There is no question but that science and ioned right now. in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ad­ technology are getting ready to produce How is all this to come about? In the Wall dress I delivered to a meeting of the goods and services that even to the sophisti­ Street Journal of March 14, I read the re­ national committeemen and committee­ cated border on the fantastic. That this is port of a speech by Mr. Roger M. Blough, women of the Young Democratic Club of not a dream is demonstrated by the fact that chairman of United States Steel, made to the America on Friday, March 22. working models of some . of them are cur­ Economic Club of Chicago. Speaking for There being no objection, the address rently on display at the New York Stock Ex­ one of the world's most powerful corpora­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, change. I recently read an article entitled tions, Mr. Blough is worth listening to. "Focus on a Fabulous Future" which ap­ Mr. Blough told his audience that "a new as follows: peared in the March 1957 issue of the Ex­ business concept-giant corporations join­ KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY SENATOR KEFAUVER TO change, a little magazine published monthly ing to form large combines for spreading THE YOUNG DEMOCRATIC CLUB OF AMERICA, by the New York Stock Exchange. This is their risks-may be developing on the eco­ MARCH 22, 1957, MAYFLOWER HOTEL, WASH• what it says: nomic scene. INGTON "While the future cannot be forecast in "The future may indeed call for bigger I am very happy to be present at the open­ great detail until it finally settles around business organizations, as man seeks to un­ ing of this national committee meeting of us, there are revealing portents available in­ lock the secret of the atom, penetrate outer the Young Democratic Club of America. side test tubes, on drawing boards, in re­ space, and harness the rays of the sun," he It is appropriate that you young Demo­ search laboratories-and the Stock Ex­ said. He suggested that "business which crats, with such a great stake in the future change's new million-dollar exhibit hall evolved from the individual entrepreneur to because you are young, should meet here in gives visitors an exciting glimpse of this the partnership ·and then to the modern the Capital to take stock, so to speak, at this incredible world of tomorrow. Working corporation now may be moving into an era particular time. models, animation, color, 15,000 moving parts of partnership of corporations." There is abroad in the world a vast and a:r:id 11,000 lights all open a window on the Mr. Blough then went on to point out sometimes turbulent sense of change. Many goods and services corporations are de­ that this partnership of corporations was patterns being set today will have profound veloping for future delivery." not merely a forecast of what would be effects on the future. Many of these results The article goes on to describe the ex­ necessary to handle America's tomorrows, will be unchangeable. As Democrats, al­ hibits of several corporations. Of the United but that it was also a report of what is though we do not control the executive States Steel exhibit, it says: already taking place. He said: branch of the Government, I think we must "Through show windows of the United "Our biggest corporations are rapidly get­ assume our fair share of responsibility for States Steel Corp.'s exhibit, for example, ting too small to do all the things that the way in which those patterns of the fu­ model rocket ships built to scale whoosh by are expected of them. The development of ture are shaped. a towering metallic city, while far below a raw materials, for instance, has become so In Bermuda today the head of this Nation farm :flourishes beneath the sea. As the expensive, and involves such risks; that a and the head of Britain are meeting. We future unfolds in almost bewildering se­ number of large steel companies have had can see dramatized in that island one of the quence, Narrator George Hicks describes the to band together to develop faraway iron­ profound changes. The British Empire, magnitude of what tomorrow is expected to ore deposits, and to establish plants and which was such a source of power and yield." processes for the manufacturing of usable strength in the 19th century, undisputed rul­ Of Consolidated Edison's exhibit the arti­ blast-furnace materials out o! low-grade er of the seas, obviously comes to the island cle says: "Against a large panoramic night taconite ores.'' of Bermuda as still a great world power, but view of New York City, an atomic power­ He ai:ks, but leaves unanswered, this ques­ the second power. The United States is the plant in miniature demonstrates how nu­ tion: "Does this joint development idea, first. clear energy will be harnessed for electric perhaps, presage the birth of even larger This meeting, concerned as it is with the power, from boiler to turbogenerator. Since joint ventures in business enterprise than eruptions of the Middle East, with the pla­ the model represents the Consolidated Edi· our present-day organizations?" guing questions of the Far East, with re­ son Co.'s Indian Point nuclear steam-gen­ Following Mr. Blough's speech the Wall newed understandings between two old erating plant now under construction, the Street Journal itself raised the questions friends, the British and the United States, future may be around the corner. The plant which I know must have occurred to you as presents in capsule form the concerns of the ls scheduled to start supplying energy in they did to me. The Journal, in its editorial, world. 1960." asked: It also emphasizes how little understand­ As even the staid New York Stock Exchange "Would it be possible to prevent such or­ ing really exists of the new world order­ suggests: "The fUture will stagger the imagi­ ganizations from becoming literal monopo­ how little understanding there is of what is nation of even the most visionary guest • • • lies? Even if so, how much damage would 4338 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25 be done to competition? Would small busi­ of Independence, just as Greeks had for steel because of lowered steel require­ nesses continue to multiply as they now do? come to the United States to fight under ments by ·the automobile industry, the Could these giant enterprises remain efficient George Washington for our independ­ major steel companies recently put over and so, in fact, meet the demands of the consumers in whose name they were created?" ence. Not only a Congressman, Miller a 4 % percent increase in the price of tin­ These questions are relevant. You and I, became a prosperous businessman and plate. This increase raises the price of especially you, must answer them. They are himself a colonel in the militia. tinplate about $7. 70 a ton, effective April relevant to you as young people; they are All Americans can be proud of our 30. relevant to you as Democrats. They fore­ country's support of the efforts of the This rise in the cost of tinplate is not shadow the formulation of the kind of world Greeks to free themselves from alien rule economically justified and resulU> only you will live in. during their great War of Independence because of a cutback in tinplate require­ :My own tentative answers to these ques­ which began 136 years ago today. Our tions result from my knowledge of the past. ments by American canmakers. This In the America of today, it , has not been faith in the rightness of their cause was price increase in tinplate will soon af­ possible to prevent existing giant corpora­ a reflection of the deep roots of our O'.Vn fect the canned food costs of every tions from becoming monopolistic. If the dedication to freedom-roots which in household. ·America of tomorrow demands combinations turn went back to the democratic heri· of these giants, it is not likely that .we shall tage of the ancient Greek city states. be able to prevent them from becoming lit· Greece is indeed the mother of West­ eral monopolies. ern Civilization and from her have come Three Hundred and Twenty-third Anni­ The answer must be either that the Amer­ the basic values which animate America ica of tomorrow does not require such com· versary of the Founding of the Free bines, or that, if it does, they as literal mo­ today-values which have drawn many State of Maryland nopolies must be controlled in the public Greeks to our shores seeking freedom interest. and opportunity. These men and wo­ That is a function of government, and, men have greatly enriched our common EXTENSION OF REMARKS therefore, of politics, not in the narrow sense life. It is all the more tragic therefore OF of partisanship but in the broader sense. that today our Nation's gates are bar­ We must prepare ourselves. We must study ricaded so that we no longer welcome HON. JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER most intensively the necessity for increase Greeks to our shores with open heart OF MARYLAND in business size to accommodate the prob· IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES lems of the America of tomorrow. We must and hand. These barricades must be study most intensively the techniques of lifted. Moreover, our country again has Mond.ay, March 25, 1957 Government control. We must be prepared. an opportunity to assert its historical I submit our Democratic Congress is now devotion to freedom by making every ef ... Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I request leading the way in a very statesmanlike man­ fort to· as3ure self-determination for the unanimous consent to have printed in ner toward exactly the kind of study and people of Cyprus. the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement planning we need for the America of to· To these goals, let us repledge our­ I have prepared in honor of Maryland morrow. selves on March 25 as we once again Day, the 323d anniversary of the found­ In the Foreign Relations Committee, as celebrate Greek Independence Day. ing of the Free State of Maryland. a result of the resolution passed during the There being no objection, the state­ Middle East hearings on the motion of Sen­ ator FuLBRIGHT, we are gathering together ment was ordered to be printed in the the information needed to assess the poli­ RECORD, as follows: ' cies of the past as a guide to the future. Spiraling Rise in the Cost of Living Mr. President, today, March 25, ls the 323d In the antitrust and monopoly subcom· anniversary of the Free State of Maryland. mittee, of which I am chairman, we are en­ On this day in the year 1634, a small group of gaged in a study of concentration and I cer· EXTENSION OF REMARKS God-fearing, freedom-loving men and women tainly have in mind the further extension OF came ashore from the Ark and the Dove at a. of this study to determine just what kind point in what is now St. Marys County, Md. of society we will be living in tomorrow. HON. CHARLES A. VANIK ·With firm conviction and belief in the teach- This Nation was founded on the principles ings of God, with courage and fortitude, with of free enterprise and individual liberty. OF OHIO enthusiasm for hard work, these men and What we want to do, and what we must do, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES women set out. to change a wilderness into a is save our freedom, and still have the bless­ home, both for themselves and others who ings of the scientific and technological Monday, March 25, 1957 cherished liberty and freedom and the right achievements of which we are capable. Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, in today's to worship God in accordance with the dic­ This will be the task of the Democratic newspaper releases we see further evi­ tates of their own consciences. Party, and you, as young Democrats, must dence of the spiraling rise in the cost of The fertile lands of Maryland, the sea and play a large role in molding the policies by living. Excepting the New York Times, the great Chesapeake and its tributaries, re­ which we will achieve our goals. For you, sponded to the steadfast, dedicated efforts of. With your future ahead of you, the America New York City newspapers in unison an­ these brave people. Maryland flourished; of tomorrow is more important than for nounced an increase in prices ranging its people obtained material wealth, and any of the rest of us. between 20 percent to 100 percent. more important, that peace of mind that Today, the New York Post announced comes only with religious freedom. a 100-percent price increase in raising During the American Revolution, Mary­ the price of the newspaper from 5 cents land played a dominant part in the events which led to our independence and through­ Greek Independence Day to 10 cents. This announcement fol­ out the pages of American history, Maryland, lows by several days the recent 100 per­ during times of peace and war, has amply EXTENSION OF REMARKS cent increase in the price of the World fulfilled its responsibilities to our Nation. OF Telegram and Sun and the New York Maryland has protected our liberties and our Journal-American from 5 cents to 10 freedoms and contributed immeasurably to HON. HENRY S. REUSS cenU>. The tabloids were more con­ the wealth, the culture and the great Ameri­ servative in holding their price increases can tradition. Our history rings with names OF WISCONSIN of such great men as Hanson, Carroll, Deca­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.BENTATIVES to 20 percent. The newspaper industry, thoroughly tur, and Taney, just to mention a few, who Monday, March 25, 1957 gave America capable and dedicated service united in multiplying newspaper prices, and leadership in times of stress and need. Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, it is a has utterly denied its paramount obliga.. Maryland was also at the forefront of the matter of great pride to me that the first tion to hold the price line. While news­ expansion and development of America. Member of Congress of Greek descent paper editorials condemn creeping and Almost 150 years ago, just west of Cumber· was a Democrat from the State which runaway inflation, their publishers land, a small band of western Marylanders I am proud to represent today-the quietly seek to double the price of their began felling the trees and clearing the trail State of Wisconsin. Representative product to the public. It appears there­ for the construction of the National Road, the first internal improvement io be under­ Lucas Miltiades Miller, a Member of fore that newspaper publishers fail to be taken by our young Nation. Running this House in 1892 and 1893, came to the impressed by the editorials which appear straight as a plummet into the setting sun United States as the adopted son of an in their own publications. this highway eventually reached St. Louis• . American colonel, who had gone to Newspapers are not alone. In the face Mo., and was a spectacular success. Millions Greece as a volunteer in the Greek Wai~ .of a continued reduction in the demand of Americans and immigrants-families, gold 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4339 seekers, adventurers. of all· types, traveled and House District· Committees, as well that area to have our beautiful buildings, over this road on their way to the West. as to the members o{ the Washington which woUld not be high, nor completely From an early date, Baltimore has been Board of Trade, the Federal City obstruct views of the river, there, as it would one of America's great seaports, the center of be ideal for the cultural center to be located merchant-marine activity rea'ching to every Council, and other interested groups on that site. part of the world. This great port is also the . which have given devoted attention to With confidence that your support will focal point of a vast railway system which this very important subject. help to bring about this happy conclusion, stretches to every section of our continent. I ask unanimous consent that the text Sincerely yours, Today, as in the past, Maryland exerts a of my letter of inquiry to Mrs. Bacon and VIRGINIA M. BACON. great influence over the affairs of our Nation. her response today be printed in the The industrial output of her factories, her RECORD. fine seafood, her quality food and dairy prod­ ucts, her unequaled tobacco-all contribute There being no objection, the exchange to the prosperity and high standard of living of correspondence was ordered to be Address by Hon. John Bell Williams, of in America. printed in the RECORD, as follows: Mississippi, Before the Defenders of From the scenic mountain wonders of MARCH 22, 1957. western Maryland, past the fertile farm and Mrs. ROBERT Low BACON, State Sovereignty and Individual dairy lands of the foothills, the industrial Washington, D. C. Liberties colossus centered in Baltimore, the quiet MY DEAR M.Rs. BACON: I've just returned dignity and fine tobacco lands of southern from a meeting of the Senate Foreign Rela­ Maryland to the charming and fruitful tions Committee this morning. I was glad EXTENSION OF REMARKS Eastern Shore, Maryland is truly America to hear from our committee consultant, Mr. in miniature. Julius Cahn, of your kind phone message, OF regarding my Senate speech on March 18 on the need for a national cultural center for HON. WILLIAM M. TUCK the District of Columbia. OF VmGINlA I know that there are comparatively few, if IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES National Cultural Center for the District of any, people, here in the District, who are Columbia-Correspondence Between better qualified to comment on this subject Monday, March 25, 1957 than yourself. I say that, not only on the Senator Wiley and Mrs. Robert Low basis of your most active role on the Audi­ Mr. TUCK. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the CONGRES­ Bacon torium Commission, but in view of your many years of other service to this commu­ SIONAL RECORD, I am pleased to include a nity, as well. very able and scholarly address delivered EXTENSION OF REMARKS I understand, for example, that since the by our colleague, the gentleman from OF 1920's, you have been doing your part toward Mississippi, Hon. JOHN BELL WILLIAMS, the establishment of a National Opera House delivered in the ballroom of the Jefferson HON. ALEXANDER WILEY here. Such great civic leadership is certainly to be commended. Hotel in Richmond, Va., on Friday eve­ OF WISCONSIN Under the circumstances, therefore, I ning, March 22, 1957. The occasion was IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES would like to invite you personally to give a meeting of the Def enders of State Monday, March 25, 1957 me the benefit of your judgment now on the Sovereignty and Individual Liberties. status of the cultural center project. Our colleague from Virginia, Hon. