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Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases

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Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases nanomaterials Review Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases Cristian Vergallo Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73010 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] Received: 6 June 2020; Accepted: 22 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: The scientific community is becoming increasingly interested in identifying, characterizing, and delivering nutraceuticals, which constitutes a multi-billion-dollar business. These bioactive agents are claimed to exhibit several health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases, heart, brain and metabolic disorders, etc. Nutraceuticals are typically consumed as part of a regular human diet and are usually present within foods, comprising vegetable oil, although at low levels and variable composition. Thus, it is difficult to control the type, amount and frequency of their ingestion by individuals. Nanoformulations about vegetable oil-based bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties are useful for overcoming these issues, while improving the uptake, absorption, and bioavailability in the body. The purpose of this current study is to review papers on such nanoformulations, particularly those relevant for health benefits and the prevention and management of diseases, as well as bioactives extracted from vegetable oils enhancing the drug effectiveness, retrieved through bibliographic databases by setting a timespan from January 2000 to April 2020 (about 1758 records). Keywords: vegetable oils; nutraceuticals; plant bioactives; nanoformulated delivery systems 1. Introduction The term ‘nutraceutical’ was coined in 1989 by the physician Stephen DeFelice, chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM, Cranford, NJ, U.S.A.), by merging the words ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. He defined nutraceutical as “[...] a nutritional product—a single entity or combination which includes special diets - that reasonable clinical evidence has shown to have a medical benefit [...]” [1]. Over time, this definition has been broadened to make no absolute distinction between foods and drugs. Thus, as nutraceutical is referred to a food (or part of a food) that has medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of disease [2]. Nowadays, the term nutraceutical, as commonly used in marketing, is not under any regulation. Nutraceuticals are often referred to as pharma-food, a powerful toolbox administered outside the diet before the drug treatment. It can prevent/treat pathological conditions, such as occurs in patients who are not yet eligible for conventional pharmaceutical therapy [3]. Synthetic drugs are the first treatment option for several diseases. However, pharmaceutical products are strictly regulated and have governmental sanction [4]. The lack of cell specificity of some drugs, like chemotherapeutic agents against cancer cells, contributes to systemic toxicity and adverse effects, which limit the effective dose of the drug administered. Besides, patients have also been concerned because of their high price [5]. Thus, studies which aim to develop alternative therapies in the treatment and prevention of diseases are considerably increasing. Among the alternative therapies, the use of nutraceuticals represents a highly validated approach. Nutraceuticals provide all substances found in food, driving the biological activities that are essential for the human body [6]. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1232; doi:10.3390/nano10061232 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1232 2 of 32 Besides,Nanomaterials they 2020 can, 10 prevent, x FOR PEER or delay REVIEW several diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts,2 of 31 brain disorders, metabolic, cardiovascular, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases, etc. Due to cataracts, brain disorders, metabolic, cardiovascular, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases, etc. their potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects, the interest in nutraceuticals is growing Due to their potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects, the interest in nutraceuticals is rapidly worldwide [7]. The market share of nutraceuticals has been tremendously expanded. The U.S. growing rapidly worldwide [7]. The market share of nutraceuticals has been tremendously nutraceutical market was worth approximately 71.73 billion U.S. dollars in 2017 and is forecasted to expanded. The U.S. nutraceutical market was worth approximately 71.73 billion U.S. dollars in 2017 reach 133.4 billion U.S. dollars by 2025 [8]. and is forecasted to reach 133.4 billion U.S. dollars by 2025 [8]. Vegetable oil is a rich source of nutraceuticals, playing a pivotal role in human health and nutrition, Vegetable oil is a rich source of nutraceuticals, playing a pivotal role in human health and suchnutrition, as carotenoids, such as lecithin, carotenoids, lignans, lecithin, oryzanols, lignans, phytosterols oryzanols, and phytostanols, phytosterols policosanol, and phytostanols, tocopherols andpolicosanol, tocotrienols, tocopherols triacylglycerols and tocotrienols, (TAGs) and triacylglycerols free fatty acids (TAGs) (FAs) derivedand free from fatty them acids [ 6(FAs)]. As derived shown in Figurefrom1 them, almost [6]. 