Federalism Issue: Do the Common Core Standards take away too much local autonomy?

Image Credit: www.techflash.co.uk By Ellen Lempres ‘18 & Caroline Peck ‘18

The Common Core Standards originated from an federal government. We haven't done so--and we won't initiative written by former Arizona Governor and former be doing so."7 Furthermore, it did not require that states chair of the National Governors Association Janet Napol- adopt the Common Core Standards upon their creation in itano.1 Napolitano, as director of the NGA’s Educational 2009.8 Policy Division, wrote an initiative that emphasized the need to better the workforce through improved math and However, critics have argued that the process that science education.2 From this initiative, Napolitano set up a brought Common Core about was less consistent with task force which issued a report in 2008 with “international federalism than first appears, and was actually dominated benchmarking” to “help states take the next steps towards by quasi-official groups like NGA and CCSSO and Gates ensuring that American students receive a world-class Foundation money rather than robust debate at the state education that positions them to compete and innovate in level by elected state officials.9 Moreover, after creation of the 21st century.”3 In order to do so, the National Governors the standards in June 2009, the Education Department Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the strongly encouraged adoption through tangible incentives.10 Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), comprised Three months later, in September, 51 states and territories of state school chiefs, governors and state commissioners expressed their support for the standards, with only Virgin- from 48 states, two territories, and the District of Colum- ia, Texas, Nebraska, and Alaska never adopting the stan- bia, aimed to create standards which would “ensure that dards.11 Each of the states that did not adopt the standards all students graduate from high school with the skills and has implemented it own comprehensive state standards.12 In knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, July 2009, the Education Department designed the com- regardless of where they live.”4 With major funding from the petition, "Race to the Top," which promoted $3.4 billion in Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Carnegie Corporation, grants for educational success within that year.13 States that other foundations, as well as from state membership dues implemented the Common Core standards increased their from the CCSSO and the NGA, education consultants Jason eligibility for the award, incentivizing Common Core adop- Zimba and David Coleman began writing a series of “fewer, tion, and the deadline of the race catalyzed faster movement clearer, higher” standards based on a plan from the nonprof- towards Common Core curricula and also Common Core- it, Achieve, and testing groups like the College Board and aligned testing.14 After the conclusion of this "Race to the the ACT.5 Furthermore, several organizations, such as the Top" in September 2010, the federal government awarded National Education Association (NEA), American Feder- further grants "to two state consortiums in a separate Race ation of Teachers (AFT), National Council of Teachers of to the Top Assessment competition to develop new and bet- Mathematics (NCTM), and National Council of Teachers of ter assessments aligned to the Common Core standards.15 English (NCTE), organized teachers to provide advice for Obama went on to advocate support for this "Race to the the standards.6 States that adopted the standards would test Top," which further entangled the federal government in the on uniform standards in math and English. Common Core standards.

