Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Studying Marine Biogeochemical Cycles and Associated Ecosystems in the Face of Environmental Change

Home , Fram Strait

Science Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Studying marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems in the face of environmental change

Volume 3, Number 3 • Fall 2010 News A Preliminary Carbon Budget for the Gulf of Mexico by Paula G. Coble 1, Lisa L Robbins 2, Kendra L. Daly 1, Wei-Jun Cai 3, Katja Fennel 4, Steven E. Lohrenz 5 1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 2. U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL 3. Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 4. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada 5. Department of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, MS Introduction bon fluxes, and control mechanisms. water management in both countries, The Gulf of Mexico has been a ma- It is a large, semi-enclosed water body as well as changes in temperature jor source of uncertainty in the North geopolitically shared almost equally and rainfall due to climate change, American carbon budget (Chavez by the U.S. and Mexican governments. will profoundly affect Gulf carbon et al., 2007). Until recently, it was The Gulf of Mexico drainage basin ex- sources and sinks. Nutrient discharge sparsely sampled and poorly charac- tends over roughly 40% of each nation from the Mississippi River has been terized in terms of its air-sea exchange and comprises 33 major river systems. implicated in widespread hypoxia on of carbon dioxide, land-to-ocean car- Thus, large-scale changes in land use the shelf.

Figure 1. Preliminary shelf-wide carbon budget for the Gulf of Mexico. DIC = dissolved inorganic carbon, TOC= total organic carbon, POC = particulate organic carbon, DOC = dissolved organic carbon. Colored dots represent levels of uncertainty in data. Red dot = High level of uncertainty (i.e. few data available), yellow dot = medium level of uncertainty, blue dot= low level of uncertainty (i.e. many data available), white dot = no data available. Numbersprac - reported in 1012 g C yr-1. tices and

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 1 Science

There exists no prior carbon bud- winter estimates were made with and Fluxes were calculated as rates multi- get for the Gulf of Mexico as a whole, without including the Mississippi plied by the area in each region. although Walsh et al. (1989) presented River influence. Fluxes from land many elements of a nitrogen budget. Recent work in the Mississippi- Riverine inputs are only from data We have constructed a carbon budget Atchafalaya River System (MARS) collected in the U.S.. Cai and Lohrenz in part by converting the Walsh et al. has provided estimates of key carbon (2010) estimated inputs from MARS (1989) nitrogen and chlorophyll fluxes fluxes from land to ocean, primary to be 21, 2.5, and 2.5 Tg C yr-1 for into carbon units and in part by addi- productivity, and air-sea flux of CO2 DIC, DOC, and POC, respectively. A tion of new observations collected or (Cai and Lohrenz, 2010) and also re- recent compilation of USGS and EPA compiled more recently. Overall, the sulted in a preliminary carbon budget STORET data for LA rivers (Rob- new data compare well with estimates limited to the area of the plume (Rob- bins et al., in prep.) reported a much derived from Walsh et al. (1989). bins et al., 2009). lower DIC (0.06 Tg C yr-1) but higher This paper represents the next These previous efforts influenced DOC and POC inputs of 8.9 Tg C yr-1 installment in a series of reports on our division of the Gulf into six for each component. Inputs for all coastal carbon budgets currently in regions: 1) Texas coast (TX), 2) Loui- other U.S. Gulf Coast rivers combined preparation as part of the Coastal siana coast (LA), 3) west Florida shelf are 0.86, 2.65, and 1.11 Tg C yr-1 for Carbon Interim Synthesis Activity, (WFS), 4) Mexico (MX), 5) Central DIC, DOC, and POC, respectively. a joint endeavor of the Ocean Carbon Gulf, and 6) MARS Plume. The total The compiled data set suffers from 6 and Biogeochemistry Program and area of the Gulf of Mexico is 1.6 x 10 discontinuous time-series, a range of 2 the North American Carbon Program. km of which the Central Gulf region, methods used in studies, as well as The first installment was “Carbon with depths greater than 200 m, from a dearth of records for which all Budget for the Continental Shelf of composes roughly 63%. The remaining carbon system data were collected. It is the Eastern United States: A Prelimi- area, with depths of 0-200 m, was allo- likely that the DIC estimates compiled nary Synthesis” by Najjar et al. (2010) cated to the coastal regions as follows: from these existing data sets are too published in the Winter 2010 OCB TX - 5%, LA - 11%, WFS - 11%, and low, considering the reports of high Newsletter. This was followed by MX - 11%, all as % total area and thus DIC from agricultural liming prac- “The Marine Carbon Cycle of the adding up to 100%. tices influencing Mississippi River Arctic Ocean: Some Thoughts About Carbon fluxes of interest discharge (Raymond et al., 2008). We the Controls on Air-Sea CO2 Ex- have used values of 22, 11.5, and 10 Tg We considered the following fluxes changes and Responses to Ocean C yr-1, respectively for DIC, DOC, and across three of the four key interfaces: Acidification” by Mathis and Bates POC to obtain a total input from land land-ocean, air-sea, and sediment- published in the Spring/Summer of 43.5 Tg C yr-1. 2010 OCB Newsletter. This current water. No estimates are yet available installment is still preliminary, with for fluxes across the shelf break. Air-sea fluxes major uncertainties and missing Inputs from land are dissolved organic A recent synthesis (Chavez et al., estimates of key fluxes. It is intended carbon (DOC), particulate organic 2007) suggests that the Gulf of Mex- as a status report on the activity with carbon (POC), and dissolved inorgan- ico is a major source for CO2 to the atmosphere (“+” flux) and may domi- the hope that it will stimulate further ic carbon (DIC). Air-sea fluxes are CO2 thought and research. exchange and input of rainwater DOC nate the net flux of the entire North (not included). Sedimentary fluxes American margin because of the The domain are POC deposition, DOC and DIC Gulf’s large size and strong observed The most comprehensive compila- exchange across the sediment-water fluxes, both positive and negative. tion of historical biogeochemical interface (not included), benthic pro- However, these conclusions were based flux data is presented in Walsh et al. ductivity, groundwater inputs of DOC on a very limited data set. Several (1989). They combined a 2-layered and DIC (not included), and hydrocar- projects in the last three years have baroclinic circulation model with a bon seeps. Shelf break fluxes are those greatly increased the number of ob- 21-layered biochemical model to esti- for DIC, DOC, and POC (none are servations and led to the development mate nitrate input, “new” production, included). Internal fluxes are primary of a model incorporating satellite particle export, and remineralization production, respiration (not includ- imagery for sea surface temperature in three coastal areas (west Florida, ed), net community production (not and salinity. However, there are still Louisiana, and Texas) and for the included), and export from the upper not enough data available to reliably Central Gulf. Seasonal, summer and (euphotic) layer. estimate fluxes in the six regions used