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, on March I am sure that you feel, as I do, that no WATKINS M. ABBITT, was the toastmaster 18, as indicated beginning on page 3805 time should be lost in getting under way and I had the privilege of presenting of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, I spoke in on it. Congressman WILLIAMS to the audience. praise of the proposed National Cultural I recognize, as I know you do, the great It was a large and enthusiastic audience Center for the District of Columbia. international significance of this cultural center. Since, however, I have to work si­ and the address of Congressman W1L .. I mentioned at that time the splendid multaneously on many other foreign-policy LIAMS was frequently interrupted by loud job which had been performed by the fronts, I have asked Mr. Cahn-in his com­ and sustained applat'_se. At the conclu­ National Auditorium Commission which mittee service-to help follow through-on sion of his address the entire audience we of the Congress had created for the the cultural center. stood and applauded for several minutes. purpose of preparing the plans for such I look forward to receiving your personal The address is as follows: a center. observations. Since making my comments, I have Sincerely yours, I bring you greetings and best wishes from ALExANDER WILEY. 2 million citizens of the great sovereign been pleased to hear from a great many State of Mississippi. As a guest from a citizens in the metropolitan area who are neighboring State, I come before you not in especially interested in seeing Congress WASHINGTON, D. C., March 25, 1957. any sense to suggest to you what policies promptly select one of . the alternative DEAR SENATOR WILEY: Thank you for your you should adopt or what courses to follow sites, so that this fine project can be letter of March 22. I am indeed glad to know in coping with the problems which you may commenced. of your appreciation of the international sig­ encounter in the conduct of your internal It will be recalled that in making my nificance of the cultural center for which affairs. Rather, I appear before you as a original remarks, I pointed out that, · the Auditorium Commission was created by fellow American and a neighboring southern­ act of Congress. er to discuss with you matters of mutual since I ain not a member of the Senate It has long been a matter of amazement concern to our respective States and people. District Committee and have not had as that the capital of the United States should In the words of the Apostle Paul: "Come, let much opportunity as I would like to ex .. be unique in its lack of facilities for opera, us reason together." plore the site and other questions, it was ballet, and drama. There is little need to recount the many not possible for me at the time to at.. Our planning committee has studied the and complex problems that confront our tempt to make any recommendation on requirements and the question of the most great Nation. You know, as I do, that we the matter of sites. suitable site, evaluated according to con­ face almost insurmountable difficulties in I stated, however, that all the factors venience, surroundings, outlook, terrain, size, the field of our domestic economy. The for .. bearing upon choosing the best possible and zoning. eign doctrines of socialism and communism Although in the presentation of our plan a.re on the march. Our currency is under­ site should be carefully and promptly to the joint district committee of the Senate going a steady trend toward inflation, and studied by the Congress. and House the choice of the site was left our national debt exceeds that of the rest of Among the many prominent persons to Congress, the executive committee of the the world combined. We try to CQpe With with whom I subsequently conferred was Auditorium Commission passed a unanimous problems over production in agriculture with one of the most distinguished members of resolution in favor of the Foggy Bottom site. domestic programs, while our foreign policy the Commission, Mrs. Robert Low Bacon. It is the only site easily accessible to 90 dreamers concoct new schenre to spend our I had invited her detailed reactions, percent of those who would use the center, tax moneys to expand the operations of our and I was pleased to receive this morning also being near the Lincoln Memorial and competitors. We face the threat of preda­ Memorial Bridge, it would be more frequently tory war with an atheistic enemy across the a letter from her. In it she points out seen by prominent visitors and tourists. seas. We have many problems. the case for the selection of the Foggy Foggy Bottom, between the Lincoln Memo­ All these, as grave and foreboding as they Bottom area. rial and Virginia Avenue is the last stretch are, must pale into insignificance, though, I know that hel' . communication will of the river front as yet unspoiled and it in the face of the monstrous problem pre­ be of deep interest to my colleagues, should be made beautiful, therefore it would sented to us by a political Supreme Court on especially those serving on the Senate be as advantageous to the development of Monday, May 17, 1954. 4340 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25. ·Other issues are temporary, and deal with But let there be no mistaking our motives; · would hold that the highest court of a. the present; they affect primarily this gen­ no fiouting our aims. We are gaining friends sovereign State ·does not have the right to eration of Americans. The issue presented throughout this Nation among thinking peo­ control the effective date of its own discre­ by the Supreme Court threatens to under­ ple; patriots who love, respect, and revere the tionary process. mine the very structure of our form of gov­ basic concepts of our form of Government. "It is a 'consummation devoutly to be ernment. It would dissolve the very founda­ These friends are coming to our side because wished' that the concept of States rights tions upon which our free democratic society they know we are right. They know that the will not come to be of interest only to writers was built, and destroy forever the purity of continuation of our dual sovereignty form and students of history. Such concept is race that future generations of Americans. of Government depends upon our ultimate vital to the preservation of human liberties both white and Negro, have a right to ex­ victory over the forces of centralization and now. And whatever one's ideology may be­ pect. It threatens to pervert moral premises totalitarianism. whether one is a strong defender of State by translating them into a conglommerate There is no room in our movement for sovereignty or an equally fervent advocate potpourri of amalgamated theories of mon­ those who advocate violence, nor do we have of centralized government--we think the grelization. a place for those who practice race-mixing great majority of persons would agree that if We might well consider the fact that once in private, but who in public anoint them­ the death knell of this fundamental prin­ mongrelized, we can never reestablish pu­ selves as leaders in the fight for racial purity. ciple of Jeffersonian democracy is to be rity of race, nor can we revive a pride of If hatred of minorities is to be the criterion tolled, the bell should be rung by the peo­ racial integrity. The hand of man can be for membership in our resistance move­ ple themselves, as the Constitution contem­ employed to destroy racial purity, but once ments, it would be better that we dissolve plates. President Lincoln's words of warning destroyed, man lacks the power to restore our organization, for hatred breeds strife. are just as true today as they were almost a that purity. That is why we, both white and lawlessness, anarchy, and destruction. century ago, when he said, in his first in­ Negro, who have pride of birth and race must Ours must be a firm but peaceful resist­ augural address on March 4, 1861: act to protect and preserve that legacy; ance. Peace and understanding, enlighten­ "'If the policy of the Government upon otherwise those who follow in subsequent ment, . and fundament.al Americanism will vital questions affecting the whole people is generations will be shackled with the fet­ have .to be our battlecry as we seek to enlist to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the ters of miscegenation and a heritage of im­ friends and allies throughout the rest of the Supreme Court • • • the people will have morality beyond which there will be no Nation. ceased to be their own rulers, having to that escape. Remember this: All the progress we have extent practically resigned their Government For the shame of this it will not be their made since Black Monday toward exposing into the hands of that eminent tribunal.' generation, but our generation, which mu.st the hyprocrisy and evil designs of our mod­ "And we do not feel it is amiss to refer to suffer to account. ern carpetbag enemies; all the gains we have the following remarks made by George Wash- In facing up to these problems, we cannot made in demonstrating the illegality of the ington in hiS Farewell Address: _ afford the luxury of complacency or the con­ Court's decisions; all the sympathy we have "'If, in the opinion of the people, the dis­ venience of hasty !'1-Ction. If we are to pre­ cultivated in other areas of the country in tribution or modification of the constitu­ vail, and we must prevail, we must act in our crusade for the rights of the several tional powers be in any particular wrong, let calm and deliberate judgment, but with the States-all this can be swept away with one it be corrected by an amendment in the way firmness and resolve which the occasion de­ shotgun blast, by one explosion of dyna­ which the Constitution designates. But let mands. There can be no retreating from mite touched off in the heat of passion. there be no change by usurpation; for though principle, no compromise born of momentary Our legitimate patriotic organizations will this, in one instance, may be the instrument expediency, and no haggUng over methods not fight lawlessness with lawlessness. The of good, it is the customary weapon by which when that haggling retards the progress of Defenders in Virginia, the citizens councils free governments are destroyed.'.. · our high purposes. in my State of Mississippi and our other A recent Alabama criminal case, reversed Above ail, we must present a united front, legitimate resistance organizations will by . the United States Supreme Court. for there is our strength; and we must also never condone or place the stamp of approval brought forth this comment from the cir­ understand fully the nature of the evil on violence as their weapon to preserve in­ cuit judge before whom the case had beeµ and know the identities of ·our enemies in dividual freedom in this country. tried: this struggle for our American freedoms. It is tragic, indeed, that our once-re­ "The opinion is the voice of the Supreme spected United States Supreme Court, hon­ Court of the United States, but the hand is It was to meet this vital need that the ored through the ages for their legal ability defenders of State soveteignty and individual the.hand of the NAACP. The opinion of the and their personal and judicial integrity, majority of the Court speaks the truth liberty came into being. It was to meet this should conduct themselves officially in such need that the citizens councils in my State neither as to the facts nor as to the law. a manner as to bring down on their heads The opinion offends and is repugnant to were born and subsequently the Association the shame that has followed in the wake. o'f Citizens Councils which extends through­ judicial sensibilities and the gopd name of of some of thelr recent decisions. the people ·of Alabama. In the sacrifice of out several of our sister States. Three years haye passed since they ex­ Yo\J.r presence here tonight is evidence, in the South .on the altar of the Supreme changed their judicial robes for the ·caps and Coilrt's psychological and sociological omni­ itself, of your love for the institutions of gowns of sociology professors and proceeded science the Fikes case is but another hand­ freedom under our great American Consti­ to tear the heart from the American Consti­ ful of salt to rub into our wounds. It is a tution, and your dedication to the preserva­ tution by their fantastic ruling in the school­ damning confession and commentary on our tion of the noble ideals that have become segregation cases. It is a sad commentary an integral part of the America we know times." on current Judicial integrity when their de­ Here in Virginia, your supreme court of and love. Your presence here speaks elo­ cisions can be attacked on legal" premises by quently of your concern for the happiness appeals, on January 18, 1956, found it neces­ eminent lawyers and Jurists from every part sary to repu,diate a directive of the Federal and strength of the America of the future. of our country. Sadder, indeed, is the fact Supreme Court in a case involving Virginia's Yours is a fight for the future of our great that, to my information, at least, not one marriage laws. American institutions, our civilization, and single legal authority of any stature has been Rejecting an unwarranted invasion of the our ideals. You are waging a fight ·of mo­ willing or able to come forward and offer a field of jurisdiction reserved to the State of rality and conscience: that children of both legal defense for the Court's Black Monday Virginia, and refusing to be intimidated by white and colored races may be permitted decisions. · the Supreme Court into taking action ·con­ to enjoy participation' in a society unsullied Criticism of the Supreme Court's recent trary to ·established law, your supreme court by amalgamation and unstained by moral decisions, which overtly usurp powers and of appeals said in its opinion: disintegration. functions rightly belonging to the States "The record before the circuit court of I would be a coward indeed, unworthy of or other branches of the Federal Government, the city of .Portsmouth was adequate for a my self-respect, unfaithful to the trust of has not been confined to unofficial sources. decision of the issues presented to it. The my heritage, and a traitor to my children We have reached a pretty pass, indeed. record before this court was adequate for and my children's children, if I sought ref­ when the supreme court of a sovereign State d~ciding the issues on review. The decision uge-as some do-behind a laissez-faire of the Union finds decisions and orders of of the circuit court adjudicated the issues acknowledgment of these dangers, and fail the Federal Supreme Court so unreasonable, presented to that court. The decision of to rally behind the great and good people of so fantastic, and so contrary to both law this court adjudicated the issues presented niy State and Nation when they marshal and the public interest as to compel them to it. The decree of the trial court and the their forces to repel the evils that beset openly to defy its edicts. This occurred but decree of this court affirming it have become us-evils that imperil the future happiness, a few weeks ago in Florida, when the Florida final so far as th.ese courts are concerned." security, and freedom of my children. I supreme court was compelled in good con­ Recently, a Federal judge in the great State salute you as great and fearless Americans. science and consistent with established law. of Texas refused to order compliance with ahd I am proud to be a part of you. to state in one of their decisions: the Supreme Court's .black Monday decisions. We are struggling to uphold law-not law­ "Indeed, it is unthinkable that the Su­ reminding the Supr~me C!)l!ft. that "if there lessness. · We intend to hold our ground preme Court of the United States would are civil rights, there are also civil wrongs.'' firmly and resolutely against those who attempt to convert into a writ of right that In his decision, he openly.and officially criti­ would honor an 1llegal fiat· of nine men who which has for centuries at common law and ci~~d the Supi:e~e Court for its segregation have made an abortive attempt to change the in this State been considered a discretionary decisions, stating fl.atly that they were based meaning of our Constitution. wi-it; nor can we conceive that that Court on no law, but rather on what the Court 1957. