Soul-Centered Saturn & It's Karmic Aspects in Your Chart
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Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the -
The Solar System Cause Impact Craters
ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomy Class 12 Solar System Survey Monday, February 5 Key Concepts (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. (2) The Jovian planets are made primarily of hydrogen and helium. (3) Moons (a.k.a. satellites) orbit the planets; some moons are large. (4) Asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects orbit the Sun. (5) Collision between objects in the Solar System cause impact craters. Family portrait of the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (Eris, Ceres, Pluto): My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine (Extra Cheese Pizzas). The Solar System: List of Ingredients Ingredient Percent of total mass Sun 99.8% Jupiter 0.1% other planets 0.05% everything else 0.05% The Sun dominates the Solar System Jupiter dominates the planets Object Mass Object Mass 1) Sun 330,000 2) Jupiter 320 10) Ganymede 0.025 3) Saturn 95 11) Titan 0.023 4) Neptune 17 12) Callisto 0.018 5) Uranus 15 13) Io 0.015 6) Earth 1.0 14) Moon 0.012 7) Venus 0.82 15) Europa 0.008 8) Mars 0.11 16) Triton 0.004 9) Mercury 0.055 17) Pluto 0.002 A few words about the Sun. The Sun is a large sphere of gas (mostly H, He – hydrogen and helium). The Sun shines because it is hot (T = 5,800 K). The Sun remains hot because it is powered by fusion of hydrogen to helium (H-bomb). (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. -
Download Student Activities Objects from the Area Around Its Orbit, Called Its Orbital Zone; at Amnh.Org/Worlds-Beyond-Earth-Educators
INSIDE Essential Questions Synopsis Missions Come Prepared Checklist Correlation to Standards Connections to Other Halls Glossary ONLINE Student Activities Additional Resources amnh.org/worlds-beyond-earth-educators EssentialEssential Questions Questions What is the solar system? In the 20th century, humans began leaving Earth. NASA’s Our solar system consists of our star—the Sun—and all the Apollo space program was the first to land humans on billions of objects that orbit it. These objects, which are bound another world, carrying 12 human astronauts to the Moon’s to the Sun by gravity, include the eight planets—Mercury, surface. Since then we’ve sent our proxies—robots—on Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; missions near and far across our solar system. Flyby several dwarf planets, including Ceres and Pluto; hundreds missions allow limited glimpses; orbiters survey surfaces; of moons orbiting the planets and other bodies, including landers get a close-up understanding of their landing Jupiter’s four major moons and Saturn’s seven, and, of course, location; and rovers, like human explorers, set off across the Earth’s own moon, the Moon; thousands of comets; millions surface to see what they can find and analyze. of asteroids; and billions of icy objects beyond Neptune. The solar system is shaped like a gigantic disk with the Sun at The results of these explorations are often surprising. With its center. Everywhere we look throughout the universe we the Moon as our only reference, we expected other worlds see similar disk-shaped systems bound together by gravity. to be cold, dry, dead places, but exploration has revealed Examples include faraway galaxies, planetary systems astonishing variety in our solar system. -
Appulses of Jupiter and Saturn
IN ORIGINAL FORM PUBLISHED IN: arXiv:(side label) [physics.pop-ph] Sternzeit 46, No. 1+2 / 2021 (ISSN: 0721-8168) Date: 6th May 2021 Appulses of Jupiter and Saturn Joachim Gripp, Emil Khalisi Sternzeit e.V., Kiel and Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: gripp or khalisi ...[at]sternzeit-online[dot]de Abstract. The latest conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurred at an optical distance of 6 arc minutes on 21 December 2020. We re-analysed all encounters of these two planets between -1000 and +3000 CE, as the extraordinary ones (< 10′) take place near the line of nodes every 400 years. An occultation of their discs did not and will not happen within the historical time span of ±5,000 years around now. When viewed from Neptune though, there will be an occultation in 2046. Keywords: Jupiter-Saturn conjunction, Appulse, Trigon, Occultation. Introduction reason is due to Earth’s orbit: while Jupiter and Saturn are locked in a 5:2-mean motion resonance, the Earth does not The slowest naked-eye planets Jupiter and Saturn