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 2 Science for the other processes. Lohrenz et al. tive sign, we have increased the flux 1989; Cai and Lohrenz, 2010; Lohrenz (2010a) measured both positive and for the entire Gulf by 50% to include and Verity, 2006) ranged from 30 to negative fluxes in the northern shelf the influence of the southern Gulf. 3060 g C m-2 yr-1 for the Central Gulf region during three seasons, rang- Carbon fluxes from the upper layer and the Plume regions, respectively. -2 -1 ing from -1.18 to -0.97 mmol m d The model of Walsh et al. (1989) Values from Walsh et al. (1989) were for April 2006, and from 2.71 to 3.22 calculates particle export from the converted from “new” production to -2 -1 mmol m d for October 2005. Values upper layer of the water column net production using an f value (ratio for August 2004 were slightly positive. and from the lower layer (i.e., to the of “new” production to total produc- Robbins et al. (2010a-c) measured over sediment) in units of mg chl m-2 yr-1. tion) of 0.1. These values agreed well 5100 underway data points of pCO2, These were converted to carbon using with those of Lohrenz and Verity TCO2, and pH on the west Florida a C/Chl ratio of 50:1. Values from (2006) for the Central Gulf and TX, shelf (WFS). These data were used Redalje et al. (1994) are available only but were 2 to 3 times higher for the to calculate pCO2 fluxes, showing for the LA and MARS Plume regions, WFS and MX regions. Values for the generally positive fluxes (source) in and are roughly six times higher than plume obtained by Cai and Lohrenz the summer and negative fluxes (sink) the Walsh et al. model results. We (2010) were also lower than those in the winter. Data from 2009 cruises used the average value from Walsh et calculated by Walsh et al. (1989) by a indicate that the WFS was generally a al. (1989) of 15.1 g C m-2 yr-1 for the factor of six. Total Gulf water column weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere coastal areas and a value of 12.7 g C productivity was therefore estimated (Robbins, unpub.). m-2 yr-1 for the Central Gulf to ob- using the lower end of the range of Data from nine cruises and more tain a total value of 21.7 Tg C yr-1, or values provided by Walsh et al. (1989) -2 -1 than 64,000 underway data points roughly 6.4% of the total primary pro- (105 to 210 g C m yr ) to be 336 Tg -1 have been used to develop an al- duction. Since actual measured values C yr . This may be somewhat of an gorithm to calculate pCO2 fluxes (Redalje et al., 1994) are much higher, underestimate. (Wanninkhof et al., unpub.). Their this is probably an underestimate. Benthic Primary Production estimates indicate that coastal waters Many coastal regions of the Gulf of the NW Gulf are a very strong Carbon fluxes at the sediment water interface of Mexico are shallow and the water CO2 sink year-round, and coastal has sufficient clarity that sunlight waters of the NE Gulf are a moderate The Walsh et al. (1989) model results compare more favorably with penetrates to the sediment surface. sink year round due to high primary These areas support highly productive productivity stimulated by input of measured values of carbon flux to the sediment (Rowe et al., 2008; Eadie et submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), anthropogenic nutrients from the which has a significant influence on Mississippi River. The open waters al., 1994; Cai and Lohrenz, 2010). Es- -2 -1 the overall productivity of the region. of the Gulf are a source in late sum- timates range from 7 to 30 g C m yr -2 -1 The Mid-Atlantic Bight was used as mer, but a sink at all other times of for coastal areas, 1 to 50 g C m yr for the Plume, and 0.5 to 1.4 g C m-2 a proxy for these SAV communities. the year. The fact that pCO2 is well -2 -1 -1 Estimates of 146 g C m yr from correlated with temperature in the yr for the Central Gulf. A range of 1 to 2 g C m-2 yr-1 was obtained for the Jahnke et al. (2000) resulted in an open Gulf makes these estimates more -1 MX slope/rise region from sediment areal estimate of 25.7 Tg C yr for reliable than those in coastal waters. shelf areas between 0 and 20 m depth. Their overall average flux estimate for traps by Escobar-Briones (personal communication). We used average This compares well with estimates Gulf waters north of 24º N is -11.8 Tg from a recent study conducted in the C yr-1 from air to sea (i.e., a net sink). rates to compute 0.83, 0.26, and 4.83 Tg C yr-1 for Central, slope/rise, and northern Gulf by Murrell et al. (2009) Taken as a whole, there is still much of 109.5 g C m-2 yr-1 and 19 Tg C yr-1. uncertainty in air-sea flux estimates coastal regions, respectively, yielding -1 The average value was added to the for the Gulf of Mexico. In consider- a total sediment flux of 5.92 Tg C yr . This is in reasonable agreement with water column value to obtain a total ation of the synoptic aspects of the primary production of 358 Tg C yr-1. Wanninkhof et al. (unpub.) model re- the estimate from Walsh et al. (1989) -1 sults, we have chosen to use their value of 2.06 Tg C yr based on 1.7% of pri- Hydrocarbon inputs from natural seeps of -11.8 Tg C yr-1 for the northern mary productivity. and Deepwater Horizon accident Gulf. Since the net result from open Primary production There are hundreds, if not thou- waters indicates a slight sink, and any Water Column Primary Production sands, of natural hydrocarbon seeps riverine inputs from coastal Mexico Phytoplankton primary production on the seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico, would also be expected to have a nega- rates from three sources (Walsh et al., as well as an unknown number of OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 3 Science leaking “capped” oil and natural gas References wells. Estimates of how much oil Cai, W.-J., Lohrenz, S., In Liu, Redalje, D.G., Lohrenz, S.E., naturally seeps into the environment K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quiñones, R. Fahnenstiel, G.L., Estuaries 17, range from 1,500 to 3,850 barrels and Talaue-McManus, L. (eds.), 829–838 (1994). per day, or 0.06 – 0.15 Tg C yr-1, not Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in including the input of methane and Robbins, L.L. et al., Ocean Car- Continental Margins: A Global other volatile organic carbon com- bon & Biogeochemistry Scoping Synthesis. Springer-Verlag, New pounds. The total crude oil from the Workshop, Terrestrial and Coastal York, pp. 406–421 (2010). Deepwater Horizon leak was roughly Carbon Fluxes in the Gulf of 4.9 M barrels, or 0.54 Tg C yr-1. Chavez, F et al., In King, A.W., Mexico, Workshop Report, U.S. Release of gases associated with the Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G.P., Geological Survey Open-File Report leak was about half this amount, Fairman, D.M., Houghton, R.A., 2009-1070, 46 pp. (2009). or 0.27 Tg C yr-1. Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., Wilbanks, Robbins, L.L., M.D. Gove, Coble, P., T.J. (eds.), The First State of the Compilation and analysis of USGS Summary and Outlook Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The ad STORE carbon data for water- Values in this paper should be con- North American Carbon Budget and sheds around the Gulf of Mexico. sidered a preliminary carbon budget Implications for the Global Carbon USGS Open File Report (2010 in because some of the key fluxes are Cycle. National Oceanic and Atmo- preparation). missing, either due to lack of data, spheric Administration, National Robbins, L.L. et al., USGS Field Activ- existing data that are contradictory, Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, ity 08FSH01 on the West Florida or to the fact that we have not yet pp. 157–166 (2007). Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, August 2008: incorporated existing data and esti- Eadie, B.J. et al., Estuaries 17, U.S. Geological Survey Data Series mates into our budget. These missing 754–765 (1994). 535, Part A (2010a) fluxes include respiration, rain, and Lohrenz, S.E.,Verity, P.G., In Robinson, cross-shelf exchange. However since Robbins, L. et al., USGS field activity A.R., Brink, K.H. (eds.), The Sea, the Gulf is an enclosed basin, cross- 09FSH01 on the West Florida shelf, Vol. 14A, The Global Coastal Ocean: shelf exchange is less important in Gulf of Mexico, February 2009: U.S. Interdisciplinary Regional Studies this case than along the other U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS and Syntheses: Harvard Press, margins. Data for export fluxes 535, Part B (2010b in review). Cambridge, p.169–223 (2006). through the Florida Straits are also Robbins, L. et al., USGS field activity missing from this preliminary budget. Lohrenz, S.E. et al., Continental Shelf 09FSH02 on the West Florida shelf, Measurements and models of Research 28, 1466–1475 (2010a). Gulf of Mexico, August 2009: U.S. air-sea flux show the greatest progress Lohrenz, S.E. et al., Journal of Geological Survey Data Series DS and potential for increasing certainty Geophysical Research, 115, C10034, 535, Part C (2010c in review). in the near future. In addition, many doi:10.1029/2009JC005608 (2010b). Rowe, G.T. et al., Deep-Sea Research II thousands of new data sets were col- Murrell, M.C. et al., Estuarine, Coastal 55, 2699–2711 (2008). lected during the Deepwater Horizon and Shelf Science 81, 501–512 (2009). leak response by both U.S. federal Walsh, J.J. et al., Progress in Oceanogra- and academic researchers. Many Raymond, P.A. et al., Nature 451, phy 23, 245–301 (1989). research efforts for this response will doi:10.1038/nature06505 (2008). continue over the next few years, and combined, will likely double or triple the data available from U.S. Gulf waters. Additional effort is needed to gather data from the southern Gulf, including coastal, open ocean, and riverine fluxes.