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD= HOUSE 4341 regarded as more _authoritative: moqern whose only knowledge of conditions here Is individuals, and grant more authority to the psychological knowledge. to be gained from a slanted northern press, Attorney General of the United States than The fact is, my friends, 'that there is no or the commercialized diatribes of scalawag has ever been conferred on an individual legal basis for the Court's decision in the southern journalists. • since the days of absolute monarchies and school cases. Their decision flies in the very Is it bigotry to hold that race consciousness the "divine right of kings." face of the Constitution, and is repugnant 1s a virtue, as distinguished from race preju­ The civil-rights bills deal primarily with to every principle and concept of estab· dice? Race consciousness ls neither preju.. the so-called right to vote, and would grant lished law. dice nor intolerance. It is an innate aware­ the Attorney General the power to interfere For 58 years, since the. Court first enun• ness of a birthright being held in trust for with the right of the States to determine ciated the separate but equal doctrine as posterity. In every group, white and Negro, the qualifications of electors as specifically being in accordance with the constitutional there are individuals who, despising their and exclusively granted to them under the requirements of equal protection under the birthright, have violated that trust. It ls Constitution. All this they would do in the law, the right of the States to educate their even so in Virginia, but, thank God, a major­ name of protecting the so-called right to children in segregated public schools was ity of us have been taught, and we under­ vote. not in question. In a succession of deci­ stand, how it came about that Israel became Proponents of the civil-rights bi1ls over.. sions the Supreme Court affirmed and reaf· a great nation, while Edom faded into obliv­ look the fact that the privilege of franchise firmed that right of the several States, so ion. We recall the downfall of every great is not now, and has never been-under our that the separate and equal doctrine be­ empire when it became infiltrated with im­ came a firmly fixed principle of law, a part form of gq_vernment-considered a civil morality and was reduced to mongrelization right. So we wonder just what kind of of the American institution. through racial intermarriages and inter­ civil right they are trying to protect by de­ Acting on this premise, the Southern mingling. Even Benjamin Disraeli, a great priving our citizens of the right to trial by States have poured multiplied millions of man in his day, said: "No man will treat with jury, to free speech, and the· right to choose their State tax dollars into programs of indifference the principle of race, for it is the one·~ own associates. equalization, to bring Negro schools to a key to history." level of equality with the white schools, and Race consciousness, recognized as a virtue In Kent's commentaries, there is the de:fl­ seeking to assure complete equality in edu­ among the southern people, both white and nation of civil rights as "the right of per­ cating the Negro and white youth. The colored, is a symbol of evil in the eyes of a sonal security, the right of personal liberty, States have initiated and carried out these great majority of the northern press and, I and the right to acquire and enjoy property. programs out of a sense of fairness to both am sorry to say, is being preached as antl­ Right itself, in a civil suit, ls that which .races, and in complete disregard of the fact Chrlstian from many pulpits throughout the any man is entitled to have, or to do, or to tµat the burden of expense in so ,doing rests country. . require from others, within the limits of pre­ squarely and almost wholly upon the mem­ I am not a student of the Bible, though scribed law." bers of the white race alone. I profess faith in Christianity and the om­ Bouvier's Law Dictionary is very concise Even this was not enough to satisfy the nipotence of God. Eminent southern clergy­ in the definition: "Civil rights are those radical element, which continues to agitate men, in whom I rely for my interpretations which have no relation to the establishment. and to press-not for equal status for so­ of the Word of God, have told me unequivo­ support, or management of government." called minorities-but for a preferred status, cally that segregation ls not a spiritual sub­ Black's Law Dictionary says: "Civil rights and a condition wherein the ~ajority shall ject, and that there ls nothing in the Bible are such as belong to every citizen of the be subject to the rule of the minority. or its teachings that can be cited directly· or State or country or, 1n a wider sense, to all · Simply and succinctly, the Supreme Court, indirectly to support the theories recently its inhabitants, and are not connected with in its Black Monday decisions, yielded to the advanced that segregation, per se, is anti­ the administration or organization of gov­ pressure of these johnny-come-lately po.; Chrlstian or contrary to the teachings of the ernment. They include the rights of prop­ litical opportunists, who cli;i.im to hold. the Son of God. Yet, they tell me that the Bible erty, marriage, protection of the laws, free­ balance of power between the twq major po­ deals wlth' miscegnation and interracial mar­ dom of contract, trial by jury, etc." litical parties and who demand ransom with riages in no uncertain terms, holding this to If the right to vote is an inherent civil the political ;future of this country as their be contrary to the principles of godliness, right of the American people, then it must hostage. and in contradiction to the teachings of be conferred on all our people without re­ All these facts the liberals brush off as Christianity. striction for any reason, whether it be age. the bigoted rantings of Southern race bait­ Thus, church leaders who adopt the pious place or length of residence, failure to regis-· ers a4d demagogs, and when confronted attitude that interracial man·iage and the ter, or any reason whatever. with these truths, they cringe and seek resulting mongrel offspring are acceptable in Otherwise it is a conferred pl'ivilege and shelter behind pious declamations and ideal­ the light of Christian teachings assume unto not a right. The fact that the Constitution istic but irrelevant platitudes. themselves the divine power to rewrite the gives the States the power to prescribe the I ani sorry to say, though, that these ele­ meaning of the Gospel. In so doing, they qualifications of their electors, and did not ments have become so strong in recent times invade the realm of politics and their preach­ require the granting of universal suffrage that they control. a great segment of the ings to that extent, at least, should be ac­ without restriction, of necessity removes the press and radio of this country, to the extent corded consideration in that light, and that privilege of voting from the category of be· that a form of censorship has been imposed light alone. ing an inherent civil right. against the dissemination of information and The fact ls that there are basic differences All of these developments: The drive for news that might-directly or indirectly-re­ between members of the white and colored integration of the races; the passage of Fed­ fiect favorably on the attitudes of southern races, and so long as those differences con­ eral civil rights legislation, and recent su­ white people, and the logic-moral and tinue to be as pronounced as they are, inte­ preme Court decisions depriving the States legal--of our position. gration of the races where Negroes exist in of at.her basic powers specifically reserved to In . many areas, news stories that justify great numbers ls but ·a meaningless figure of them by the Constitution are but part and southern attitudes are deliberately withheld speech and will not work. This fact was parcel of an alien movement that has been from print; statements favoring segrega­ never more clearly documented than it was underway in this Nation ever since we be· tion by Southern leaders are deliberately dis­ last fall, when the tragic results of racial came the dominant world power. Enemies torted to make the author appear as a bigoted integration in our Nation's Capital came of America know that if they can destroy fool. Words are lifted from context to make into public view through the vehicle of a the sovereignty of the several States of this it look as if we in the South hold our Negro congressional investigation. As a member Union and concentrate all authority in friends and neighbors in utter contempt­ which is, as you know, contrary to all of the of that investigating committee, I can tell Washington, their last major hurdle toward teachings and traditions of the southern you that the conditions revealed to public gaining control over our vast commonwealth people. They refer to our area as the Bible view were shocking beyond imagination. If shall have been completed. Belt, and proceed to hold our religious be­ you have not had an . oppor'mnity to read I would quote from a well known Ameri­ liefs up to ·public ridicule. It has been the report of findings that resulted from can: "The Federal Government did not cre­ impossible ·for us to tell our side of the story that investigation, I would urge you to do ate the States of tl,lis Republic. The States to the Nation, because we have been denied so. It is a vivid portrayal of what we may created the Federal Government. The crea­ access to the means with which to communi­ expect if we sit by and permit forced inte­ tion should not supersede the creator. For cate it. gration to come about in our schools. if the States lose their meaning, our entire It is significant that those who are farthest I shall not ·deal here with the various system of Government loses its meaning and removed from the problem, and who know force bills, popularly called the Civil-rights the next step is the rise of the centralized less about it, are the first to come forward bills, one of which was reported by the House national State in which the seeds of autoc­ with solutions to it. Segregation is no prob­ Judiciary Committee last week, except to racy can take root and grow." lem, for instance, in Minnesota, or Montana, tell you that these bills deprive American Those are the words of ·Dwight D. Eisen:­ or Oregon, or Arizona, where an infinitesimal citizens of their most fundamental and basic bower, spoken during his 1952 campaign for percentage of the population is comprised of civil rights, while guaranteeing no additional the omce of President of the United States. Negroes. The problem belongs to the South, civil rights to any citizen, white or Negro. Listen to this, spoken by this same man and it is ours to solve 1n the way we deem These bills specifically deny the right_ of to the Conference of Governors, meeting the best suited to local conditions and -needs. citizens to trial by jury in certain cases: next year in Seattle, Wash.: "I am here be..,. We do not welcome the interference-how­ make the United States a party to lawsuits ca~se of my indestructible conviction that ever well-intentioned it may be-of outsiders against individual~ for the benefit of other unless we preserve in . t~is _cou,ntry_the pla_ce 4342. CONGRESSIONAL. - RECORD=-. HOUSE March 25 of State government with the power of au­ Th.e character o! the people of the Come in Civil Air Patrol aircraft. They flew over thority, the responsibilities, and the rev­ monwealth of Virginia has always been re­ 24 mill1on miles over water in our effort to enues necessary to discharge those responsi­ :flected in the quality of leadership that Vir­ meet the enemy. submarine attacks in the-­ bilities, then we are not going to have ginia has furnJshed to our Nation from coastal waters of the United States during. America as we have known it. We will have colonial times until now. You have never World War II. Twenty-six CAP airmen. were some other form of gqvernment." , failed America in any hour of crisis, and I lost and more than 800 were awarded the My friends, those words were spoken by am confident as an American that in this. Air Medal for their service in actual over­ our President at a time when he was seeking crisis, Virginia will again furnish the leader­ water reconnaissance". the political support of good and patriotic ship so badly needed for our patriotic Ameri­ Fortunately, the end of .the war did not Americans, and they ring with the essence can cause. mean the end of the Civil Air Patrol. It has of American statesmanship. I regret to tell We in Mississippi, our neighbors in Ala­ been continued and it has played a new and you that, in my opinion, his subsequent bama, Louisiana, Georgia, and our sister challenging role in these days of an uneasy otn.cial actions have not been consonant with States are also under attack. We know that peace. Under the guidance of Gen. Carl A. those statements of basic principles. On the direct assaults against us are in the planning Spaatz, the retired Chief of Staff of the Air contrary, I think it can be said with reason­ stage. !But for the present, the frontlines of Force, serving as chairman of its National able accuracy that no president in the his­ the fight to save America are in Virginia, and Executive Board and of its immediately past tory of our great Nation, in the discharge our hopes and prayers are with you as you national commander, Maj. Gen. Lucas c. of his official duties, has more flagrantly re­ seek to turn back the evil forces of central­ Beau, and its preseut commander, Maj. Gen. neged on his campaign pledges or violated ization, miscegenation, and racial amalgama­ Walter R. Agee, the Civil Air Patrol is effec­ his publicly pronounced beliefs more ·than­ tion. tiveiy fulfilling its mission. the present occupant of the House at 1600 The man from Monticello once said:. I agree with President Eisenhower who Pennsylvania Avenue. Where advocates of_ "Timid men • • • prefer the calm of des­ had this to say in his message of congratu­ States Rights and Constitutional Govern­ potism to the boisterous sea of liberty." He lations to you in this 15th anniversary year: ment had thought they had a champion, they said, "The God that gave us life gave us lib­ "From nearly 3,000 bases throughout all our soon found 11. quisliilg to their cause. erty at the same time. The hand of force· States and Territories, the 90,000 volunteers I regret to say that few champions or may destroy, but cannot disjoin them." of the Civil Air Patrol fly daily missions for States' Rights are found in my party-the It was his creed that resistance to tyranny the safety and well-being of their fellow opposition party-outside the Southern was obedience to God. citizens. In case of national or regional States; nor can my party be held blameless · The same God that watched over Jeffer­ emergencies, the Civil Air Patrol stands by for the many sins against America that have son, and inspired him to swear eternal hos­ in :flight readiness." been committed in the name of civil rights tility against tyranny, watches over us to­ Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Nathan F. and-general public welfare. night. - With His divine guidance ai1d help Twining descriped your function well in' America can be saved, and our democratic we shall not fail. saying: "We in the Air Force look to the society preserved, but only if Americans have youth. aviation education program of the sufficient love for it to make the sacrifices Civil Air Patrol to help answer the ever-· necessary to preserve it. increasing demand for alert young men and As God-fearing people, we are obligated Address by Hon. Estes Kefauver, of Ten­ women in private civil and military aviation. to resist tyranny, no matter what form it ·With its light plane operational force and its may take. If we are true to ourselves, we nessee, to National Capital Wing, Civil nationwide youth program, the CAP is a ma­ must resist it even when it wears the sheep's jor element of American airpower.'' clothing of judicial robes, if -freedom is to Air Patrol be the legacy we bequeath to out children. General Twining refers to that aspect of The resolving of this crisis does not can the mission of Civil Air Patrol which par­ for complacency, timidity, or cowardice. It EXTENSION OF REMARKS ticularly commends it to me-the emphasis on youth training and youth programs. As will call for taxing new reservoirs of courage, OF and will demand sacrifices that will test the :i;nany qf you may_ know, as chairman of a, strength of our convictions. Iu the -face of­ subcommittee of the United States Senate, I HON. ESTES KEFAUVER held public hearings in many parts of the the Supreme Court's brazen usurpation of OF TENNESSEE authority, its flagrant disregard of consti­ United States, seeking information in the. tutional limitations, its willful fiouting of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES field of juvenile delinquency. I am hopeful that those hearings, and the facts which they judicial precedents, its wanton contempt for Monday, March 25, 1957 the doctrine of sta-x:e decisis and other rec., developed, may make ·some contribution ognized principles of established law, we Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, 1 towaTd marshalling the _forces Of par~nts, must resort 'to .drastic measures if we are ask ·. unanimous consent to have printed U}a~~~ • . c_l~i;gy ap.d _p.ul;>Iic; o~cials to the ~eriousness of the problem and to the im-. to preserve the -structure of our R~public. in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ad­ This will mean suffering and "Sac.rmce on portance of its solution. dress I delivered at Parents' Night, Na­ It is in this area that the program of the the part of liberty-loving Americans, a:·d Civil Air it means seizing the offensive from the tional Capital Wing, Patrol. on Civil Air Patrol, maintaining as it does a conscienceless self-seeking elements who seek Friday, March 15, in Washington, D. C. .. nationwide youth organization of some to destroy our Republic. It means that we This is the 15th anniversary year of the · 50,000 boys and girls, rnnging in age from 14 must seek and find the courage that dis­ Civil Air Patrol. It is·doing a fine job. to 18, is of great importance. It offers a tinguished our great American ancestors in There being no objection, the address· partial solution to the problem of the boy their struggle to build this Republic, and· was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, or girl whose leisure time is used without there can be no retreating from princip:.e as follows: .direction. or incentive and who too often for any cause whatsoever. becomes a statistic in the reports of the In this historic fight to preserve American ADDRESS BY SENATOR KEFAUVER AT PARENTS' juvenile authorities. The training of your liberty, I would remind you-as did your NIGHr, NATIONAL CAPITAL WING, . CAP, cadets in the basic fundamentals of aviation, great senior Senator, the Honorable HARRY MARCH 15, 1957, INTERDEPARTMENTAL AUDI­ in the theory of flight, in communications, FLOOD BYRD, earlier this week-that the TORIUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. navigation, and meteorology is an importan1! great sovereign Commonwealth of Virginia I am pleased to be here, at the invitation contribution to them and to the Nation in is marked as the first and most important of your wing commander, Colonel Donohue, t.his jet age of supersonic movement and target of those who would destroy State to meet with you members of the National supersonic thinking. That this is so is evi­ sovereignties. As your Senator said, the Capital Wing of the Civil Air Patrol. I am denced by a survey conducted by the United Federal Government and the NAACP mean particularly pleased at the opportunity of States Air Force last year. This survey "to try and bring Virginia to her knees speaking to so many of the cadet boys and showed that some 28,000 former Civil Air first." I can tell you, as a citizen of a sister girls, and to their parents, who are here with Patrol members were then on active duty State, that the integration forces are con­ them tonight. with the Air Force. The quality of your centrating their -fire upon you, not only I was a member of the 79th Congress which cadets and the effectiveness of their training because of the great prestige you enjoy passed PUblic Law 476, an act to incorporate is indicated by the fact that the first two among the several States, but because they the Civil Air Patrol. I was also a member classes of the new United States Air Force know that if they can break the will of the of the 80th Congress which enacted Public Academy lists 67 of your former cadets people of Virginia, other States v1ill lose Law 575 which established the Civil Air Patrol among their numbers. Of equal, if not the will to resist, and will capitulate as a as an official civilian auxiliary of the United greater importance, is the training they re­ matter of course. States Air Force. In my home State we are ceive in the fundamentals of military drill; These beautiful rolling hills gave to us the very proud of our Tennessee Civil Air Wing in discipline and courtesy. These are the architects of American liberty. It was one and of its commander, Colonel Alfred M. important rudiments in character training of your sons who