made an join in. For very long periods there could be some period- impressive encounter in December 2020. Their approaches icity, however, secular effects destroy a cycle, e.g. rotation have been termed “Great Conjunctions” in former times of the apsides and changes in eccentricity such that we are and they happen regularly every ≈20 years. Before the left with some kind of “semi-periodicity”. discovery of the outer ice giants these classical planets rendered the longest known cycle. The separation at the instant of conjunction varies up to 1 degree of arc, but the Close Encounters latest meeting was particularly tight since the planets stood Most pass-bys of Jupiter and Saturn are not very spectac- closer than at any other occasion for as long as 400 years. -
Jupiter and Saturn
Jupiter and Saturn 1 2 3 Guiding Questions 1. Why is the best month to see Jupiter different from one year to the next? 2. Why are there important differences between the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn? 3. What is going on in Jupiter’s Great Red Spot? 4. What is the nature of the multicolored clouds of Jupiter and Saturn? 5. What does the chemical composition of Jupiter’s atmosphere imply about the planet’s origin? 6. How do astronomers know about the deep interiors of Jupiter and Saturn? 7. How do Jupiter and Saturn generate their intense magnetic fields? 8. Why would it be dangerous for humans to visit certain parts of the space around Jupiter? 9. How was it discovered that Saturn has rings? 10.Are Saturn’s rings actually solid bands that encircle the planet? 11. How uniform and smooth are Saturn’s rings? 4 12.How do Saturn’s satellites affect the character of its rings? Jupiter and Saturn are the most massive planets in the solar system • Jupiter and Saturn are both much larger than Earth • Each is composed of 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% all other elements by mass • Both planets have a higher percentage of heavy elements than does the Sun • Jupiter and Saturn both rotate so rapidly that the planets are noticeably flattened 5 Unlike the terrestrial planets, Jupiter and Saturn exhibit differential rotation 6 Atmospheres • The visible “surfaces” of Jupiter and Saturn are actually the tops of their clouds • The rapid rotation of the planets twists the clouds into dark belts and light zones that run parallel to the equator • The -
CASSINI Exploration of Saturn
CASSINI Exploration of Saturn Launch Location Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Vehicle Titan IV-B Launch Date October 15, 1997 SATURN What do I see when I picture Saturn? Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and has been called “The Jewel of the Solar System.” Scientists be- lieve that Saturn formed more than four billion years ago from the same giant cloud of gas and dust whirling around the very young Sun that formed Earth and the other planets of our solar system. Saturn is much larg- er than Earth. Its mass is 95.18 times Earth’s mass. In other words, it would take over 95 Earths to equal the mass of Saturn. If you could weigh the planets on a giant scale, you would need slightly more than 95 Earths to equal the weight of Saturn. Saturn’s diameter is about 9.5 Earths across. At that ratio, if Saturn were as big as a baseball, Earth would be about half the size of a regular M&M candy. Saturn spins on its axis (rotates) just as our planet Earth spins on its axis. However, its period of rotation, or the time it takes Saturn to spin around one time, is only 10.2 Earth hours. A day on Saturn is just a little more than 10 hours long; so if you lived on Saturn, you would only have to be in school for a couple of hours each day! Because Saturn spins so fast, and its interior is gas, not rock, Saturn is noticeably flattened, top and bottom. -
Stellium Handbook Part
2 Donna Cunningham’s Books on the Outer Planets If you’re dealing with a stellium that contains one or more outer planets, these ebooks will help you understand their role in your chart and explore ways to change difficult patterns they represent. Since The Stellium Handbook can’t cover them in the depth they deserve, you’ll gain a greater perspective through these ebooks that devote entire chapters to the meanings of Uranus, Neptune, or Pluto in a variety of contexts. The Outer Planets and Inner Life volumes are $15 each if purchased separately, or $35 for all three—a $10 savings. To order, go to PayPal.com and tell them which books you want, Donna’s email address ([email protected]), and the amount. The ebooks arrive on separate emails. If you want them sent