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 4 Science

A New Basin-wide, International Program in the Indian Ocean Raleigh R. Hood 1, Jerry D. Wiggert 2 and S. Wajih A. Naqvi 3 1. Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 775, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge, MD, 21613 USA 2. Dept. of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, 1020 Balch Blvd., Stennis Space Center, MS, 39529-9904 USA 3. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, India *Corresponding author. Tel.: + 1-410-221-8434; Fax: + 1-410-221-8490 Email address: [email protected] (R.R. Hood) Introduction to SIBER growth of many of the countries VAR’s Indian Ocean Panel (IOP). surrounding the Indian Ocean make The long-term goal of SIBER is to Although there have been sig- the coastal environments particularly understand the role of the Indian nificant advances in our ability to vulnerable to anthropogenic influ- Ocean in global biogeochemical describe and model the oceanic ences. Warming and anthropogenic cycles and the interaction between environment, our understanding effects are also impacting valuable these cycles and marine ecosystem of the physical, biogeochemical and fish species. These influences and dynamics. This understanding will ecological dynamics of the Indian their socioeconomic impacts need be required in order to predict the Ocean is still rudimentary in many to be quantified. Understanding the impacts of climate change, eutrophi- respects. This is partly due to the processes that drive biogeochemical cation, and harvesting on the global fact that the Indian Ocean remains and ecological responses to anthro- oceans and the Earth System, and substantially under-sampled in both pogenic effects is necessary to provide it is fundamental to policy makers space and time, especially compared a sound basis for the sustainable in the development of management to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. management of this globally impor- strategies for the Indian Ocean. To The situation is compounded by the tant ocean. An understanding of address this goal, emphasis will be Indian Ocean being a dynamically these processes is also necessary to given to the analysis required to complex and highly variable system predict the impacts and feedbacks predict and evaluate the impacts of under monsoonal influence. The bio- of the Indian Ocean as part of the physical and anthropogenic forcing geochemical and ecological impacts Earth System. on biogeochemical cycles and ecosys- of this complex physical forcing are The Sustained Indian Ocean tem dynamics in the Indian Ocean. not yet fully understood (Hood et al. Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem SIBER has been motivated by 2008, Hood et al. 2009). Research (SIBER) program is an the deployment of new coastal and The Indian Ocean is also warm- emerging basin-wide research ini- open-ocean observing systems in ing rapidly (Alory et al. 2007, Alory & tiative sponsored jointly by the the Indian Ocean that have cre- Meyers 2009), but the impacts of Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry ated new opportunities for carrying this warming on the biota, carbon and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) out biogeochemical and ecological uptake, and nitrogen cycling have not program and Indian Ocean GOOS research. The IOP is coordinating the been quantified. The increasing pop- (IOGOOS) with close ties to CLI- deployment of a basin-wide observ- ulation density and rapid economic

