Terminology for Knots, Splices, & Rope1 Introduction Knots, Bends, Hitches, & Splices
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MSC-132: Fishing Gear Technology I Terminology for Knots, Splices, & Rope1 Introduction The earliest ropes used by primitive man were probably vines. But somewhere in early history man learned to twist and braid fibers to make stronger, surer and safer ropes. Down through the years rope has served mankind as an important tool for hauling, lifting, and securing. Much of the history of knots is unauthenticated, but we do know that knots have provided useful friction since Neolithic man first tied a stone to a stick for tools and weapons. The use of knots employing stringy vegetation was certainly helpful to man prior to written history. In fact, knots may rank with the great discoveries of man. The wheel, fire, cultivation of soil, and the axe probably were discovered thousands of years after the knot. The earliest sailors developed knot tying into an art. By the early nineteenth century, sailors who could seldom write their own names had invented a bewildering array of complicated knots - many of them jealously guarded secrets. Knots are a vital factor in marine occupations as well as many other branches of industry. More recently, the increase in marine related occupations and leisure activities, as well as the manufacture of a wide variety of synthetic material for ropes and related gear has stimulated a more scientific approach to the evaluation of line strength, knot testing procedures, and the production of related gear. No matter who you are, the ability to tie the right knot quickly and correctly, is valuable knowledge. Knots, Bends, Hitches, & Splices Most people call any method of tying rope or cordage a knot. However, experts recognize a difference between knot-tying and splicing. In general terms, a splice permanently joins the ends of two ropes, or forms a single rope into a permanent loop. On the other hand, knots are a method for temporarily attaching rope to an object, another rope, or to itself. Knots are further divided loosely into four classes: Knots are tied with the end of a rope, or on the bight, or upon its own standing part. Bends are used to fasten (bend) two rope ends together. Hitches are used to secure a rope, either end or bight, to a hook, ring or spar. It may also be used to form a loop or a noose in a rope. Ornamental knots are practical or decorative knots frequently used at the end of lines or sennits to form stops or grips. Generally speaking we will not address purely ornamental knots in this class although we will occasionally refer to the practical functions of these knots. A rope with a knot or splice in it is weaker than an unknotted or unspliced rope. In general, splices weaken a rope less than hitches; and, hitches weaken a rope less than knots and bends. A poor knot, often called a "granny" or a “lubber's" knot, will not hold in the strongest rope, nor will the most skillful knot make a poor grade of rope safe. 1 Excerpts for this chapter have been extracted wholly or in part from the following resources: Chapman, Charles: Piloting - Seamanship & Small Boat Handling. 61st. Ed. Hearst Marine Books, New York, N.Y. 1994. Graumont, Raoul: Handbook of Knots. Cornell Maritime Press, Centreville, Md. 1994. U.S. Power Squadrons: Marlinspike. USPS, 1994. Terminology for Knots, Splices, & Rope In selecting which knot to use, the technician should consider: The use of the knot Whether the knot will slip The type of rope Whether the knot needs to be permanent When selecting which rope should be used in a given application, the technician should consider: The intended use of the rope The strength The type of construction The workability The material Marlinespike seamanship is admittedly not a precise science, and therefore, most knotting procedures have many methods and differing terminology. The materials and methods discussed in this class are to be considered a basis for acquiring further knowledge. With that in mind, the following terms and definitions should become part of your vocabulary. While the list is certainly not all inclusive, nor does it address the many regional variances that you will encounter during your careers, it will provide you with a solid foundation for discussing, studying, and working with ropes. There are 205 terms in this document; you will be tested on them in about three weeks. You should aim to learn at least 10 words per day to be ready for your test! “To have all words and little know-how is to invite ridicule. But too much scoffing at jargon is also faulty. The