to an email address other than the one you used, let her know. The Outer Planets and Inner Life, V.1: The Outer Planets as Career Indicators. If your stellium has outer planets in the career houses (2nd, 6th, or 10th), or if it relates to your chosen career, this book can give you helpful insights. There’s an otherworldly element when the outer planets are career markers, a sense of serving a greater purpose in human history. Each chapter of this e-book explores one of these planets in depth. See an excerpt here. The Outer Planets and Inner Life, v.2: Outer Planet Aspects to Venus and Mars. Learn about the love lives of people who have the outer planets woven in with the primary relationship planets, Venus and Mars, or in the relationship houses—the 7th, 8th, and 5th. -
Study Guide to Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
Study Guide to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus By John Gray (Thorsons (HarperCollins), 1993 Key Concepts Relationships, communication, self-help, gender rancour, men, women Summary John Gray uses the metaphor of men and women coming from different planets to illustrate the commonly occurring conflicts between men and women. When they first met they had happy relationships because they respected and accepted differences between them. Then they came to Earth and forgot they were from different plants. The differences between men and women are not understood and can prohibit mutually loving relationships. Men don’t understand what women need and want; women don’t understand what men need and want. Gray maintains that if we follow his guidelines we will be able to communicate with each other better and will be able to get what we want in our relationships. Overview 1. Men are from Mars, women are from Venus Men and women are very different in the ways they think, respond and behave. Understanding these differences helps relationships. ‘We mistakenly assume that if our partners love us they will react and behave in [the way] we react and behave when we love someone.’ 2. Mr. Fix-It and the Home-Improvement Committee Women complain that men don't listen but are just looking to provide solutions. Men complain that women are always trying to improve them and the way they do things. Men value power, competence, and achievement. They need to achieve results by themselves. Women value feelings and the quality of relationships. Women should not offer unsolicited advice to men as it would seem critical and unaccepting. -
Venus: Global Warming Gone Bad Earth & Venus: Sister Planets? Venus Earth
Venus: Global warming gone bad Earth & Venus: Sister planets? Venus Earth Mass 5x1024 kg 6x1024 kg a (semi- 0.7 AU 1 AU major axis) What is T at surface ~750 K ~300 K the boiling Temp of water? P at surface ~90 atm ~1 atm atm N2 and H2O CO2 and composition clouds H2SO4 clouds How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? high energy low energy short wavelength long wavelength “bluer” “redder” hot cold How do we know Venus’s surface temperature? the Sun emits light Earth emits light here. T=6000 K here. T=300 K Venus emits light here. T=750 How do we know what the clouds are made of? Spectrum of planet with no atmosphere Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Wavelength of light (in the infrared) How do we know what the clouds are made of? Spectrum of Spectrum of planet with no planet with atmosphere atmosphere Wavelength at which a molecule in the atmosphere absorbs light Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Amountof light observed above the atmosphere Wavelength of light (in the Wavelength of light (in the infrared) infrared) How do we know what the clouds are made of? (Infrared light) How did Venus get so hot? Remember - all gases absorb light at specific wavelengths. “Greenhouse” gases (like carbon dioxide, water and methane) like to absorb in the infrared wavelengths. Planets emit light at infrared wavelengths (same as human bodies). Conclusio n? “Greenhouse” gases don’t lett the heat from the planet escape. -
Morphology and Dynamics of the Venus Atmosphere at the Cloud Top Level As Observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera