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 5 Science ing system in the Indian Ocean (the The SIBER Program reflects the Following peer review, the plan has Indian Ocean Observing System, importance placed on these issues been given preliminary approval by IndOOS, which includes the Research by the International Geosphere-Bio- the IMBER and IOGOOS steering Moored Array for African-Asian- sphere Program (IGBP), the Scientific committees, and is now undergoing Australian Monsoon Analysis and Committee on Oceanic Research final editing and revision. The draft Prediction, RAMA) (Internation- (SCOR) and the Global Earth Ob- plan is available upon request from al_CLIVAR_Project_Office 2006, serving System of Systems (GEOSS). the first author. Additional com- McPhaden et al. 2009). Although SIBER, which has been developed ments and input are encouraged and there are significant challenges, with the guidance and endorse- welcome. The final plan is slated for deployment of an array of more 30 ment of the IMBER and IOGOOS publication in late Fall 2010. The first buoys is planned in the open ocean Programs, is ambitious and very national SIBER program was recently between 20° N and 20° S spanning broad. It is basin-wide, encompasses established in India with funding the entire basin. These deployments, biogeochemical research from the provided by India’s Ministry of Earth which are already well underway, continental margins to the deep sea Sciences (MoES). Proposals that are accompanied by Argo floats and and tropic levels ranging from phyto- have been submitted and reviewed a variety of physical oceanographic plankton to top predators including include 6 open ocean and 8 coastal/ survey and mooring support cruises. fish and humans. SIBER is intended estuarine projects in the northern In addition, several nations in the to provide scientific guidance and Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean are deploying coastal potential research foci to accommo- The timeline for SIBER meetings observing systems. All of these date the broad (and often regional) and symposia that have been con- programs provide a unique oppor- interests of many countries that are vened to date and that are planned tunity for staging international, interested in pursuing research in the for the future are detailed in Figure 1. interdisciplinary research. SIBER will Indian Ocean. For more information SIBER convened its first official leverage these sampling and moni- on SIBER see http://www.imber.info/ Scientific Steering Committee (SSC*) toring activities and it will provide siber.html. meeting (SIBER-1) July 12-15, 2010 the basin-wide scientific coordina- in Perth, Australia in a joint meeting tion and communication required to Recent developments with IOGOOS, IOP, and the newly predict Indian Ocean biogeochemical The draft SIBER Science Plan formed Indian Ocean Resources cycles and ecosystem dynamics in the and Implementation strategy was Forum (IRF). This joint meeting context of climate change and other submitted to IMBER and IOGOOS brought together leaders in the anthropogenic influences. in January 2010 (Hood et al. 2010). Indian Ocean research community

Figure 1: SIBER Program timeline from Hood et al. (2010).

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 6 Science from many Indian Ocean rim nations •• Establishment of working groups office (IPO). The Secretary of In- and from all over the world. The goal dedicated to promoting SIBER dia’s Ministry of Earth Sciences (Dr. of this meeting was to coordinate in the EU, USA, Australia, Africa, Shailesh Nayak) and the Director of and facilitate international research Oman/Kuwait/Pakistan, Indone- the Indian National Centre for Ocean efforts in the Indian Ocean. sia/Thailand and Japan/China. Information Services in Hyderabad For SIBER, the major accomplish- •• Establishment of working groups (INCOIS, Dr. Satheesh Shenoi) have ments and action items from this dedicated to updating the SIBER invited the SIBER SSC to develop a meeting include: Science Plan scientific themes proposal for submission to MoES/ •• Election of officers and establish- and questions to ensure that INCOIS for the establishment of a ment of a time frame for SSC SIBER will continue to focus on SIBER IPO in Hyderabad, India. The member rotations. the most important scientific SIBER SSC is in the process of devel- •• Addition of four new SSC questions in the Indian Ocean oping this proposal that will provide members** recommended by in the coming years. specifications and resource needs to establish the IPO. A schematic the IMBER and IOGOOS •• Development of plans to convene steering committees. diagram illustrating the relationships a joint SIBER/IOP workshop between the proposed SIBER IPO and •• Review of scientific work, plans on biogeochemical sensor re- the IMBER and IOGOOS IPOs, along and priorities of countries doing quirements for deployment on with oversight and responsibilities, is biogeochemical and ecological moorings and Argo floats. shown in Figure 2. research in the Indian Ocean. Perhaps the most significant *This meeting was attended by •• Development of a strategy for achievement of this meeting was the Interim SSC members: Raleigh Hood tying SIBER into global carbon identification of resources for estab- (USA), Wajih Naqvi (India), Jerry Wig- cycle research programs. lishing a SIBER International Project gert (USA), Catherine Goyet (France),

Figure 2: A schematic diagram illustrating the relationships between the proposed SIBER IPO and the IMBER and IOGOOS IPOs along with oversight and responsibilities. OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 7 Science

Richard Matear (for Lynnath Beckley, Australia), Greg Cowie (UK), Dwi References Susanto (USA/Indonesia), Adnan Alory, G., Meyers, G., J. Clim. 22, 91-113 Al-Azri (Oman), Hiroshi Kitazato (2009). (Japan), and Tim Rixen (Germany). Interim SSC members Mike Landry Alory, G., Wijffels, S., Myers, G., (USA) and David Vousden (South Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, Art. No. Africa) were unable to attend. L02606 (2007). **New SSC members: M. Ravi- Hood, R. et al., Eos Trans. Amer. chandran (India), Mitrasen Bhikajee Geophys. Union 89, 125-126 (2008). (Mauritius), Shiham Adam (Mal- Hood, R. R. et al., SIBER Science Plan dives) and Somkiat Khokiattiwong and Implementation Strategy, (Thailand). IMBER Report No. 3, IOGOOS Legacy Report No. 4 (2010, in revision). The coordination and integration Hood, R. R., Wiggert, J. D., Naqvi, S. of Indian Ocean biogeochemical and W. A., Geophysical Monograph Series ecosystem research through SIBER doi: 10.1029/2008GM000714, will advance our knowledge of this 409-429 (2009). under-sampled basin and provide International CLIVAR Project a major contribution to the under- Office, Understanding The Role Of standing of how regional and global The Indian Ocean In The Climate change may impact biogeochemical System - Implementation Plan For cycles and ecosystem function, not Sustained Observations, CLIVAR only in the Indian Ocean, but in Publications Series No. 100 (2006). the Earth System, creating a lasting McPhaden, M. J. et al., Bull Am Meteorol legacy upon which future research Soc 90, 459-480 (2009). can be built. The scientific findings will inform scientists in the international community and provide a focus for future research on important regional, basin-wide, and global issues. These findings will also provide policy makers with the sound scientific basis upon which to make decisions on the management of Indian Ocean ecosystems. SIBER will leverage and strengthen GOOS and IMBER by promoting coordinated international, multidisciplinary research in developed countries, and also human resources and infrastruc- ture development in many developing Indian Ocean rim countries.