middle ground is a blend of appearances and understanding”. Terms Abeam – A direction at right angles to the centerline of the boat. Axis - The axis of a knot is the spar or ring around which the knot is tied. Anchor Bend - A specific knot, generally used to fasten an anchor line to an anchor. Backsplice- A splice in which the strands are reversed and interwoven, to make a rope end. Beam – The width of the boat at its widest part. Becket - A loop or eye made in the end of rope or wire; A spliced eye. Becket Bend - An efficient bend used for uniting the two ends of a rope or the end of a rope to an eye. It jams tight with a strain, will not slip, and is easily cast off. Belay - To make a rope or a line fast by winding it in figure-of-eight fashion around a cleat, a belaying pin, or a pair of bitts. (Alternate: It also means to stop or cease.) Belaying pin – A pin of either wood or metal set in such places as pin rails, etc., upon which to belay a rope or secure the running rigging. Bend - One of several types of knots, a combination of turns and tucks, used to fasten a line to a spar or another line; to fasten by means of a bend or knot. Bight - The slack in a line between its ends or the central part of the rope between the working end and the standing part. Bitt - A strong post of wood or iron, similar to a Samson post, on deck in the bow or stern, to which anchor, mooring, and towing lines may be fastened. Bitter End - The last part of a line doing useful work. Binding Knot – A knot that either constricts a single object or holds two objects snuggly together. Whippings, seizings, and lashings serve a similar purpose to binding knots, but contain too many wraps to be properly called a knot. In binding knots, the ends of the rope are either joined together or tucked under the turns of the knot. 2 Terminology for Knots, Splices, & Rope Block - A mechanical device consisting essentially of a frame or shell, within which is mounted a sheave or roller over which rope is run. There are many varieties of blocks which are at times called pulleys, or, when rigged, a block and tackle. The name pulley, when applied to a block, is a misnomer, because the pulley is only the sheave or roller, not the whole device. Block-and-Tackle- Any of several arrangements of blocks (pulleys) and line to gain a mechanical advantage. Bollard - A strong cylindrical mooring point. Bollard and bitt are nearly synonymous. A single bollard can be encountered, although the usual pattern is paired. Bollards are generally found on piers. Boltrope – A piece of rope sewed into the edge of a piece of canvas or a sail to give added strength and to prevent the canvas from ripping. Bosun’s Chair- A seat, sometimes a rigid plank, sometimes made of canvas, used to hoist a person aloft to repair rigging. Bowline- The “king of knots” used to make a loop in a line; this knot is simple, strong, virtually slip-proof, and is very easily untied. Braid – To plat, plait or interweave strands, yarns, ropes or cords. Braided Line- A modern configuration of rope; it may be a single braid or double braid (one core braid inside another). Breaking Strength – See Minimum Breaking Load Bridle - A line or wire secured at both ends in order to distribute a strain between two points. Cable-Laid - Cable-laid rope is composed of three ropes laid together left-handed; each of these three individual ropes contain three strands laid together right-handed. (It is also called hawser-laid rope.) Canvas – A woven fabric of cotton or flax used for sails, awnings, and many other shipboard purposes. It is made in varying degrees of weight or quality, numbered from 00, the coarsest, to 10, the finest weave. The term in nautical parlance is synonymous with the word “sail.” Capsize - Altering the appearance or shape of a knot by changing only the strain. A knot that has capsized (or spilled) has deformed into a different structure. Although capsizing is sometimes the result of incorrect tying, improper drawing-up, or misuse, it can also be done purposefully in certain cases to properly draw- up the knot (such as the Carrick Bend), or to untie a jammed knot which would otherwise be difficult to release (such as the Reef Knot). Capstan - A vertical winch on deck, used for hauling, such as the anchor line. Carrick Bend- A useful knot for fastening two lines together, particularly hawsers, cables, or other ropes too large or stiff to be hand cinched. It will not jam even after carrying a significant load or being soaked with water. Cast- To tie a knot. Cast Off - To loosen or unfasten; to undo all mooring lines in preparation for departure.