wrote the Declaration of Waddell. which will give meaning and direction to Independence; another is credited with be­ As a member of the United States Senate, I the other fields in which they are instructed. ing the father of the American Constitution; · serve on both the Armed Services and the . Of this program, on October 5, 1955, Mr. and still another led the forces of independ­ Judiciary Committees. I am, therefore, in J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal ence against the crown, and later served as a position to know of the valuable contribu­ Bureau of Investlgat.lon, said, in part: "The our first and most revered President. tion made by the civilian pilots and observers frontiers of today reach skyward. The Civil 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4343 Air Patrol, through its work with teen-age that quality of ancient Greece which in­ tween the Penn-Texas corporation cadets, is creating in thousands of young sured that freedom would prevail. headed by Leopold Silberstein and the Americans an intense desire to explore a President Monroe himself lent · his present management, headed by its pres­ field in which the horizons appear to be un­ ident, Robert H. Morse, Jr., is of wide­ limited. • • • The energy of youth must be voice to the cause. In his annual mes­ utilized in some manner. The channels sage on December 3, 1822, he stated our spread public interest. It is of particu­ into which it is directed may be either cre­ interest in the situation thus: · lar import to many people in my district ative or destructive. Certainly the work of The mention of Greece fills the mind with who are officers, employees, and stock­ the Civil Air Patrol •· • * is one very effec­ the most exalted sentiments and arouses holders of the Fairbanks, Morse & Co. tive means of reducing the opportunity for in our bosoms the best feelings of which I want to call attention to the applica­ delinquency. • • • I believe that the cadet our nature is susceptible. Superior skill tion of the proxy rules as they are admin­ program is a unique contribution in the and refinement in the arts, heroic gallantry istered by the SEC. fight against juvenile delinquency as well in action, disinterested patriotism, enthusi­ as added insurance that we will have eager astic zeal and devotion in favor of public The Commission is an independent young explorers patrolling the unknown air­ and personal liberty are- associated with agency which must be impartial in its ways of tomorrow." our recollections of ancient Greece. That examination of proxy material used by This is a powerful endorsement of your such a country should have been over­ participants. Its guiding purpose is to organization. At the same time it is a chal­ whelmed and so long hidden, as it were, from see that public stockholders receive pro­ lenge to you, the senior officers of the Civil the world under a gloomy despotism has tection from false, misleading, and irrel­ Air Patrol, to interest on an ever widening been a cause of unceasing and deep regret evant statements to which they are scale the thousands of boys and girls as yet for ages past. It was natural, therefore, entitled. not enrolled in your cadet program. that the reappearance of these people in During the coming summer, thousands of their original character, contending in favor Early in 1956 the Commission revised young cadets will be attending encampments of their liberties, should produce that great its proxy rules to permit more effective at many of our airbases. Some will have excitement and sympathy in their favor control over proxy solicitation, especially qualified for a special course in the operation which have been so signally displayed in the case of contests for the election of and tactical application of jet aircraft. And throughout the United States. A strong directors. In recent years there have still others will go as your representatives hope is entertained that these people will been many bitterly fought proxy contests to some 22 friendly foreign nations in ex­ recover their independence and resume their between management and groups oppos­ change for their counterparts who will visit equal station among the nations of the with us here. This International Cadet. Ex­ earth. ing, with the control of large corpora­ change is an important contribution to bet­ tions at stake. The Commission recog­ ter understanding and mutual appreciation It is interesting that it was this Greek nizes the legal relationship of a proxy among the participating nations. And these war for independence that occasioned holder to the security owner as that of are the foundations upon which the peace for the statement of Daniel Webster that being a fiduciary and that proxy holder which wa are all striving may well be built. the United States could no longer hold is, accordingly, subject to legal concepts Again, I am happy for the opportunity of itself aloof from world affairs. He said: generally governing the conduct of direc­ meeting with you. I want to assure you that I am aware of what you are doing and that As one of the free states among the na­ tors who manage corporate affairs. I will always be sympathetic as a Member tions * * * our side of this question is Documents that are to be used for the of the United States Senate to such of your settled for us, even without our own volition. solicitation of proxies must be filed with problems as may be presented to us for as­ Our history, our situation, our character, nec­ the Commission and be examined to see sistance. essarily decide our position and our course whether they comply with the Commis­ Thank you again. And goodnight. before we have even time to ask whether we have an opinion. Our place is on the sion's standard of disclosure. The re­ side of free institutions. sponsibility for the accuracy and com­ pleteness of the material used rests with In the following century, and in our the user of the material. Tribute to Greece: 136th Anniversary of own time, the Truman doctrine has been It is within the power· of the Commis­ Her Independence called the first real break in peacetiine sion to institute proceedings to enjoin of the American public as a whole from solicitation of proxies; to compel re- · isolationism. The aid was needed to solicitation or to restrain the voting of EXTENSION OF REMARKS maintain the independence of Greece OF proxies where it has reason to believe and Turkey from Communist subversion. that false or misleading statements are HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND Referring to this situation, Lincoln Mac­ being used in seeking the support of OF MASSACHUSETTS Veagh, a recent Ambassador from the stockholders. In fact, the Commission United States to Greece, .wrote in 1955: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES must turn to the court for plenary ac­ Since our declaration of the Truman doc­ tion since it has no administrative proc­ Monday, March 25, 1957 trJ.ne in 1947, we have shown an under­ ess for compelling false or misleading standing not only of the importance to us material to be corrected, nor can it by its Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, Greece of the independence and territorial integrity today celebrates again the return to in­ of Greece, but also of the great step for­ own order stop a solicitation which vio­ dependence and freedom for which she is ward she has taken on the international lates these rules. The compelling force justly famous. The cradle of political stage in composing her age-long differences which the Commission may use is to seek freedom and self-restrained individual with Turkey and allying herself with that Federal court action to prevent the use liberty, in the 5th century before Christ, country on the present frontiers of freedom. of material that is misleading or false. Greece has a history and a record of Thus the accent on freedom and inde­ In the bitterly fought Fairbanks,· influence on civilization which was not pendence has echoes from Greece Morse proxy campaign the principal is­ only unsurpassed in all the succeeding· through the world, through the centuries sue is whether all persons and institu­ centuries but which has known no equal. tions who should be named as partici­ This tiny country on the map of the for more than 2,300 years. pants have been named, and whether world has spread its influence around the they have complied with the Commis .. globe and down the centuries. Despite sion's requirements for filing informa­ countless invasions, conquest, ravaging tion as to the extent and nature of their hordes, and superimposed dynasties, SEC's Power To Enjoin Proxy Fights in interest. This question is particularly Greece has remained the captor of her the Public Interest pertinent since large blocks of Fairbanks, conquerors, the victor over those who Morse shares are reported as under con- . would vanquish her. EXTENSION OF REMARKS tract of purchase by Penn-Texas through When the Archl;lishop of Petras raised OF foreign banks or institutions who are the standard of revolt against the Turks admittedly only agents. Their princi­ on March 25, 1821, and led his people HON. ROBERT B. CHIPERFIELD pals are hidden behind the rule of se­ in the national struggle against tyranny OF ll.LINOIS crecy, imposed by foreign laws. As it he was but renewing the tradition of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stands, persons or institutions who are nonsubservience of the Greek body pol­ probably actual participants have not itic and reaffirming the indomitability Monday, March 25, 1957 been required to disclose their back­ of the Greek mind. Four centuries of Mr. CHIPERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, the ground, personal history, the extent of domination by the Turks could not oblit­ current proxy contest being waged for their ownership or the circumstances erate. could not dim the permanence of control of Fairbanks. Morse & co., be- under which they became participants. 4344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-=- HOUSE March 25 Nothing is kno:wn as to the transactions Tonight, I shall not attempt a. speech. would sense the needs of the times and lead by which their holdings were acquired or (Being accustomed to the 5-minute rule in our country through its worst domestic and whether there are any understandings or the House, I do not see how I could possibly international crisis to a place of preeminence fill the 12 minutes allotted me.) I shall, in the world. But you knew him, too. And arrangements affecting their disposition. instead, exercise my congressional privilege that cocky little infantry captain from Mis­ The Commission has always regarded and insert some extraneous matter into J?Ouri. He had a great deal of Andy Jackson this type of disclosure as vitally impor­ the record of these proceedings. This ex­ in him. His great accomplishment was to tant in protecting investors in corporate traneous matter is a rather remarkable docu­ maintain our Nation's place in the world and control contests. In this case, with the ment which has just come to my attention. our party's place in the Nation. issuea being so bitterly contested, it .is It is the fragment of a correspondence "So, I can't really see why you are worried essential to any fair decision. The ad­ with Thomas Jefferson. This, in itself, is at all about your background, except that mitted failure of the holders or beneficial not remarkable, oecause the correspondence the other party has begged, borrowed, or of Thomas Jefferson, by one count, ran to stolen everything you've thought up. I just owners of large blocks of stock to comply &ome 18,000 letters. Indeed, in his later wish Alexander Hamilton had felt the same with requirements of disclosure prior to years he complained that his letter writing way about my ideas. I am incensed, though, voting the proxies should be adequate kept him "at the drudgery of the writing­ that the other party felt it necessary to take basis for the SEC to invoke its statu­ table all the prime hours of the day" and our name. * *. * I thought it such a good tory powers to restrain the voting of such made him lead "the life of a mill-horse." one." proxies until there can be no question This fragment, however, is remarkable This seemed to satisfy the Young Demo­ about compliance. for two reasons. First, it is not included in crat as far as "pride of ancestry" went. But any standard collection; and, second, it ap­ apparently he wrote another letter inquiring parently is a correspondence between the about "hope of posterity." In due course Sage of Monticello and a present-day young he received a reply: Democrat. At first I viewed these fragments "My dear young friend, you flatter me by Jeffersonianism, 1957 with skepticism. But I became convinced your continued attentions. You have asked when I went to the Library of Congress and whether there is still a job to be done by compared Jefferson's preliminary draft of our party. To read your question I wonder EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Declaration of Independence with the OF if you are contemplating turning the donkey handwriting in the fragments. He still uses out to pasture. You sound almost old HON. GEORGE S. McGOVERN one of those very first post office pens. enough to be a Young Republican-and I Apparently the Young Democrat had writ­ cannot imagine anything more ancient. OF SOUTH DAKOTA ten him with some doubts in his mind, being "No; this donkey may occasionally go out IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES born after 1932, whether the Democratic to pasture, but he doesn't stay there. He Party was really, as Republican canard went, Monday, March 25, 1957 has an unquenchable instinct for harness. like a mule "without pride of ancestry or It was put to the test in the most distant Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. Speaker, much hope of posterity." part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. has been written and spoken on the Jefferson replied: "My dear young man, I believe it is now called Maine. Those good pleaioe excuse this old goose quill pen. It people in my day, being small farmers, arti­ themes of Jeffersonian democracy. Cer­ has been grossly overworked. But, poor as it tainly the concepts of the Sage of Mon­ sans, and businessmen, were good Democrats. is, it is infinitely superior to those I have After the unpleasantness in Mr. Lincoln's ticello'. that great architect of American seen in your present-day post offices. May time, they led the donkey out in the middle freedom, have provided a continuing I suggest that you go back to using geese of their great pine forests and hoped to lose stimulus to each new generation. for a source of pen points rather than him. But look what has happened. Not Last Saturday night, March 23, a new administrative policy? only have they just reelected their fourth Member of'the Congress, FRANK M. CoF­ "Really, I am amazed that the party still Democratic governor in 90 years by the great­ exists. After I left Washington in 1809, it est vote ever· given any governor, but they FIN, of the State of Maine, offered a bril­ seemed to be falling apart at the seams. liant and timely interpretation of have sent to Washington their first Demo­ But somehow our party's performance always cratic Congressman in a quarter Qf a cen· Thomas Jefferson. Displaying both a managed to exceed its promises. Even Old tury. This, to me, carries the same moral keen historical insight and a profound Hickory showed little promise at first al­ as the return of the tribes of Israel after appreciation for democracy's contempo­ though he voted for me twice. But he finally the Babylonian captivity. rary challenges, Congressman COFFIN transferred his fighting ability to the cause "You are concerned about what you call spoke to the problems of 1957 in the per­ of the farmer, the laborer, and the mechanic civil rights and what we used to call the spective of a century and a half of Jef­ against the rich and the powerful. He was rights of man. These rights are not quickly a great President. or painlessly a-0hieved. I found that out fersonian thought. "Jim Polk, from the Duck County Valley It was a great personal satisfaction even on my own plantation. That bloody in Tennessee, liked politics from the begin­ War Between the States was only half t.l;le to stand by FRANK CoFFIN's side as we ning, but he was the first and the most un­ task. The other half is, in a sense, more took our first oath of office together as likely darkhorse we've had. I never thought difficult, more demanding of the highest new Members of the Congress in 1957. It he would be his own man. But again I order of sensitivity, patience, and determi­ was our able collea.gue from Maine who underestimated our party and its leader. nation that you can muster. · I have seen led the revival of two-party government Polk was one of the hardest working Presi­ the problem building up for two centuries. dents we ever had. And I want to remind It cannot be solved overnight, but solved it in that great State as chairman of the you that he thought the job so important Democratic Party in 1954 until the end must be. that he wouldn't take any time politicking "In your domestic economy I see the wheel of 1956. for a second term. He made his Cabinet has turned full cycle. Without being im­ After successfully directing the cam­ men stick to their jobs and forbade them to modest I suggest that you read some of the paign that in 1954 gave Maine its first waste any time campaigning for him. I had things I wrote about the small farmer and Democratic governor in many years, hoped the same thing might happen a the communities in which he lived. I am FRANK COFFIN was elected to the Con­ couple of years ago. But it didn't. still convinced that they are the backbone "I don't know how our party came back of this country. But this backbone is verte­ gress in 1956. A distinguished graduate after the terrible War Between the States. of the Harvard Law School and an able bra by vertebra, being taken out by surgery. But we did very well under Cleveland. Then (As I look over the Nation today, I see that lawyer, Congressman COFFIN is the first along came that proper and earnest young their place in society is challenged by those Democrat to represent his State in the fellow Virginian, Tommy Wilson, son of the great forces that have so developed since Congress in nearly a quarter of a cen­ preacher. You can imagine how I felt about my time. The party must meet that chal­ tury. him. He said I was a great man but not a lenge by insuring that, given a reasonable His address of March 23 follows: great American. He wouldn't even come up amount of initiative and competence, the the hill to see Monticello when he attended ADDRESS BY HON. FRANK M. COFFIN, OF MAINE, small farmer and businessman shall not be my own University of Virginia. He was 40 squeezed out of existence. I tried to tell BEFORE THE YOUNG DEMOCRATIC CLUBS OF before he said a good word for me publicly. .AMERICA'S 25TH ANNIVERSARY DINNER, Even then he liked Grover Cleveland better. Hamilton of this danger, but to no avail.) HOTEL MAYFLOWER, MARCH 23, 1957 But he gradually came to understand the This challenge to our way of life has hardly The daily publication on Capitol Hill, the aspirations of the common people. His New been recognized. If it is to be met, there is CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, is a repository of two Freedom was the voice of the small farmer only one party equipped by philosophy to kinds of entries: Actual debate and what and the small-business man raised against take the leadership. You cannot reasonbly, we refer to for some unknown reason as partnership of Governmep.t and monopoly. expect those whose affections and loyalties extraneous matter. This could be corre­ He helped us enter the 20th century. are inextricably woven into the great in­ spondence, editorials, even poetry, book re­ "That squire of Hyde Park, Franklin dustrial fabric of the age, to foster the cause views, and magazine articles. Often these Roosevelt, came closer to my personal tastes. of those smaller units which they have so nuggets prove quite as valuable as the debate. But it seemed improbable that this patrician long fought, acquired, or destroyed. 