87% As shown of the total in Figure world 1, production almost 87% of of edible the total vegetable world oils production (180 million of edible metric vegetable tons in the 2019oils/2020 (180 cropmillion year) metric is represented tons in the by 2019/2020 four plant crop oils year) only, is i.e., represented palm (36.5%), by four soy plant (27.4%), oils rape only, (13.1%) i.e., andpalm sunflower (36.5%), (10.0%). soy (27.4%), As a result rape of (13.1%) the high and monounsaturation sunflower (10.0%). at the As crucial a result 2-position of the of high the oil TAGs,monounsaturation feeding experiments at the crucial on various 2-position animal of species the oil andTAGs, humans feeding have experiments highlighted on thevarious beneficial animal role ofspecies fresh palm and humans oil (PO) tohave health highlighted (cholesterol-raising the beneficial effect), role of making fresh palm it as oil healthy (PO) to as health olive oil(cholesterol- [9]. PO had theraising highest effect), volume making of production it as healthy among as olive the oil major [9]. categoriesPO had the of highest vegetable volume oil, with of production 75.7 million among metric tonsthe worldwide. major categories Other of importantvegetable oil, edible with plant 75.7 million oils are metric palm tons kernel worldwide. (4.2%), peanut Other (2.9%),important cottonseed edible (2.6%),plant coconutoils are palm (1.7%), kernel and (4.2%), olive (1.6%)peanut oils,(2.9%), which cottonseed together (2.6%), represent coconut only (1.7%), 27 million and olive metric (1.6%) tons worldwideoils, which [ 10together]. Greater represent amounts only of 27 oil million are extracted metric tons from worldwide the seeds [10]. of copraGreater (62.5%), amounts palm of oil kernel are (44.4%),extracted sun from (40.6%), the rapeseeds (39.1%), of copra peanut (62.5%), (32.7%), palm soykernel (18.6%), (44.4%), and sun cotton (40.6%), (14.4%) rape [11 (39.1%),]. Among peanut the oils extracted(32.7%), fromsoy (18.6%), fruit pulp and (mesocarp), cotton (14.4%) olive [11]. oil and Among PO are the the oils most extracted marketed. from They fruit arepulp contained (mesocarp), in the mesocarpolive oil inand a percentagePO are the most varying marketed. 30–55% They (PO) are and co 38–58%ntained (olivein the oil)mesocarp [12]. in a percentage varying 30–55% (PO) and 38–58% (olive oil) [12]. FigureFigure 1. 1.Production Production (%) (%) of of edible edible vegetablevegetable oils worldwide.worldwide. The The production production volume volume of of vegetable vegetable oil oil inin the the 2019 2019/2020/2020 crop crop year year exceeded exceeded 200 200 millionmillion metricmetric tons worldwide. worldwide. Almost Almost 87% 87% of of the the total total world world productionproduction (180 (180 million million metric metric tonstons inin thatthat period)period) is represented by by the the pa palmlm (75.69 (75.69 million million metric metric tons,tons, 36.5%), 36.5%), soybean soybean (56.73 (56.73 million million metric metric tons, tons, 27.4%), 27.4%), rapeseed rapeseed (27.04 (27.04 million million metric metric tons, tons, 13.1%) 13.1%) and sunflowerand sunflower seed (20.65 seed (20.65 million million metric metric tons, tons, 10.0%) 10.0%) oils [oils10]. [10]. ChallengesChallenges about about vegetable vegetable oil-based oil-based nutraceuticals nutraceuticals concern concern issues common issues tocommon all nutraceuticals, to all especiallynutraceuticals, when especially they are administered when they are through administer theed oral through route, the namely oral route, formulation, namely bioavailability,formulation, stabilitybioavailability, and/or permeationstability and/or of thepermeation bioactive of inthe the bioactive gastrointestinal in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), tract labile (GIT), nature, labile oral absorptionnature, oral and absorption target ability and target [13–16 ability]. Researchers [13–16]. Researchers are attempting are attempting to address to address these issues these byissues wide spectrumby wide spectrum approaches approaches tailored tailored for each for specific each sp nutraceutical.ecific nutraceutical.
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