Overall, the Obama administration has claimed that Along with the Race, the federal government began it played no role in creating or requiring Common Core to provide No Child Left Behind waivers, relieving states curriculum. In fact, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan from some NCLB requirements, in exchange for positive has contended that "Not a word, not a single semi-colon of action on Common Core."16 Kentucky’s state education curriculum will be created, encouraged, or prescribed by the commissioner complained that "the rush to implement the standards has also led to inadequate support for teachers, tion from both Republicans and Democrats. Republicans inadequate communication with our public and a major tend to criticize the lack of state autonomy, arguing that pushback from teachers who have connected Common education policy should be set at the state and local level Core with standardized testing."17 and are discontent with the extension of the Department of Education’s power over K-12 curricula. Republican candi- This federal entanglement spurred great criticism, date Donald Trump criticized the Common Core Standards especially from conservatives.18 The 2012 and 2013 Repub- as “a disaster” in his announcement speech, maintaining, lican National Committee Platform, emphasized "the need “education has to be local.”27 In fact, Trump has considered to repeal the numerous federal regulations which interfere the eradication of the entire Department of Education, con- with State and local control of public schools."19 Further- tending, “I may cut the Department of Education. I believe more, these documents denounce the Common Core as Common Core is a very bad thing” in an interview with "an inappropriate overreach to standardize and control the “Fox News Sunday.”28 The Republican Party Platform stands education of our children."20 Following these statements as clear that the federal government should have a very limited well as further backlash, many Republican-majority states role in education, and parents should play the primary role considered repealing the Common Core Standards, and in their children’s education. To this end, the Platform Oklahoma, Indiana, South Carolina actually did pull out states, “We support a constitutional amendment to protect of the standards.21 After repealing these standards, Indiana that right from interference by states, the federal govern- Governor Mike Pence stated, "I believe when we reach the ment, or international bodies such as the United Nations.”29 end of this process there are going to be many other states Moreover, the Platform declares that Republicans oppose around the country that will take a hard look at the way “the imposition of national standards and assessments, Indiana has taken a step back, designed our own standards encourage the parents and educators who are implementing and done it in a way where we drew on educators, we drew alternatives to Common Core, and congratulate the states on citizens, we drew on parents and developed standards which have successfully repealed it.”30 Thus, the Republican that meet the needs of our people," demonstrating Indiana's Party stands united in its hopes to move away from Com- support for a more localized education system.22 Similarly, mon Core Standards and move towards more localized Oklahoma Republican Jason Nelson co-authored the orig- education. inal Common Core repeal bill, explaining that Oklahoma citizens universally, "don't like the idea of having to go to On the Democratic side, there appears to be more sup- somebody outside the state to do what we think is in the port for Common Core, although Democrats still see fault best interest of the kids in our school system" 23 In South in the policy. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Carolina, members of the state Board of Education were Clinton has spoken in favor of a “common core” that each unhappy with the "federal takeover" of Common Core and community can determine the best way to reach.31 She ex- have moved to a system where "the teachers, the adminis- plained in an interview with Newsday in April that despite trators, the school districts...make the decision about the problems with Common Core’s implementation in schools curriculum material they use" to pass the new South Caroli- around the country, she has “always believed that we need na-specific standards.24 to have some basis on which to determine whether we’re making progress, vis-à-vis other countries who all have Aside from the federalism issues, the Common Core standards.”32 As a New York senator, Clinton voted for No Standards have been criticized for their content across Child Left Behind, and she advocates for “a core of learning the political spectrum by sources including the conserva- that we might expect students to achieve across our country, tive journal National Review, the liberal journal The New no matter what kind of school district they were in, no mat- Republic, key teachers unions, and the raunchy comedian ter how poor their family was.”33 She has also denounced the Louis C.K.25 After several state repeals and despite great politicization of Common Core as “very painful” and “really controversy, forty-two states, the District of Columbia, and unfortunate.” In this year’s Democratic Party Platform, four territories are implementing these federal standards in Democrats do not explicitly make reference to Common their schools today.26 Core standards, although they explain, “We are also deeply committed to ensuring that we strike a better balance on testing so that it informs, but does not drive, instruction.”34 The Candidates The platform also highlights that, “Democrats know the federal government must play a critical role in making sure As one might expect, given the diverse sources of na- every child has access to a world-class education” and states, tional criticism, the Common Core Standards face opposi- “We will hold schools, districts, communities, and states accountable for raising achievement levels for all students.”35 19 United States. Republican National Committee. RESOLUTION CALLING FOR COOPERA- TION WITH THE CONSERVATIVE GRASSROOTS MOVEMENT. https://prod-static-ngop- Altogether, the Democratic Party argues for the importance pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/2013_Spring-Meeting_Resolutions.pdf.

of federal oversight in education, but it also calls for im- 20 United States. Republican National Committee. RESOLUTION CALLING FOR COOPERA- proving our national testing system. TION WITH THE CONSERVATIVE GRASSROOTS MOVEMENT. https://prod-static-ngop- pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/2013_Spring-Meeting_Resolutions.pdf.

21 Turner, Cory. "Common Core Repeal, The Day After." NPR, January 19, 2015. Accessed 1 Bidwell, Allie. "The History of Common Core State Standards."US News. U.S.News & World January 27, 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/12/30/371654882/common-core-re- Report, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. peal-the-day-after.

2 Bidwell, Allie. "The History of Common Core State Standards."US News. U.S.News & World 22 Ballentine, Summer, and Tom LoBianco. "Indiana Withdrawing from Common Core Stan- Report, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. dards." Associated Press. March 24, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://bigstory.ap.org/ article/indiana-withdrawing-common-core-standards/. 3 "Benchmarking for Success: Ensuring U.S. Students Receive a World-Class Education." Benchmarking for Success: Ensuring U.S. Students Receive a World-Class Education. N.p., 19 23 Green, Rick, and Tim Willert. "Gov. Mary Fallin Weighs Decision on Scrapping Common Dec. 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. Core Academic Standards.” NewsOK.com, June 02, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http:// newsok.com/gov.-mary-fallin-weighs-decision-on-scrapping-common-core-academic-stan- 4 "Preparing America's Students for Success." Common Core State Standards Initiative. N.p., dards/article/4869894. n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. 24 Kittle, Robert. "Common Core Standards Dead in South Carolina." WLTX News. March 11, 5 Garland, Sarah. "The Man Behind Common Core Math." NPR. NPR, 5 Jan. 2015. Web. 27 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.wltx.com/story/news/2015/03/11/common-core- Jan. 2016. standards-dead-in-south-carolina/70177726/.