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 8 Science

Reflections of an MBARI 2010 Summer Intern by Sara Thomas, University of Hawai’i

The summer of 2010 was when to coach me one-on-one for 10 weeks. I stepped away from my familiar I was selected to work on the Envi- playing grounds and entered an ronmental Sample Processor (ESP) unexplored science, microbial ocean- project. On this project I practiced the ography. I was leaving my University process of designing and optimizing of Hawai’i (UH) home base and enter- molecular assays for the ESP. The ESP ing a new playing field, the Monterey is a revolutionary electromechanical Bay Aquarium Research Institute fluidic machine that collects discrete (MBARI). Having earned my Bachelor sub-surface water samples and applies of Science in Global Environmental molecular probes to identify microbes Science and completed an under- and their functional gene expres- graduate thesis project in terrestrial sions, all in-situ. The instrument also geochemistry, the MBARI summer archives samples that can be ana- internship program would be my first lyzed after a maximum deployment opportunity to be part of a marine of approximately 30 days. The ESP is science research team. This was the a big upcoming player for microbial field I want to practice in graduate oceanography and marine biogeo- school but I did not have a specific chemistry. My internship at MBARI research topic in mind that I knew I was an opportunity to learn how this wanted to pursue. I was interested in instrument works. I attempted to multiple disciplines of oceanography design molecular assays to target the so I applied to my top three choices of functional gene expression idiA in the My mentor, Julie Robidart, was my research projects offered by the intern- species Synechococcus, and optimize the MVP throughout the summer. Her ship program with faith that MBARI nifH assays developed by Matt Church passion for microbial oceanography would coach me into discovering a at UH for future implementation on made her more than willing to teach specific research topic to pursue in the ESP at station ALOHA. But more me everything I needed to know to graduate school. importantly, this was the summer that make it to home base on the ESP When I received my acceptance into would entice me to the microbial and project. When I first stepped onto the the summer internship program I was biogeochemistry disciplines of ocean- MBARI field she coached me every ecstatic and honored to be one of the ography, fields I honestly never thought step of the way, and before we knew it, 17 chosen for the 2010 MBARI sum- I would pursue. her expertise gave me the confidence mer internship team. The program It was a challenging summer. I was I needed to round all the bases of the only had funding for 12 interns but on unfamiliar turf as a new player on ESP lab on my own. It was a rewarding was able to accommodate additional the well-established ESP team, step- experience for both of us. My experi- interns who were sponsored by other ping into not only a completely new ence at MBARI was further enhanced institutions. The Center for Micro- lab at a different institution, but in by the program coordinators George bial Oceanography: Research and an untried field too. I didn’t have Matsumoto and Linda Kuhnz, who Education (C-MORE) supported my prior microbiology training, in a did an excellent job organizing the spot on the intern team. This was my classroom or in research, or an engi- program and providing interns with chance to not only step out onto a new neering background. Yet there I support and encouragement through- research field but to do so at a leading was at MBARI, taking a swing at a out the ten weeks. Together we all oceanographic institution with an ex- research project that directly dealt made a great team! perienced C-MORE post-doc from the with microorganisms and advanced University of California at Santa Cruz micro fluidics technology.

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 9 OCB Updates

Important OCB Dates »» December 11–12, 2010: »» May 23–25, 2011: OCB Scoping »» July 18–21, 2011: OCB Summer Coastal Synthesis Workshop Workshop: A Biogeochemical Workshop (Woods Hole Oceano- (San Francisco, CA) Flux program aligned with the graphic Institution, Woods Ocean Observatories Initiative Hole, MA) »» March 22–24, 2010: OCB (OOI) (Woods Hole Oceano- Ocean Acidification PI Meeting graphic Institution, Woods (by invitation) (Woods Hole Hole, MA) Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA)