1957- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 434-5 "I used to think that our natural re­ One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Anniver· of any American community where they sources were limitless. Yet even so I spent have settled. a good part of rriy life taking care of my sary of Greek Independence land at Monticello. I confess to a sense of Through organizations such as the American Hellenic Educational Progres­ shame as I read of the devastation of our for­ EXTENSION REMARKS ests, the erosion of our soil, our :floods and OF sive Association-=-AHEPA-Greeks in dust storms. I cannot imagine how good OF America have kept alive the proud tra­ husbandmen can allow a land of plenty to HON. KENNETH B. KEATING ditions of their homeland and harmon­ go to waste. This challenge, too, is yours, ized them with the activities of their new because these are the resources of all the OF NEW YORK land. people, not just a few. Again, you cannot IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · Mr. Speaker, we need have no fear reasonably expect this challenge to be met by those whose wealth has ·come from the Monday, March 25, 1957 about the future of Greece. As they exclusive use or abuse of these resources. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, today fought in 1821, they are prepared to :fight Not, that is, unless human nature has marks the 136th anniversary of the again and again to protect their freedoms changed since my time. struggle of Greece for independence from against foreign aggression. That is the "One of the fields of my life work I re­ Ottoman tyranny. On this day, Greeks spirit which made them free. It is the member with greatest pride was the educa­ spirit which will keep them free. tion of our youth, particularly my work in and friends of Greece all over the world establishing a public-school system and in pay tribute to those heroes of the past founding the University of Virginia. That who laid down their lives to win Greece's system has gone a long way. But when I freedom from the rule of foreign despots. Federal Aid for School Construction read of what has been done in what used In a larger sense, also, all of us pay to be that remote barbaric land of the czars, tribute to, and give thanks for, the many EXTENSION OF REMARKS I realize that we have not gone far enough. contl"ibutions of the Greek people to the It is hard for me to believe that the goal of progress of civilization as we know it OF providing enough good classrooms for our today. How different our world today young people is a debatable subject. And HON. JOHN J. RHODES I am dismayed to find so little thought would be without the philosophy, drama, OF ARIZONA about the other problems of education. medicine, literature, mathematics, as­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Here is a challenge worthy of our party's met­ tronomy, oratory, politics, and ed:.ica­ tl~. In fact, so long as you have unsightly tion which have, in large measure sprung Monday, March 25, 1957 and unhealthy slums, bad roads, men out of from the Hellenic cradle. Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Speak­ work or slaving at poor wages, sick people Greek Independence Day this year er, under leave previously granted, I uncared for, and old people living in indig­ finds the whole world concerned above would like to include in the RECORD a nity, you as a party face continuing chal­ all else with the life-and-death struggle lenges to your conscience as the heirs of a speech made by the Honorable SAMUEL land of plenty. with the forces of communism. It is K. McCONNELL, JR., entitled "Federal "These things I hope our party will remem­ fitting, therefore, that our thoughts lin­ Aid for School Construction" before the ber in Congress. I much admire its efforts ger longest on the noble traditions of Penn Valley Parent School Association toward economy in Government, but true freedom which repose in the Hellenic on March 19, 1957. In this address, economy means doing the job that must be heritage. Congressman McCONNELL effectively done at the lowest cost. Simply to save From our earliest days, this Nation ha.s and concisely analyzes the subject of money by not doing the job is merely to felt a special kinship with the people of Federal aid to school construction. substitute human cost for financial cost. Greece. President Madison enunciated _ The speech follows: Beware the Trojan Horse of economy which the sentiments of the United States well carries within its hollow frame the forces DISCUSSION BY REPRESENTATIVE SAMUEL K. of reaction. in 1822 when he said: McCONNELL, JR., ON FEDERAL AID FOR "Finally, I have co~e to realize that an The name of Greece fills the mind and ScHOOL CONSTRUCTION, PENN VALLEY PAR­ ocean is not an ocean. It ts just a distance heart with the highest and noblest senti­ ENT SCHOOL ASSOCIATION, PENN VALLEY SCHOOL, MARCH 19, 1957 of a few hours by aircraft, or less by guided ments. * * * The disappearance of this missile. The world has shrunk since my country for a long time under an aggressive Tonight, I will discuss a subject of vital time, almost beyond recognition. You are dark yoke has profoundly agrieved the gen­ and far-reaching significance to America. faced with an awesome threat and an un­ erous spirits of the past. It was therefore Because it concerns the welfare of our chil­ precedented opportunity. The threat is natural for the reappearance of this people dren; because it involves questions of funda­ 'annihilation by total war. If my own ex­ in its original character. fighting for its lib­ mentals of government; and because it con­ perience in diplomacy means anything, I erty, to arouse enthusiasm and sympathy tains elements of emotional confiict, there must say that this threat is not reduced everywhere in the United States. is need. for sober reflection and restraint. Federal aid to education has been dis­ by weakening our bonds with friends of Having regained that freedom which cussed for a number of years. The term long sta:nding, by failing to think ahead had remained kindled in their hearts "Federal aid to education" has been used of current crises, by vacillating in time of through long centuries of oppression, rather broadly and loosely in arguments. decision, by shifting the total burden of Roughly, the subject can be divided into leadership to others, or by failing to keep the Greeks rebuilt their nation on the principles of democracy which had first three broad categories. commitments whether legal or moral. When 1. Aid to school districts adversely affected I succeeded Dr. Franklin as Minister to found expression in ancient Greece. It by the impact of Federal activities (princi­ France, I was careful to say that neither I is those same principles, Mr. Speaker, pally defense establishments). In these sit­ nor anyone else could i·eplace him. To en­ which today inspire Greeks and all lovers uations the Government acquires land for trust foreign matters to men whose replace­ of freedom. airfields, camps, arsenals, etc. After pur­ ment is regretted rather than desired is a Today, as 136 years ago, the people of chasing the land the Government will there• goal toward which you should strive. I Greece stand prepared to resist oppres­ after pay no rent or taxes for the use of the might add that neither Dr. Franklin nor I land. Obviously, some payment is due to pbtained our position because of any con­ sion regardless of its form or from what the local authorities. Congress has over­ tribution to anyone's campaign. quarter it comes. In combating the whelmingly passed legislation for assistance "The opportunity you face is that of an threat of communism within their to the affected school distl'icts for a period o! imaginative, patient, and responsible lead­ borders, in :fighting side by side with other many years. ership working toward a world of free peoples. b1·ave soldiers of the United Nations in 2. Aid for maintenance and operation of This opportunity exists only if you can shake Korea, the people of Greece have shown schools, for textbooks, teachers' salaries, off the bonds of smugness and self-centered­ the continued strength of a culture and light, heat, power, etc. This type of aid has ness. I had the great privilege of writing the a tradition which finds its inception in been very controversial, resulting in ·argu­ Declaration of Independence for our young ments over aid to private schools, and control Nation. You have the supreme privjlege of the principles of human rights and dig­ of the running of the schools of America. applying it to the nations of the world. nity of the individual. 3. Aid for the construction of school facil­ "My young friend, the party we both hold These qualities, combined with other ities. This type of aid has been somewhat in common is-if you but have the faith, attributes of their rich he1itage, have less controversial, but arguments are occur­ the energy, and the determination-enter­ made the sons and daughters of Greece ring over assistance to districts and States failing to show intention to desegregate; over ing upon its days of greatest service. I envy who have come to America admirable formulas for grants to richer and poorer you the times in which you live. citizens. Their perseverence, passionate States; and over the possibility of operation "Your obedient servant. love of freedom and abilities in myriad of schools later if such assistance is granted "THOMAS JEFFERSON." fields have made Greeks leading members now. CIII--274 4346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25 The bills presently before Congress are for What are some of the major arguments Opponents of any Federal assistance are construction aid only, and therefore I will against the proposed. school construction attacking the .accuracy of the figures con­ - discuss that subject more fully tonight. legislation? cerning classroom shortages. Not a single Why do we have classroom shortages a.t Opponents of Federal assis.tance have ar· authority that I know of claims that no this time and how large· are the shortages? gued that such a program would mean Fed• shortages exist, but efforts· are being made The depression period of 1929-33; two wars era.I control and domination of education in to discredit the shortage figures which have with attendant shortages of labor and mate· this country. I am strongly opposed to Fed· been obtained by the Office of Education rials; a rapidly expanding and shifting popu• eral control of education. I believe there is from State educational departments who are lation with big increases in the birthrate; danger of such control when a bureau of the closest to the situation and best able to get and the inflationary spiral which greatly in· Government is providing maintenance and the facts. Those who deny the existence of creased ·the costs of construction; all con· operation aid, but I cannot see that same a serious shortage offer no different figures tributed to a growing shortage of school fa· danger from construction assistance. This of their own. cilities. States and local areas have been is "brick and mortar" aid, and once a school Every responsible survey of conditions has increasing their efforts to meet the situation. is constructed, and the local authorities take concluded there is a substantial and con­ For example, in 1949-50, they spent about $1 title to the building the Government as­ tinuing classroom shortage in various areas billion to build 36,000 new classrooms; last sistance would end and there would be no of the United States. This was the con­ year they spent about $2¥2 billion to build further contact or connection whatsoever clusion from information received from 62,600 classrooms; and this year they are with the school. The running of the school State education agencies in response to a attempting to construct about 69,000. They thereafter would be under the supervision questionnaire last fall from the Office of have done a creditable job but even at the of the local school authorities. Education. Also, from the School Facilities present accelerated rate of construction it Opponents say "yes, but this program Survey undertaken more than 4 years ago, will take some years before the shortages would be just a foot in the door." Actually using different methods. And the conclu­ will be eliminated. the Federal Government has been financially sion from independent surveys made for the Exact estimates of shortages and future aiding education in various ways for almost White House Conference on Education and needs are not easy to obtain, because stand­ a century, and there is no Federal domina­ National Education Association. ards vary in different States and matters of tion of education today. We have been aid­ The Office of Education questionnaire last Judgment are involved. ing land grant colleges since before the turn fall asked the States to estimate the num­ The latest figures available from the Office of the 20th century, as one example. ber of children in excess of normal capacity of the United States Commissioner of Edu­ Another contention ls that large amounts of the schools in use. This was the third cation indicate a shortage in the entire of the proposed Federal funds would be re­ successive year in which the States have country of 159,000 classrooms. This figure quired for admin1strative expenses. The fact reported on this item. And for the third was obtained from State educational offices is that the budget provides for only two­ year in a row the figure was about t_he throughout the Nation; 80,000 classrooms tenths of 1 percent of the proposed funds same--about 21/.i million children above ca­ for excess enrollments, and 79,000 to replace for administrative purposes. Even counting pacity. These children are not lmaginery. classrooms abandoned because of obsoles­ the cost of collecting ·Federal revenues and They are in school today, and can be counted cence, consolidations, fires, and other types other overhead expenses, 99 percent of the with reasonable accuracy. of destruction of schoolrooms-a combined proposed funds would be distributed for ac­ The States estimated 80,000 new class~ total of 159,000. tual use by communities to help build rooms 'were needed last fall just to accommo­ Practically all authorities agree that new needed schools. date this overflow of enrollment. Further, enrollments will total 11/.i million children There is a serious argument over the fact the States estimated 79,000 additional class­ annually for the next 4 or 5 years. The new that the President's program would call for rooms were needed to replace facilities un­ enrollments alone will require about 45,000 more money from the wealthier States than fit for use, or a total shortage of 159,000 new classrooms annually. Abandoned the poorer ones. That is true, because the classrooms. schools yearly will total about 14,000 to 15,- program is based on an equalization prin­ One serious impediment to passage of a 000. Thus about 60,000 new classrooms will ciple. Many States have equalization pro­ school construction bill is an amendment be needed annually to keep abreast of cur­ grams which require heavier contributions which will be offered by Representative ADAM rent new demands. All above that figure from richer areas to help the poorer areas in PoWEJ.J... His amendment would deny aid to would apply to past shortages of 159,000. their educational activities. Michigan, Cali­ any State for school construction which fails The job before us is to arouse greater State fornia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio to show compliance ~ith the Supreme Court and local action in order to more rapidly would pay out larger amounts than poorer decision calling for an end to segregation in eliminate the shoz:tages. President Eisen­ States. schools. Such an amendment would kill the hower has proposed a short 4-year program The administration's program would dis­ bill, especially in the Senate. to supplement and encourage State and local tribute grants on the basis of school-age While I can understand the desire of those effort, not supplant it; $325 million a year population and relative financial income. favoring more rapid desegregation, neverthe­ for aid to the States to be used for finan­ The Kelley bill would distribute Federal less it does not appear necessary in a school cially needy school districts to construct funds according to school-age population construction bill. No Commissioner of Edu­ classrooms-the money to be divided among alone. cation could start to grant aid if a bill is the States under a formula which takes into passed, without the likelihood of a court account the per capita income of a State A recent analysis by the Office of Education challenge of his action. Then before aid and the school-age population. A bond pur­ shows that the 12 wealthiest States in per could be given the courts would have to chase revolving fund of $750 million to pur­ capita income have an average of $10,655 in decide whether a State is complying or not. chase school bonds of districts not able to annual income to support each school-age The Supreme Court in deciding the original market their bonds at a reasonable rate of child. They have more than one-half of all case stated that decision as to compliance interest. Up to a total of $150 million to the income in the country. They are now would be decided by the courts. It would provide for one-half of a basic reserve fund building about 45 percent of all the schools not be decided by