Morphology and dynamics of the Venus atmosphere at the cloud top level as observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informationstechnik, Physik der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Richard Moissl aus Grünstadt Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. 1. Referentin oder Referent: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Blum 2. Referentin oder Referent: Dr. Horst-Uwe Keller eingereicht am: 24. April 2008 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 9. Juli 2008 ISBN 978-3-936586-86-2 Copernicus Publications, Katlenburg-Lindau Druck: Schaltungsdienst Lange, Berlin Printed in Germany Contents Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Historical observations of Venus . .9 1.2 The atmosphere and climate of Venus . .9 1.2.1 Basic composition and structure of the Venus atmosphere . .9 1.2.2 The clouds of Venus . 11 1.2.3 Atmospheric dynamics at the cloud level . 12 1.3 Venus Express . 16 1.4 Goals and structure of the thesis . 19 2 The Venus Monitoring Camera experiment 21 2.1 Scientific objectives of the VMC in the context of this thesis . 21 2.1.1 UV Channel . 21 2.1.1.1 Morphology of the unknown UV absorber . 21 2.1.1.2 Atmospheric dynamics of the cloud tops . 21 2.1.2 The two IR channels . 22 2.1.2.1 Water vapor abundance and cloud opacity . 22 2.1.2.2 Surface and lower atmosphere . -
Reorientation Histories of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and Mars
Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 3016.pdf REORIENTATION HISTORIES OF THE MOON, MERCURY, VENUS, AND MARS. J. T. Keane1 and I. Matsuyama1, 1Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ([email protected]). Introduction: The nature of a planet’s spin is con- Since most large mass anomalies (e.g. impact ba- trolled by the planet’s inertia tensor. In a minimum sins) are axisymmetric at long-wavelength, we mod- energy rotation state, planets spin about the maximum eled their gravity fields using a linear combination of principal axis of inertia. Yet, the orientation of this axis concentric spherical caps. The gravity anomaly of a is not often constant with time. The redistribution of spherical cap scales linearly with the single (scalar) mass within a planet due to both interior processes surface density of that cap. For each mass anomaly, we (e.g. convection, intrusive volcanism) and surface pro- determine the best fitting linear combination of surface cesses (e.g. extrusive volcanism, impacts) can signifi- densities for the set of caps by fitting the observed cantly alter a planet’s inertia tensor, resulting in the gravitational potential to the analytically-derived gravi- reorientation of the planet. This form of reorientation is tational potential for each cap. We perform these fits known as true polar wander (TPW). TPW can have from spherical harmonic degree/order-3 and above in dramatic implications for the geology of a planet: it order to prevent fitting the tidal/rotational potential. As can directly alter the topography and gravity field of a the spherical harmonic gravity coefficeints all scale planet, generate tectonic stresses, change the insolation with the single surface density of each cap, we can geometry (affecting climate and volatile stability), and determine the degree-2 contribution of each cap by modify the orientation of the planet’s magnetic field. -
Cassini-Huygens
High Ambitions for an Outstanding Planetary Mission: Cassini-Huygens Composite image of Titan in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths taken by Cassini’s imaging science subsystem on 26 October. Red and green colours show areas where atmospheric methane absorbs light and reveal a brighter (redder) northern hemisphere. Blue colours show the high atmosphere and detached hazes (Courtesy of JPL /Univ. of Arizona) Cassini-Huygens Jean-Pierre Lebreton1, Claudio Sollazzo2, Thierry Blancquaert13, Olivier Witasse1 and the Huygens Mission Team 1 ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 2 ESA Directorate of Operations and Infrastructure, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany 3 ESA Directorate of Technical and Quality Management, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Earl Maize, Dennis Matson, Robert Mitchell, Linda Spilker Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL), Pasadena, California Enrico Flamini Italian Space Agency (ASI), Rome, Italy Monica Talevi Science Programme Communication Service, ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands assini-Huygens, named after the two celebrated scientists, is the joint NASA/ESA/ASI mission to Saturn Cand its giant moon Titan. It is designed to shed light on many of the unsolved mysteries arising from previous observations and to pursue the detailed exploration of the gas giants after Galileo’s successful mission at Jupiter. The exploration of the Saturnian planetary system, the most complex in our Solar System, will help us to make significant progress in our understanding