OCB Summer Workshop Report Ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling in a changing ocean July 19–22, 2010 (La Jolla, CA) by Heather Benway The 5th annual OCB summer work- of the biological pump in open- eloid layer of OMZs. To assess the role shop, co-sponsored by the NSF, NASA, ocean OMZs. Another presentation of benthic oxygen consumption in and NOAA, convened 107 participants described the adaptations of and seasonal hypoxia on the Oregon Shelf, at the Scripps Institution of Ocean- physiological challenges facing ben- the next speaker described the appli- ography in La Jolla, California July thic organisms in upwelling OMZs. cation of an eddy correlation method 19-22, 2010. The workshop opened Shifting the focus to coastal regions, to quantify benthic oxygen exchange with a session on the Arctic, which is one speaker illustrated the increasing rates. Another presentation focused undergoing rapid changes in response incidence of coastal hypoxia related on the application of stable isotope to warming, accelerated melting of to anthropogenic nutrient loading tracers and linear inverse modeling large ice sheets, and reductions in and subsequent eutrophication, and to better understand carbon cycling seasonal sea ice cover. This session provided an overview of insights in benthic marine food webs. Using included two presentations that gained from the application of mo- data from time-series sediment traps addressed implications of increasing lecular biological and stable isotope in the Gulf of Maine, the final speaker sea ice melt for sea surface CO2 and techniques to detect and differentiate illustrated the importance of benthic carbonate ion concentrations in the key transformations in the marine ni- nepheloid layer processes to carbon western Arctic Ocean. Another presen- trogen cycle. The final speaker in the cycling in continental margins. tation focused on recent observations session described global, regional, and The meeting also included presenta- of seasonally changing aragonite satu- paleo-modeling approaches to explore tions on the carbon sink potential of ration in the northern coastal Gulf of the implications of expanding OMZs vegetated coastal ecosystems; regional Alaska. Moving into the Bering Sea, for marine biogeochemical cycles. updates on the North American a speaker described the impact of Benthic and pelagic ecosystems coastal synthesis activities; overviews decreasing sea ice extent on autotrophs, are inextricably linked by way of of recent ocean acidification, ocean including primary productivity, ex- biogeochemical cycling and transfor- fertilization, and Gulf of Mexico oil port, and community composition. mation, and benthic-pelagic coupling spill activities; community discus- Many models are predicting a along continental shelves represents sions of the next U.S. Carbon Cycle significant expansion of oxygen a significant unknown in coastal Science Plan; and partner program minimum zones (OMZs) in response carbon budgets. A plenary session on and agency updates. For further infor- to increasing anthropogenic CO2 benthic-pelagic interactions opened mation, including access to archived emissions, which will affect marine with a presentation on molecular webcasts and presentations given at productivity, carbon and nutrient approaches that have improved the workshop, please visit the work- cycling, and food webs. A plenary understanding of marine nitrogen shop website. session on low-oxygen regions opened and carbon cycling and community with a characterization of key features structure in the intermediate neph- OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 10 OCB Updates OCB Scoping Workshop Report Sea change: Charting the course for ecological and biogeochemical ocean time-series research September 21-23, 2010 (Honolulu, HI) by Heather Benway, Kendra Daly, and Laura Lorenzoni Apart from the whirlwind of •• generate a prioritized list for series sites as ‘training facilities’ hurricane activity in September future activities at the sites. for up-and-coming oceanographers. that wreaked havoc with several par- The presentations and working The meeting opened with sum- ticipants’ travel plans, the time-series group discussions on the Ocean maries of scientific highlights by the workshop was a great success, thanks Observatories Initiative (OOI), PIs from each time-series site, which to the capable leadership of the work- European marine observatories, set the stage for an ongoing commu- shop steering committee: Matthew autonomous platforms, and satellite- nity discussion of future scientific Church (University of Hawaii), Frank and ship-based time-series clarified priorities and activities. Participants Muller-Karger (University of South the role of the OCB time-series sites identified scientific questions related Florida), Mike Lomas (Bermuda Insti- as part of a global observing system. to ecosystem structure and dynamics tute of Ocean Sciences), Sue Banahan Participants recommended leverag- driven by spatial (e.g., mesoscale fea- (Consortium for Ocean Leadership), ing and strengthening ties to existing tures like eddies) and temporal (e.g., Ken Johnson (Monterey Bay Aquarium U.S. and international time-series episodic events) scales that could be Research Institute), and Laura Loren- and observing programs to the extent effectively addressed with the time-se- zoni (University of South Florida). possible. A workshop report is in ries. There was a discussion of current The workshop convened participants preparation. For more information, and emerging technologies that could from academia, supporting agencies, please visit the workshop website. be incorporated at the time-series sites and other U.S. and international (e.g., moorings), as well as the need to time-series and observing programs. use existing historical data sets from The goals of this workshop were to: New Community the sites to their fullest potential. •• synthesize ongoing research at Participants recommended that the Resources U.S. OCB time-series sites time-series sites continue ship-based Research Tools (HOT, BATS, CARIACO); measurements and expressed the need »» Revised GO-SHIP Repeat •• identify potential areas of for improved and more extensive mod- Hydrography Manual improvement, including strength- eling efforts and flux estimates, along »» Matlab Toolbox to Perform ened connections to other marine with better integration and synthesis Secondary Quality Control biogeochemical time-series and across the time-series sites. They also (2nd QC) on Hydrographic observing activities; and highlighted the importance of time- Data published at CDIAC »» Alliance for Coastal OCB Website Developments Technologies (ACT) releases technology evaluations of »» NEW OCB Policies and Procedures document available on OCB four pCO2 analyzers (PMEL website: The OCB Project Office and the OCB Scientific Steering MAPCO2/Battelle Seaology Committee (SSC) recently developed a document for the community pCO2, Contros HydroC/ that describes OCB’s programmatic mission, objectives, and CO2, Sunburst SAMI-CO2, operating procedures Pro-Oceanus Systems PSI CO2-Pro) »» OCB adds expanding low oxygen conditions to its list of scientific priorities »» Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes »» Submit your peer-reviewed publications to the OCB website (RECCAP) »» Informational OCB page on the Gulf Oil Spill continued on next page...

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 11 OCB Updates

Related Project News New Community IOCCP Resources, cont. •• Report from the Southern and Indian Ocean Surface White Papers, Articles, Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) Workshop (16-18 June 2010, Hobart, Tasmania) now available and Reports »» U.S. Group on Earth Obser- vations (USGEO) report on IMBER and SOLAS earth observations •• Plenary presentations from the IMBER IMBIZO II to be posted »» Science Daily article: Speed on the meeting website and installation of system to presentations from the Dry Cruise interactive training monitor vital signs of global workshop on good data management practices are now available here. ocean, scientists urge (Part- nership for Observation of •• Upcoming IMBER/SOLAS special joint sessions: the Global Oceans (POGO)) •• ASLO 2011 Aquatic Sciences Meeting (February 13–18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico) - S28: Biogeochemical, Ecological and Physical Dynamics of »» Report from the CAMEO Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems Workshop on End-to-End Modeling of Marine Ecosys- •• European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2011 tems (April 3–8, 2011, Vienna, Austria) - Session OS3.1: Sensitivity of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles to global change »» Community White Paper: A Call for a Global Biogeo- chemical Fluxes Program NACP for the Ocean Observatories •• AmeriFlux Science Meeting & 3rd NACP All-Investigators Initiative (OOI) Meeting (January 31–February 4, 2011, New Orleans, LA) – Pre-registration deadline is December 10, 2010! Journal Special Issues »» Biogeosciences special issue: Hypoxia U.S. CLIVAR •• U.S. CLIVAR Summit (July 19–21, 2011, invitation »» Biogeosciences special issue: only) to be held in conjunction with the annual The Ocean in the High-CO2 OCB summer workshop in Woods Hole, MA World II »» Ecological and Biogeo chemical Interactions in the Dark Ocean. Edited by D. K. Steinberg and D. A. Hansell, Deep-Sea Research Part II 57 (16), 1429-1592 (15 August 2010) »» Special Issue of Oceanography “Celebrating 50 Years of the Intergovernmental Oceano- graphic Commission”

Education and Outreach »» 3rd CarboSchools booklet “Global Change: From research to the classroom” to be released in Dec. 2010