6 "Development Process." | Common Core State Standards Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 25 Gallagher, Maggie. "Two Moms v Common Core." National Review, May 12, 2013. Accessed 2016. January 27, 2016. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/347973/two-moms-vs-common- core-maggie-gallagher;. 7 United States. Department of Education. Seize the Day: Change in the Classroom and the Greteman, Blaine. "Federal Bureaucrats Declare 'Hunger Games' More Complex Than 'The Core of Schooling. By Arne Duncan. U.S. Department of Education, 27 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. Grapes of Wrath'" New Republic, October 29, 2013. Accessed January 27, 2016. https://ne- 2016. wrepublic.com/article/115393/common-core-standards-make-mockery-novels-complexity. Ravitch, Diane. "Louis C.K. Takes Aim at Common Core -- And We're All Smarter for It." The 8 "The Common Core FAQ." NPR. June 6, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. Huffington Post, May 2, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq#q4. diane-ravitch/louis-ck-common-core_b_5250982.html. ; Simon, Stephanie. "AFT Union Takes on Common Core." POLITICO. July 11, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.politico. 9 Stanley Kurtz, Jeb’s Misleading Talk on Common Core,” National Review, August 10, 2015, com/story/2014/07/american-federation-of-teachers-common-core-108793. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/422323/jebs-misleading-talk-common-core-stanley- kurtz 26 "Development Process." | Common Core State Standards Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. 10 "The Common Core FAQ." NPR. June 6, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq#q4. 27 Time Staff. "Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech." Time, June 16, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announce- 11 Bidwell, Allie. "Common Core Support in Free Fall." US News, August 20, 2014. Accessed ment-speech/. January 27, 2016. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/08/20/common-core-support- waning-most-now-oppose-standards-national-surveys-show. 28 "Donald Trump Talks Taxes, Trade, 9/11 and Why He Takes Personal Shots at Political Rivals." Fox News. October 18, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.foxnews.com/ 12 Klein, Rebecca. "50-state Look At How Common Core Playing Out In US." The Huff- transcript/2015/10/18/donald-trump-talks-taxes-trade-11-and-why-takes-personal-shots-at- ington Post. August 2, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost. political/. com/2014/09/02/50-states-common-core_n_5751864.html. 29 Republican Platform 2016. N.p.: Republican National Committee, 2016. 2016 Republican 13 "The Common Core FAQ." NPR. June 6, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. Party Platform. Republican National Committee, 18 July 2016. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq#q4. 30 Republican Platform 2016. N.p.: Republican National Committee, 2016. 2016 Republican 14 "The Common Core FAQ." NPR. June 6, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. Party Platform. Republican National Committee, 18 July 2016. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq#q4. 31 Strauss, Valerie. "What Hillary Clinton Said about the Common Core State Standards." 15 Whitman, David. "The Surprising Roots of the Common Core: How Conservatives Gave Washington Post. April 20, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost. Rise to ‘Obamacore’." Brown Center on Education Policy, September 2015. Accessed January com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2015/04/20/what-hillary-clinton-said-about-the-common-core- 27, 2016. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/09/08-conservative- state-standards/. roots-of-the-common-core-whitman/surprising-conservative-roots-of-the-common-core_fi- nal.pdf. 32 Rappeport, Alan. "Donald Trump vs. Hillary Clinton: Where They Stand on Education."The New York Times. The New York Times, 08 Sept. 2016. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. 16 Bidwell, Allie. "Common Core Support in Free Fall." US News, August 20, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/08/20/common-core-support- 33 Higgins, Sean. "Clinton Says Iowans See Value of Common Core." Washington Examiner. waning-most-now-oppose-standards-national-surveys-show. January 26, 2016. Accessed April 4, 2014. http://m.washingtonexaminer.com/clinton-says-io- wans-see-value-of-common-core/article/2563041. 17 Bidwell, Allie. "Common Core Support in Free Fall." US News, August 20, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/08/20/common-core-support- 34 "2016 Democratic Party Platform." Democratic National Convention. Democratic National waning-most-now-oppose-standards-national-surveys-show. Convention

18 "The Common Core FAQ." NPR. June 6, 2014. Accessed January 27, 2016. Committee, 21 July 2016. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/05/27/307755798/the-common-core-faq#q4. 35 "2016 Democratic Party Platform." Democratic National Convention. Democratic National Convention Committee, 21 July 2016. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.