a department or an official to provide greater security for the bonds being built in the country this year. And of the executive branch of the Government. issued by a school financing agency. The they have less than one-fourth of the actual One of the serious objections raised to this purpose is to encourage States to establish classroom shortage this year; but, under the program is that it calls for Federal spending such agencies. At the present time only distribution system based on school-age at a time when the budget is high. I believe four States, including Pennsylvania, build population alone, these States would receive the budget is high and can be cut. My past schools by means of school authorities or almost 40 percent of the Federal grants. record would show that I have voted to re­ financing agencies. And $20 million for ad­ On the other hand, the 12 lowest States tn duce or eliminate many items, and I will con­ ministrative expenses assistance to States in per capita income have an average of only tinue to vote for lower am.aunts. I do be­ developing long-range plans to eliminate $4,416 income annually per school-age child. lieve, however, that provision for adequate restrictions on school construction. The en­ They· have only 12 percent of the total na­ classrooms for the children of America is of tire purpose of the program is to stimulate tional income. They are building only 16 immediate concern to this Nation. Lost edu­ and encourage greater State and local action percent of the rooms being built this year. cational opportunities in the formative years to handle their own school construction And they have well over 35 percent of the can seldom be regained. In the complex needs. current classroom shortage. And yet, if world of today, such economy could be detri­ The Kelley (Democrat) bill is a 6-year grants are distributed according to school­ mental to our national security and a drag program and calls for direct grants to States age population alone, these States would get on the full development of our human re­ sources. of over $600 million a year, and under a only 22 percent of the Federal aid. formula based entirely on the school-age In summary, I favor a relatively short-term population of a State. Financial need is Under the administration's proposal, the Federal program, for a moderate amount of not considered. The Kelley bill also pro­ 12 wealthiest States would receive 27 percent money, to stimulate, not supplant, State and vides for a bond purchase fund and a basic of the Federal grants, and the 12 lowest in­ local action to enable them to more rapidly reserve fund contribution for school financ­ come States, where the shortage is most eliminate the shortage of classrooms in this ing agencies similar in type and amount to acute, would receive 32 percent of the Fed­ country. It would be a sound investment in the Eisenhower program. eral aid. the future of America. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4347 Greek Independence Day tact, responded with the famous Truman National Labor Union Convention doctrine. The American people sent adopted a resolution urging Federal and EXTENSION OF REMARKS both economic and military aid to the State Governments to pass laws, secur­ or - embattled Greek Government which en­ ing equal salaries for equal work to all abled it to successfully fight off this lat-. women employed under the various de.;. HON. DANIEL J. F~OQD est attack upon her independence. partments of the Government. Since OF PENNSYLVANIA It became clear there was a threat or­ that time, we know, the Federal Govern­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a Soviet armed attack upon Western ment, under the Classification Act of Europe that would last for a long time. 1923 and the Classification Act of 1949, Alonday, Alarch ~5, 1~57 It also became clear that it could only. has come to recognize the validity of Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, on this day be successfully met by united actfon. equal pay rate for the job, regardless of 136 years ago, Greece declared independ­ Thus, in 1949, Greece joined with the sex, for its own employees. ence from the Ottoman Empfre. Today United States and other nations of the On the State level, Michigan and Mon­ we are happy to ,ioin with the Greek na­ general Atlantic area in founding the tana were the first to enact equal-pay tion and our own citizens of Greek her­ North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An legislation applying to employees in pri~ itage in celebrating this event. The~ attack upon any one member of NATO is vate interstate industry. That was in American people have always held the considered an attack upon every other. 1919. Fourteen other States and Alaska warmest and most friendly feelings to­ member. United States military might have slowly followed suit. ward the Greek people. Throughout is committed to the defense of Greece. On the Federal level, equal pay bills these years our spirits have been united The brutal repression of the Hungarian have been introduced in every congres­ in devotion to .freedom, but today we are revolution is only the latest proof that sional session since the 7-9th Congress also allies in the North Atlantic Treaty the Soviet threat is· a continuing reality in 1945. Organization for the mutual defense of and that unity amongst the NATO pow­ These various bills have attracted wide that freedom. ers is as vital today as any time since interest and support by unions--both The American Revolution of 1776 the founding of the organization. To­ AFL and CIO; women's organizations served as an inspiration to the Greek · day as we celebrate Greek Independence and civic groups, as well as the United people in their battle for national inde­ Day, it becomes increasingly vital that States Department of Labor and various pendence. In 1821 the United States was all members of the alliance settle their State departments of labor. But- no the outstanding example of a colony that mutual differences by amicable means in action has been forthcoming. had revolted, obtained its independence, the interests of continuing the united · I do not believe this hesitation by the and succ·essfully defended it against a strength and common purpose needed to Congress can be justified. major European power, in the War of defend our basic independence in the More than a century has passed since 1812. When the Greek people became world today. women first were openly accepted as pa1·t one of the first to lift high the standard of the -labor force of our country. Today, of liberty in Europe,. Americans of all po­ more than 20 million women are in­ litical parties were united in their hopes cluded in our labor force. The earning-s for Greek freedom. Not oniy did this Equal Pay for Women of these women contribute significantly seem to be a second case of a people seek.: to the well-being of their families and ing freedom from domination by a for­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS help to increase our national wealth. eign power, but also Greece represented OF This ri~e in the number of women in the som·c~ .of histeTic wisdom in phi­ -our labor-- ioree--has been- ~accompanied losophy, literature, and art which was HON:FLOREKCE P. DWYER by an ever-widening range of occupations most _highly p1ized by the Founding OF NEW JERSEY in which they are engaged. · After all, Fathers of our own Nation. As Presi.; IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the great majority of occupations and dent Madison said in 1822: .inpustrial processes today are neither Monday, March 19~7 Tlie name of Greece fills the mind and 25, exclusively men's nor women's fields of heart with - the greatest and noblest _sen-ti.:. . -· Mrs~ · DWY:ER. Mr. Speaker,- 5 years endeavo:r. ·Then are -only a ·. limited ments. * * *- It was *. * * natural for -* * oi'. ago, ·as.a member of the -Legislature of -- number of jobs that women are not able this people .- • • -to arouse· enthusiasm ',a:nd ·the State of·New Jersey, I was privileged to hold if given the tra:ining and: the sympathy everywllere in the United States: to introduce a bill for Equal Pay for opportunity. , Our two countries were united in botn Equal Work for Women. The bill was It has been said, by those arguing World war I and the Second World War, passed by both Houses of the legislature against equal pay, that men have the when Greece was a shining example of and became a law the same year. With i-esponsibility of supporting dependents: how tenaciously a freedom-loving people passage of the bill, New Jersey became That is partially correct, but they do could fight to retain their independence·. the 13th State in the Nation to adopt an not have that responsibility exclusively. For a long time, the courageous Greek equal pay law. Widowed and single women often are the people battled the forces of Nazi Ger­ Since 1952, three other States have only wage earners in a family, and some many. Finally, Greece was occupied added such legislation to their statutes. married wonien carry the _entire re­ amidst a devastating destruction of Sixteen States and Alaska now have sponsibility for family support. In 1953·, many of the architectural gems of West­ equal pay laws, but this progress by the for example, a woman was the chief ern Civilization. When, in 1944, Greece States has been painfully slow. A large breadwinner in nearly 4 million of this was liberated by the victorious Allies she majority of our States still have not en­ Nation's families-or about one-tenth of soon faced renewed threats to her free­ acted equal pay legislation-a factor all families in the United States. dom as well as the task of rebuilding her which. I believe, sharply emphasizes the In addition. the continuing high cost war-devastated land. need for Federal action in this field. of living has made it necessary for more In 1947 this new threat came from the Today, at the request of the adminis­ and more married women to continue Communist guerrilla bands in the north tration, I have introduced a bill calling working in_order to contribute to family which were .actively aided by Russian­ for Equal Pay for Equal Work for expenses, to help pay for homes and to controlled Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Al­ Women. My distinguished colleague help educate children. bania. The Soviet Union thus sought to from Insliana, Congresswoman HARDEN, Yet, in the face of such indisputable foment and support a Communist revo­ is introducing similar legislation. It is facts, women still are generally paid less lution that would add Greece to her om· hope that this legislation-based on than men for their services. The aver­ growing: number of satellite states: And President Eisenhower's recommenda­ age earnings of all women in the Nation at that very moment, when Greek peril tions-will receive just and favorable who are paid wages or salaries is about seemed -greatest; Britain's desperate eco­ consideration during this session of Con­ $1,400 per year, compared to $3,200 for nomic straits forced the withdrawal ·of gress. Certainly, the time for such ac­ men, according to a study by the Busi­ her troops from Greece. The United tion is long overdue. ness and Professional Women-one of States, which had emerged from World The demand for such legislation, of the strong advocates of equal-pay leg­ War II with its great strength still in- course, is not new.. As early as 1868, the islation. 4348 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25 The need for equal pay is a matter of Committee on the Judiciary and the sufficient-facts and knowledge from the simple justice. Women are contributing chairman, the gentleman from New York time and experience of ope~ating under more and more to the economic life of [Mr. CELLER] has appointed a subcom­ the laws so that a definite conclusion our country; they are playing an in­ mittee comprised of myself as chairman, may be reached as to what, if anything,. creasingly important role in the sup­ Messrs. TUCK, FRAZIER, KEATING, and should be done in the way of amend­ port of their families. And yet they HILLIN GS. ments to existing law. It is agreed by are expected to accept a second-class Besides this action the question has most people that Congress made a very role as far as wages are concerned. also been approached in an excellent commendable effort . in attempting to I believe equal pay is important to the and scholarly manner by the School of solve this difficult problem of submerged economic life of our entire country. Law of Tulane University. Last fall, at lands, but the true test of the success of Equal pay will protect both women New Orleans, La., the lectures and that effort must be found in time and and men workers. For the women, it forums of the professional study pro­ experience. The time has come to initi­ means equality in wage treatment. For gram for 1956 were devoted to the legal ate a very necessary study in order that the men, it helps sustain wage rates and problems in the tidelands. These lec­ improvements may be made in the best discourages employers from hiring tures encompassed such subjects as the interest of all parties involved, including women at lower rates. For employers, Federal-State jurisdiction in the tide­ the Government of the United States. it means better labor relations and effi­ lands; the mineral operations in the tide­ Indicative of the many ramifications ciency. For the community, it means lands; status of an employee in the tide­ of this problem is a recent article which increased consumer purchasing power, lands, including discussion of State com­ appeared in the New Orleans Times­ increased economic security for the fam­ pensation, the Jones Act, the Death on Picayune entitled "Outer Continental ilies of workers and a prosperous, full the High Seas Act, article 2315 of the Shelf Poses Legal Problems." The re­ employment. . Louisiana Civil Code, admiralty remedy, marks of United States District Judge The arguments against this type of and the Harbor Workers Act; and in­ J. Skelly Wright are most pertinent and legislation have been proven groundless surance in the tidelands, including dis­ under unanimous consent I include it in New Jersey and other of the States cussion of the nature of marine insur­ with my statement. which have adopted equal-pay laws. ance, types of underwriters, types of pol­ The article follows: These States have provided ample proof icy, analysis of the Policy Act and the OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF POSES LEGAL PROB• that such a law is workable. · I hope this perils covered, total loss, general aver­ LEMS-JUDGE TALKS ON FIELDS OF JURISDIC­ session of Congress will follow the exam­ age, particular average, cargo insurance, TION INVOLVED ples of these States. We cannot correct hull insurance, builders' risk, and rein­ The Outer Continental Shelf of this coun­ injustice with inactivity; we cannot con­ surance agreements. The lecturers for try's coastal States presents numerous un· tinue to apply outdated customs and this series were outstanding men in their solved legal problems, Federal district judge, traditions to the women in the labor respective fields. They included United J. Skelly Wright, United States District force of our great and progressive Nation. States District Judge John J. Shelly Court, Eastern Division of Louisiana, said Sunday night at the New Orleans Country Wright, of the eastern district of Loui­ Club. siana; George C. Schoenberger, Jr., Esq., These problems, he said, occur in the fields an outstanding attorney of Louisiana, of criminal, contract, admiralty, and per­ Legal Problems in the Submerged Lands general attorney and manager of the sonal-injury law and involve State-Federal I~gal department of the Shell Oil Co.; jurisdiction, mutiny, and double jeopardy. EXTENSION OF REMARKS John W. Sims, Esq., a leading member Judge Wright was principal speaker at the of the Louisiana bar; Raymond H. Kierr, annual banquet of the Tulane chapter o! OF one of the outstanding maritime law­ Phi Delta Phi, international legal fraternity. yers in the Nation; W. Ford Reese, Esq., a He said that, according to the Outer Con­ · HON; EDWIN E. WILLIS tinental Shelf Act of 1953, the area of the OF LOUISIANA leading attorney in Louisiana and past shelf seaward from the 3-mile line or other IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES president of the Louisiana State Bar As­ recognized State boundary shall be under the sociation; Purcell T. Baumgartner, an in­ exclusive control of the United States. Monday, March 25, 1957 surance specialist in maritime underwrit­ This control is exercised much in the same Mr. WILLIS. Mr. Speaker, it is now ing; Charles Kohlmeyer, Esq., a Loui­ manner as a post omce or fort, Judge Wright a little over 3 % years since the Congress siana attorney specializing in admiralty said. enacted the Submerged Lands Act and law; and Benjamin W. Yancey, Esq., an­ But, he added, the civil and criminal laws other Louisiana attorney specializing in of the adjacent State, where not in conflict the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. with the law, are to be applied by the Federal I am certain that many recall the diffi­ maritime and insurance law. district court to controversies "arising out o! culties which we experienced in solving The proceedings of the program en­ or in connection with" any mineral opera­ that perplexing problem. We found our­ titled "Legal Problems in Tidelands" tions in the shelf area. selves in a field where legal precedences were printed and distributed by the courtesy of the Offshore Co., Baton fXCEPTION CITED were few, if any. One might say that An exception to the application of the we pioneered in the wilderness of the off­ Rouge, La. I do not hesitate to recom­ State law in the area, Judge Wright ex­ shore lands. mend this study and wish to express my plained, "seems to be that the Longshore­ Mindful of the fact that problems gratitude to the School of Law of Tulane men's and Harbor Workers' Compensation would arise in the future involving ques­ University for its outstanding and excel­ Act supplants any State workmen's compen­ tions arising out of the administration lent contribution. sation statute which might otherwise be and operation of those laws, I had taken A preliminary study points up mariy applicable." and varied problems to which the Judi­ The possibility of double jeopardy in crim­ upon myself a personal responsibility to inal law, being tried twice in court for the closely observe and study the experiences ciary Subcommittee will devote much of same offense, is very much present in legal of those handling this problem. At my its time. There is the question arising matters pertaining to the Outer Continental suggestion a cursory study was conducted in criminal law of double jeopardy be­ Shelf, Judge Wright said. last year by the staff of the Committee cause of violations committed in the The Supreme Court has ruled in a previous on · the Judiciary. The r~sults clearly Outer Continental Shelf area. Also, Court case "that the same act· may be pub­ confirmed the opinion I had at the time there is the question of possible mutiny lished under State and Federal law without the laws were enacted that many prob­ when certain acts are committed in the violating the 14th or 5th amendments or any lems would arise which, at the time of Outer Continental Shelf region. There other constitutional provision," Judge Wright said. "The Court held that where th.ere is enactment, could not be foreseen nor is the peculiar problem of contract law dual sovereignty, there may be double properly cared for, if foreseen. which results from the drilling and jeopardy." Therefore, at the start of this Con­ building operations in the Outer Conti­ gress I urged that the Committee on the nental Shelf area. These are merely QUESTION ARISES some of the problems which result from This poses the question of whether States Judiciary be authorized specifically to can continue to punish offenses committed conduct a study and analysis of the prob­ these two laws enacted in 1953. There seaward of their boundries ·now that boun­ lems arising from the operation and ad­ are many others. daries of States have been extended at least ministration of these laws. Fortunately, It is my hope that the work which the 3 miles into the marginal sea, Judge Wright such authority has been granted the subcommittee will undertake will gather said. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4349 "If the doctrine bf Hebert versus Louisiana tions Committee· on June 24, 1953, to and purchase falling water from the is to be followed, a person may be punished support this agreement, he said that project, boils down to one more attempt by a State government under the, State penal these provisions constituted "civilized to repudiate and reverse a half century statute, and then the same penal statute may be-used by the Federal Government to exact standards of justice." He did not ap .. of Federal Government power policy and an additional, and perhaps identical punish· pear to be concerned that these provi­ at the same time load hidden charges on ment," he said. sions did not give to an accused any of the power bills of California power and The question of possible mutiny also arises the following rights: energy users. 'I'his proposed revision of ip. legal problems pertaining to the Outer First. A right to bail. the concept of reclamation whereby the Continental Shelf,· Judge ~rig1:tt said. Second. The right to be tried by a fair project is operated for pro:fitmaking MUTINY possmILITY and impartial court. purposes would also result in the parti­ "If the floatable, submersible drilling plat­ Third. The right to have a reasonable tioning of one segment of the project for forms which are used in the tidelands are to time to prepare his defense, after being construction and operation entirely be considered vessels, are workers on these informed of the charges against him. separate and different from the rest of platforms who engage in economic strikes Fourth. The right to be present at his the project, would emphasize operation guilty of mutiny?" he asked, "It will be up to trial. of the project for power production to the :the courts to determine if these platforms detriment of water consumptive use pur­ are artificial islands or fixed structures." Fifth. The right to be presumed inno .. An unsolved problem also occurs in con­ cent until proven guilty. poses and would result in additional costs tract law: To what extent is the building and Sixth. The burden of proof on the of power to Federal installations in Cali­ operating of these drilling platforms subject_ Government in all criminal cases to fornia. Acceptance of the recommenda­ to State or Federal law or has the Outer prove such guilt beyond a reasonable tion would mean the end of public power Continental Shelf Act made a change in ex­ doubt. in California. Following is a brief sum­ isting approaches to the problem? Seventh. The right not to have invol .. mary of reasons why Secretary Seaton's Judge Wright said that the outer Contin­ untary confessions used against him. recommendation should be rejected and ental Shelf Act "is not a utopian act but it the Pacific Gas & Electric proposal dis­ is a creditable one. Time and experience will Eighth. The right not to be compelled probably indicate the necessity of changing to testify against himself. approved. it. Most people agree that Congress has Ninth. The right to cross-examine the COMPANY'S PROPOSAL VIOLATES AND REPUDIATES made a commendab~e effort ~o solve a very witnesses against him. LONG-ESTABLISHED FEDERAL POWER POLICY difficult problem involving the tidelands." Tenth. Protection against double Prior to Judge Wright's address, initiation First. Acceptance of Secretary Sea­ ceremonies were held for 28 Tulane law stu­ jeopardy. ton's recommendation and approval of dents. Judge Wright received an honorary Eleventh. Protection against ex post the company's proposal would be a re­ membership to Phi Delta Phi, which was pre­ facto laws. versal of half a century of power policy sented by ¥alcolm W. Monroe, New Orleans · Twelfth. Protection against bills of in the Federal Government. The policy attorney and national vice president of the. attainder. which lias been established by Congress fraternity. These are all rights guaranteed to an relative to disposal of electric power and accused by our Constitution. He will energy made available through develop­ lc;>se most of theIJl in foreign courts. Are ment of the Nation's water resources is Status of Forces we to consider that these rights are set out in numerous acts of Congress, in.. uncivilized standards and that our Con .. eluding but not limited to, the Reclama .. EXTENSION OF REMARKS stitution is wrong in granting them to tion Project Act of April 16, 1906, the· an accused? Raker Act of December 19, 1913, the Fed.. OF In discussing the effect of Article VII eral Water Power Act of 1920, the Boul .. ·· uoN. FRANK T. BOW of this Treaty it is generally considered der Canyon Act of 1928, the Tennessee OF OHIO that the jurisdiction over our servicemen Valley Authority Act of 1933, the Rural Electrification Act of 1936, the Bonneville IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES has been surrendered to civil authorities of the foreign states. This is not neces­ Act of 1937, the Fort Peck Act of 1938, Monday, March 25, 1957 sarily true. It would be possible under the Reclamation Project Act of 1939, the · Mr. BOW. · Mr. Speaker, article VII the treaty for a foreign power, having Flood Control Act of 1944, the River of the NATO Status of Forces Agreement refused to waive its jurisdiction, to try and Harbor Act of 1945, the Eklutna which surrenders criminal jurisdiction an accused in its own military court. In Project Act of 1950, the Falcon Project over our servicemen to the foreig·n coun­ fact that has been done on at least one Act of 1954, and the Small Reclamation tries where they are serving purports to occasion. Those who justify the treaty Projects Act of 1956. Thi.s long-estab .. throw certain safeguards around an ac­ on the ground that sentences in foreign lished policy -provides that such electric cused who is subject to such jurisdiction. courts are less than would be meted out power and energy be disposed of in Section 9 of ar.ticle VII provides that by an American . court-martial should such manner as to encourage the most whenever a member of a force or civilian consider the effect if such a practice of widespread use thereof at lowest possible component or a dependent is prosecuted trial by foreign court-martial becomes rates to consumers consistent with sound under the jurisdiction of a receiving general. business principles, and that preference State he shall be entitled- in such disposition shall be given to pub­ ( a) To a prompt and speedy trial; lic agencies, municipalities, and coopera .. (b) To be informed, in advance of trial, tives. of the specific charge or charges made against Answer to Secretary Seaton's Recom· It appears that the decision to repudi .. him; mendation for Acceptance of Pacific ate existing Federal power policy comes (c) To be confronted with the witnesses from the White House, as it is not con­ against him; Gas & Electric Co.'s Proposal on Trin· sistent with SecPetary Seaton's stated· (d) To have compulsory process for ob­ ity River Project views to the Senate Interior Committee taining witnesses in his favor, if they are only 9 months ago. When asked if he within the jurisdiction of the receiving State; EXTENSION OF REMARKS believed "that the Department of Inte­ rior should adopt a policy, in harmony (e) To have legal representation of _his OF own· choice for his defense or to have free with Congress, to maintain the principle or assisted legal representation under the HON. CLAIR ENGLE of public power" Secretary Seaton re~ conditions prevailing for the time being in plied as follows: ·the receiving State; OF CALIFORNIA · (f) If he considers it necessary, to have IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES Yes; I see no difficulty there. Whenever the services of a .competent interpreter; and the people of a given area, whether it is a (g) To communicate with a representa­ Monday, March 25, 1957 region or a State, want public power, it seems tive of the Government of the. sending State Mr. ENGLE. Mr. Speaker, the recom.. to me that they haye the determining voice and, when the rules of the court permit, mendation of Secretary Seaton that Con­ in t~e matter in any legislation .which Con­ to have such a representative present at his gress has passed which makes it possible for trial. · - gress approve the so-called partnership those people to exercise their own right -of proposal of the Pacific Gas & Electric Co. choice. It is a matter which is entirely up· When Attor-ney General Brownell ap .. on the Trinity River project, whereby the to them. peared before the Senate ;Foreign Rela- company would build the powel·plants • .• • • • 4350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25

So far as ~ am concerned, as long as the charges on the power bills of northern ACCEPTANCE OF SECRETARY'~ RECOMMENDATION preference clause ls part of the law of this WOULD MEAN THE END OF ;PUBLIC POWER IN country, as passed by the Congress, the De­ California power and energy users. The homeowner, farmer, and businessman CALIFORNIA AS A DETEB.ltENT TO HIGH POWER partment of Interior, so far, as I am able to RATES see to it, will adhere to the letter of the law. would find the P. G. & E. highly adver­ tised generous payments to the Govern· Fourth. The great effort of the Pacific Now, only 9 months later, in his report ment on their power bills. Also on their Gas and Electric· Co. to put over this pro­ to Congress, Secretary Seaton recom­ power bills would be the costs to the posal goes, of course, beyond the specific mends a proposal which he recognizes company for construction and operation facilities involved here. The real pur­ cannot comply with long-established of the powerplants as well as the Federal, ~ose of the company is to stpp for all power policy and with the Trinity au­ State, and local taxes, which the com­ time the expansion of Federal power in thorizing act: pany claims that it would pay if it builds C~lifornia in order that it may monop­ I am not unmindful of the fact that ac­ the power facilities. These are all costs ollze the power market in that area. Ac-. ceptance of the company's proposal would to the company which would necessarily ceptance of this proposal would set the render it impossible to comply with two of have to be passed on to the consumers. precedent for future Federal develop­ the restrictions contained in the act. The ment. Experience and history have first of these is the provision which requires Specifically, the Pacific Gas and Electric that contracts for the sale and delivery of the Co. pays no money it does not collect on shown that in areas of public power such additional electric energy available from the the electric bills. The cost of the power­ as the TVA area, the Northwest, the Mis­ Central Valley project power system as a re­ houses, the money paid the Federal Gov­ souri Basin, and California, prevailing sult of the construction of the plants author­ errunent for falling water, as well as the power rates, including the rates of pri­ ized and their integration with that system Federal, State, and local taxes, would vate utilities, are lower than in areas shall be made in accordance with preferences all be charged to the power users, and at where there is no Federal power. Com­ expressed in the Federal reclamation laws. a profit. To put it simply, if the P. G. & pare, for instance, the prevailing elec­ The second of these is the requirement that tric power and energy rates in the North­ a first preference be given to preference cus­ E. proposal produces $165 million more tomers in Trinity County, Calif., to the ex­ in surplus revenues over the payout pe­ west with those in the Northeast. tent of the 25 percent of the additional ener­ riod than under Federal construction and Federal power, therefore, has not only gy added to the Central Valley project as a the P. G. & E. Co. pays $135 million in resulted in low-cost power to public result of the construction of the Trini.ty taxes, then the power consumers pay agencies, municipalities, and coopera­ River division. Since joint development of $300 million more, plus the company's tives, but it has had the effect of holding the Trinity resource would add no energy to profit. down the rates charged by private utili­ the Central Valley project power system, ex­ ties in Federal power areas. Not only cept to the extent that the company provides It is pertinent to point out that just support under its proposed amendments to 4 days before Secretary Seaton made his have the so-called preference customers the existing sales and interchange contract, recommendation, the Pacific Gas and benefited but all the users of electric it appears that there would be no power from Electric Co. sul>mitted a petition to the energy in the area have benefited. If which to satisfy either of the two restrictions California Public Utilities Commission Federal power is cut off in California, it mentioned. asking for an increase in electric rates of will be to the detriment of not ·only the Secretary Seaton's recommendation almost 6 percent, which would average potential direct beneficiaries of Federal 37 cents per month per household. The power but also every user of electricity would lay aside existing Federal power in the area. policy in the interest of a greater finan­ company itself estimated that the elec­ cial return to the Federal Government. tric rate boost affecting 1,735,000 Cali­ PROPOSAL EMPHASIZES POWER OPERATION TO THE The Secretary admits that, by so doing, fornia customers would increase rev­ DETRIMENT OF CONSUMPTIVE USE PUBP-OSES preference provisions in the authorizing enues by $16,600,000 annually. Under· Fifth. Under the P. G. & E. proposal, act 'Could not be complied with and a system where allowable rates are based the project plan of operation would pro- preference agencies would be required to upon costs plus a nice profit, why should vide for releases of water to maximize pay $86 million more for power and the company hesitate to raise its off er power and energy production. The pro­ energy over a 50-year period than under for falling water by $1,100,000 per year posed contract includes a very detailed Federal development. If the San Luis ~r to place an additional $300 million schedule of releases designed to produce unit, now proposed for authorization, is burden on the power consumers? the maximum amount of power and en­ constructed, preference customers would PARTITIONSHIP NOT PARTNERSHIP ergy for integration into the company's have to pay $118 million more for energy. Third. The Central Valley project was overall power system. Although. theo­ If it were the Policy of the Federal not constructed for profitmaking pur­ retically, the water needs of the project p.overnment to exploit the power poten­ poses. It was constructed to meet the would retain priority, any time the Fed­ tial of Federal projects for proftt­ needs of the people of the Central Valley eral Goverrunent could not meet the making purposes, a less drastic measure Basin for water, :flood control, and for schedule of releases for power because of but a more lucrative one would be to low-cost electric power. Under the Sec­ interference with water consumptive use simply raise the project power rates. retary's recommendation and the com­ requirements, then the Federal Govern­ Power rates for the Central Valley proj­ pany's proposal, one segment of the vast ment would have to pay the company ect could be brought in line with the integrated reclamation project would penalties for such noncompliance with existing rates of the private utilities and be constructed and operated entirely the schedule. The proposed contract return to the Federal Government, over different from the rest of the project. contains tl).is paragraph: If, by reason of (1) water supply condi­ the payout period, several times the ad­ The Central Valley project is a whole in­ ( tegrated system of dams, reservoirs, tions more adverse than those of record, ( 2) ditional $165 million which the Secretary the authorization of additional divisions of claims from the P. G. & E. proposal. canals, transmission lines, powerplants, the Central Valley project by Congress, or (3) There is another approach that might and so forth, constructed by the Federal changes or revision of the crop pattern of be considered if the project is to be put Government, all designed for compre­ said project, the United States is unable to on a profitmaking basis. The value of hensive development of the basin to pro­ meet the irrigation requirements of said the Trinity energy at load center is esti­ tect the people and land from ftoods project through releases of water made avail­ mated at 13 or 14 mills per kilowatt-hour. · to furnish a dependable water supply able pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b) of Why should the Federal Government not for agriculture and defense purposes, this article in combination with releases pf and to furnish power and energy at low­ all water available from the active storage go ahead with construction of the power capacities of Shasta and Folsom Reservoi:i:s plants, keeping the Central Valley proj­ est rates possible consistent with project as defined below, and of such other reservoirs· ect intact, and deliver the energy to the repayment. This recommendation for as may be authorized as part of said project, company at the load center at its stated partnership or partitionship, as it