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 12 OCB Updates

The 2010 USA Science and Engineering Festival OCB & ASLO team up for outreach success by Sarah Cooley (WHOI) such as plankton nets, Go-flo bottles, examples of household fluids plus Nine hundred straws  Argo floats, and Slocum gliders, and cabbage juice that spanned the pH Slocum glider  we showed examples of their data range and invited them to compare on a variety of posters. We also used their observations to this “standard Two gallons of curve.” Even the youngest visitors  a hands-on activity to introduce red cabbage juice visitors to ocean acidification, one of enjoyed matching up the colors and Zip ties  the phenomena uncovered by such bubbling into their cups. Plankton net  observing efforts. Granola bars  We adapted the hands-on activity  from the OCB science lab “Ocean Go-flo bottle acidification in a cup.” Visitors of all Duct tape  ages chose a cup containing fresh water or artificial seawater plus red That’s just a sample of the pre-trip cabbage juice (a great nontoxic pH supply checklist that helped the indicator) and blew bubbles through ASLO-OCB booth become a smash- the liquid with a straw to see how dif- ing success at the October 23-24 USA ficult it is to “acidify” a water sample Science and Engineering Festival in with carbon dioxide. Most people Washington, DC, on and around the were surprised at how easily they H. Benway (left) and S. Cooley (right) teach National Mall. All types of scientists could change the pH of their liquid the masses about ocean acidification. — cheerleaders with science degrees, samples! To connect this activity science comedians, and many to what people already knew about Throughout the weekend, we found more — spent the weekend educating acids and bases, we also displayed countless ways to connect aquatic sci- children and adults about ence with visitors’ interests. science, technology, With visitors who wanted to engineering, and math. compare the acidification ASLO and OCB collabo- responses of the two water rated to host one of the types, we talked about dif- 1500 festival booths that ferences between lakes and offered hands-on science oceans. When experiment- to visitors of all ages. With ers competed to see who the slogan “Watching could acidify their sample water to probe the planet” the farthest or the fastest, prominently displayed we’d talk about what model on our booth’s banner, forecasts actually predict, we aimed to introduce and how carbon dioxide’s visitors to several aquatic behavior ultimately limits observing methods and ocean acidification. When what we have learned someone asked about the from them. We showed off Go-flo bottle, we’d talk classic and cutting-edge From left to right: H. Benway, A. Sponberg, D. Bronk, and S. Cooley about field research. When observing technologies wield Slocum glider shell that Oscar Schofield (Rutgers) generously the Slocum glider caught loaned us for the Festival – a big hit among children and adults! continued on next page... OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 13 Ocean Acidification Updates (continued)

The 2010 USA Science and Engineering Festival OCB & EPOCA, BIOACID and UKOARP 2010 ASLO team up for outreach Annual Meeting 2010 success, cont. someone’s eye, we told them a bit Largest Ocean Acidification meeting to date about how ocean engineering tech- held in Bremerhaven, Germany nologies can be simple and elegant, by Claudine Hauri, EPOCA student representative yet provide more data than thousands of ships combined. In September 2010, 230 scientists involved in EPOCA (European Project on We estimate that 500-600 visitors Ocean Acidification), BIOACID (Biological Impacts of Ocean ACIDification, stopped at our booth over the two- Germany) and/or UKOARP (UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme) day festival. This meant a very busy participated in the largest meeting to date on ocean acidification. The meeting two days for the booth’s organizers, provided an opportunity to share the latest research and to bridge interdisci- ASLO’s Debbie Bronk and Adrienne plinary work. A primary focus of the meeting was the physiological response Sponberg, and OCB’s Heather Ben- of micro- and macroorganisms exposed to changes in carbon chemistry. way and Sarah Cooley. We couldn’t Additional topics included observations of local changes in biogeochemistry, have done it without the generous paleo-reconstruction of ocean carbon chemistry, and biogeochemical/ecologi- participation of Susan Banahan cal modeling. and Marti Snyderwine, who helped CarboSchools, a program that fosters partnerships between climate re- us through the midday rush hours. searchers and secondary school teachers, is a unique component of all three Festival organizers are tentatively projects that integrates cutting edge scientific research with education of planning for a second USA Science school children across Europe. Direct interaction between children and and Engineering Festival in 2012, so scientists, including live documentation of ongoing experiments in Svalbard consider teaming up with us then helped to increase the interest and awareness of rising atmospheric CO2 to highlight your science. You never and its consequences. know—you may just find a future One full day of the meeting was dedicated to Ph.D. students and early graduate student! career scientists. This gathering attracted 70 students and early career scientists. It was an ideal platform to present preliminary results. The informal setting encouraged open discussions and fostered collaborations among OCB to host Ocean Acidification young scientists. As successful as it was, it could be a model for future PI meeting in Spring 2011 student meetings. The OCB Project Office and OCB ocean acidification subcommittee are Please feel free to visit the planning an invited workshop for lead investigators of funded ocean acidifi- EPOCA website to read more cation-related research projects to promote dialogue and build relationships about the meeting: among scientists from all disciplines, agency affiliations, and regions. To http://www.epoca-project.eu/index. aid the development of the national ocean acidification research program, php/what-do-we-do/meetings/ we seek to bring the community together while many ocean acidification epoca-2010-meeting.html research projects in the U.S. are still in their early phases to foster collaborations that will maximize all outcomes of the research: the scientific findings Or about CarboSchools: themselves, the associated education and outreach activities, data manage- http://www.carboeurope.org/ ment efforts, and future research planning. Events will include overview education/index.php talks, poster sessions, breakout sessions, plenary discussions, and flash introductions. Representatives from international programs will also provide Claudine Hauri information on collaborative opportunities between U.S. and international EPOCA student representative researchers. This meeting will be held March 22-24, 2011 at the Woods Hole Ph.D. candidate, ETH Zurich, Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, MA. Switzerland [email protected]

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 14 Ocean Acidification Updates (continued)

