A Historical Perspective the Evolution of Historically Black Ballet Companies— from Katherine Dunham to Arthur Mitchell
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Black Swans Shattering the Glass Ceiling: A Historical Perspective the Evolution of Historically Black Ballet Companies— From Katherine Dunham to Arthur Mitchell The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Jackson, La'Toya Princess. 2019. Black Swans Shattering the Glass Ceiling: A Historical Perspective the Evolution of Historically Black Ballet Companies— From Katherine Dunham to Arthur Mitchell. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42004127 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use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`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`*$?$.-!$)H!7$,./%/$!]/#*6)!=.6?!,+-!S)*,/,<,-!=6.!C<)+$?!:-%+)/a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a<-R! A/)$##>Q!S!$?!-*8-%/$##>!0.$,-=<#!,6!D/**>!C<0$)!$)H!,+-!"6>*!$)H!1/.#*!2#<I!6=! D-,.6!4,#$),$!=6.!/)9-*,/)0!/)!?>!-H<%$,/6)!$)H!G$%a<-#/)-!1#$*,-.!$)H!D*R!B--*+$! "6>%-\1$*&/)*!=6.!-)%6<.$0/)0!?-!,6!8<.*<-!?>!?$*,-.F*!H-0.--!$,!5$.9$.H!K)/9-.*/,>R! 4HH/,/6)$#!,+$)&*!,6!G<)-!7/%&-,,!=6.!*<886.,/)0!?-!,+.6<0+6<,!?>!-),/.-!_6<.)->!$*!$! 0.$H<$,-!*,<H-),R!4#*6Q!?$)>!,+$)&*!,6!2+-./-!76,,*!=6.!-H/,/)0!$)H!=6.?$,,/)0!,+/*!,+-*/*R! E$*,#>Q!?>!(6.&!$,!,+-!"6*,6)!"$##-,!($*!/)*,.<?-),$#!/)!0/9/)0!?-!,+-!8$**/6)!,6! -J8#6.-!,+/*!,68/%R!D>!*/)%-.-*,!0.$,/,<H-!,6!,+-!7*/!`?-0$!2+$8,-.!6=!4#8+$!B$88$! 4#8+$!'6.6./,>!=6.!>6<.!#69-!$)H!*<886.,!H<./)0!,+/*!8.6%-**R!D$)>!,+$)&*!,6!T/)$! b$)*<%+Q!G6*+!B.$=,Q!,+-!"6>*!$)H!1/.#*!2#<I!6=!"6*,6)Q!$)H!,+-!B.$=,!A$?/#>! A6<)H$,/6)!=6.!8.69/H/)0!?-!,+-!.-*6<.%-*!)--H-H!,6!0-,!,+.6<0+!?>!8.60.$?R! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9//! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :$I#-!6=!26),-),*! ! ! ! C-H/%$,/6)!RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR!9! 4%&)6(#-H0-?-),*!RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR!9/! E/*,!6=!7+6,6*!RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR!J//! E/*,!6=!A/0<.-*!RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR!J/9!