has the United States may, on advance written value? The surplus to the Federal Gov­ been referred to, whereby one segment is notice to Pacific and subject to the provi­ errunent over the repayment period set apart and operated different from sions of article 12 ( d) , make available for such irrigation requirements and for use would be close to half a billion dollars. the rest, just does not make sense. Ac­ ceptance of the Secretary's recommen­ through the powerplants of Pacific's project IT IS THE POWER CONSUMERS WHO PAT dation would irreparably disrupt exist­ additional amounts of water even though storage 1n Trinity or Whiskeytown Reservoir Second. Acceptance of Secretary Sea­ ing operations of the Central Valley is then less than that specified in table 5 ton's recommendation, and approval of project and threaten future develop­ above. Pacific may thereafter take such ac.:. the P. G. & E. proposal would load hidden ment. tion as is necessary to provide, ~rom the most 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4351 economical alternative source or sources, missioner Dexheimer's conclusions is as plant, the company has advised the State dependable power capacity in lieu of the follows: that this powerplant is now worth $33 dependable power capacity which otherwise million. would be a.ssureq by the reservoir storage Construction of the Trinity River divi­ It specified in table 5. If the release of such sion either as an all-Federal undertaking or appears that the Federal Govern­ additional amounts of water by the United through the proposed joint development is ment is put in an unfavorable position States or the action taken by Pacific to pro­ feasible and justifiable from both an engi­ with respect to takeover of the power fa­ vide such capacity causes an increase in the neering and economic viewpoint. Under cilities at the end of the contract period cost to Pacific of furnishing electric power either arrangement there appears to be am­ and that the Secretary has overlooked to its customers the United States shall com­ ple opportunity for expansion of the irriga­ this in setting out the financial advan­ pensate Pacific for such increased cost by tion phase of the Central Valley project. tages of the recommended proposal. direct reimbursement to Pacific or by appro­ The second fallacy in the Secretary's priate adjustment of the payments provided ASSUMING A POLICY OF "THE MORE SURPLUS THE for in article 13 or both. statement is that he overlooks and does BETrER" THE AMOUNT OF COMPANY'S OFFER not consider the energy needs of the irri­ IS STILL TOO LOW The costs to the Federal Government gation districts throughout California Eighth. When the Pacific Gas & Elec­ which· would result from penalties have and the cost to the districts of obtaining tric Co. appeared before congressional not been con.sidered in the evaluation of necessary energy for pumping. It should committees 18 months ago, its offer to the proposal. · Since the project oper­ be evident that any proposal which re- the Federal Government for use of the ating plan is based on historical flows . sults in the irrigation districts having to falling water was $3.5 million annually. and therefore nothing more than an pay higher rates for their pumping en­ Since that time the company has in­ educated guess, conflicts are bound to ergy does not result in power becoming creased its offer to $4,617,000 annually, arise from time to time between the a better partner of irrigation. or an increase of over $1,100,000 annu­ needs for water to develop electricity and TAKEOVER PROVISIONS NOT FAVORABLE TO THE ally. Although on the surface this ap­ the needs for wate1• to meet requirements FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND WERE NOT CONSID• pears to be a generous offer, it is still of irrigation and municipal water sup­ ERED BY SECRETARY IN FINANCIAL ANALYSIS too low if it is to be the Policy to exploit ply. When this serious problem involves Seventh. Consonant with the provi- the power resources to. the fullest. the substitution of dollars for water, I sions of the Federal Power Act, the pro­ Analysis of the offer indicates that it is fear that it is the water users who may comparable to loaning the company come up short. Even if the priorities are posed contract between the Pacific Gas & Electric Co. and the Federal Govern­ Federal money at about 3 % percent. adhered to, I can visualize huge unfore­ ment provides that the United States The Bureau of Reclamation has allocated seen payments to the company. It could acquire at the end of the 50-year to power $94,693,000 of the construction seems to me that the basic purpose of centract period the power facilities con­ cost of the Trinity River division joint­ the Central Valley project is the storing structed by the company. However, ac­ use facilities. The annual payment of and releasing of water in the interests of quisition by the Federal Government $4,617 ,000 by the company would just irrigation and municipal water supply. would require payment for the com­ about amortize this power allocation in I believe that, in the public interest, such pany's net investment in the project, 50 years at 3% percent and pay a reason­ purpose should be fulfilled without im­ not to exceed the fair value of the prop­ able share of the operation and main­ posing payments on the Government of erty taken, plus severance damages. The tenance expenses. Therefore, it appears the United States for noncompliance financial advantage which the Secretary that the offer is not as generous as it with a specific schedule of operations claims for the company's proposal com­ may seem on the surface. If it is to be designed to maximize power benefits. pletely overlooks this matter of acquisi­ the policy to make money from the "MORE F~NDS FOR POTENTIAL IRRIGATioN;, tion costs to the Federal Government. power operations, then the Federal Gov­ ARGUMENT ~OT VALID In other words, the analysis on which ernment should expect a return on its Sixth. Secretary Seaton states in his the Secretary's recommendation is based investment of better than 3 % percent. letter to Congress that acceptance of overlooks the fact that under Federal Other lending in.stitutions get a consid· P. G. & E.'s proposal would "provide sub­ construction the Federal Government erably higher return. stantially more funds for potential irri­ will own the power facilities at the end Also, there is another approach that gation and multipurpose development in of 50 years, while under the recom~ indicates the company's offer is - not the Central Valley project area." mended proposal the company will own enough if the policy were to put the proj­ lie also states: the power facilities. In connection with ect on a profit-making basis. The It seems to me that the development of the Secretary's claimed surplus of $165 Pacific Gas & Electric Co. contracts for power resources of the Trinity River divi­ million under the company's proposal, bulk sales of electricity, such as the con­ sion under a joint proposal such as that the report of the Commissioner of Rec­ tracts with Sacramento Municipal Util­ offered by the company would mean that lamation has th~ following to say: ity District, Southern California Edison, power would become a better partner of and various chemical companies, include irrigation development in the Central Valley For comparison, these two figures require a clause whereby the price of energy project area than under all Federal con­ an adjustment that cannot be determined at this time. Under all-Federal development is tied to the cost of fuel. In other struction. '" at the end of the 50-year payout period the words, as the cost of fuel fluctuates the Unfortunately, the Secretary over­ Federal Government would own outright the price paid to the company for energy looks two important factors which makes fully amortized and operative Trinity River will fluctuate. The company has been the first statement invalid and· proves division power facilities, an equity of sub­ attempting for some time to get the stantial value. Under joint development the the second statement false. First, fi­ Federal Government could acquire this California Public Utilities Commission nancial studies of the Central Valley equity only by payment to the company its to permit it to include a similar clause project, based on Federal development, remaining net investment plus severance in its regular rate schedules. In recent indicate surplus revenues sufficient to damages. The effect of the retired adjust­ years the price of fuel has gone con­ expand irrigation as fast as the need ment would be to reduce the difference in tinually up and the company's recent develops. The need for additional power surpluses shown above. petition to the Public Utilities Commis­ revenues to assist irrigation develop-. The recent experience of the State of sion for a 6-percent rate increase was ment does not exist. For instance, the California with respect to its negotia­ based upon increases in the price of fuel report of the Secretary indicates a sur­ tions for the purchase of Pacific Gas & oil. In this connection, the company, in plus of about $114 million in the repay­ Electric Co.'s Big Bend powerplant on the its offer to purchase falling water, deter­ ment analysis of the authorized features. Feather River is an indicationofwhatthe mined the value of the Trinity energy With the San Luis unit added, a recent by a comparison with the cost of steam i·eport indicates a stirplus of about $100 Federal Government may be faced with generation. Therefore, the value of the million at the end of the repayment at the end of the 50-year contract period. Trinity energy to the company likewise period. It is pretty clear that under the The Big Ben powerplant was constructed fluctuates with the cost of fuel, and as present power rate structure of the Cen­ by the company sometime between 1908 the cost of fuel increases the value of tral Valley project there will be sufficient and 1916, at a cost of about $7,700,000. the energy to the company increases. power revenues available to carry for­ This plant will have to be purchased by Using the company's argument for in­ ward future irrigation development as the State in connection with its con• cluding an escalator clause in its con­ fast. as it is needed. In this connection, struction of the Feather River project. tracts for disposal of energy, whereby the· in Secretary Seaton's report one of Com- In the negotiations for purchase of the price is tied to the cost of fuel, why 4352 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 26 should a similar clause not be included ernment. Since that time a firm agree­ this additional payment by Federal in­ in a contract whereby the company, in ment with respect to integration has been stallations would be increased to $71 mil­ a sense, is purchasing energy. In other reached between the Bureau and the lion if the San Luis unit is constructed. words, as the value of the Trinity energy company and the authorized capacity of It just does not make sense for the Fed­ to the company increases, why should the Trinity division has been increased to eral Government to build a project which the company not pay more for it? It is "not to exceed 400,000 kilowatts." includes the potential for producing my understanding that, with respect to Therefore, this argument in favor of the power and to dispose of the power poten­ the company's present offer, the energy company's proposal is no longer valid tial without any marketing restrictions was evaluated on the basis of fuel oil at and the operating plan will be the same while compelling its own governmental $2 per barrel. The price of fuel oil to­ regardless of who builds the power­ agencies to pay excessive private power day is in the neighborhood of $2. 75 per plants. rates for their required electric energy, barrel. Already, then, the value of the SECRETARY'S RCCOMMENDATION DOES NOT MEET A good illustration of this comes to energy to the company is considerably THE INTENT OF CONGRESS IN AUTHORIZING light in connection with the House Ap­ more than the company reported as a THE NEGOTIATION propriations Committee's consideration basis for its offer. Over the 50-year Tenth. The authority in the Trinity of the independent offices appropriation contract period, if past economic trends authorizing act for completing the nego­ bill. This bill includes funds for the mean anything, the price of fuel will tiations did not imply authorization for Ames Laboratory in California which continue to go up. If it were the policy, the Secretary to study proposals which uses a rather extensive amount of elec­ then, to put the project on a pro:fit­ would violate existing law and, as a mat­ tric energy, The installation expects to making basis, it would appear imperative ter of fact, language in the act itEelf. use 432 million kilowatt-hours during that the Federal Government would have In other words, it was assumed that any fiscal year 1958. The Ames Laboratory to insist that any contract include an agreement with the company would in­ purchases all the energy it can from the escalator clause tieing the company's clude protection for preference customers Federal Central Valley project. Its re­ payments to the price of fuel. as well as protection for the power con­ maining needs must come from the Pa­ PREVIOUS CLAIMS BY COMPANY REGARDING THE sumers against exorbitant power rates. cific Gas & Electric Co. Testimony ADDITIONAL POWER GENERATING CAPACITY To make this clear, the Senate report on given the Appropriations Committee in­ UNDER ITS PROPOSAL ARE NO LONGER VALID the legislation carried this statement: dicates that the installation will have to Ninth. At the time the Pacific Gas & The proviso is in no sense to be under­ pay about 13 mills per kilowatt-hour for Electric Co. appeared before the Congres­ stood as an authorization to waive, in any the energy purchased from the company sional committees its proposa1 called for negotiation for the sale of falling water, any compared with 5 mills for the energy installation of 130,000 more kilowatts of preference in the sale or transmission of purchased from the Central Valley proj­ generating capacity than the Bureau power as expressed in section 5 of the Flood ect-a difference of 8 mills per kilowatt­ proposed at that time to install. This Control Act of 1944, in the Reclamation hour. Additional testimony indicates higher capacity, of course, was based on Project Act of 1939, or in any other law. that the installation expects to purchase integration of the power facilities into In not following this instruction, there half of its energy needs for fiscal year the company's overall system and the use is a serious question as to whether the 1958 or 216 million kilowatt-hours from of the Trinity facilities for peaking pur­ expenditures for the studies involved in the Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Based on poses. It was a little difficult at that this proposal have not been made the testimony given, 216 million kilo­ time to understand how the company illegally. watt-hours would cost the Federal Gov­ ernment $1,728,000 more from the Pacific could claim this advantage in the face of ACCEPTANCE OF RECOMMENDATION WOULD RE• the understanding we have always had SULT IN ADDITIONAL COST OF POWER TO FED• Gas & Electric Co. than from the Federal that regardless of who constructed the ERAL INSTALLATIONS IN CALIFORNIA project. There is a growing indication, power facilities the energy therefrom, Eleventh. Secretary Seaton's report and this is an example, that Secretary along with the energy from the other indicates that if the company's proposal Seaton has greatly underestimated the CVP power facilities, would be integrated is accepted it would result in Federal in­ financial losses to Federal installations into the overall system for the benefit of stallations paying about $30 million more and public agencies which would result both the company and the Federal Gov- for power over the repayment period, and from acceptance of his recommendation.

soever things are just, tending toward all MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE SENATE excellence and virtue. Enlighten them A message from the House of Repre­ to lead our people in the way of Thy sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, its reading righteousness. In all humility, we en­ TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 1957 clerk, announced that the House had treat Thee, who art the source of wis­ passed the following bills, in which it dom, bless and grant perfect health of Rev. Demetrios G. Kalaris, pastor, Sts. requested the concurrence * of the Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox mind and body unto these, Thy servants, Senate: chosen to preserve and fulfill the high Church, Washington, D. C., offered the H. R. 4602. An act to encourage new resi­ following prayer: precepts of our heritage. dential construction for veterans' housing May the grace of our Lord, Jesus O in rural areas and small cities and towns Lord, Almighty, common Father of Christ, and of God, the Father, and the by raising the maximum amount in which us all, who has manifested in Thine only communion of the Holy Spirit, be with direct loans may be made from $10,000 to begotten Son the truth that "there is us all. Amen. $13,500, to authorize advance financing neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither commitments, to extend the direct-loan bond nor free, there is neither male nor program for veterans, and for other pur­ female, for we are all one," we beseech THEJOUR~AL poses; Thee to hear our humble prayer: H. R. 4813. An act to extend the life of the We pray to Thee in this hour when On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, District of Columbia Auditorium Commis­ grave decisions must be resolved by and by unanimous consent, the Journal sion, and for other purposes; and of the proceedings of Monday, March 25, H. R. 6258. An a.ct to amend the act en­ these, Thy servants, assembled here to titled "An act to provide additional revenue understand, cooperate, and dedicate 1957, was approved, and its reading was for the District of Columbia, and for other themselves to the ideal of 'justice and dispensed with. purposes," approved August 17, 1937, as brotherhood, for the welfare of our be­ amended. • loved Nation and the many peoples of l'hine inheritance. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Send down, O Father in heaven, Thy Messages in writing from the Presi· ENROLLED BILL SIGNED life-giving spirit to direct their thoughts dent of the United States submitting The message also announced that the in the way of truth, so they may 'enact, nominations were communicated to the Speaker had affixed his signature to the order, and enforce whatsoever things are Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre· enrolled bill