Ocean Acidification News Headlines OCB ocean acidification website sees 10- to 20-fold increase in site »» New and improved NOAA Asked Questions about Ocean visits following the release of the Science on a Sphere (SOS) Acidification,” and provides infor- ocean acidification FAQs ocean acidification content: mation about some of the more Sarah Cooley (OCB Project Office) technical questions the public is has been working to improve the asking about ocean acidification. visual presentation of ocean acidi- It has been translated into 5 lan- •• CRUISE 1: June–July 2011, fication data for NOAA SOS to guages for wide circulation. around the UK & Ireland make it more accessible to a broad including North Sea, Skager- »» IMBER/SOLAS Working Group range of museum visitors, and she rak, English Channel, Celtic on Ocean Acidification to meet has also developed an accompany- and Irish Seas, NE Atlantic with U.S. program and science ing script to help docents explain and the Bay of Biscay. managers November 30, 2010 in the concepts behind the datasets Washington, DC to explore joint •• CRUISE 2: July–Aug 2012, that appear on the sphere. These international activities Arctic Ocean including improvements are coming soon to Greenland, Iceland & Barents a “sphere” near you. »» IMBER/SOLAS Working Seas, Fram Strait and vicinity Group on Ocean Acidifica- »» The National Science Foundation of Svalbard. tion invites contributions for a announces recipients of grants to map- and web-based overview •• CRUISE 3: Jan–Feb 2012, study ocean acidification of ocean acidification research: Southern Ocean including »» National Research Council report Prior to release of the web site, across Drake Passage, Scotia “Ocean Acidification: A National researchers can contribute ocean Sea, Weddell Sea ice-edge, Strategy to Meet the Challenges acidification research locations NW of South Georgia. of a Changing Ocean” available for inclusion in the site and send Observational measurements of now suggestions for web site features various environmental and response to Jim Barry ([email protected]). »» Third Symposium on the Ocean variables will be made on all three Please provide the following in a High CO World to take place cruises, including carbonate chemis- 2 information: in Autumn 2012 in Monterey, CA try, nutrients, light, etc and biological •• project title and biogeochemical properties and »» Dr. Richard Feely receives •• latitude rates. Bioassay experiments will be Heinz award •• longitude conducted at a range of different »» UK Ocean Acidification (decimal degrees) CO2 levels, in a customized labora- Research Programme •• depth (m) tory container allowing temperature and light climates to be controlled. formally launched •• investigator Three separate types of bioassay will •• research focus (e.g. physiol- »» Funding opportunity for be conducted in parallel, for bacteria, ogy, chemical oceanography, US-UK exchange visits phytoplankton and zooplankton. growth rates, calcification) »» Ocean Acidification — A new We are keen to consider requests from •• taxon (taxa) guide for non-specialists: international scientists to participate, The Ocean Acidification Refer- •• start date although berths will be limited. Spare ence User Group (RUG) has •• end date berths will be allocated based on the released a new document about •• web link interest of the proposed science and how well it fits in with what we are ocean acidification entitled »» Ocean acidification research already planning. For more informa- “Ocean acidification: Questions cruise opportunities in 2011 tion, please contact Toby Tyrrell answered” that is targeted to non- and 2012: Three ocean acidifica- ([email protected]). specialists. The document draws tion research cruises will be run from the longer OCB-EPOCA- as part of the UK Ocean Acidifica- UKOARP-BIOACID “Frequently tion Research Programme:

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 15 OCB Calendar

2010

December 7–9: Second International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-2) — Arctic System in a Changing Earth (Tokyo, Japan)

December 11–12: Coastal Synthesis Workshop (San Francisco, CA)

December 13–17: Fall American Geophysical Union Meeting (San Francisco, CA)

2011

January 10: NASA Carbon Monitoring System Community Forum (Washington, DC)

January 19–21: National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE)’s 11th National Conference on Science, Policy and the Environment: Our Changing Oceans (Washington, DC)

January 31– Ameriflux and NACP All Investigators Meeting (New Orleans, LA) February 4, 2011:

February 13–18: ASLO 2011 Winter Meeting: Limnology and Oceanography in a Changing World (San Juan, Puerto Rico)

March 20–25: Gordon Research Conference on Polar Marine Science — Exploring Complex Systems in Polar Marine Science (Ventura, CA)

March 22–24: OCB Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (invitation only) (Woods Hole, MA)

April 3–8: European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011 (Vienna, Austria)

April 3–4: Climate Change and Ocean Carbon — Field Observation, Remote Sensing and Modeling — A Joint International Workshop of OCCOS and CHOICE-C (Xiamen, China)

May 3–6: 43rd International Liege colloquium on ocean dynamics (Liege, Belgium)

May 23–25: OCB Scoping Workshop: “A Biogeochemical Flux program aligned with the Ocean Observatories Initiative” (Woods Hole, MA)

June 20–24: 7th EGU Alexander von Humboldt Conference on “Ocean Acidification: Consequences for marine ecosystems and society” (Penang, Malaysia)

July 3–7: 11th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (Florence, Italy)

July 18–21: Annual OCB Science Workshop (Woods Hole, MA)

July 19–21: 2011 US CLIVAR Summit (Woods Hole, MA)

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 16 OCB Calendar (continued)

2011 (continued)

August 29– SOLAS Summer School 2011 (Corsica, France) September 10:

September 12–15: LOICZ Open Science Conference 2011: “Coastal Systems, Global Change and Sustainability” (Yantai, China)

September 26–30: World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (Aberdeen, Scotland)

2012

March 26–29: Planet Under Pressure: new knowledge towards solutions (London, UK)

September 24–27: Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World (Monterey, CA, contact: [email protected])

2010/2011 Funding Opportunities

»» November 30: 2010 UK-US »» March 15: NSF Frontiers in »» September 1: NSF Catalyzing collaboration development Earth System Dynamics full New International Collabora- award program (contact: maike. proposal deadline tions proposal target [email protected]) »» June 1: NASA ROSES 2010 - A4. »» November 15: NSF Dynamics »» December 1: NASA ROSES Land Cover/Land Use Change of Coupled Natural and Hu- 2010 - A4. Land Cover/Land Use proposal deadline man Systems (CNH) proposal Change NOI deadline deadline »» August 15: NSF Biological »» December 9: NSF Dynamics and Chemical Oceanography of Coupled Natural and Hu- proposal targets man Systems (CNH) proposal deadline »» January 7: Comparative Analysis of Marine Ecosystem OCB News Organization (CAMEO) pro- is an electronic newsletter that is published by the OCB Project Office. posal submission deadline Current and previous issues of OCB News can be downloaded from: »» January 27: NSF Major www.us-ocb.org/publications/newsletters.html Research Instrumentation pro- Editor: Heather M. Benway posal deadline OCB Project Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution »» February 15: NSF Biological Dept. of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry and Chemical Oceanography 266 Woods Hole Road, Mail Stop #25 proposal targets Woods Hole, MA 02543 »» March 1: NSF Catalyzing New v 508-289-2838 • f 508-457-2193 International Collaborations We welcome your comments and contributions for publication. proposal target [email protected]

OCB NEWS • Fall 2010 17